English Department Faculty of Languages and Arts Semarang State University 2015
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THE INTERPERSONAL MEANINGS OF CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN A TOUR GUIDE AND FOREIGN TOURISTS IN PRAMBANAN TEMPLE A Final Project submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English by Provita Fitriana 2211411030 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS SEMARANG STATE UNIVERSITY 2015 ii iii MOTTO AND DEDICATION Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving. (Albert Einstein) I wholeheartedly dedicate this to: My mother and my father (Hartini and Haryanto) My brother (M. Adief Faristian) iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Allah the Almighty, for His blessings and miracles to guide me during my study and final project completion. Second, I wish to express my gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts, Prof. Dr. Agus Nuryatin, M.Hum. and the Head of the English Department, Dr. IssyYuliasri, M.Pd. Third, my deepest gratitude is to Intan Permata Hapsari, S.Pd.,M.Pd. as myadvisorwho has been very patiently giving me advice, motivation, comments, and corrections during the completion of this final project.My sincere thanks also go to all my lecturers of English Department of UNNES for all guidance during my study. Last, I wish to thank my beloved parents (Hartini and Haryanto) and my brother who never stop supporting me, my grandfather and grandmothers, and all of my friendswho always support me to finish this final project. I realize that a lot of mistakes may be found in this final project. Therefore, suggestions and criticisms are always needed for its betterment. Semarang, September 2015 Provita Fitriana v ABSTRACT Fitriana, Provita. 2015. The Interpersonal Meanings of Conversations between A Tour Guide and Foreign Tourists in Prambanan Temple. A Final Project. English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Semarang State University. Advisor: Intan Permata Hapsari, S.Pd., M.Pd. Keywords: Attitudes, interpersonal meanings, modality, mood. The topic of the study is the interpersonal meanings of the conversations between a tour guide and foreign tourists in Prambanan Temple. This study aims to reveal speakers‟ ways to negotiate informations, suggestions, offers and things. Therefore, mood, modality, and attitude are analyzed in this study. Thisaims to describe the realizations of Moods in the conversations between a tour guide and foreign tourists in Prambanan Temple, the realizations of Modalities in the conversations between them, and the realizations of Attitudes in the conversations between them. The approach used in this of study is qualitative. There were several steps done to analyze the data. The data was divided into sentences. Eachsentence which had more than one clauses was divided again into clauses. The clauses werethen analyzed using Mood theory offered by Eggins (1994), Modality theory from Eggins and Slade (1997) and Attitudes theory from Martin and Rose (2003). The results of the analysis were tabulated. The results of Mood analyses are that the tour guide mostly uses declaratives in delivering information and ideas to the foreign tourists. Interrogatives are also used for asking things from the foreign tourists. Imperatives are also used in the conversations. The foreign tourists mostly speak using interrogatives. However, they also use declaratives to share their experiences. The results of Modality analyses show that most of the modalities used are capabilities. These show the degree of capability and what things people capable or not capable to do. Probabilities, usualities, obligations, and inclinations are also used in the conversations. The analyses of Attitudes reveal that the conversations contain some affections, judgments, and appreciations. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration of Originality ............................................................................... ii Page of Approval ............................................................................................. iii Motto and Dedication ....................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ v Abstract ............................................................................................................ vi Table of Contents ............................................................................................. vii List of Tables.................................................................................................... xi List of Figures .................................................................................................. xii List of Appendices ........................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................. 1 1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic ....................................................... 4 1.3 Research Questions ........................................................................... 5 1.4 Objectives of the Study ..................................................................... 6 1.5 Significance of the Study .................................................................. 6 1.6 Outline of the Study .......................................................................... 7 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE ....................... 8 2.1 Reviews of Previous Studies ............................................................. 8 2.2 Theoretical Background .................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Language ........................................................................................... 12 vii 2.2.2 Grammar ........................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Systemic Functional Grammar ......................................................... 15 2.2.4 Speech Role/Speech Function ........................................................... 17 2.2.5 Conversation ..................................................................................... 20 2.2.6 Independent and Dependent Clauses ................................................ 22 2.2.7 Major and Minor Clauses .................................................................. 22 2.2.8 Mood ................................................................................................. 23 2.2.8.1 Subject................................................................................................ 24 2.2.8.2 Finite .................................................................................................. 24 2.2.9 Residue .............................................................................................. 26 2.2.9.1 Predicator ........................................................................................... 26 2.2.9.2 Complement ....................................................................................... 28 2.2.9.3 Adjuncts ............................................................................................. 29 2.2.10 Mood Types ...................................................................................... 32 2.2.10.1 Declaratives ....................................................................................... 33 2.2.10.2 Polar Interrogatives ........................................................................... 34 2.2.10.3 Tagged Declaratives .......................................................................... 34 2.2.10.4 WH-Interrogatives ............................................................................ 34 2.2.10.5 Exclamatives ...................................................................................... 35 2.2.10.6 Imperatives ........................................................................................ 35 2.2.11 Modality ............................................................................................ 35 2.2.11.1 Modalization ...................................................................................... 36 viii 2.2.11.2 Modulation ........................................................................................ 37 2.2.12 Appraisal ........................................................................................... 38 2.2.12.1 Expressing Our Feelings (Affect) ..................................................... 49 2.2.12.2 Judging People‟s Character ............................................................... 40 2.2.12.3 Appreciating Things .......................................................................... 41 2.3 Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 41 CHAPTER III METHODS OF INVESTIGATION ....................................... 44 3.1 The Research Approach ..................................................................... 44 3.2 Subject of the Study ........................................................................... 45 3.3 Object of the Study ............................................................................ 46 3.4 Target of the Study............................................................................. 46 3.5 Role of the Researcher ....................................................................... 47 3.6 Type of Data .....................................................................................