Managing Biological and Ecological Systems Biopesticides

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Managing Biological and Ecological Systems

Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole

Biopesticides

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9780429346170-4 G. J. Ash, A. Wang Published online on: 30 Jul 2020

How to cite :- G. J. Ash, A. Wang. 30 Jul 2020, Biopesticides from: Managing Biological and Ecological Systems CRC Press Accessed on: 24 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9780429346170-4

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:57 24 Sep 2021; For: 9780429346170, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429346170-4 neurotoxic effects, and reproductive disorders. and reproductive effects, neurotoxic cancer, include maybut understood well are less However, longer-term effects the processes. approval pesticide through and documented known well are relatively health mammalian on pesticides of effects tecting the active ingredient from adverse environmental conditions. environmental adverse from ingredient active the tecting pro or help in pathogen of the survival the in aid that and/or chemicals nutrients as such compounds emulsions, and encapsulated products). encapsulated and emulsions, (suspensions, formulations liquid products) and encapsulated and powders, wettable pellets, granules, pesticides that contain plant, animal, or microbial products or organisms. products or microbial animal, plant, contain that pesticides of aclass are Biopesticides pests. invertebrate other and pathogens, insects, weeds, including pests tural of agricul range of awide management for the pesticides of synthetic use tothe alternatives sensitive pesticides in soils in agricultural systems and the resultant environmental damage. environmental resultant the and systems agricultural in soils in pesticides of accumulation the highlighted have studies Several resistance. pesticide through effectiveness their in toaloss lead may also pesticides of particular overuse Additionally, of biodiversity. loss and risks, health degradation, toenvironmental lead can agriculture in pesticides of synthetic use Inappropriate I A. Wang and J.G. Ash be 25 million cases of occupational pesticide poisoning annually. poisoning pesticide of occupational cases million 25 be applied in a similar way to traditional, synthetic pesticides. synthetic to traditional, way asimilar in applied teria, and viruses for the control of weeds, insects, acarines, plant diseases, and molluscs. and diseases, plant acarines, insects, of weeds, control for the viruses and teria, bac nematodes, fungi, including applications biopesticide in used have been of organisms Arange uct. prod of aformulated application inundative an in ingredient active the as included is organism living a which in control of biological atype are biopesticides Microbial biopesticides. microbial pests), and affect that products (natural pesticides plants), biochemical modified genetically from produced tants Pure and Applied Chemistry Applied and Pure nomical, and practical touse. practical and nomical, eco effective, be must aformulation To formulation. successful, be or afoliar-applied dressing aseed as example, for product, final of the of delivery means the dictate may also formulation the Furthermore, field. the in effective be to potential inoculum sufficient with and virulent, viable, is that a form in agentdelivered is the that ensure but must organism of biocontrol type the by affected is agents trol ntroduction Formulations of biopesticides contain the organism, a carrier, and adjuvants, which may contain may contain which adjuvants, and acarrier, organism, the contain of biopesticides Formulations [5] [18] further classifies biopesticides as plant-incorporated protectants (protec protectants as plant-incorporated biopesticides classifies further References Conclusion Biomolluscicides Bioherbicides �� Biofungicides �� Bioinsecticides and Bioacaricides �� Introduction Formulation of biopesticides can be in the form of dry products (dusts, products of dry form the in be can of biopesticides Formulation [19] �� The biopesticide is usually packaged, handled, stored, and stored, handled, packaged, usually is The biopesticide �� [2] �� In developing countries, it is estimated that there may there that estimated it is countries, developing In [20] [3] Biopesticides are environmentally environmentally are Biopesticides Biopesticides [17] The formulation of the biocon of The formulation [4] The International of Union International The [1] The short-term short-term The [6–16] 3 25 26 30 29 28 27 27 25 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:57 24 Sep 2021; For: 9780429346170, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429346170-4 Beauveria bassiana include mycoacaricides and mycoinsecticides as formulated species fungal main products, and the host range of the biopesticide is not considered to be too wide. too tobe not considered is biopesticide of the range host the and products, natural are andadjuvants carriers the modified, genetically not been agent had the provided production, food organic with compatible is of biopesticides use the movement. food Philosophically, organic the and withdrawal pesticide by synthetic created have been that those include and size of considerable be number of attempts to develop biopesticides in these non-core or niche markets. non-core or niche these in biopesticides todevelop of attempts number toa led has This major crop/cropping the systems. in of pesticides registration on the tofocus tended and Wraight and insects (160) mites. and insects tered in the United States in 1981. in States United the in tered fungus fungus the of spores the produced mass Metchnikoff Elie entomologist Russian the when 1884, in developed being insects control to fungi of applications inundative at attempts first the with 1800s early the since Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus popilliae Bacillus as such species include and Bacillaceae tothe belong bacteria spore-forming The Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonadaceae the and the in include species nonspore-forming bacteria powders). table 26 from bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes. and protozoa, fungi, viruses, bacteria, from representatives include and arthropods toattack shown have been of pathogens species 1500 More than Bioinsecticides and Bioacaricides ticemia, killing the insect in approximately 48 hr. 48 approximately in insect the killing ticemia, sep cause and insect the in are voided bacteria The hemocoel. the into penetrate and openings natural through the host enter larvae third-stage infective The intestines. their in bacteria the harbor nematodes products. based bacterially of the available widely most the on Bt are based Biopesticides bacteria. of the spores entry is to introduce the broad range of biopesticides available and their targets. their and available of biopesticides range broad the tointroduce is entry this of The goal ingredient. active an as afungus contains abioherbicide amycoherbicide that is whereas management for weed developed abiopesticide abioherbicide is For example, ingredient. active or the product. of the sale the through costs their recoup will they that expectation an in companies commercial with by collaboration developed usually most well known is Dipel. is known well most include products such as BotaniGard as such products include of B. bassiana strains on various based products bioinsecticide seven are there States, spores). United the In (asexual conidia containing dispersions oil and powders, wettable substrates, the quality of the inoculum, and, most importantly, the field efficacy of theproduct. of efficacy field the importantly, most and, inoculum, of the quality the of production, costs the around revolves of biocontrol type of this However, success pests. the duced different host ranges, havedescribed. been ranges, host different have which toxins, different Up tonine on ingestion. toxins proteolytic into converted is which tein, and Diptera as well as nematodes. The bacterium produces δ produces bacterium The nematodes. as well as Diptera and Coleoptera the in insects kill that of Bt toxins produce However, serotypes other larva. Lepidopteran ple, BioVECTOR. ple, tion with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus genus of the bacteria with tion The use of biopesticides as a strategy in pest management can be applied to both native and intro and native both to be applied can management pest in strategy as a of use biopesticides The have companies global pesticides, of synthetic production the in involved costs enormous tothe Due Bacteria that attack insects can be divided into nonspore-forming and spore-forming bacteria. The The bacteria. spore-forming and nonspore-forming into divided be can insects attack that Bacteria The broad range of biopesticides may be further subdivided based on the type of target pest and/ pest target of type the on based subdivided further be may of biopesticides range The broad Entomopathogenic nematodes of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, in conjunc in Heterorhabditidae, and Steinernematidae families of the nematodes Entomopathogenic Metarhizium anisopliae. [25]

Up to 90% of the Microbial Pest Control Agent market is Bt or Bt-derived products. The The products. Bt or Bt-derived is Agent market Control Pest Microbial Up of the to90% [15] reported a total of 171 fungi-based products with the majority being for the control of control for the being majority the with products fungi-based of 171 atotal reported [23] Isaria fumosorosea Isaria (33.9%), They are usually applied to control insects in cryptic and soil environments. The environments. soil and cryptic in insects control to applied usually are They . B. thuringiensis B. [28] Their review indicated that the main formulation types are fungus-colonized fungus-colonized are types formulation main the that indicated review Their A mycoacaricide for the management of citrus rust mite was first regis first was mite rust of citrus management for the Amycoacaricide [24] This was based on the fungus fungus the on based was This ® (Bt) have primarily been developed as biopesticides to control tocontrol biopesticides as developed been (Bt) have primarily and Mycotrol and [25] , have been successfully deployed as biopesticides, for exam biopesticides, as deployed successfully , have been Commercial formulations of the bacteria contain living living contain bacteria of the formulations Commercial (5.8%), Beauveria brongniartii and ® Managing Biological and Ecological Systems Systems Ecological and Biological Managing (available as emulsifiable suspensions and wet- suspensions emulsifiable as (available [23] Diseases caused by insects have been known known have been by insects caused Diseases -endotoxin, an insecticidal crystal pro crystal insecticidal an -endotoxin, Hirsutella thompsonii. Hirsutella [21] [22] M. anisopliae These markets could could markets These [18] (4.1%). registered. These These registered. Biopesticides are are Biopesticides Currently, the the Currently, [15] De Faria Faria De (33.9%), (33.9%), and and ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:57 24 Sep 2021; For: 9780429346170, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429346170-4 ations. situ glasshouse in mixtures tosoil applied usually is and formulation agranular as available is product 1993. in The Agency Protection Environmental theU.S. by registered first was fungus the of strain This T-22 of the contains strain Rootshield control of insects using these two viral groups. viral two these using of insects control populations of Lymantria monacha of populations of plant diseases. plant of of a formulation is inhabiting fungus Trichoderma fungus inhabiting viride. Botrytis cinerea, as such pathogens fruit and low. is of iron of foliar Control availability the where soils those in only tive effec are compounds). of siderophores These (ironchelating production the through competition iron of induction the by fungi of the germination may prevent bacteria These component soils. of suppressive host. on atarget epidemic adisease creating thereby interaction, of aweed–pathogen constraints natural the etables, peppers, potatoes, tomatoes, and walnuts. and tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, etables, aceous occlusion bodies. protein have capsular and Lepidoptera tothe restricted but are Baculoviridae of the members also are background levels because of natural constraints on survival and spread. and on survival constraints of natural because levels background to returns generally pathogen the theweed, host of removal After dissemination. of poor constraint cessfully used as seed dressings to control soil-borne plant diseases. plant soil-borne tocontrol dressings seed as used cessfully ism is referred to as amycoherbicide. toas referred is ism organ formulated the such as and bioherbicides in ingredient active the as used commonly most are oomycetes)fungi (or Therefore, disease. plant causing of pathogens group important most the are Fungi Bioherbicides of Bacillus Species species. of antibiotic-producing source richest the as seen is environment this as environment, soil from a sought are organisms these often, Most court. infection the in microorganisms other affect that antibiotics toproduce known are fungi and bacteria of range A wide aggressive. very or be antagonist a strong to be ability the and conditions, unfavorable tosurvive ability the capacity, reproductive have ahigh must phylloplane the in pathogens of foliar control agent for control the Abiological disease. tosuppress rhizosphere and phylloplane the both in used have been Biofungicides of cross-protection. aform giving host, the in resistance acquired temic sys may induce pathogens weak Additionally, or competition. hyperparasitism, antibiosis, including of mechanisms by anumber accomplished be can disease plant cause that of fungi control Biological Biofungicides (Heliothis) zea control of the for Viron/H called was registered insecticide viral commercial first but the Biopesticides invertebrates, with the virus group not common outside of the Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. and Lepidoptera of outside the not common group virus the with invertebrates, used or proposed to be used as bioherbicides. as used tobe or proposed used in plants. in polyhedral proteinaceous occlusion bodies occlusion proteinaceous polyhedral in produced are that DNA viruses (NPVs) double-stranded rod-shaped, are nucleo-polyhedroviruses and competition. On grapevines, Trichoderma harzianum grapevines, On competition. and pathogen during hyperparasitism. during pathogen of the hyphae the around tocoil shown been also It has ovary. of the infection the preventing thus parts, Entomopathogenic viruses have also shown promise as bioinsecticides. They were first used to control control to used first were They bioinsecticides. as promise shown have also viruses Entomopathogenic [41] [35–37] For example, the application of fungal propagules to the entire weed population overcomes the overcomes the population weed entire tothe propagules of fungal application the For example, [34] T. harzianum T. using successes commercial earliest of One the in 1971. in a pathogen of strawberries, has been accomplished by the foliar application of the soil- of the application foliar by the accomplished been has of strawberries, apathogen [30] It is applied as a foliar spray to crops such as cherries, cucurbits, grapes, leafy veg leafy grapes, cucurbits, cherries, as such tocrops spray afoliar as It applied is Bacillus subtilis Bacillus [27] [26] Viruses from the family Baculoviridae have been isolated from more than 700 more than from isolated have been Baculoviridae family the from Viruses These authors These [33] in pine forests in Germany in 1892 (Huber, Moscardi in from 1986, Germany in forests pine in (strain QST713), which has claimed activity against a wide range range a wide against activity claimed has which QST713), (strain

T. harzianum T. [38] [32] T. harzianum T. However, there are examples of bacteria However, examples are there This fungus inhibits Botrytis inhibits fungus This [26] [28] provide a table of products that have been developed for the for the developed have been that of products a table provide [39,40] that are ingested by the insect. Granulosis viruses (GVs) viruses Granulosis insect. by the ingested are that [31] The aim of developmentbioherbicide is to aim overcome The has also been reported to induce systemic resistance resistance systemic toinduce reported been also has Fluorescent pseudomonads are also often seen as a seen often also are pseudomonads Fluorescent and is produced and marketed by Bioworks Inc. by Bioworks Inc. marketed and produced is and B. cinerea B. with competes and Pseudomonas and [29] using a combination of antibiosis of antibiosis acombination using Serenade is the product Rootshield®. product the is [7–11] ® , marketed by BASF, , marketed on senescent floral floral on senescent and viruses being being viruses and have been suc been have Helicoverpa Helicoverpa [26,28] The The [26] 27 ), ), ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:57 24 Sep 2021; For: 9780429346170, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429346170-4 mercialized com of products anumber have been there then, Since States. United the in crops soybean in jointvetch gloeosporioides of Colletotrichum a formulation for the control of strangler vine in citrus groves in the United States. It was released in 1981. in released It was States. United the in groves citrus in vine of strangler control for the and Tandonia and Tandonia budapestensis, caruanae, Deroceras cus, purpureum wheat, potatoes, and oilseed) were treated with this biomolluscicide. At the dose rate of 3 rate dose At the biomolluscicide. this with were treated oilseed) and potatoes, wheat, 500 approximately and Europe in up million to£1 was biomolluscicide of this sale retail the 2005, In Switzerland. Italy, and Republic, Czech the Spain, Poland, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Australia, and South Africa. South and Australia, Japan, Europe, States, United Canada, in including countries in bioherbicides as potential having as aspersa dita for bioherbicides in Canada. In 2002, a product called Chontrol called aproduct 2002, In Canada. for in bioherbicides registrations successful two been there have 2000, Since andreliability. efficacy may improve their tion formula equipmentand application development of specialized the although equipment, existing using herbicides tochemical fashion asimilar in applied are biopesticides these cases, most In stability. genetic and the site of application, from spread to ability limited culture, artificial in freely to sporulate ability the include mycoherbicides as consideration under of fungi characteristics desirable Other production. mass to themselves so lendand media on artificial cultured readily be can they as of mycoherbicides, of Sarritor of 28 human beings. human to parasites of harmful vectors as acting molluscs tocontrol area health the in used also are luscicides biomol circumstances, some In andsnails. slugs pest control to andgardening agriculture of fields the in used or nematode).usually are protozoan, They virus, fungus, (e.g., bacterium, microorganisms and plants, animals, as such materials natural from derived of molluscicide atype are Biomolluscicides Biomolluscicides monoxenic culture. monoxenic (Deroceras reticulatum osloensis Moraxella with association but its species, eventually. host the kill which bacteria, associated its releasing P. hermaphrodita nematodes, entomopathogenic Like conditions. laboratory under slugs of pest variety awide kill and pellets. P. hermaphrodita had not been recognized until 1994 when Wilson et al. et Wilson when 1994 until recognized not been had of P. hermaphrodita pathogenicity The of Rhabditidae. family the from species nematode is Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita of Nemaslug ingredient (U.K.). Underwood by Becker active The Watson at McGill University. Watson at McGill minor Sclerotinia fungus phytopathogenic the Hintz and colleagues. and Hintz Arion ater Arion including of slugs species several kill and The first commercially available biopesticide for the control of weeds was was DeVine weeds of control the for biopesticide available commercially first The The host of P. The host hermaphrodita Nemaslug is now sold in many European countries, including U.K., Ireland, France, the the France, U.K., Ireland, including countries, European many now is in sold Nemaslug Currently, the most widely used biomolluscicide is Nemaslug is biomolluscicide used widely most the Currently, P. hermaphrodita Cernuella virgata Cernuella including of snails species several parasitize also can [16] Monacha cantiana , Monacha ® for dandelion control by the company of the same name in Canada. This product is based on based is product This Canada. in name same of the company by the control for dandelion for the control of trees and shrubs, was registered. was shrubs, and of trees control for the [12,21] as well as numerous examples of pathogen–weed combinations that had been reported reported been had that combinations of pathogen–weed examples numerous as well as kills slugs by penetrating into the hemocoel of hosts through natural openings and and openings natural through of hosts hemocoel the into by penetrating slugs kills provides protection against slug damage similar to, if not better than, methiocarb methiocarb than, not better to, if similar damage slug against protection provides [51] was found to be associated with several different bacteria rather than one particular oneparticular than rather bacteria different several with associated tobe found was [43–45] ). [51] ha horticultural crops (e.g., lettuce and strawberries) and field crops field and (e.g., strawberries) and (e.g., crops lettuce horticultural ha This bacterium was used in the mass production of P. production mass the hermaphrodita in used was bacterium This A more recent success in the area of bioherbicides includes the registration registration the of includes bioherbicides area the in A more success recent , Lymnaea stagnalis [18,21] [46–50] is not restricted to only one slug species ( one species slug toonly not restricted is Necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic fungi are usually used as the basis basis the as used usually are fungi or hemibiotrophic Necrotrophic , which has been extensively researched by Professor Alan Alan by Professor researched extensively been has , which Theba pisana Theba , and f. sp. f. aeschynomene proved to be highly pathogenic to gray garden slug slug garden togray pathogenic proved highly tobe , Arion intermedius Arion Managing Biological and Ecological Systems Systems Ecological and Biological Managing [51] discovered that P. hermaphrodita that discovered ® , a successful biomolluscicide developed developed biomolluscicide , asuccessful ® Chondrostereum Chondrostereum fungus on the , based [12] sowerbyi. . [52] This was based on the research of the research on based was This was released to control northern northern tocontrol released was , Arion distinctus, Arion silvati Arion distinctus, Arion D. reticulatum [51] Moreover, P. Moreover, hermaphro , Cochlicella acuta Cochlicella ® , abioherbicide ). It can attack attack ). It can against slugs slugs against could infect infect could [42] × In 1982, 1982, In

10 , Helix Helix 9 /ha, /ha, via via , a - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:57 24 Sep 2021; For: 9780429346170, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429346170-4 ber synergistic effect between plant and microbe extracts as molluscicides. Zhang and coworkersand Zhang as molluscicides. extracts microbe and plant between effect synergistic Carum carvi Carum Ferula asafoetida powder of Ferula enhanced through the use of novel formulations. use the through enhanced be will pathogens these of efficacy and survival The control. for biological range host desired the with pathogens aggressive to moreproduce possible become will it continues, andpathogenesis specificity Biopesticides in sustainable farming production systems in the future. the in systems production farming sustainable in involvement important an and strategy management pest integrated any in role for biopesticides strong an emerging, indicates This to biopesticides. of resistance chance the reduced and specificity, host cides, pesti toconventional resistance showing already of pests control residue levels, minimal the including control. and of production nomics eco and applied, being it is which in environment the host, the will but too so vary organism the will only that not in unique, is biopesticide microbial Each storage. of methods and efficacy, of field studies delivery, its in aid as well as storage in organism the protect that of formulations creation pathogen, the toculture development of methods selection, and on agent discovery relies biopesticides microbial development The ofof crops. anumber in pesticides tosynthetic alternative aviable are Biopesticides C flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and terpenoids. and lactones, sesquiterpene flavonoids, < from ranging doses, at acceptable to snails poisonous to be found have been plants various present in of compounds minata acu L. against activity molluscicidal stable apple) and promising presented powder of custard seed the might be that the combination of erubescens A. combination the that be might violaceoruber S. erubescens of Arisaema amixture when produced was mortality snail higher that detoxification ability of liver and increased the oxidative damage in liver cells snails. of cells liver in damage the oxidative increased and liver of ability detoxification of biomolluscicide delivery system. of biomolluscicide delivery over 25 extended biomolluscicide of this release also vary significantly from that used for traditional synthetic pesticides. synthetic traditional for used that from significantly vary also may the products of commercialization the for model one. The business achemical than rather digm para a biological in end users and manufacturers, by researchers, viewed be must control for biological developed microorganisms of biopesticides, success ultimate For the pesticides. synthetic as way same species have been screened for their molluscicidal properties against pest snail species. snail pest against properties molluscicidal for their screened have been species plant 1400 More than increasingly. realized was molluscicides by chemical caused pollution ronmental tions. into the use of genetic engineering and formulation. and engineering of genetic use the into by research addressed be can issues of these Both attractiveness. commercial their may restrict gens patho of many range host narrow the Furthermore, pathogen. of the aggressiveness the as well as eters hupensis Oncomelania ruber ceived constraints to their deployment. totheir constraints ceived Biomolluscicides of plant origin have also been studied extensively in recent years when the envi the when years recent in extensively studied been have also origin of plant Biomolluscicides The combination of bacteria-based biomolluscicides and plant-based biomolluscicides may lead toa may lead biomolluscicides and plant-based biomolluscicides bacteria-based of combination The Bacteria-based biomolluscicides are now in the process of development. process the now in are biomolluscicides Bacteria-based The efficacy and reliability of many microbial biopesticides may be affected by environmental param environmental by affected be may biopesticides microbial many of reliability and efficacy The There have been some spectacular successes in the use of microbial biopesticides, despite the per the despite biopesticides, microbial of use the in successes somespectacular havebeen There pesticides, conventional of use the over of use biopesticides the of advantages of are a number There onclusion X. autotrophicus X. than mortality more snail causing Xanthobacter autotrophicus Xanthobacter and [53] . [54] O. hupensis O. killing in effective were bacteria both that revealed The results When sodium alginates was used as a binding matrix for the formulation of acetogenin, the the of acetogenin, formulation for the matrix abinding as used was alginates sodium When Lymnaea acuminata Lymnaea snail the against 1 to100 O. hupensis O. snail the against applied was dilution (a unique host of schistosomiasis blood fluke parasite) under laboratory condi laboratory under parasite) fluke blood (a of schistosomiasis host unique ppm, including saponins, tannins, alkaloids, alkenyl phenols, glycoalkaloids, glycoalkaloids, phenols, alkenyl alkaloids, tannins, saponins, ppm, including , the flower-bud, the powder aromaticum of Syzygium [54] [57] have been examined for their molluscicidal activity against against activity molluscicidal for their examined have been In the past, biopesticides have been expected to behave in the the in tobehave expected have been biopesticides past, the In S. violaceoruber S. and extract tuber days, which set up a good example for the development for the example up agood set which days, was proved. was [54] [18,58–60] The molluscicidal activity of the dried root latex latex root dried the of activity The molluscicidal (90% 85%). vs. As research into the molecular basis of host of host basis molecular the into research As [55] Similarly, acetogenin (extracted from from (extracted acetogenin Similarly, . The mechanisms of snail toxicosis toxicosis snail of . The mechanisms [18] , and the seed powder of seed the , and Streptomyces violaceo Streptomyces dilution reduced the the reduced dilution S. violaceoru S. , with tuber extracts and and extracts tuber [54] Several groups groups Several [56] reported 29 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:57 24 Sep 2021; For: 9780429346170, chapter3, 10.1201/9780429346170-4 3. 7. 6. 5. 4. 8. 2. 1. References 30 10. 9. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 19. 18. 21. 20. Control 1997 Control 1990 Q. problem. World Stat. Health health Amajor global poisoning: pesticide J. Acute Jeyaratnam, 138–151. grass ( grass blue of annual control T.; Fujimori, Biological K.; M. 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