ARALUEN GROUNDWATER STUDY WATER QUALITY SAMPLING REPORT Department ofLand & WaterConservation Resource Assessment andPlanning Sydney-South CoastRegion March, 2000 Cover Photograph: Araluen Creek downstream of Neringla Road Bridge PDF Version Araluen Groundwater Study Water Quality Sampling Report

S. Pritchard G N Russell NSW Department of Land & Water Conservation Resource Assessment & Planning Sydney-South Coast Region March, 2000 Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report i

CONTENTS

Executive Summary

Acknowledgements

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Location 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 Previous Work 3 1.4 Objectives of the Field Program 3 2 Physical Setting 5 1.1 Topography 5 1.2 Climate 5 1.3 Geology 5 1.4 Hydrogeology 5 3 Water Quality Sampling Program 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Sample Collection Methodology 9 3.3 Field and Laboratory Testing 10 3.3.1 Field Measurements 10 3.3.2 Laboratory Analyses 10 3.4 Sampling Procedures 11 3.4.1 Purging 11 3.4.2 Sample Collection, Storage and Transport 11 3.4.2.1 Water Quality 11 3.4.2.2 Isotopes 12 3.4.3 Equipment Decontamination 14 3.5 Quality Control 14 4 Groundwater Sampling Results 15 4.1 Field Test Results 15 4.2 Laboratory Analysis Results 16 4.2.1 Privately Owned Installations 16 4.2.2 DLWC Monitoring Bores 19 4.2.3 Surface Watercourses 22 4.3 Sample Quality Control 24 4.3.1 Sample Storage and Transport Checks 24 4.3.2 Duplicate Samples and Laboratory Precision 24 4.4 Isotope Samples and Hydrograph Separation 26 5 Discussion 29 5.1 Water Quality Variations 29 5.2 Pesticide Residues 31 5.3 Mercury Contamination 31 5.4 Suitability of DLWC Monitoring Bores for Selective Monitoring 32 5.5 Impacts on Health 33 5.6 Streamflow Contributions 33 5.6.1 Groundwater Types 33 5.6.2 Hydrograph Separation 34 5.7 Mitigative Measures and Alternatives 38 6 Conclusions 40 Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report ii

CONTENTS (continued)

7 Recommendations 42 8 References 43

Appendix A – Araluen Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix B – Chain-of-Custody Documentation Appendix C – Sampling Field Logs Appendix D – Laboratory Analytical Results

List of Tables 1 Groundwater Installation Distribution 2 Sample Locations 3 Summary Sample Point Distribution 4 Summary Water Quality Sample Collection Details 5 Summary Isotope Sample Collection Details 6 Results of Field Measurements 7 Water Types from Private Installations 8 Water Types from DLWC Monitoring Bores 9 Water Types from Surface Watercourses 10 Duplicate Sample Comparison 11 Results of Deuterium and Oxygen-18 Analysis 12 Comparison with Previous Results 13 DLWC Monitoring Bore Comparison

List of Figures 1 General Location Plan 2 Location of Groundwater Works and Sampling Points 3 Comparative Plots of All Results and Private Bore/Well Results 4 Comparative Plots of All Results and DLWC Monitoring Bore Results 5 Comparative Plots of All Results and Surface Water Results 6 Plot of Deuterium vs Oxygen-18 7 Deuterium and Oxygen-18 Hydrograph Separation Plot 8 Cumulative Hydrograph Separation Plot 9 Relative Contributions to Streamflow in Araluen Creek Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report i

Executive Summary

The rural community of Araluen, located 56 km northwest of Moruya, is almost totally dependent on groundwater for their domestic, stock and agricultural needs. The Araluen Valley groundwater resource, is deemed of highest beneficial use, as it provides drinking water, water for large scale crop irrigation, plus stock and domestic supplies. This aquifer system is also ranked as the third most “at risk” aquifer in the Sydney South Coast Region, based on both the quantity and quality pressures on the groundwater resource.

In response to concern over declining water levels in local wells and bores, the Department of Land and Water Conservation (DLWC), undertook a preliminary groundwater study in the Araluen valley in September 1997. The study aimed at gaining an insight into the groundwater resource and addressing issues raised by local groundwater stakeholders. The groundwater sampling component of the 1997 study (Sanders, 1997), discovered water quality issues within the Araluen valley. The results indicated that 14 of the 15 bores/wells sampled showed signs of faecal pollution. The Health Department was subsequently alerted to the study findings, and Araluen residents were advised to boil their drinking water. In response to the 1997 study further work was undertaken by DLWC. A DLWC drilling program was undertaken in 1998 to install nine monitoring bores throughout the valley. Subesquently, all of the nine DLWC monitoring bores have had automatic groundwater level recording devices installed, with ongoing maintenance and data retrieval.

In response to concerns regarding pesticide use and heavy metal contamination, a water quality study covering a broad range of analyses was undertaken in October, 1999. The water quality study is the subject of this current report. Additional to the fifteen bores sampled in the 1997 study were five more private bores, the nine DLWC monitoring bores, and four surface water samples. Sampling procedures and methods used in this program were carried out in accordance with a documented protocol written to address site specific issues in the study area. All sample collection was recorded and transport occurred according to DLWC protocols.

The results of laboratory analysis suggest groundwater quality in the Araluen valley is generally good, with low total dissolved solids (TDS) and few instances of iron or manganese concentration reported. Most parameters tested were found to occur in low concentrations, with the exception of several microbiological analytes that have health problems associated. This study, therefore confirms the findings of the previous study by Sanders (1997), in reiterating that there are ongoing water quality problems in the Araluen area. Key indicators of faecal pollution were detected in fourteen of the twenty private installations, five of the nine DLWC monitoring bores and the four surface water samples taken from Araluen Creek and Long Flat Creek. This pollution is thought to have originated from the leakage of septic tanks and from the contributions of stock grazing on the valley floor. In most cases, the groundwater pollution appears to be reasonably localised, however, the high levels of E. coli in Araluen Creek and one of its tributaries is of concern. The pesticide sampling, apart from one isolated result, indicated that no significant levels of the nominated pesticides were to be found in either the groundwater or surface water tested, but the suitability of the sampling methods and equipment may be questionable. Similarly, the testing for mercury contamination revealed only three sites with detectable concentrations, albeit below the guideline values. Again, the sampling methods used mean that these results are only preliminary and not entirely definitive.

In conjunction with the water quality sampling, the source of baseflow in Araluen Creek was also investigated. By means of sampling the creek water, groundwater and rainfall, then quantifying the naturally occurring isotopes deuterium and oxygen-18, a greater understanding of the baseflow components of the creek has been achieved. Isotope analysis Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report ii has revealed that in one minor rainfall event less than 40% of the flow in Araluen Creek was from rainfall, with the larger component coming from either shallow or deep groundwater or from a source outside the valley. The isotope study also identified several different sources of recharge in the Araluen valley. The bores and wells sampled can be distributed into 4 recharge groups: the shallow alluvial aquifer, a deeper aquifer possibly associated with a major fault zone, a shallow recharge zone of highly permeable material that responds rapidly to rainfall events, and another yet to be identified source.

The options for the mitigation of the faecal pollution include: requests for Shire survey of septic tanks in and around Araluen; the construction of a community bore somewhere central within the township and reticulation infrastructure; the use of rainwater for drinking water supply; and the replacement of existing septics with new environmental systems. All of these options have problems associated with the costing and implementation of alternatives, thereby requiring ongoing discussion with various stakeholders and Government agencies.

The water quality sampling undertaken in this study was by no means extensive, with less than one third of Araluen’s wells and bores sampled. A more rigorous and detailed investigation of water quality within the valley may be required and could form a major part of any future studies. A holistic approach to the water quality issues in the valley is required to successfully manage the resource. The information gained from this study, along with that of preceding investigations and any future ongoing resource monitoring, will lead to the formulation of a Groundwater Management Plan for the Araluen valley. A meeting between the relevant Government agencies is recommended as the first step in addressing and mitigating the contamination of the groundwater resource. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report iii

Acknowledgements

This sampling program was successfully undertaken with the assistance of many individuals.

From the Department of Land and Water Conservation, John Bradd, Sarah Bish, Col Maes, Andrew Philippa, Andrew Rose, and Lyn Waldock.

From the Araluen Community; Margaret and Stan Wisbey, John Marlton, Noel Wisbey, John Mullins and Charlie Harrison.

Also, thanks to Neville Marsden and the other officers at the Braidwood Ambulance Service, who provided a secure base for drop-off and pickup of samples and to Buckleys Transport for the safe transportation of these samples.

Barry Horsburgh, from ECOWISE Environmental, provided a prompt and obliging service for the analysis of samples.

Sue Wang, from the University of Wollongong, for her assistance in the isotope analysis.

Finally, many thanks to all the Araluen landholders for their co-operation and participation in this important study. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 1

1. Introduction

1.1 Location

The township of Araluen is located 56km northwest of Moruya, within a narrow, steep-sided valley formed by Araluen Creek. Araluen Creek rises in steep country near the township of Majors Creek and flows in a generally southeast direction to become a major tributary of the Deua River, and ultimately, the Moruya River. The Araluen Valley is unique in that the relatively flat and low-lying valley floor is ringed by a raised plateau of high elevation, forming what is purported to be the deepest sunken valley in Australia. The valley is basin-like; a broad flat area being encircled by mountainous topography, with the Araluen Creek draining to the southeast through a narrow divide.

Araluen township is spread along a strip approximately 8km long by 0.5km wide, east of Araluen Creek (Figure 1) and about halfway along the valley. The area is predominantly agricultural properties, with the township subdivided by the clustered distribution of dwellings forming Araluen North, Araluen and Araluen Lower. An area to the west of Araluen Creek, known as Bourketown, is still a gazetted location; a relic of the gold mining history of the area. The township has no reticulated town water supply or sewerage system. Few residents have rainwater tanks, hence the dependency upon groundwater resources in the area. Most of the domestic wells and bores are concentrated around Araluen and Araluen North.

1.2 Background

Agricultural production in the Araluen Valley comprise stone fruit orchards (mostly peaches) and the farming of cattle. The groundwater resource is utilised for the irrigation of the orchards and stock fodder on some farms, and also for stock watering. As mentioned, the reliance on the resource for domestic use is considerable. However, during periods of low rainfall and drought, the resource has been unable to meet the demands of all users.

Since September 1997, management of water resources in the Araluen Valley has been undertaken by the Araluen Community Water User’s Association (ACWUA) in liaison with the Department of Land and Water Conservation (DLWC). This has provided a basis to set up conditions and water management strategies. The announcement of the NSW Government Water Reforms in 1997 necessitated the development of a Water Management Plan for the Araluen Valley.

The Araluen Valley groundwater resource, is deemed of high beneficial use, as it provides for large scale crop irrigation, plus stock and domestic supplies. Unfortunately, this aquifer system is also ranked as the third most “at risk” aquifer in the Sydney South Coast Region, based on both the quantity and quality pressures on the groundwater resource. ARALUEN GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION WATER QUALITY SAMPLING REPORT Figure 1 GENERAL LOCATION PLAN AFTER SANDERS (1997) Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 3

1.3 Previous Work

In response to requests from ACWUA to assist in the management of the groundwater resource in the valley, the DLWC carried out two studies in the area. An initial study (Sanders, 1997) was undertaken in early 1997 to address the groundwater quantity issues highlighted by the ACWUA and to provide a preliminary understanding of the hydrogeological regime of the area. To assist in this regard, a series of groundwater monitoring bores were subsequently installed by the DLWC Groundwater Drilling Unit during late 1998 (Willing, 1998a, 1998b).

Water quality sampling and analysis conducted during January, 1997, as part of the initial DLWC study, identified key indicators of faecal contamination within the groundwater system (Sanders, 1997). Follow-up sampling and analysis in April, 1997 also identified the presence of key indicators, however no obvious patterns emerged between contamination levels and the siting of domestic wells or bores.

Following the establishment of the groundwater monitoring network in 1998, automatic water level recording equipment was installed in each DLWC bore to monitor daily and seasonal water table fluctuations. The water level information gathered from the monitoring network has since been utilised to develop a Draft Groundwater Status Report on the Araluen area (Pritchard, 1999). Also in June, 1999, a Draft Interim Water Management Plan was developed by the ACWUA in conjunction with the DLWC and other authorities.

These studies provided data for an understanding of the groundwater system in the Araluen area, and addressed some of the issues which have caused concern in the local community (water quality, resource availability, extraction, user conflicts). The shallow nature of the alluvial aquifer, and the interaction it has with Araluen Creek, also highlights the need for an integrated management approach to surface and groundwater resources in the Araluen Valley.

1.4 Objectives of the Field Program

This current study was undertaken to expand on the work done in the initial resource assessment (Sanders, 1997). The proposed scope of work comprised the water quality sampling and analysis of several sites, including: · 15 wells and bores sampled in previous rounds (Sanders, 1997) · 5 additional private wells and bores · 9 DLWC monitoring bores (Willing, 1998a and 1998b) · locations along Araluen Creek and at Long Flat Creek.

This current study was also designed to enhance hydrogeological knowledge of the area by the inclusion of additional sampling sites. These additional sites were targeted to address resource options in the area. Sampling of the deepest bore close to the Recreation ground was done to assess this area as a prospective community bore site. Three other deep bores, located spatially around the township, were sampled to provide data on deeper groundwater characteristics, whilst one well with identified water quality problems was also tested. To supplement the groundwater data, three creek samples collected along Araluen Creek and a further sample from Long Flat Creek were also submitted for water quality analysis. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 4

In addition to this water quality sampling program, an assessment of the percentage of flow in Araluen Creek due to rainfall and groundwater was carried out. This comprised the sampling of groundwater, surface water and rainwater for the analysis of naturally occurring isotopes oxygen-18 (18O) and deuterium (2H). For the purposes of hydrograph separation, samples were collected during both antecedent and rainfall event conditions, and correlated with stage measurements during the periods of increased creek flow.

The objectives of this current study were to: · where possible, compare the results with those reported previously (Sanders, 1997); · look at water quality trends between the alluvial and weathered granodiorite aquifer(s) and the fresh granodiorite; · discuss any links between the siting of wells and bores and contamination; · comment on the possibility of mercury contamination from past gold mining activites; · note, if any, the effects of pesticide use in the valley; and · assess the rainfall and groundwater components of the Araluen Creek flow. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 5

2. Physical Setting

2.1 Topography

Araluen is located in mountain ranges east of the Great Dividing Range, and, as such, the topography is correspondingly mountainous with steep-sided gullies and occasional waterfalls. Topographically, the ranges surrounding the Araluen valley form natural barriers and commonly vary in elevation by as much as 250m over a distance of around 1km (ie 1:4 slope). Around the most densely settled areas and the Araluen Creek, the topography is less inclined, with slopes more in the order of 1:50.

2.2 Climate

The unique topography of the Araluen Valley makes for varying climate, particularly rainfall patterns. The valley itself resembles a broad basin bounded by steep granodiorite hills, widening to the south. The Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) Rain Gauging Station (069127) is located at Araluen Lower, at least 4km southeast of the main township. From rainfall records collected by local farmers, it is apparent that rainfall patterns within the valley can vary according to geographical location. Comparisons of monthly rainfall data recorded at the BoM Station, with those collected by landholders show significant variations between the two. Commonly, rainfall at Araluen is notably less than that at Araluen Lower. Anecdotal evidence (N. Wisbey, pers comm) also indicates significantly greater rainfall occurs around the periphery of the valley than in the centre. A rain event on the weekend of the 23 and 24 October, 1999, yielded 250mm on the eastern escarpment, but only recorded about 133mm in the area of Araluen North. It should be noted, however, that the rainfall collection methods used by the landholders and that of the BoM Station were not compared by the authors.

2.3 Geology

The geology of the area comprises two major lithological types, Braidwood Granodiorite (a coarse grained intrusive) and alluvium (variably sized material of fluvial origin, deposited by Araluen and Majors Creeks). In the base of the valley, the granodiorite is deeply weathered and outcrops are sparse. The alluvium formed as floodplain overbank deposits and has subsequently been intensely reworked in places as a result of the mining activity, and particularly dredge plant operation.

Information from drilling records suggests that the alluvium grades into a zone of weathered granodiorite, and then to the underlying fresh rock. The alluvium is comprised of material ranging in grainsize from clay to gravel. Most of the alluvium has been dredged, altering an originally well sorted matrix and forming a poorly sorted mixture of the clay, sand and gravel. In contrast, the weathered granodiorite is generally of more uniform size, comprised of rock fragments no smaller than gravels.

2.4 Hydrogeology

Groundwater flow within the Araluen valley generally follows the surface topography at a subdued gradient, flowing from the highest points in the catchment towards the creek. In the study area, the Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 6 dominant aquifer types are unconsolidated sediments – the alluvium and weathered part of the granodiorite; and fractured rocks – the Braidwood Granodiorite. The majority of groundwater installations access the groundwater within the unconsolidated sediments, making the shallow aquifer the basis of the groundwater resource in the area (Table 1).

Table 1: Groundwater Installation Distribution (after Sanders, 1997)

AQUIFER AQUIFER TYPE INSTALLATION DENSITY Alluvium Unconsolidated 10 Weathered granodiorite Unconsolidated 46 Granodiorite Fractured 4 Weathered granodiorite/granodiorite Unconsolidated/Fractured 7 Unknown Unknown 5

The weathered granodiorite aquifer is in hydraulic connection to the alluvium and the hydrogeological behaviour of the two are similar. For the purposes of this study, the two will be considered as one aquifer system, however it is noted that zones of higher and lower transmissivity occur throughout. Groundwater generally moves through the weathered granodiorite more quickly than the alluvium, particularly in comparison to those sediments reworked by dredging. There is a poorly defined transmissivity gradient between the alluvium and the weathered granodiorite, due primarily to variations in grainsize and the degree of sorting.

Within the unconsolidated sediments, the dominant groundwater flow direction is south-easterly, following the major surface drainage feature, Araluen Creek (Sanders, 1997; Willing 1998a, 1998b). Araluen Creek recharges the surrounding alluvium during wet periods. During dry periods, when water levels in the creek are lower (than the groundwater table), the hydraulic gradient locally reverses so that groundwater from the alluvium provides baseflow to the creek.

Initial data taken from groundwater monitoring bores show that the standing water levels (SWL) of bores completed in the weathered granodiorite are higher than those completed in the alluvium. This is an indication that groundwater in the weathered granodiorite is recharging the alluvium. Rainfall is the major contributor of recharge to the overall system, however, because of the reduced transmissivity of the dredged alluvium, much of that input is diverted and drains directly into Araluen Creek. Comparison of rainfall data with recorded groundwater levels from the nine DLWC monitoring bores, shows a rapid response of both the alluvial and the weathered granodiorite aquifer systems to precipitation events. For example, rising water levels in all nine of the monitoring bores in mid July 1999, corresponded to a significant rainfall event of around 115mm at the BoM Station. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 7

3. Water Quality Sampling Program

3.1 Introduction

The sampling of groundwater installations (wells, bores and excavations) around Araluen was carried out in two periods; 11 October to 15 October, 1999, and 18 October to 22 October, 1999. Due to personnel scheduling and accomodation restrictions, no fieldwork was undertaken on 16 October and 17 October, 1999. Isotope samples however, were collected from the designated sampling point at Araluen Creek on these two days by John Mullins.

The sampling locations (Figure 2) were selected to replicate the spread of information gained from the previous two rounds of sampling in January and April, of 1997 (Sanders, 1997). A total of twenty privately owned installations, nine DLWC groundwater monitoring bores, and four creek samples were collected. Of these, fifteen of the private bores and wells had been sampled in the previous two rounds, and the DLWC groundwater monitoring bores had been sampled following installation and development (Table 2).

Table 2: Summary Sample Locations

GROUNDWATER OWNER SAMPLE EVENTS GROUNDWATER OWNER SAMPLE EVENTS INSTALLATION INSTALLATION

ARL2 Keith Harrison S1, S2, S3 ARL19 John Kilmartin S1, S2, S3 ARL3 Ken Harrison S1, S2, S3 ARL20 Nancy Wilkes S1, S2, S3 ARL4 Keith Harrison S1, S2, S3 ARL21 Cathy Harrison S3 ARL9 Pat & Dave Perrott S1, S2, S3 ARL26 Margaret Blandon S3 ARL11 Mark Mourant S1, S2, S3 ARL30 Noel Wisbey S1, S2, S3 ARL12 Stan & Margaret S1, S2, S3 ARL31 Clem Wilson S1, S2, S3 Wisbey ARL13 John Marlton S1, S2, S3 ARL32 Dean & Deanne S1, S2, S3 Smithers ARL14 Gloria Collins S3 ARL33 Bodo Mordek S3 ARL16 Don Collett & Kate S1, S2, S3 ARL65 Noel & Bev Wisbey S1, S2, S3 Bradley ARL18 Charlie & Helen S1, S2, S3 ARL73 Roger & Hilton S3 Harrison Bourke GROUNDWATER OWNER SAMPLE EVENTS GROUNDWATER OWNER SAMPLE EVENTS INSTALLATION INSTALLATION

GW075026 DLWC DS, S3 GW075029/1 DLWC DS, S3 GW075027/1 DLWC DS, S3 GW075029/2 DLWC DS, S3 GW075027/2 DLWC DS, S3 GW075030 DLWC DS, S3 GW075028/1 DLWC DS, S3 GW075031 DLWC DS, S3 GW075028/2 DLWC DS, S3 SURFACE WATER APPROXIMATE SAMPLE EVENTS SURFACE WATER APPROXIMATE SAMPLE EVENTS SAMPLE LOCATION SAMPLE LOCATION

Araluen Creek 1 Downstream of S3 Araluen Creek 3 Downstream of S3 Majors Creek Road Neringla Road Bridge Bridge Long Flat Creek 2 Upstream of Main S3 Araluen Creek 4 Upstream of Long S3 Road Bridge Flat Creek confluence Reference: S1 – First sample round January, 1997; S2 – Second sample round April, 1997; S3 – Third sample round October, 1999; DS – Sample taken immediately following monitoring bore development ARALUEN GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION WATER QUALITY SAMPLING REPORT LOCATION OF GROUNDWATER WORKS Figure 2 AND SAMPLING POINTS AFTER SANDERS (1997) AND WILLING (1998a, 1998b) Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 9

As the primary water quality concern is considered to be contamination from septic tank leakages (which may occur at numerous locations throughout the study area), the spread of samples was designed to address point source pollution resulting from the clustered population density (Table 3).

Table 3: Summary Sample Point Distribution

GENERAL LOCATION SAMPLE POINTS LOCATION COMMENTS Araluen ARL9, ARL12, ARL13, ARL14, ARL16, ARL18, ARL33 Main populated area around Hall, Recreation ground and Hotel GW075027/1, GW075027/2 At Araluen Hall GW075031 Near Hotel Araluen North ARL3, ARL11, ARL20, ARL21, ARL26 Populated area around Fire Station GW075030 At Fire Station Araluen Lower GW075029/1, GW075029/2 Between Araluen and Araluen Lower Bourketown ARL73, GW075028/1, GW075028/2 Western side of Araluen Creek, opposite Araluen Other, east of Araluen ARL2, ARL3, ARL4 Between Araluen and Araluen North Creek GW075026 Foothill slopes between Araluen and Araluen North Other, west of Araluen ARL11 Uphill fromAraluen North Creek ARL19 Uphill from Araluen Creek, opposite Araluen Upstream of Araluen North ARL30, ARL65 Araluen Creek Araluen Creek 1 Upstream of Araluen North Araluen Creek 3 Between Araluen North and Araluen Araluen Creek 4 Downstream of Araluen Long Flat Creek Long Flat Creek 2 Between Araluen North and Araluen

3.2 Sample Collection Methodology

The field program was designed to provide accurate, meaningful results on the water quality at Araluen. As part of the program methodology, specific tasks were undertaken to reduce the potential for the collection of inaccurate or non-representative samples: · duplicates collected as required to number 5% of the total number of samples; · decontamination of sampling equipment between collection events; · documentation of sample location and collection during sampling; · careful handling and transport of samples to laboratory under delivery documentation; · laboratory testing commencing within generally accepted holding periods for specific analytes; · calibration of field testing equipment prior to first use and during the program; · purging of installation to remove stagnant groundwater where necessary.

The standard field procedures have since been incorporated into a sampling protocol (Appendix A) written specifically for conditions prevailing in the Araluen area. This protocol combines the procedures outlined in Jiwan and Gates (1992), with modifications to adapt methods to the site specific conditions. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 10

3.3 Field and Laboratory Testing

3.3.1 Field Measurements

Field testing parameters for surface water and groundwater at sampled locations included electrical conductivity (EC), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature. Field tests were carried out using a WTW Multiline P4 universal meter, with the appropriate probes. Calibration was undertaken prior to the commencement of work, approximately half way through the field program and following completion of the sampling.

Initial calibration was successful for all three probes, however the dissolved oxygen instrument did not conform as accurately to the respective standard as did the other two. At the second calibration, half way through the program, all three probes were calibrated successfully and conformed to the respective standards as set out in the WTW Multiline P4/F Set 3 Calibration File. Similarly, all probes were calibrated successfully following completion of the field program. It is suspected that an excessive amount of standard solution was used for the initial DO calibration, affecting the probe response. Reduced quantities of the solution used for the next two calibrations proved more effective.

Field measurements were conducted at all sites and documented on appropriate recording forms (Appendix A). Measurements were generally taken simultaneously with the collection of the various samples in the order: EC, pH and then DO.

3.3.2 Laboratory Analyses

Laboratory analytical suites were selected to address the key indicators associated with faecal contamination, general water quality criteria, dissolved metals from historical mining activities and residues from chemicals in more recent use. Specifically, the parameters tested for include: · Bacteriological – Eschericia coli, faecal coliforms, total coliforms, faecal streptococci · Physical – EC (specific conductance), pH, bicarbonate alkalinity, total alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved salts · Major ions – sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, chloride · Nutrients – ammonia, total oxidised nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total nitrogen, total phosphorus · Dissolved metals and constituents – silver, aluminium, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, silicon, thorium, thallium, uranium, vanadium, zinc · Pesticides – common organochlorine compounds (HCB, Lindane, Heptachlor, Aldrin, BHC Total, Heptachlor Epoxide, 4-4-DDE, 4-4-DDD (TDE), 4-4-DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Endosulfan Total, Chlordane, Methoxychlor) and organophosphate compounds (Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Demeton-S-Methyl, Parathion, Diazinon, Ethion, Pyrimifos-Methyl, Azinphos- Methyl, Dimethoate, Fenthion).

Special purpose samples were collected for the determination of naturally occurring isotopes oxygen- 18 and deuterium, for the assessment of characteristic creek, groundwater and rainwater components. Groundwater isotope samples were collected at the same time as other water quality samples from most of the bores. Surface water isotope samples were collected from Araluen Creek at a designated point downstream of Neringla Road Bridge. Antecedent samples were collected on a daily basis and Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 11 rainfall-event-based samples collected every two hours for the duration of the corresponding increased creek flow. Two bulk isotope samples of the rainwater for the rainfall event were collected in a plastic bucket and decanted into the sample containers.

3.4 Sampling Procedures

3.4.1 Purging

Sample procedures were carried out in general accordance with the protocol (Appendix A). Variations to the standard procedures were required where budgetary and scheduling considerations prevented compliance with the documented methods. In some cases, the time available for purging of the groundwater installation was insufficient to pump the required three to four bore volumes. Where this occurred, groundwater installations were purged for between 30 minutes and 2 hours, depending on the time available on the day.

The purging of privately-owned groundwater installations was conducted with the assistance of landholders. In most cases, the pumping infrastructure included pressure switches, allowing the activation of the pump to be accomplished by turning on the closest tap. In a couple of instances, pumps had to be started manually, using either an electric cut-out switch (sites ARL3, ARL4) or a small generator (site ARL11). Where pumps had to be turned on manually, the nearest outlet was opened to allow free flow of water prior to the commencement of pumping. This was carried out to prevent the pump working against an entrained head of water and possibly being at risk of burning out.

In the case of DLWC monitoring bores, purging and sampling was carried out using a Grundfos MP1 electrosubmersible pump and BTI controller with braided PVC riser tubing. The pump was operated using a hired portable generator sized to accommodate the specifications of the MP1. Some difficulty was experienced in the operation of the pump with the hired generator, as peaks in the operating voltage tended to overload the BTI controller and cause cut-outs. Some modification of the generator throttling settings was required to allow continuous operation of the pump. The pump was installed in each of the monitoring bores to a depth just above the level of the top of the screens, to prevent excessive aquifer disturbance and allow efficient cooling of the pump motor according to design requirements. Once lowered to the selected depth, the pump was secured by means of an attached stainless steel strainer cable to a suitable anchoring point in the vicinity. Pumping was then carried out for the required purging period, allowing the groundwater to discharge to waste before sampling commenced.

3.4.2 Sample Collection, Storage and Transport

3.4.2.1 Water Quality

All samples were collected with care, to prevent contamination of prepared or sterile sample containers, and were clearly labelled as DLWC samples with unique identification numbers. Sample collection generally comprised five water quality subsamples consecutively labelled A to E (Table 4). Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 12

Table 4: Summary Water Quality Sample Collection Details

ORDER OF SUBSAMPLE SUBSAMPLE TYPE CONTAINER TYPE CONTAINER PREPARATION COLLECTION IDENTIFICATION SIZE 1 A General water quality plastic bottle with screw 500mL none closure 2 B Pesticide compounds solvent rinsed brown glass 2L none bottle with screw closure 3 C Trace metals nitric acid washed glass 500mL Filter to 45 m bottle with screw closure m 4 D Dissolved mercury potassium dichromate 250mL Filter to 45 m washed glass bottle with m screw closure 5 E Bacteriological sterilised plastic wide 50mL Sterilise outlet and hands, wear organisms mouth bottle with screw disposable gloves when closure sampling

Following collection, all water quality samples were packed into large eskies to protect the sample containers, together with cold freezer bricks to maintain low temperatures. Samples were transported in the eskies, which were clearly labelled on the outside with contents and destination details, to Ecowise Envrionmental, a National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) registered laboratory in Canberra. This laboratory was selected due to the requirement for subsamples to be analysed for certain parameters (oxidised nitrogen, phosphorus, etc) within a 24 hour holding period. Other laboratories in Goulburn and Sydney could not be reached within this time limit, and so were not considered for testing of the samples. Even given the proximity of the laboratory, an essential requirement was for the delivery of packed eskies to be made to Braidwood every day by a certain time for pick up by the road courier. Chain-of-custody documents were included in each esky and were completed and returned by the laboratory following the reporting of the analytical results (Appendix B).

Careful attention was paid to document possible pollution sources such as septic tanks and grazing stock, during the sampling program. These observations were recorded on the sampling logs written out in the field. (Appendix C).

3.4.2.2 Isotopes

The collection of naturally occurring isotope samples was carried out using polypropolene bottles with screw closures. Samples were collected in containers of 30mL volume by hand, carefully eliminating air bubbles to reduce the likelihood of fractionation occurring. No additional preparation prior to storage was required.

Isotope samples were refrigerated following collection, and stored until bulk transport to Wollongong University could be arranged. Selected isotope samples from groundwater, Araluen Creek, and a rainfall event were submitted for analysis (Table 5). Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 13

Table 5: Summary Isotope Sample Collection Details

SOURCE TYPE CONDITION LOCATION SITE DATE TIME STAGE IDENTIFICATION HEIGHT Groundwater DLWC Bores GW075026 20/10/1999 1.15pm N/A GW075027/1 21/10/1999 8.30am N/A GW075027/2 20/10/1999 9.45am N/A GW075028/1 20/10/1999 10.50am N/A GW075028/2 20/10/1999 10.30am N/A GW075029/1 20/10/1999 2.30pm N/A GW075029/2 20/10/1999 2.00pm N/A GW075030 19/10/1999 11.05am N/A GW075031 19/10/1999 1.30pm N/A Private ARL2 15/10/1999 N/A Installations ARL3 15/10/1999 N/A ARL4 20/10/1999 N/A ARL18 14/10/1999 N/A ARL19 14/10/1999 N/A ARL30 21/10/1999 N/A ARL32 14/10/1999 N/A Surface water Antecedent Neringla Road Neringla 14/10/1999 9.40am Nm conditions Bridge Neringla 14/10/1999 4.35pm Nm Neringla 15/10/1999 9.10am Nm Neringla 16/10/1999 9.30am Nm Neringla 17/10/1999 9.00am Nm Neringla 20/10/1999 6.30am 0.5 Neringla 21/10/1999 8.10am 0.48 Neringla 21/10/1999 5.40pm 0.48 Neringla 22/10/1999 7.05am 0.47 Other Araluen Creek 4 21/10/1999 1.20pm N/A Araluen Creek 5 21/10/1999 1.20pm N/A Rainfall event Neringla Road Neringla 18/10/1999 5.15pm 0.47 Bridge Neringla 18/10/1999 10.05pm 0.47 Neringla 19/10/1999 12.10am 0.48 Neringla 19/10/1999 2.10am 0.48 Neringla 19/10/1999 4.10am 0.49 Neringla 19/10/1999 6.10am 0.49 Neringla 19/10/1999 8.10am 0.49 Neringla 19/10/1999 10.10am 0.48 Neringla 19/10/1999 12.15pm 0.48 Neringla 19/10/1999 2.15pm Nm Neringla 19/10/1999 4.10pm 0.47 Rainfall Araluen Valley Rainfall 19/10/1999 8.30am N/A Hotel Other Mine dredge pond 15/10/1999 N/A Excavations Dredge pond 1 19/10/1999 N/A Dredge pond 2 21/10/1999 N/A Reference: N/A – not applicable; Nm – not measured; stage height refers to flow level within creek in metres Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 14

3.4.3 Equipment Decontamination

The decontamination of sampling equipment comprised the washing of sampling equipment with a diluted solution of EXTRAN MA03, a phosphate-free detergent, between sampling events. Equipment was washed thoroughly and rinsed at least three times prior to the collection of successive samples.

3.5 Quality Control

The quality control applied to the current water quality sampling program comprised components associated with sample collection, storage, transport and analysis. Collection, storage and transport were fully documented, with completed sampling and chain-of-custody forms for all water quality samples (Appendix B).

Analytical quality control was completed by standard internal laboratory checks and the submission of duplicate samples for an assessment of laboratory precision. As required by the sampling protocol (Appendix A), up to 5% of samples were submitted as blind duplicates to the laboratory. For the total number of samples (33), this required the submission of two duplicate sets.

The two duplicate sample sets were collected during the course of the sampling program: one from a groundwater source, and the other from a surface water flow. The first duplicate was collected from the Araluen Valley Hotel well on the 12 October, 1999 and corresponds to the original sample labelled ARL12. The second duplicate was collected near the end of the program from the Araluen Creek approximately halfway between the Majors Creek Road and Neringla Road bridges and upstream of the Long Flat Creek confluence. The second duplicate corresponds to the Araluen Creek 4 sample.

Original and duplicate samples were collected from the same sampling point within minutes of each other. The same subsample types were taken consecutively, rather than in the sequence described in section 3.2.2, to maintain as short a delay as possible between the collection of each original and duplicate.

Isotope samples were not subject to quality control procedures. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 15

4. Groundwater Sampling Results

Results of the sampling (Appendix D) have been compared to guideline values for Drinking Water Quality (NHMRC/ARMCANZ, 1996). Where guideline values are not given by that reference, levels relating to Raw Water for Drinking Water Supply (ANZECC, 1992) have been used for comparison. For detailed information on the guidelines the respective documents should be reviewed.

4.1 Field Test Results

The records of field measurements (Table 6) indicate generally good water quality.

Table 6: Results of Field Measurements

SAMPLE LOCATION EC pH Dissolved Oxygen Temperature o (mS/cm) (mg/L) (% saturation) ( C) ARL2 301 6.61 3.78 56.1 21.4 ARL3 596 7.12 4.98 47.3 21.7 ARL4 207 6.66 4.41 47.1 18.6 ARL9 608 6.38 5.02 57.0 20.7 ARL11 289 7.09 1.80 20.0 20.3 ARL12 418 7.3 4.16 50.0 20.0 ARL13 289 7.01 7.26 73.1 21.1 ARL14 374 7.2 6.23 65.4 20.8 ARL16 272 6.8 7.49 74.4 18.0 ARL18 230 7.03 6.43 73.6 23.5 ARL19 464 7.08 3.91 70.6 25.0 ARL20 190 6.85 2.31 22.2 18.7 ARL21 543 6.8 3.95 42.7 18.4 ARL26 218 6.77 1.35 15.2 20.4 ARL30 407 6.99 2.24 25.5 20.5 ARL31 351 6.86 3.87 42.0 18.5 ARL32 336 6.93 5.60 70.4 19.9 ARL33 179 6.8 3.08 38.1 22.1 ARL65 496 7.62 7.81 87.4 19.8 ARL73 429 7.1 4.43 68.1 20.2 GW075026 568 8.06 1.73 28.6 27.4 GW075027/1 182 6.84 5.89 63.5 18.5 GW075027/ 371 6.89 1.38 14.9 18.6 GW075028/1 508 7.09 1.12 12.7 22.3 GW075028/2 417 7.06 3.63 41.0 22.1 GW075029/1 255 6.76 2.94 34.6 22.8 GW075029/2 318 7.49 0.94 10.1 21.5 GW075030 584 6.79 2.11 24.1 21.5 GW075031 341 7.13 4.20 65.8 20.6 Araluen Creek 1 305 7.75 7.06 88.0 25.7 Long Flat Creek 2 175 7.84 7.7 94.2 24.8 Araluen Creek 3 323 7.82 8.97 112.2 25.7 Araluen Creek 4 292 7.84 7.23 83.9 22.0 Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 16

Electrical conductivity ranges from 182mS/cm (GW075027/1) to 608mS/cm (ARL9), equivalent to a total dissolved solids (TDS) range of 125 to 415mg/L (using a conversion factor of 0.68). This range is within the guideline drinking water value of 500mg/L TDS (NHMRC/ARMCANZ, 1996). The pH values measured also are within guidelines, ranging from 6.61 (ARL2) to 8.06 (GW075026), with one exception (ARL9; 6.38). Dissolved oxygen results are variable, ranging from 0.94mg/L (GW075029/2) to 7.81mg/L (ARL65).

In all instances where measurement of groundwater samples were undertaken, the dissolved oxygen readings were observed to decline over a period of time. This apparent decay in the measurements was attributed to the aeration of the samples as a result of pumping. Such aeration effects are particularly apparent in the measurements for the excavation used to irrigate orchard areas in the north end of the valley (ARL65). Initial readings were taken at the time of water quality sampling prior to the commencement of pumping. A second series of samples and measurements were taken following almost two days of extraction. Over this period, the dissolved oxygen values were observed to rise from 7.81mg/L (87.4%) to 8.52mg/L (102.5%), most likely due to disturbance and agitation caused by the pumping.

Due to the different stabilisation times at different locations, not all measurements reached a stable level. Only the initial readings have been tabulated. In some cases, pH was also observed to decline in value during measurement. This is similarly attributed to aeration of samples by pumping in certain cases.

Surface water measurements are also of generally good quality. All creek measurements are below 350mS/cm (240mg/L TDS) and of relatively neutral pH (7.75 to 7.84). As with the measurements taken at the groundwater sample locations, the dissolved oxygen readings are quite variable, ranging from 7.06 to 8.97mg/L (83.9 to 112.2%). All of the creek samples were collected at locations where water flowed around or over a rough surface, again suggesting aeration of the samples has occurred.

4.2 Laboratory Analysis Results

Laboratory analysis results are provided in Appendix D. It should be noted that some inorganic species being below the level of detection for all samples (beryllium, cadmium, chromium, antimony, selenium, thorium, thallium), and these have been omitted from the results presented in the summary tables and following sections. Similarly, pesticides results have not been included as only one value was returned above the level of detection of the analytical equipment (0.033mg/L Chlordane from ARL33). A discussion about the pesticide sampling results is included in Section 5. The results of testing for mercury indicate that concentrations are below the limit of detection in all but two DLWC monitoring bores (GW075028/1, 0.01mg/L; GW075031, 0.06 mg/L), and one surface water sample (Araluen Creek 3, 0.03mg/L). These levels are of concern and will also be discussed in Section 5.

4.2.1 Privately Owned Installations

All but three (ARL20, ARL31, ARL32) of the twenty bores sampled exceeded the recommended nil value for total coliforms, ranging from <2 (ARL4) to 5800 (ARL9) colony forming units in 100mL (CFU/100mL). Fewer samples exhibited elevated faecal coliform and E. coli results, with eleven of the twenty bores exhibiting nil results. The remainder exceeded recommended values and ranged between 2 and 62 CFU/100mL. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 17

In terms of general water quality, the results indicate most groundwater is of low salinity, with TDS results ranging from 140mg/L (ARL20) to 430mg/L (ARL9), all below the guideline level of 500mg/L. Three sample results are below the recommended range for pH, specifically 6.3 (ARL9), 6.4 (ARL21) and 6.3 (ARL33), the remainder ranging from 6.6 to 8.2 (ARL12 and ARL19, respectively). Other physical parameter results are variable, with bicarbonate alkalinity ranging from 57.5mg/L (ARL16) to 236.6mg/L (ARL3); calcium hardness ranging from 30mg/L (ARL33) to 114.9mg/L (ARL3); and total hardness ranging from 55.1mg/L (ARL33) to 186.5mg/L (ARL65). Major anions and cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, chloride) are similarly variable, although all results range within one order of magnitude.

The results of nutrient analysis indicate predominantly low levels of ammonia, oxidised nitrogen and phosphorus. In general, ammonia levels are below the ANZECC (1992) guideline value of 0.01mg/L, with the exception of ARL4 (1.6mg/L), ARL26 (0.02mg/L) and ARL30 (0.09mg/L). Oxidised nitrogen results are generally less than 1mg/L (nine samples), although eight samples exhibit levels between 1 and 4mg/L. A further two samples have elevated oxidised nitrogen between 6 and 8mg/L, and a notable high value of 30mg/L is also reported for ARL9. All phosphorus results fall below 0.1mg/l, except ARL16, which has a reported level of 0.1mg/L.

The results of dissolved metals analysis are generally below guideline values. One iron and two manganese results significantly exceed guideline values, these being ARL26 (Fe 1100mg/L), ARL30 (Mn 290mg/L) and ARL32 (Mn 160mg/L).

A piper plot of the sample results (Figure 3) was constructed using the public domain software HYDROWIN (version 3.0), a windows-based program for the exploratory analysis of hydrochemical data. The plot reveals that the results of the private installations are in general correlation with the samples from other sources. Some differentiation between two groundwater types may be made on the basis of bicarbonate and chloride, with seven results falling as outliers to the main grouping. The nature of the difference is unclear, as results from both shallow and deep installations occur as outliers. The different water types from the private installation results as listed by HYDROWIN are illustrated in Table 7. 80 80 80 80 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 20

80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80 80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80

ARALUEN GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION WATER QUALITY SAMPLING REPORT PIPER DIAGRAM OF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS RESULTS COMPARATIVE PLOTS OF ALL RESULTS AND PRIVATE BORE/WELL SAMPLE Figure 3 RESULTS Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 19

Table 7: Water Types from Private Installations

Sample Identification Water Type ARL2 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 ARL3 Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3 ARL4 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 ARL9 Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-HCO3 ARL11 Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3 ARL12 Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 ARL13 Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3-Cl ARL14 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl ARL16 Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3-Cl ARL18 Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3-Cl ARL19 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 ARL20 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 ARL21 Mg-Ca-Na-Cl-HCO3 ARL26 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 ARL30 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl ARL31 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 ARL32 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 ARL33 Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3 ARL65 Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-HCO3 ARL73 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3

4.2.2 DLWC Monitoring Bores

The results from the analysis of samples from DLWC monitoring bores indicate the presence of significant numbers of coliform organisms throughout the area. Faecal coliform and E. coli levels are elevated in the shallow/deep clustered monitoring bores GW075028/1 and /2 (<10 and 1CFU/100mL, respectively) and GW075029/1 and /2 (2 to 3 and 37CFU/100mL, respectively). Faecal streptococci are also present in these four locations, and in the sample result for GW075026 (19CFU/100mL). Total coliform counts are elevated in all of the DLWC monitoring bore results, except for GW075031.

Physical parameter results for the DLWC monitoring bores are generally within recommended values for drinking water. Groundwater samples from the DLWC monitoring bores are of low salinity, ranging from 130mg/L (GW075027/1) to 420mg/L (GW075030). All pH results fall within the recommended range (6.5 to 8.5), with results between 7.1 (GW075027/2, GW075030) and 8.1 (GW075026), indicating neutral to slightly alkaline groundwater. Other results are variable, with bicarbonate alkalinity ranging between 57.7mg/L (GW075027/1) and 260.7mg/L (GW075028/1), and calcium hardness between 35mg/L (GW075027/1, GW075029/1) and 144.8mg/L (GW075026). Hardness results generally fall within the range from 65mg/L (GW075027/1) to 195.6mg/L (GW075028/1), except for one sample which exceeds NHMRC/ARMCANZ (1996) guidelines (GW075030; 232.9mg/L). The results for GW075026 and GW075028/1 also closely approach the guideline value for hardness. As with the results from the privately owned installations, major anion and cation values vary within one order of magnitude and are below recommended maximum levels. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 20

Ammonia levels from the DLWC monitoring bores are generally low, except for three samples which exceed the ANZECC (1992) raw water guideline value, specifically GW075027/2, GW075028/1 (both 0.02mg/L) and GW075026 (0.51mg/L). Oxidised nitrogen results from seven of the bores fall below 1mg/L, with samples from GW075028/2 (2.1mg/L) and GW075031 (1.2mg/L) exhibiting elevated concentrations. Results of phosphorus analysis are below 0.2mg/L for all of the samples.

Dissolved metals values are all less than guideline values, except for manganese results from GW075026 (106mg/L), GW075027/2 (270mg/L) and GW075028/1 (140mg/L). Elevated manganese, approaching guideline values, is noted in the sample from GW075029/2 (85mg/L). Of concern is a significantly elevated result for arsenic in GW075026 (5.8mg/L), which also approaches the drinking water guideline value (7mg/L).

A piper plot of the sample results (Figure 4), constructed using HYDROWIN, reveals that the results of the DLWC monitoring bores are in closer correlation than those from the private installations. Similarly, perhaps due to the spread of the monitoring bores throughout the valley, the results are in close correlation with values obtained from other sources. The water types for the DLWC monitoring bores are listed in Table 8.

Table 8: Water Types from DLWC Monitoring Bores

Sample Identification Water Type GW075026 Ca-Na-HCO3 GW075027/1 Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3-Cl GW075027/2 Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3-Cl GW075028/1 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 GW075028/2 Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3 GW075029/1 Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3-Cl GW075029/2 Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3-Cl GW075030 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 GW075031 Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3-Cl 80 80 80 80 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 20

80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80 80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80

ARALUEN GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION WATER QUALITY SAMPLING REPORT PIPER DIAGRAM OF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS RESULTS COMPARATIVE PLOTS OF ALL RESULTS AND DLWC MONITORING BORE Figure 4 SAMPLE RESULTS Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 22

4.2.3 Surface Watercourses

Bacteriological parameters are reported from all surface water samples collected during the sampling program (Appendix B). E. coli and faecal coliform levels range from 26CFU/100mL (Araluen Creek 4) to a maximum of 760CFU/100mL (Long Flat Creek 2). Faecal streptococci results range from 78CFU/100mL (Araluen Creek 3) to 190 CFU/100mL (Long Flat Creek 2).

Surface water quality is generally good, with low salinity (all four results being below 250mg/L TDS), and neutral to slightly alkaline pH (7.1 to 8.2 range). Other physical parameters vary within an order of magnitude; bicarbonate alkalinity between 70.8mg/L (Long Flat Creek 2) and 107.9mg/L (Araluen Creek 3); calcium hardness 30mg/L (Long Flat Creek 2) to 69.9mg/L (Araluen Creek 3); and total hardness 56.7mg/L (Long Flat Creek 2) to 119.3mg/L (Araluen Creek 3). Major anion and cation results also vary and are all below guideline values.

Nutrient levels in Long Flat Creek and Araluen Creek are generally low, with ammonia at or below guideline levels. Oxidised nitrogen is elevated in Long Flat Creek, however the result is only slightly higher than for the other samples. Phosphorus levels are all less than 0.1mg/L.

Of the dissolved metals results, only one sample exceeds guideline drinking water levels, that being at Long Flat Creek (Fe 580mg/L).

The HYDROWIN plot of the surface water sample results (Figure 5), indicates that the results are in close correlation, forming a subgroup within the range defined by the sample results from all sample sites. Water types for the surface watercourse samples are listed in Table 9.

Table 9: Water Types from Surface Watercourses

Sample Identification Water Type Araluen Creek 1 Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3-Cl Long Flat Creek 2 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl Araluen Creek 3 Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl Araluen Creek 4 Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3 80 80 80 80 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 20

80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80 80 60 40 20 20 40 60 80

ARALUEN GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION WATER QUALITY SAMPLING REPORT PIPER DIAGRAM OF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS RESULTS COMPARATIVE PLOTS OF ALL RESULTS AND SURFACE WATER SAMPLE Figure 5 RESULTS Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 24

4.3 Sample Quality Control

4.3.1 Sample Storage and Transport Checks

The quality control applied to sample delivery, comprising the documentation of storage and transport by means of prepared chain-of-custody forms (Water Sample Delivery Record), suggests that no significant damage or alteration of the samples has occurred. Completed forms returned by the laboratory (Appendix B) indicate that: · all samples were delivered to the courier pick-up point in Braidwood no later than 3:30pm; · all samples were received by the laboratory no later than 6:40pm; · all samples were relinquished at the courier pick-up point in good order; and · all samples were received by the laboratory in good order.

As such, all samples were received by the laboratory on the same day as the sample was collected, well within the 24 hour holding period recommended for the unstable parameters included in the analyte list (primarily nitrogen and phosphorus determinands).

4.3.2 Duplicate Samples and Laboratory Precision

The analytical results for the duplicate sets indicate generally close correlation between the original and secondary samples (Table 10). Some parameters, particularly microbiological and dissolved metals, exhibit relatively high degrees of difference between the first and second samples. Significantly, considerable variation in bacteriological counts may be observed in the surface water samples from Araluen Creek. Also, zinc concentrations are notably different within this duplicate set. The reason for such variations are unclear, however, it is suspected that the bacteriological sample may have been biased by the inclusion of particulate matter, rather than the contamination of the sample during or after sampling. The variations in zinc concentration are significant, however they are within the range exhibited by water quality sample results throughout the area, and are probably not of concern.

On the basis of the duplicate sample results, it would appear that the laboratory preparation and analysis procedures have been appropriate for the maintenance of a good degree of precision and repeatability. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Table 10: Water Quality Analysis Results, Duplicate Samples

Sample Description Analyte Guideline1 Guideline2 Araluen Valley Hotel Well Araluen Creek Original Duplicate Difference Variance Original Duplicate Difference Variance E. coli 0 /100mL 6 4 -33% 1 26 35 +35% 20.25 Faecal coliforms 0 /100mL 1000 /100mL 6 4 -33% 1 26 44 +69% 81 Faecal streptococci 0 0 100 180 +80% 1600 Total coliforms 0 /100mL 320 (920) 320 (860) (-7%) 470 (2300) 72 (830) -85%(-64%) 540225 Specific conductance 430 430 300 300 TDS 500mg/L 290 290 200 200 0.0025 PH 6.5 – 8.5 4.5 – 9 6.6 6.6 8.1 8.0 -1% Bicarbonate alkalinity 98.8 98.1 -1% 0.1225 89.4 89.4 Ca hardness 62.4 62.4 59.9 59.9

Total hardness 200mg/L 124.2 124.2 105.2 101.1 -4% 4.2025 Water Quality Sampling Report Sodium 180mg/L 41 42 +2% 0.25 21 21 Potassium 1.2 1.3 +8% 0.0025 1.2 1.1 -8% 0.0025 Magnesium 15 15 11 10 -9% 0.25 Calcium 25 25 24 24 Sulphate 250mg/L 4.4 4.9 +11% 0.0625 6.8 7.1 +4% 0.0225 Chloride 250mg/L 30 – 700mg/L 63 62 -2% 0.25 31 31 Ammonia (as N) 0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 +100% 2.5E-5 TON (as N) 2.2 2.2 <0.01 0.01 2.5E-5 TKN (as N) 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.11 -27% 0.0004 Total nitrogen 2.3 2.3 0.16 0.12 -25% 0.0004 Total phosphorus 0.091 0.09 +1% 2.5E-7 0.020 0.018 -10% 1E-6 Silver (Ag) 100mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Aluminium (Al) 200mg/L 5000mg/L <5 <5 <5 <5 Arsenic (As) 7mg/L 100mg/L <1 <1 0.3 0.3 Barium (Ba) 700mg/L 74 75 +1% 0.25 35 36 +3% 0.25 Cobalt (Co) 50mg/L 0.5 0.6 +20% 0.0025 0.7 0.7 Copper (Cu) 1000mg/L 200mg/L 1.7 1.6 -6% 0.0025 <0.5 <0.5 Iron (Fe) 300mg/L 1000mg/L <5 <5 39 31 -21% 16 Mercury (Hg) 1mg/L 2mg/L Manganese (Mn) 100mg/L 200mg/L <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Molybdenum (Mo) 50mg/L 10mg/L <0.2 <0.2 0.4 0.4 Nickel (Ni) 20mg/L 200mg/L <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Lead (Pb) 10mg/L 200mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Zinc (Zn) 3000mg/L 2000mg/L 4.7 4.9 +4% 0.01 <0.5 2.3 1.3225

Reference: ND – not detected; NR – no result; TON – total oxidised nitrogen; TKN – total Kjeldahl nitrogen; Guideline1 – Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, 1996 (NHMRC/ARMCANZ); Guideline2 – Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters, 1992 (ANZECC); all results in mg/L except pH (units), specific conductance (mS/cm), dissolved metals (mg/L), dissolved mercury and dissolved arsenic (mg/L), microbiological parameters (CFU/100mL); values in bold type exceed guideline values as listed; values for bacteriological samples in parentheses indicate preliminary estimate of CFU based on analytical techniques, adjacent values represent final numbers Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 26

4.4 Isotope Samples and Hydrograph Separation

The results of deuterium (2H) and oxygen-18 (18O) isotope analysis for selected water samples are o presented in Table 11. Results are expressed as “per mille” ( /oo), which equates to a value per thousand compared to the accepted relative level of Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW).

The results of isotopic analysis of selected samples indicates several water types occur. The results of the rainfall samples collected from the event between 18 and 19 October, 1999 range from -4.884 to - o o 4.899 /oo oxygen-18 and from -19.327 to -20.024 /oo deuterium. The averages calculated from the o o two reported results for oxygen-18 and deuterium are -4.892 /oo and -19.676 /oo respectively.

o o The results of the selected groundwater samples range between -5.643 /oo and -7.731 /oo for oxygen- o o 18, and between -29.142 /oo and -51.082 /oo for deuterium. The averages for each isotope calculated o o from the 16 groundwater sample results are -6.592 /oo (oxygen-18) and -37.703 /oo (deuterium).

Three samples collected from excavations within the alluvium adjacent to Araluen Creek have o o o reported oxygen-18 concentrations between -5.669 /oo and -5.997 /oo (average -5.800 /oo) and o o o deuterium compositions from -35.286 /oo to -41.960 /oo (average -38.739 /oo).

In contrast, the streamflow results reported for the samples collected from Araluen Creek at the Neringla Road Bridge were generally slightly lower. Results for the creek indicate a range of oxygen- o o o 18 compositions from -5.911 /oo to -6.312 /oo and average -6.126 /oo. Deuterium results range o o o between -32.795 /oo and -39.774 /oo, with an average of -35.450 /oo.

A plot of isotopic composition (Figure 6) illustrates the differing water types. Several groupings of results may be observed from the plot, with clearly defined rainfall and streamflow. Groundwater results plot in four distinct locations, suggesting different types, and possibly different sources of recharge. The results from the excavation samples also plot as a group separate from the other water types. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 27

Table 11: Results of Deuterium and Oxygen-18 Analysis

18 o 2 o Sample identification Date Time d O ( /oo SMOW)d H ( /oo SMOW) Araluen Creek 14/10 9:40 AM -6.239297 -34.699282 Araluen Creek 14/10 4:35 PM -6.151588 -35.961210 Araluen Creek 15/10 9:10 AM -6.312406 -35.935567 Araluen Creek 16/10 9:30 AM -6.273823 -39.219922 Araluen Creek 17/10 9:00 AM -6.266532 -38.891718 Araluen Creek 18/10 5:15 PM -6.226786 -34.198743 Araluen Creek 18/10 10:05 PM -6.025063 -37.250278 Araluen Creek 19/10 12:10 AM -5.941965 -32.794839 Araluen Creek 19/10 2:10 AM -5.996220 -33.842764 Araluen Creek 19/10 4:10 AM -5.910977 -34.758172 Araluen Creek 19/10 6:10 AM -6.088647 -36.048700 Araluen Creek 19/10 8:10 AM -6.145211 -39.773587 Araluen Creek 19/10 10:10 AM -6.199427 -33.999718 Araluen Creek 19/10 12:15 PM -6.165419 -33.982176 Araluen Creek 19/10 2:10 PM -6.118455 -35.410202 Araluen Creek 19/10 4:10 PM -6.112273 -34.882869 Araluen Creek 20/10 6:30 AM -6.275002 -33.274742 Araluen Creek 20/10 4:30 PM -6.138077 -35.699002 Araluen Creek 21/10 8:10 AM -5.936282 -33.519226 Araluen Creek 21/10 1:30 PM -6.117919 -36.620768 Araluen Creek 21/10 5:40 PM -6.088540 -35.873494 Araluen Creek 22/10 7:05 AM -6.051440 -33.258039 Streamflow average -6.126425 -35.449773 Rainfall event 18/10 8:00 AM -4.884180 -20.024494 Rainfall event 18/10 10:00 AM -4.899273 -19.327460 Rainfall average -4.891726 -19.675977 ARL18 14/10 10:30 AM -6.658526 -33.249797 ARL19 14/10 10:30 AM -6.790065 -37.193542 ARL32 14/10 2:25 PM -6.885938 -36.459822 ARL3 15/10 10:50 AM -6.727614 -33.910145 ARL2 15/10 11:35 AM -6.491058 -34.283066 GW075030 19/10 11:05 AM -6.686099 -33.898537 GW075031 19/10 1:30 PM -6.346092 -44.162100 ARL4 20/10 9:10 PM -6.330330 -45.652352 GW075027/2 20/10 9:45 AM -6.442287 -42.493160 GW075028/2 20/10 10:30 AM -6.343569 -43.418185 GW075028/1 20/10 10:50 AM -5.642954 -29.142415 GW075026 20/10 1:15 PM -6.832275 -34.203633 GW075029/2 20/10 2:00 PM -6.426323 -34.277005 GW075029/1 20/10 2:30 PM -6.593915 -36.698281 GW075027/1 21/10 8:30 AM -6.548265 -33.121396 ARL30 21/10 12:30 PM -7.730996 -51.081892 Groundwater average -6.592269 -37.702833 Abandoned dredge pond 15/10 8:15 AM -5.668758 -38.972539 ARL65 19/10 8:30 AM -5.734808 -35.286169 ARL65 21/10 2:30 PM -5.996542 -41.959517 Excavation average -5.800036 -38.739408 -15.00

-20.00

-25.00

) -30.00 oo / o

-35.00 H SMOW ( 2

d d -40.00

-45.00

-50.00

-55.00 -8.000 -7.500 -7.000 -6.500 -6.000 -5.500 -5.000 -4.500 18 o d O SMOW ( /oo)

Creek Rainfall Groundwater Dredge holes

ARALUEN GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION WATER QUALITY SAMPLING REPORT PLOT OF NATURAL ISOTOPE ANALYSIS RESULTS Figure 6 PLOT OF DEUTERIUM VS OXYGEN-18 Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 29

5. Discussion

5.1 Water Quality Variations

It is evident from the results of this sampling program that water quality problems still exist in the Araluen Valley. Of the twenty private installations tested for contamination, nine still exceed acceptable levels for faecal coliforms and E. coli, and seventeen exceed guidelines for total coliforms. Not only is faecal pollution still present in many bores and wells, but evidence of key indicators in Araluen Creek has also been found.

Comparison of the results of the sampling program with those reported from the previous rounds is restricted to the parameters of concern reported previously (Sanders, 1997), specifically bacteriological (E. coli, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, total coliforms), and nutrients (ammonia, total nitrogen). These latest results have showed some inconsistencies with those reported previously from January and April 1997 (Table 12).

Several explanations for this variation are considered: 1. Deterioration in condition of septic tanks. Faecal contamination concentrations are not only dependent on the distance from the groundwater installation, but also on the condition of the septic tank. One well with a high E. coli reading was located about 6m away from a septic tank which was visibly cracked and showed signs of damage. In addition, anecdotal evidence (various personal communications) suggests that some infiltration trenches or rubble drains have been extended and may be likely to affect wells or bores now in closer proximity. 2. Seasonal variations. Each of the three sampling rounds were undertaken during different seasons, and, correspondingly, under different groundwater extraction patterns. It is likely that rainfall may have a diluting effect on the shallow bores and wells sunk in the alluvium. The DLWC bores 75029/1 (8 metres deep) and 75029/2 (19 metres deep), indicated that E. coli levels were in fact higher in the deeper bore than in the shallow one. These bores are located south of the Neringla Road Bridge, in a field containing cattle on the eastern terrace of Araluen Creek, near Bald Stony Creek. The results suggest that the shallow alluvial aquifer may undergo flushing more readily than the weathered granodiorite aquifer below. In addition, during dry periods, the increased demand on the groundwater resources would lower water table levels and promote vertical infiltration of the discharge, rather than lateral migration of contaminants. During the 1997 sampling rounds, 56mm of rainfall was recorded in January and there was no rainfall recorded in April. The results from the April, 1997 round of sampling showed lower key indicator levels in all except one of the bores and wells sampled at that time. 3. Variations in stocking density and agricultural usage. The properties where some of the sampled wells are located do not always contain stock. At certain times of the year, the land may be planted with fodder crops (lucerne, etc), and stock moved around at the discretion of the landholder. The high levels of E. coli in Araluen Creek are probably due to contaminated surface runoff from stock grazing along the banks of the creek. The absence or presence of stock was not documented in the reports of the two sampling rounds undertaken previously, thus preventing further investigation of this possibility. 4. Differing aquifer systems. From examination of the chemical composition of the water quality data collected, it appears that there are different "cocktails" of groundwater in the Araluen valley. The water quality of bores and wells in the valley may vary according to the particular groundwater source that they intercept. Table 12: Water Quality Analysis Results Comparison, Privately Owned Installations Araluen Groundwater Investigation

Sample Description Analyte ARL2 ARL3 ARL4 ARL9 ARL11 ARL12 ARL13 ARL16 ARL18 ARL19 ARL20 ARL30 ARL31 ARL32 ARL65 Microbiological E. coli January 1997 0 0 15 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 18 0 68 4 April 1997 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 12 October 1999 0 4 0 14 0 6 0 130 4 3 0 0 0 0 8 Faecal coliforms January 1997 0 0 43 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 21 0 460 6 April 1997 0 0 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 16 October 1999 0 4 0 14 0 6 0 130 5 3 0 0 0 0 8 Faecal streptococci Water Quality Sampling Report January 1997 22 5 52 12 1 0 77 15 13 0 0 164 0 184 45 April 1997 0 10 10 1210 22 0 24 350 12 4 0 22 0 18 10 October 1999 1 160 7 260 39 0 120 58 1 34 0 3 0 0 310 Total coliforms January 1997 370 10 2500 6800 30 90 6700 70 110 190 10 7100 0 7200 5800 April 1997 50 0 38 670 460 270 50 230 240 114 8 43 0 20 74 October 1999 260 600 <2 5800 240 320 440 410 1400 2700 0 8 0 0 170 Nutrients Ammonia (as N) January 1997 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.01 April 1997 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 October 1999 <0.01 <0.01 1.6 0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.09 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total nitrogen January 1997 1.4 1.1 0.21 26 0.12 2.3 2.4 3.7 1.3 1 <0.05 0.08 0.45 1.9 0.2 April 1997 2 1.1 0.1 25 0.4 2.2 2.1 4.4 1.3 1 0.05 0.15 0.4 0.3 0.15 October 1999 2.7 0.78 0.32 31 0.76 2.3 2.5 6.3 1.6 0.63 0.22 1.6 0.41 0.32 0.79

Reference: ND – not detected; NR – no result; TON – total oxidised nitrogen; TKN – total Kjeldahl nitrogen; Guideline1 – Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, 1996 (NHMRC/ARMCANZ); Guideline2 – Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters, 1992 (ANZECC); all results in mg/L except pH (units), specific conductance (mS/cm), dissolved metals (mg/L), dissolved mercury and dissolved arsenic (mg/L), microbiological parameters (CFU/100mL); values in bold type exceed guideline values as listed; values for bacteriological samples in parentheses indicate preliminary estimate of CFU based on analytical techniques, adjacent values represent final numbers Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 31

Water quality appears to be generally better in the northern portion of the valley. This may possibly be equated to sparse population distribution and a lesser presence of livestock, or a deeper source of groundwater. This deeper groundwater may be related to a fault system that runs roughly east-west (Figure 2).

5.2 Pesticide Residues

The results of the pesticides testing are encouraging, with only one sample recording pesticide contamination. However, care should be taken not to consider them definitive. The reasons for this are that much of the sampling equipment used during the program is unsuitable for the collection of accurate and representative samples. Pesticides are commonly hydrocarbon-based compounds and tend to adsorb onto any plastics that might be used in the sampling process. In most of the private installations the riser is composed of polypipe (HDPE), which may affect the accuracy of the results. In addition, the DLWC sampling equipment incorporates a braided PVC sample tube, which would also be expected to adsorb some of the compounds, if present.

Notwithstanding these possible sources of error, the detected pesticide result is of concern and should be checked. Even given the possibility of adsorption, such a process would result in a nett loss of pesticide in the sample, generally lowering the level measured. The fact that this one result is above the level of detection suggests that there is pesticide present and may possibly be at even higher levels that those reported. As it is the sole detected result, it is unlikely to have been introduced from another bore due to ineffective or incomplete decontamination of the sampling equipment.

It should also be noted that pesticide use in the valley is seasonal and the pesticide suite analysed for in this program was a broad-based one. As such, not all pesticides used in Araluen were tested for in this sampling program. In addition, the selection of sites may not always coincide with areas that are receiving pesticide application.

Surface water samples are unaffected by the sampling equipment and are considered to be reliable.

5.3 Mercury Contamination

The presence of mercury within two of the water samples from the DLWC monitoring network and one surface water sample are of concern. It has previously been recognised (DMR, 1999) that the area is at risk of contamination by mercury residues as a result of historical gold mining activity. The three elevated samples detected suggest some remnant mercury may still be present in the valley. While these samples do not exceed drinking water quality guidelines, they are notable by their presence.

The significance of these results in terms of the regional groundwater quality is unclear. Widespread contamination of the groundwater by mercury is made more likely by the activities historically prevalent in the area. The sampling methods and procedures are also not entirely rigorous, as no account has been made for discrete elemental concentrations (similar to the so-called “nugget effect” when considering gold concentrations in mineral exploration). In order to accurately define the extent to which mercury is affecting the groundwater or aquifer matrix, taking into account such effects, very large bulk samples would be required. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 32

It is suggested that continued monitoring of the mercury concentrations within the groundwater and surface water in the valley is required to highlight any future variations. Should levels of concern be detected across a larger area, or increases in concentration occur, consideration should be given to further, more detailed, work.

5.4 Suitability of DLWC Monitoring Bores for Selective Monitoring

Due to the likelihood of further rounds of sampling being required there is a necessity for the cost effectiveness of the sampling program to be improved. This will require the tailoring of the analytical suite, to better suit the program objectives, and a reduction in the number of sample locations. A more concise program will reduce both the costs of testing and also the time required for completion.

For the purposes of regional water quality assessment, the DLWC groundwater monitoring bores are considered to be suitable and most useful. Additional bores may be required to more rigorously cover the area of the groundwater resource.

Comparison of the DLWC bores with private installations in close proximity reveals that, in general, the water quality at the monitoring locations is similar to at least one site that is privately owned (Table 12). This may allow the relinquishment of a possible ten sampling locations in the first instance, depending on future requirements.

Table 13 : DLWC Monitoring Bore Comparisons

GENERAL MONITORING CLOSEST PRIVATE MOST COMMENTS LOCATION BORE INSTALLATIONS REPRESENTATIVE PRIVATE INSTALLATION Araluen North GW075026 ARL2, ARL3, ARL4 ARL3 Elevated total coliforms, some differences in nutrients, levels of concern for As, NH3 Araluen GW075027/1 ARL13 ARL13 Similar total coliforms, general water quality, some differences in dissolved metals Araluen GW075027/2 ARL14 ARL14 Similar bacteriological, differences in dissolved metals, levels of concern for Mn Bourketown GW075028/1 ARL65 ARL65 Similar bacteriological, general water quality, differences in dissolved metals, levels of concern for Mn Bourketown GW075028/2 ARL73, ARL19, ARL30 ARL73, ARL30 Similar bacteriological, general water quality, and nutrients Araluen Lower GW075029/1 ARL18 ARL18 Resembles both shallow and deep in part, may depend on construction and distance of separation Araluen Lower GW075029/2 ARL18 ARL18 Some differences throughout Araluen North GW075030 ARL31, ARL26, ARL20, ARL21 Some differences throughout ARL21, ARL32 Araluen GW075031 ARL16, ARL9, ARL12, ARL12, ARL33 Some differences throughout, levels of concern for ARL33 nutrients and coliforms

This comparison is not rigorous, and so may not be entirely applicable, however the possibility of reducing the number of monitoring points requires further investigation. On the basis of the results of the current round of sampling, it is suggested that the number of water quality sample sites may be reduced in future by relinquishing the most representative private installations as listed above, in favour of more surface water sample locations.

5.5 Impacts on Health

Anecdotal evidence of cases of illness amongst residents, with respect to symptoms of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, is not overly common (various personal communications). Responses are probably underestimated and illness attributed to other causes. Some residents continue to boil Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 33 drinking water drawn from bores or wells, whilst others carry out no such preventative measures. Some use tanks for the collection of rainwater to provide drinking water supply. It is suspected that most people in the area have developed a level of immunity to the constituents of the groundwater that might otherwise cause disease or illness. It is not known whether surface water users boil their drinking water.

The significance of the impacts of septic tank effluent should not be underestimated. The presence of viruses and bacteria within the effluent make it a major factor in the incidences of waterborne diseases from private wells. Documented disease outbreaks in other areas include viral hepatitis and typhoid, the sources traced to water from wells up to 70m from the septic tanks (Fetter, 1988). In addition, groundwater contamination from septic tanks may not be localised, but could potentially affect large areas. Widespread groundwater contamination from septic tanks is known to have occurred in areas where landholdings range in size from less than one quarter of an acre to three acres (Fetter, 1988).

5.6 Streamflow Contributions

5.6.1 Groundwater Types

From the results of the isotope testing, it is apparent that several groundwater types occur in the Araluen area (Figure 6). In particular, the four groupings of groundwater sample results suggest characteristic isotopic compositions are associated with different recharge sources. In order to accurately determine the sources and behaviour of the groundwater in the area, a reference line, based on the results of local rainfall data, is required on the plot of isotopic compositions (Figure 6). This reference line (local meteoric water line, LMWL) represents the typical relative isotopic compositions of rainfall, and all events should plot somewhere along the line.

It is known that certain processes will shift the plotting location of isotope results away from the LMWL in different directions. For example, when evaporation occurs, the remaining water becomes depleted in deuterium relative to oxygen-18, which is represented by the shifting of plot points downwards from the LMWL. Other natural processes will alter the plotting location of isotope compositions in different directions away from the LMWL, however, the resulting plotting location may coincide with more than one process. Differentiation between the various processes can only be accurately determined relative to the reference line.

As there is insufficient rainfall data at the present time to calculate a local meteoric water line for Araluen, only broad discussion of the likely recharge sources for the groundwater may be made. More accurate consideration of groundwater behaviour in the area may be made following the collection and analysis of additional isotope samples from future discrete rainfall events.

Groundwater appears to fall into four groups: a main cluster (10 results - ARL2, ARL3, ARL18, ARL19, ARL32, GW075026, GW075027/1, GW075029/1, GW075029/2, GW075030) with oxygen- 18 depletion relative to streamflow; a plot with both deuterium and oxygen-18 depletion (1 result - ARL30); a group with deuterium depletion (4 results - ARL4, GW075027/2, GW075028/2, GW075031); and a point falling between rainfall and streamflow (1 result - GW075028/1). The main cluster is probably indicative of the general isotopic composition of groundwater from the shallow aquifer (Araluen alluvium). The result from ARL30 is significantly depleted in both hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, and may reflect a groundwater from a different source, possibly from a deep aquifer formed by a major fault zone. Such an origin would be consistent with the location of the well at the Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 34 base of a terrace not far from the surrounding ranges, and near to a fault line indicated in geological maps presented in previous studies (Sanders, 1997, Willing, 1998a, 1998b). Similarly, the four results depleted in deuterium suggest the intersection with groundwater from a different source to that in the alluvium. The single result between rainfall isotopic composition and the streamflow values is from a shallow DLWC monitoring bore at Bourketown and probably represents groundwater that is generated directly by the recent infiltration of rainfall at very shallow depths or through highly permeable material.

5.6.2 Hydrograph Separation

Following the procedure outlined in Turner, et al. (1991), a separation of the rain event hydrograph was carried out. Estimates of the contribution to the streamflow within Araluen Creek were made by calculating a relative proportion of rainfall during the measured event. The event hydrograph (Figure 7) includes a plot of total flow, and separation plots based on this proportionate analysis of the deuterium and oxygen-18 results.

This is illustrated more clearly in the cumulative flow plot (Figure 8), which demonstrates a considerable difference (approximately 30 ML/day) between the total cumulative flow and the cumulative flow predicted from the results of either the oxygen-18 or deuterium calculations. The relative contribution to the flow in Araluen Creek for the event studied is clearly illustrated by representing the proportion of flow from the separation calculations as percentages (Figure 9). From this plot it is apparent that less than 40% of the streamflow volume has originated from the measured rainfall event.

It is apparent from the event hydrograph and separation plots that only a small proportion of the flow is sourced from the rainfall event measured. For the event studied the bulk of the flow within the creek is sourced from "pre-event" water, which may originate from either the shallow zone or deeper groundwater, or from areas upstream beyond the valley boundary. This is considered reasonable as the event that was measured was of medium duration (around 1½ days) and low intensity (only around 20mm in total). It is expected that a storm event of greater intensity and duration would alter the proportion of flow originating from rainfall. 10

9

8

7

6

5

4 Flow (ML/day)

3

2

1

0 14-Oct-99 15-Oct-99 16-Oct-99 17-Oct-99 18-Oct-99 19-Oct-99 20-Oct-99 21-Oct-99 22-Oct-99 23-Oct-99 Date

Total Flow Deuterium Separation Oxygen-18 Separation

ARALUEN GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION WATER QUALITY SAMPLING REPORT

PLOT OF NATURAL ISOTOPE ANALYSIS RESULTS Figure 7 DEUTERIUM AND OXYGEN-18 HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION PLOT 45

40

35

30

25

20 Flow (ML/day) 15

10

5

0 14-Oct-99 15-Oct-99 16-Oct-99 17-Oct-99 18-Oct-99 19-Oct-99 20-Oct-99 21-Oct-99 22-Oct-99 23-Oct-99 Date

Cumulative Total Flow Deuterium Separation Oxygen-18 Separation

ARALUEN GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION WATER QUALITY SAMPLING REPORT

PLOT OF NATURAL ISOTOPE ANALYSIS RESULTS Figure 8 CUMULATIVE HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION PLOT 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

Relative Contribution to Flow (%) 20

10

0 14-Oct-99 15-Oct-99 16-Oct-99 17-Oct-99 18-Oct-99 19-Oct-99 20-Oct-99 21-Oct-99 22-Oct-99 Date

Rainfall Component from Oxygen-18 Separation Rainfall Component from Deuterium Separation

ARALUEN GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION WATER QUALITY SAMPLING REPORT PLOT OF NATURAL ISOTOPE ANALYSIS RESULTS Figure 9 RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAMFLOW IN ARALUEN CREEK Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 38

5.7 Mitigative Measures and Alternatives

Due to the likely impacts on water quality within Araluen Creek from contaminated groundwater, as highlighted by the isotope analysis, some discussion of options to mitigate such pollution is required. Proposed mitigative measures and alternative water supply options have included requests for Shire Council survey of septic tanks in and around Araluen; the construction of a community bore somewhere central within the township; the use of rainwater for drinking water supply; and the replacement of existing septics with new environmental systems.

The Tallangandra Shire Council is in the process of designing and undertaking a survey of septic tanks throughout the Shire. The council has been approached to make Araluen a priority when the proposed septic tank inspections commence (ACWUA correspondence, dated 7 October, 1999). Some septic tanks are sited less than 6 metres away from shallow water supply wells, and others are either located upgradient of an installation, or their trenches are close to neighbouring wells. Some septic systems show visible cracking and signs of age. It is unclear whether the Shire survey will be rigorous or if restorative works are to be included. Regardless, the inspection of the septic systems within the valley will be a useful first step towards identifying and correcting potential sources of pollution.

A centrally located (community) water supply bore has previously been mooted to address some of the water quality issues at Araluen. The community bore option, proposed as a means of overcoming water quantity problems in the valley, still requires considerable discussion. From this current water quality study, it is evident that the shallow alluvial aquifer is already stressed by faecal pollution, its proximity to the surface making it extremely vulnerable to contamination from domestic, agricultural and other land practices. This may require it to be cased off, and the weathered granodiorite aquifer below, to be sourced. This too has its problems, as both aquifers appear to be in hydraulic connection and contamination may be drawn in from above. The potential yield may also diminish considerably if the shallow aquifer resource is isolated and not accessed. The siting of any community bore may need to be based on water quality constraints, rather than community convenience, severely restricting the possible locations for the installation. Should a bore be installed where currently proposed (near the Community Hall), the nearby DLWC monitoring bores may be utilised as observation wells for any pumping test. Data from these bores may be used to indicate possible yields of the two aquifers. Wider issues, such as maintenance of the bore, liability, equity etc, mean that considerable research on the viability of this option must be undertaken.

The utilisation of rainwater tanks for drinking water supply also has associated problems relating to water quality and quantity. As parts of the valley receive less rainfall than surrounding areas (and even other locations within the valley), there may be insufficient supply to meet all demands during periods of low rainfall or drought. Similarly, animal and bird access to the tanks and rainwater collection areas (gutters, piping, etc) can contribute elements of faecal pollution to the individual water supplies, if not properly maintained.

The replacement of existing septics with new, efficient, biodegradable systems will prove to be a costly exercise based on the number of dwellings that would require work to be carried out. This option, may, however, prove to be the most effective means of mitigating the impacts of the existing groundwater pollution. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 39

It is likely that there will be no single option will be suitable for all parties concerned, nor one that will adequately meet all requirements. A combination of options to meet short and long term needs may be more appropriate. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 40

6. Conclusions

The rural community of Araluen, located 56 km northwest of Moruya, is almost totally dependent on groundwater for their domestic, stock and agricultural needs. The Araluen Valley groundwater resource, is deemed of high beneficial use, as it provides drinking water, water for large scale crop irrigation, plus stock and domestic supplies. Unfortunately, this aquifer system is also ranked as the third most “at risk” aquifer in the Sydney South Coast Region, based on both the quantity and quality pressures on the groundwater resource.

A program of water quality sampling was undertaken in the area of Araluen by DLWC personnel between the 11 and 22 October, 1999. This program was undertaken in response to concern over declining water levels in local wells and bores and water quality issues highlighted by previous work. A preliminary groundwater study in September 1997, found evidence of groundwater contamination and recommended the installation of nine groundwater monitoring bores. The Department of Health was subsequently alerted to the study findings, and Araluen residents were advised to boil their drinking water. Additional to the bores sampled in the initial study, this current program included five more private installations, the nine DLWC monitoring bores, and four samples taken from surface watercourses. Sampling procedures and methods used in this program were carried out in accordance with a documented protocol written to address site specific issues in the study area. All sample collection was recorded and transport occurred under chain-of-custody documentation.

The results of laboratory analysis suggest groundwater quality in the Araluen valley is generally good, with low TDS and few instances of elevated iron or manganese concentration reported. Most parameters tested were found to occur in low concentrations, with the exception of several analytes that have health problems associated. This study, however, confirms the findings of the previous study by Sanders (1997), in reiterating that there are some ongoing water quality problems in the Araluen area. Faecal pollution has been detected in seventeen of the twenty private installations sampled. This pollution is considered to have originated from the leakage of septic tanks and the contributions of stock grazing on the valley floor. In most cases, the groundwater pollution appears to be reasonably localised, however, the high levels of E. coli in Araluen Creek and one of its tributaries are of concern.

The pesticide sampling, apart from one isolated result, indicated that no significant levels of the nominated pesticides were to be found in either the groundwater or surface water tested. The suitability of the sampling methods and equipment may, however, be questionable. Similarly, the testing for mercury contamination revealed only three sites with elevated concentrations, all below the guideline values. The sampling methods used suggest that these results are also only preliminary and not entirely definitive.

The results presented by the laboratory are considered to be reliable. Quality control measures were undertaken throughout the program and included documentation of collection procedures and sample transport, standard laboratory checks and the submission of duplicates for testing.

In conjunction with the water quality sampling, the source of baseflow in Araluen Creek was also investigated. By means of sampling the creek water, groundwater and rainfall, then quantifying the naturally occurring isotopes deuterium and oxygen-18, a greater understanding of the baseflow components of the creek has been achieved. Sampling during both antecedent and rainfall conditions was undertaken. For the minor rainfall event sampled on the 18 and 19 October 1999, it appears that Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 41 less than 40% of the flow in Araluen Creek was from rainfall, with the larger component coming from either shallow or deep groundwater, or a source outside the valley.

The isotope study also identified several different sources of recharge in the Araluen Valley. The bores and wells could be distributed into 4 recharge groups: the shallow alluvial aquifer, a deeper aquifer possibly associated with a major fault zone, a shallow recharge zone of highly permeable material that responds rapidly to rainfall events, and another yet to be identified source.

The options for the mitigation of contamination include requests for the Shire Council survey to septic tanks in and around Araluen; the construction of a community bore somewhere central within the township; the use of rainwater for drinking water supply; and the replacement of existing septics with new “environmental systems”. All of these options have problems associated with costing and implementation, thereby requiring ongoing discussion with various stakeholders and Government agencies.

The proposed inspection by Tallanganda Shire Council of septic tanks in the Araluen area should be made a priority. It is unclear what the outcomes of the survey will be, however, this would be an appropriate first step in the identification of potential contaminant sources. This study has highlighted the need for thorough investigation of any site chosen for the proposed community bore. Water quality constraints, may also impact on the quantity of groundwater able to be sourced. The construction of rainwater tanks has attendant issues relating to the availability of supply, and the replacement of existing septic systems will need to be widespread. Both of these mitigative options will require significant funding by individuals.

Water quality sampling undertaken in this study was by no means extensive, with less than one third of Araluen’s wells and bores sampled. A more rigorous and detailed investigation of water quality within the valley may be required and could form a major part of any future studies. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 42

7. Recommendations

Although the faecal contamination does not yet appear to be pervasive in its extent within the weathered granodiorite aquifer, the shallow alluvial aquifer has been polluted in some areas. The impacts on Araluen Creek have yet to be fully identified.

To this end, it is recommended that a meeting be arranged between the relevant Government agencies to discuss the situation and attempt to provide some management options for the Araluen area. The agencies to be involved should include the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), the Health Department (NSW Health), Department of Public Works and Services (DPWS), Tallanganda Council and DLWC. Strategies developed at the meeting to mitigate the contamination may allow all stakeholders to work toward a solution to the problem.

Once agreement between the various agencies has been reached, further meetings should be held with the ACWUA to discuss strategies for the implementation and management of any works, in particular the alternatives for drinking water supply.

Residents of Araluen have been advised that the shallow groundwater supply is still showing signs of faecal contamination and that all water used for human consumption should be boiled prior to use to reduce the risk of bacterial or viral infection. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report 43

8. References

ANZECC (1992). Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, November. ISBN 0 642 18297 3.

DMR (1999). Derelict Mine Investigation, Majors Creek area, N.S.W - Sampling and Analysis of Stream Waters and Sediments. Unpublished report by Environmental Geochemistry Services, Environment Unit, NSW Department of Mineral Resources. EGS Report R990408B.

EPA (1996). Pesticide Use In The Araluen Valley. Unpublished report by Environmental Protection Authority for Eurobodalla Shire Council.

Fetter, C.W., (1988). Applied Hydrogeology – Second Edition. Maxwell Macmillan International. ISBN 0 675 20887 4

Jiwan, J.S. and Gates, G., (1992). A Practical Guide for Groundwater Sampling – 1st Edition. Department of Water Resources Technical Services Division, Report TS92 080, October.

NHMRC/ARMCANZ, (1996). Australian Drinking Water Guidelines - Summary. National Water Quality Management Strategy Report No 5. National Health and Medical Research Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand. ISBN 0 642 24462 6.

Pritchard, S., (1999). Draft Araluen Groundwater Status Report. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Wollongong, Hydrogeology Unit. Draft Report, June.

Sanders, Y., (1997). Preliminary Groundwater Study at Araluen - Draft Report. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Centre for Natural Resources Hydrogeology Unit. Draft Report No. CNR97.098, September.

Turner, J.V., Bradd, J.M. and Waite, T.D., (1991). Conjunctive Use of Isotopic Techniques to Elucidate Solute Concentration and Flow Processes in Dryland Salinized Catchments. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development, 1991. International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna, March 11 - 15.

Willing, B., (1998a). Araluen Groundwater Investigation Stage II – Drilling Report. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Centre for Natural Resources. Draft Report, November.

Willing, B., (1998b). Araluen Groundwater Investigation Stage II Report. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Centre for Natural Resources. Draft Report, November. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report

APPENDIX A Araluen Water Quality Sampling Protocol Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol

G.N. RUSSELL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT & PLANNING SYDNEY-SOUTH COAST REGION January, 2000 Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - i

CONTENTS

1 Protocol Development 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose 1 1.3 General Protocol 1 1.4 Procedural Modifications 1 2 Key Indicators and Selected Analytical Suites 2 2.1 Target Parameters 2 2.2 Field Tests 2 3 Sampling Procedures 3 3.1 Documentation 3 3.2 Pumping 3 3.2.1 Bores 3 3.2.1.1 Private Bores 4 3.2.1.2 DLWC Monitoring Bores 4 3.2.2 Wells 5 3.2.3 Excavations 5 3.3 Sampling Location 5 3.4 Sample Collection 6 3.4.1 General Water Quality 6 3.4.2 Pesticides 6 3.4.3 Trace Metals 6 3.4.4 Dissolved Mercury 6 3.4.5 Bacteriological Organisms 7 3.5 Duplicate Samples 7 3.6 Sample Handling, Preservation and Transport 8 3.7 Equipment Decontamination 9 3.8 Special Purpose Samples 9 4 Services and Contacts 11 5 References 11

Attachment – Probe Calibration Record Attachment – Water Quality Sampling Record Attachment – Water Sample Delivery Record

Plates

List of Tables 1 Sample Preservation and Handling 2 Services and Contacts Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 1

1 Protocol Development

1.1 Background

Groundwater quality issues at Araluen were identified by previous work in the area, specifically a study conducted by Sanders (1997). Subsequently, nine Department of Land and Water Conservation (DLWC) groundwater monitoring bores were installed within the valley, as described by Willing (1998a, 1998b), to provide elevation and quality information. Pritchard (1999) carried out a review of the information reported by these authors, and incorporated information subsequently available to compile the Draft Status Report for the area.

1.2 Purpose

This sampling protocol was developed for use as part of the ongoing groundwater investigation being conducted on the water quality at Araluen. It is not intended as a general sampling protocol, however sections of this procedure may be adapted for use elsewhere.

It should be noted that this protocol has been developed to conform to scheduling and cost constraints and may require expansion, alteration or redesign dependent on the nature and objectives of future work. The sampling methods described herein are intended to provide documented records of procedures utilised to address the water quality issues of concern in Araluen at the time of writing.

1.3 General Protocol

Water quality sampling procedures outlined in several references have been utilised and adapted to develop this protocol, specifically those prepared by the Department of Land and Water Conservation (DLWC; Jiwan and Gates, 1992) and information provided by various analytical laboratories.

Jiwan and Gates (1992) provide general water quality sampling guidelines suitable for application across the state. Theoretical discussions of bore purging strategies, the effects of different sampling equipment on samples and recommendations for sample handling are included. To apply standard sampling procedures to field programs, modification and expansion of the procedures outlined by Jiwan and Gates (1992) is required.

1.4 Procedural Modifications

Modification of generalised sampling procedures is required to address site specific factors, which, in the case of the Araluen area, include:

· type of groundwater abstraction facility (bore, well, excavation) · pattern of groundwater usage (constant, frequent, infrequent) · type of sampling point (brass tap, poly pipe, gate valve, etc)

The type of groundwater installation will dictate the approach used, with purging times, sample point location and sampling method being dependent on the pumping and piping infrastructure.

The pattern of groundwater usage in the Araluen area is variable, with some bores and wells being in constant use (generally domestic), others used frequently (at properties used on weekends, stock Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 2

supplies) and others used infrequently or seasonally (irrigation, domestic supplies on rarely visited properties).

The type of sampling point will determine the approach required for bacteriological samples, with different procedures being required for the different fitting materials (section 3.4.5).

2 Key Indicators and Selected Analytical Suites

2.1 Target Parameters

The parameters targetted by the current program were selected to address local water quality issues concerning the potential for sewage effluent or faecal matter contamination of the groundwater resource. Generally accepted key indicators of such groundwater contamination were selected for analysis and included:

· Bacteriological – Eschericia coli, faecal coliforms, total coliforms, faecal streptococci · Physical – electrical conductivity (specific conductance), pH, bicarbonate alkalinity, total alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved salts · Major ions – sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, chloride · Nutrients – ammonia, total oxidised nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total nitrogen, total phosphorus · Dissolved metals and constituents – silver, aluminium, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, silicon, thorium, thallium, uranium, vanadium, zinc · Pesticides – general screen for the presence of pesticide compounds

For the purposes of the groundwater quality investigation at the time of writing, these analytical suites are considered appropriate. Subsequent work may require the substitution or removal of some of these selected analytes to further refine the sampling focus to accommodate future objectives.

2.1 Field Tests

Field tests should conducted on site using portable testing equipment to provide an indication of the general water quality at each site. In some circumstances, the field test measurements may provide a general check on the suitability of sample handling procedures and the results of laboratory analytical testing. Field testing equipment should be capable of measuring at least electrical conductivity (or salinity) and pH. It may also be useful to measure other parameters such as Eh and dissolved oxygen (DO).

The field testing equipment used by the Sydney-South Coast Region comprises a kit based on a WTW Multiline P4 universal meter (Plate 1). This meter is capable of measuring and recording electrical conductivity/salinity, pH, temperature and DO.

Each of the probes should be calibrated according to the instructions detailed in the manual provided with the equipment at least prior to and following field use. Calibration during the field program may be required, particularly if the equipment displays abnormal readings, if the warning display on the equipment is indicated (refer WTW manual), or if the program is likely to extend for a significant duration. In the latter case, it is suggested that calibration of the probes be carried out on a weekly Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 3 basis, in addition to the pre-program and post-program checks. Probe Calibration Record Forms (copy attached) should be completed at each calibration and retained within the field kit for reference. Should significant departure from calibration occur between the initial attempt and that following the field program, this should be noted in the fieldwork report and steps taken to correct any problems. If calibration cannot be achieved for a particular probe, it should be cleaned in accordance with the instructions in the manual or returned to the supplier for repair or replacement.

Field measurements using the kit should be carried out as described in the operating instructions (refer WTW manual). Field results should be recorded in the appropriate location on the Water Quality Sampling Record form (copy attached) for later reference. Alternatively, the memory storage function incorporated into the universal meter may be utilised to measure and record the field values electronically. Due to the likelihood of the meter being frequently used on a variety of different projects, however, it is recommended that written recording of field data be undertaken wherever possible.

3 Sampling Procedures

3.1 Documentation

Prior to the commencement of sampling, details of the site, groundwater installation, antecedent conditions, sample location, and analytical laboratory are to be noted on the Water Quality Sampling Record form (copy attached). Where possible, as much detailed information on the conditions prior to sampling should be noted, particularly the standing water level (SWL). It is recognised that in some instances, the measurement of the SWL may be problematic and will not be accomplished.

Bore depths should be plumbed if at all possible to allow calculation of the approximate bore volume prior to sampling. In cases where pump equipment is permanently installed and precludes the measurement of bore depth, anecdotal evidence of the bore details provided by the landholder is acceptable.

Calculation of the approximate bore volume should be carried out to provide an indication of the quantity of the column of groundwater standing within the bore casing, and the requirements for purging of the installation. Any additional information deemed relevant to the success of the sampling procedure and the nature of the groundwater at the site should also be documented.

3.2 Pumping

Pumping of the installation to be sampled is to be carried out in general accordance with the accepted practice of obtaining a representative groundwater sample. Purging of groundwater bores requires the abstraction of three to four bore volumes to remove the stagnant water within the bore casing and the completion materials inserted into the original drillhole annulus. For wells and bores in constant use, the requirement for purging becomes irrelevant.

3.2.1 Bores

In the Araluen area, the bores to be sampled are either under private ownership (with varying diameter casing and pumping equipment) or DLWC monitoring installations (all of 80mm diameter with no Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 4

pumps fitted and automatic water level recording devices installed). Different operational procedures are required for each type.

3.2.1.1 Private Bores

Private bores vary in both casing diameter, depth and pump installation. Generally, riser pipes and electrical cables (if electrosubmersible pumps are installed) hang spirally within the bore casing. When attempting to measure the SWL or hole depth, care should be taken as the dipper or plopper tape may become entangled around the piping in the hole. Where the riser piping prevents the measurement of SWL and hole depth or the landholder is hesitant to allow access to the bore, an assumed water level, based on previous work or nearby bores, must be used to calculate purging volumes.

Where time constraints do not allow the complete purging of the bore on the day of sampling, it should be arranged with the landholder that pumping commences on the preceding day for the required period. Samples should then be collected as soon as possible on the day following the purging to reduce alteration of the groundwater chemistry due to exposure to the atmosphere.

Many of the privately owned bores have pressure switches and tanks fitted to maintain consistent flow, which greatly simplify the sample collection process. Care should be taken, however, where manual switching of the pump is required, as an outlet or tap should be opened prior to pumping. If the pump is engaged without an outlet being opened, the pump will be pumping against an entrained head of water and the motor may burn out. Following sampling, the pump should be stopped before the outlet is closed off.

3.2.1.2 DLWC Monitoring Bores

Prior to sampling the DLWC bores, the automatic water level recording equipment must be removed. Each installation comprises a single channel data logger attached to a 3m long capacitance probe which can record water level fluctuations of ±1.5m (Plate 2). This equipment is sensitive and prone to damage if mishandled. It is recommended that only DLWC personnel experienced in the installation, maintenance and removal of the equipment should carry out the process.

An initial SWL should be recorded while the equipment is still installed to correlate the automatic readings with the manual measurement. The equipment should be carefully removed and any static electricity discharged by earthing. The datalogger should then be downloaded to a notebook or laptop computer using the software supplied with the equipment.

Sampling of the DLWC monitoring bores requires the use of a Grundfos MP1 environmental sampling pump (Plate 3) and BTI/MP1 control box (Plate 4), powered from either mains supply or from a suitable generator. Generators available through hire companies may not be suitable for the operation of the control box and pump as the peak voltage may substantially exceed the rating of the sampling equipment and cause overload errors. When pumping, the SWL should be checked regularly to prevent evacuation of the bore to the pump intake level.

Pumping of the DLWC monitoring bores should be undertaken with care, particularly in the case of shallow installations (GW075027/1, GW075028/1, GW075029/1) and the bore intersecting the Braidwood Granodiorite (GW075026). In the shallow bores, the available drawdown is limited and the casing may be readily evacuated, causing an inflow of silt during recovery. Pumping of excessively dirty or silty water using the Grundfos MP1 is not recommended, as the impellers and Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 5 motor may be damaged and the unit may fail. In such a case, the pump must be returned to the supplier or manufacturer for repair. If excessively silty groundwater is encountered, it is recommended that small, inexpensive inline bilge pumps be used for sampling. These are available from ship chandlers and can be operated from 12 volt batteries.

In the case of the bore intersecting the fresh granodiorite, the permeability of the aquifer is very low and the casing may be evacuated rapidly. The Grundfos MP1 should not be allowed to operate without sufficient water above the pump intake, as the motor may burn out if air is pumped. Similarly, the pump should not be installed at a depth below the level of the screens without a shroud being fitted. Groundwater passing the motor is used as a cooling agent, and if the installation depth is greater than the level of the screens, the motor will be set in a pool of relatively stagnant water, causing overheating and failure.

3.2.2 Wells

Numerous shallow wells are in use around Araluen, generally penetrating not more than 6 or 7 metres depth below ground level. Due to the large diameter of many of these installations, accurate purging requires pumping for extended periods. It is recommended that, where complete purging is not possible, shallow wells be pumped for at least one to two hours on the day preceding the sample date and allowed to recover.

Similar precautions should be taken for pumping equipment installed in wells as for those in bores, particularly the prevention of pump failure where pressure switches are not fitted (refer previous section).

3.2.3 Excavations

Only one excavation in the Araluen area has been previously sampled for groundwater quality. The excavation located alongside the Majors Creek road at Araluen North is used infrequently for irrigation water supply. Previous sampling was conducted from the excavation at two different times of the year. Due to the uncertainty of usage immediately prior to each sampling event, the excavation may be sampled either during periods of irrigation, during periods of inactivity or both. In the latter case, the excavation should be sampled prior to purging and then again following a protracted period of pumping. Regardless of the case, the status of the groundwater usage should be carefully documented.

3.3 Sampling Location

In the cases where pumping equipment is installed, the sampling point is to be selected to minimise the effects of groundwater residing within reticulation equipment and piping. As such, sampling points should be located as close as possible to the groundwater installation headworks or pumping equipment.

Where the DLWC monitoring bores are to be sampled, samples can only be collected at the end of the braided PVC hose attached to the sampling pump. The end of the hose should be kept clean and free from dirt or other potentially contaminating material (such as cow pats).

In the case of privately owned pumping installations, it may be necessary to collect samples from tap fittings adjacent to the well head or pump housing, or attached to the side of the house. In such cases, Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 6

the taps should be opened to allow the groundwater to discharge to waste for at least five minutes to flush the piping.

3.4 Sample Collection

3.4.1 General Water Quality

Samples for the analysis of general water quality (physical parameters, major ions) are to be collected in glass or plastic bottles of minimum 500mL capacity (Plate 5). Where flow is sufficient, bottles are to be rinsed at least three times with the groundwater prior to collection to ensure the sample is as representative as possible of the quality at the outlet. Where groundwater flow is insufficient to allow several rinses, a minimum of one is acceptable provided the variation to protocol is noted on the sampling record.

3.4.2 Pesticides

Samples for screening for pesticides are to be collected in dark glass bottles of minimum 2L capacity. Where flow is sufficient, bottles are to be rinsed at least three times with the groundwater prior to collection to ensure the sample is as representative as possible of the quality at the outlet. Where groundwater flow is insufficient to allow several rinses, a minimum of one is acceptable provided the variation to protocol is noted on the sampling record.

3.4.3 Trace Metals

Trace metals analysis requires the on-site filtration of samples and stabilisation with nitric acid (HNO3) to pH<2. Samples for trace metals analysis should be collected in a clean container, rinsed at least three times with the groundwater to be sampled, where flow is sufficient. Where groundwater flow is insufficient to allow several rinses, a minimum of one is acceptable provided the variation to protocol is noted on the sampling record.

The sample should then be filtered through 45mm filter paper, to remove flocs and suspended particulate matter, into either a sample bottle prepared by acid washing, or an unwashed bottle to which several drops of diluted nitric acid is then added (Plate 6). Sample containers for trace metals should be plastic or glass and of minimum 500mL capacity.

Filtering should be carried out using either a large capacity syringe (60mL or more) or manual or electric pump.

3.4.4 Dissolved Mercury

Some degradation of stabilised mercury samples have been identified by various researchers. Specialised sample stabilisation is required for dissolved mercury samples to prevent such degradation and provide representative concentrations.

Samples for dissolved mercury should be filtered on site using a 45mm filter and collected in a glass bottle of minimum 250mL capacity to which potassium dichromate has been added. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 7

3.4.5 Bacteriological Organisms

The collection of bacteriological samples requires specialised preparation of the sample outlet prior to collection. Fittings such as taps, gate valves or pipes are prone to contamination by external influences, particularly animal or human contact. To prevent contamination of the groundwater at the outlet, sterilisation of the sampling point is required.

Prior to sterilising, the sampling point or outlet should be cleaned thoroughly with a dry rag. Groundwater should then be allowed to flow through the outlet, discharging for three to five minutes to flush the fitting. Once the flow has been stopped, the outlet is then sterilised, the type of outlet dictating the decontamination procedure that may be used:

· For galvanised or brass tap fittings a small butane torch may be utilised to sterilise the outlet by burning until the entire fitting is hot to the touch (Plate 7). · For plastic or rubber fittings, a diluted anti-bacterial solution should be used to thoroughly wash the outlet both inside and out (Plate 8).

Taking care not to touch the outlet once sterilised, the groundwater should be allowed to flow for a further two minutes prior to sampling. This allows the sterilised water within the fitting to be flushed out and a representative sample of bacteriological constituents to be collected.

Before sampling, hands should be thoroughly washed with disinfectant or anti-bacterial solution to prevent contamination of the fitting or sampling container. Air-drying disinfectant gel such as Dermasoft may be used which precludes the need for large quantities of clean water to be available for washing. Once cleaned, disposable gloves should be put on to protect the sterile status of the sample container.

Without interruption to the flow, the cap of the sample container should be loosened, but not removed. The container should be held at the base with one hand, and the cap removed with the other, ensuring that neither are allowed to come in contact with anything that may contaminate the contents. The sample container should then be filled without rinsing (Plate 9) and the cap replaced tightly to prevent leakage.

After the sample has been collected, the groundwater flow should be stopped and the disposable gloves removed and discarded to prevent cross contamination between sampling sites.

In the case of sampling from a stream, creek or pond, the procedure used should be the same, however the requirement for sterilisation of the outlet is unnecessary. Care should be taken, however, to prevent suspended matter entering the sample container.

3.5 Duplicate Samples

As part of quality control checks on the precision of the analytical laboratory, a generally accepted practice is to submit blind duplicates of samples for testing. Jiwan and Gates (1992) suggest up to 5% of the total number of samples should be submitted as duplicate samples. For the Araluen sampling program, two (2) duplicate samples are considered appropriate (equivalent to 5% of a total of 40 samples) Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 8

The sample locations at which the duplicates are to be collected should be determined in advance. Duplicate samples should be collected at the same time and date as the originals to preclude the effects of natural temporal variations in water quality. Samples collected from the same location on different dates (and possibly even at different times of the day) are not duplicates and should not be indicated as such. The collection of duplicate samples at any time other than that at which the original was collected will promote an incorrect assessment of laboratory precision and will prevent reproducibility within the laboratory results.

3.6 Sample Handling, Preservation and Transport

Sample holding times for the parameters listed vary according to the analyte and its potential for degradation within a sample container (Jiwan and Gates, 1992). For any given analytical suite the maximum holding period is equivalent to that of the most unstable parameter (Table 1). For the parameters to be analysed in groundwater from Araluen, the maximum holding period is 24 hours.

Table 1: Sample Preservation And Handling (After Jiwan And Gates, 1992)

PARAMETER RECOMMENDED PRESERVATIVE/TREATMENT MINIMUM MAXIMUM HOLDING CONTAINER REQUIRED VOLUME PERIOD (mL) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Specific Conductance P, G, T Fill bottle completely, keep cool 100 Field determination (Electrical Conductivity) preferred (24 hours) Hardness P or G Fill bottle completely, add HNO3 to 100 6 months (7 days) pH<2, cool 4oC pH P or GB, T 100 Field determination preferred METALS (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Se, Ag) Dissolved (Total) P, G 1000 (1L) 6 months Filter on site to 45mm, add HNO3 to pH<2 Suspended (Filterable) P, G Filter on site to 45mm 1000 (1L) 6 months Total P, G Add HNO3 to pH<2 1000 (1L) 6 months Mercury (dissolved) P, G Filter on site to 45 m, add HNO to 100 38 days (G) m 3 13 days (P) pH<2 Mercury (total) P, G Add HNO3 to pH<2 100 38 days (G) 13 days (P) INORGANICS, NON-METALLICS Alkalinity P, G Cool 4oC 100 24 hours Chloride P, G Cool 4oC 100 7 days o Nitrogen Ammonia P, G Cool 4 C, add H2SO4 to pH<2 500 24 hours o Kjeldahl, Total P, G Cool 4 C, add H2SO4 to pH<2 500 24 hours o Nitrate plus Nitrite P, G Cool 4 C, add H2SO4 to pH<2 500 24 hours o Nitrate P, G Cool 4 C, add H2SO4 to pH<2 7 days o Nitrite P, G Cool 4 C, add H2SO4 to pH<2, 7 days preferably freeze sample immediately upon collection Phosphorus P, G Filter on site to 45mm, cool 4oC 300 24 hours Silica P only Cool 4oC 200 7 days Sulphate P, G Cool 4oC 200 7 days NOTE: P = plastic; G = glass; T = teflon; GB = borosilicate glass; for silver (Ag) samples use dark bottles

All samples collected are to be clearly labelled as DLWC samples, with a unique identification number (borehole identification or similar) and the time and date of sample collection. For samples for different parameters from the same sample location the labelling should be appended with additional alphabetical or numerical characters to distinguish the various components.

Duplicates should be labelled with an identification following the same numbering pattern as other samples collected during the program. The unique identification number allocated to a duplicate should not provide any indication to the laboratory that it is effectively the same as another sample. Careful documentation of the location, date and time of collection of all duplicates is required to assess laboratory performance following the receipt of analytical results. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 9

When labelled, all of the samples should be placed in cool eskies with either crushed ice or several ice bricks, although the latter are preferred. Samples should be transported in this condition and prevented from excessive movement which may damage the containers. All eskies transported should have completed Water Sample Delivery Record forms (copy attached), which may be folded, placed in a resealable plastic bag and taped to the outside to aid shipment to the correct address. Any documents supplied by the laboratory should also be completed, sealed in a plastic bag and placed in the esky with the samples.

Certain analytical parameters may only be held for limited periods prior to analysis (section 3.2). Samples collected in Araluen have a maximum holding period of 24 hours within which time they should be received at the selected analytical laboratory. Due to this time constraint associated with some parameters, a laboratory in Canberra should be selected for the analytical work.

3.7 Equipment Decontamination

Between each sampling event, all equipment should be decontaminated to reduce the possibility of affecting analytical results. Cross contamination of samples will result in unreliable information and incorrect interpretations of the groundwater quality. It is recommended that any equipment in use during the sample collection procedure (Grundfos pump, manual pump and filter, sample collection containers other than bottles to be submitted for analysis) should be decontaminated by flushing with a diluted solution of a biodegradable, phosphate-free detergent such as DECON 90 or EXTRAN MA03.

At each new site prior to sampling, containers and equipment should be rinsed thoroughly with the groundwater to clean out any remaining detergent. Once rinsed, samples can be collected as per the procedures indicated.

3.8 Special Purpose Samples

As part of the current program of work, it has been proposed to carry out oxygen isotope testing of groundwater and surface waters around Araluen. The purpose of such sampling is to attempt to differentiate the relative quantities of groundwater and surface water within the creek flow. Naturally occurring oxygen isotopes within raindrops vary during the origin and development of clouds and storms. The isotope ratios of surface water flows may closely resemble those of the last rainfall event, particularly if localised rain occurs and it is the predominant source for the watercourses. Groundwater generally accumulates infiltration from rainfall over a lengthy period of time, which produces isotope ratios representing a long term average of those within rainfall.

For the purposes of the current study, the oxygen isotope analysis requires samples of rainfall, groundwater and several creek or surface water samples during the periods represented by the rising and falling limbs of the flood hydrograph resulting from the selected rain event. Samples should be collected in polypropylene bottles with secure screw closures, also of polypropylene, which are then to be sealed using non-adhesive tape. Due to the nature of the analyte, samples should be collected carefully to avoid the inclusion of atmospheric oxygen or organic matter, both of which may cause chemical reactions within the container.

Rainwater samples may be readily collected using clean, large diameter, plastic containers (buckets, drums), and, provided the rainfall is of sufficient magnitude, collection should be attempted several times during the event. Samples may be decanted directly from the collection container to the sample Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 10 bottle, however care must be taken to ensure that no airspace or organic material is incorporated. Any coarse material, such as leaves, twigs or similar, that may fall into the container during the storm event, should be removed by hand and discarded prior to decanting.

Groundwater isotope samples should be collected at the time of sampling for the other water quality parameters. As with the rainfall isotope samples, the sample container should be carefully filled and contain no bubbles or visible organic matter.

Isotope sampling of creek water should be carried out from the same location each time to reduce the variation likely to occur over lateral distances (Plate 10). Two types of creek sample are required: baseline samples and event-based samples. In each case, the samples are collected by carefully placing the unopened container into the creek so that the bottle is well below the water surface. The container should be immersed with the top facing upstream of the sampling point to prevent the inclusion of sediment or organic matter from the disturbance of the creek bed during sampling. The container should be held in one hand and the cap slowly unscrewed using the other to allow the air within to escape, whilst preventing the ingress of suspended organics. Once the air has been released, the cap should be turned and both the cap and bottle shaken gently to allow any trapped bubbles to be released. While keeping the sample container below the surface of the water, gently fit the cap to the bottle and screw on tightly. Remove the container from the water and turn upside down to check for an effective seal, the presence of any air bubbles, and the movement of any suspended organic material. If the sample is not clean or contains air, discard the contents downstream of the sample point and repeat the collection procedure.

Background or baseline creek isotope samples should be collected on a daily basis, if possible, before any rainfall event. Preferably, dry antecedent conditions should have preceded the sampling. Once the selected rainfall event has commenced, the gauge height of the creek should be read to assess the commencement of the flood flow resulting from the precipitation. Samples for event-based isotope analysis should be collected on a two hourly interval commencing at the onset of the rainfall and continuing until the creek flow height has visibly peaked and then begun to recede. Once the flow is observed to have dropped from the flood peak, samples should then be collected on a four to six hourly interval for as long as the creek remains above the baseline stage height.

All isotope samples should be carefully labelled as DLWC oxygen isotope samples, with the time, date and location of sample collection recorded. All relevant sample details should also be recorded on a log sheet or in a field book for correlation of samples and results. Labelled sample containers should be packed into eskies for storage and transport to the laboratory, and ice bricks used to maintain cool temperatures. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol Appendix A - 11

4 Services and Contacts

A list of the services and contacts that may be used for successful completion of the field program is indicated below. Alternative organisations may be used, however selection of these requires careful consideration of the objectives of the program and the time constraints associated with certain aspects.

Table 2: Services and Contacts

Organisation Service Contact Telephone

Buckleys Transport Sample transport from Dell Buckley 02 – 4472 7631 Braidwood to Canberra

Ecowise Environmental Laboratory analysis of Barry Horsburgh 02 – 6285 7272 16B Lithgow Street samples for water quality FYSHWICK, ACT 2609

Wollongong University Laboratory analysis of Sue Wang 02 – 4221 4586 isotope samples

Araluen Community Logistical support and Noel Wisbey 02 – 4846 4024 Water Users local information Association

Braidwood Ambulance Drop off and pick up point Neville Marsden 02 – 4842 2034 Service for samples and eskies

5 References

Jiwan, J.S. and Gates, G., (1992). A Practical Guide for Groundwater Sampling – 1st Edition. Department of Water Resources Technical Services Division, Report TS92 080, October.

Pritchard, S., (1999). Draft Araluen Groundwater Status Report. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Wollongong, Hydrogeology Unit. Draft Report, June.

Sanders, Y., (1997). Preliminary Groundwater Study at Araluen - Draft Report. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Centre for Natural Resources Hydrogeology Unit. Draft Report No. CNR97.098, September.

Willing, B., (1998a). Araluen Groundwater Investigation Stage II – Drilling Report. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Centre for Natural Resources. Draft Report, November.

Willing, B., (1998b). Araluen Groundwater Investigation Stage II Report. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Centre for Natural Resources. Draft Report, November. Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol

Plate 1: WTW Multiline P4 universal meter for field Plate 2: Dataflow single channel datalogger and water conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen measurement level capacitance probe being removed from DLWC bore Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol

Plate 3: Detail of GRUNDFOS MP1 environmental Plate 4: Detail of BTI/MP1 Converter sampling pump for operation of Grundfos MP1 pump Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol

Plate 5: Collection of general water quality sample Plate 6: Filtering of trace metals sample using manual pump, from Araluen Creek 45mm filter and nitric acid washed glass sample container Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol

Plate 7: Sterilisation of brass tap fitting using Plate 8: Sterilisation of plastic outlet using diluted small butane torch anti-bacterial solution Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Protocol

Plate 9: Collection of biological sample following Plate 10: Collection of isotope sample from sterilisation of fitting and disinfection of hands Araluen Creek at Neringla Road Bridge Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report

APPENDIX B Chain-of-Custody Documentation (Logs transcribed from field originals) NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation DELIVERY DETAILS TO: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY NAME

16B Lithgow Street, FYSHWICK, ACT LABORATORY ADDRESS PAGE 1 OF 8 Barry Horsburgh 02 – 6270 7697 CONTACT NAME & TELEPHONE

PROJECT: Araluen Groundwater Investigation

WORK CODE: COURIER NAME: Buckley’s Transport

COURIER ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: 02 – 4472 7631

DISPATCHED: 12/10/1999, 3:00PM, IN GOOD ORDER INITIALS: GR NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SAMPLE ID: TIME/DATE ANALYSES REQUIRED: #12 A, B, C, D, E 12/10/1999 Alkalinity, pH, Nutrients, Metals

#21 A, B, C, D, E Bacteriological, Cl/SO4, Pesticides

#24 A, B, C, D, E

#9 A, B, C, D, E (As listed on included ECOWISE form)

#33 A, B, C, D, E

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

REPORT TO: DLWC Sydney South Coast, Level 0, 84 Crown Street, WOLLONGONG, 2520 CONTACT: Sue Pritchard / Greg Russell

TELEPHONE: 02 – 4226 8219 FAX: 02 – 4226 8277

LABORATORY USE ONLY RECEIVED: 18:00, 12/10/1999 GOOD CONDITION INITIALS: BGH NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

LABORATORY WORK CODE: EXPECTED TURNAROUND: DATE RECEIPT REPORTED: INITIALS:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER SAMPLE DELIVERY RECORD PLEASE FAX COPY OF COMPLETED DELIVERY RECORD TO CLIENT CONTACT LISTED FOLLOWING RECEIPT OF SAMPLES

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR April, 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation DELIVERY DETAILS TO: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY NAME

16B Lithgow Street, FYSHWICK, ACT LABORATORY ADDRESS PAGE 2 OF 8 Barry Horsburgh 02 – 6270 7697 CONTACT NAME & TELEPHONE

PROJECT: Araluen Groundwater Investigation

WORK CODE: COURIER NAME: Buckley’s Transport

COURIER ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: 02 – 4472 7631

DISPATCHED: 13/10/1999, 3:30PM, IN GOOD ORDER INITIALS: GR NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SAMPLE ID: TIME/DATE ANALYSES REQUIRED: #13 A, B, C, D, E 13/10/1999 Alkalinity, pH, Nutrients, Metals

#73 A, B, C, D, E Bacteriological, Cl/SO4, Pesticides

#11 A, B, C, D, E

#14 A, B, C, D, E (As listed on included ECOWISE form)

#20 A, B, C, D, E

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

REPORT TO: DLWC Sydney South Coast, Level 0, 84 Crown Street, WOLLONGONG, 2520 CONTACT: Sue Pritchard / Greg Russell

TELEPHONE: 02 – 4226 8219 FAX: 02 – 4226 8277

LABORATORY USE ONLY RECEIVED: 18:00, 13/10/1999 GOOD CONDITION INITIALS: BGH NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

LABORATORY WORK CODE: BORE – 23242

EXPECTED TURNAROUND: 10 working days

DATE RECEIPT REPORTED: INITIALS:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER SAMPLE DELIVERY RECORD PLEASE FAX COPY OF COMPLETED DELIVERY RECORD TO CLIENT CONTACT LISTED FOLLOWING RECEIPT OF SAMPLES

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR April, 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation DELIVERY DETAILS TO: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY NAME

16B Lithgow Street, FYSHWICK, ACT LABORATORY ADDRESS PAGE 3 OF 8 Barry Horsburgh 02 – 6270 7697 CONTACT NAME & TELEPHONE

PROJECT: Araluen Groundwater Investigation

WORK CODE: COURIER NAME: Buckley’s Transport

COURIER ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: 02 – 4472 7631

DISPATCHED: 14/10/1999, 3:15PM, IN GOOD ORDER INITIALS: GR NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SAMPLE ID: TIME/DATE ANALYSES REQUIRED: #16 A, B, C, D, E 14/10/1999 Alkalinity, pH, Nutrients, Metals

#19 A, B, C, D, E Bacteriological, Cl/SO4, Pesticides

#18 A, B, C, D, E

#32 A, B, C, D, E (As listed on included ECOWISE form)

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

REPORT TO: DLWC Sydney South Coast, Level 0, 84 Crown Street, WOLLONGONG, 2520 CONTACT: Sue Pritchard / Greg Russell

TELEPHONE: 02 – 4226 8219 FAX: 02 – 4226 8277

LABORATORY USE ONLY RECEIVED: 17:30, 14/10/1999 GOOD CONDITION INITIALS: BGH NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

LABORATORY WORK CODE: BORE – 23242

EXPECTED TURNAROUND: 10 working days

DATE RECEIPT REPORTED: INITIALS:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER SAMPLE DELIVERY RECORD PLEASE FAX COPY OF COMPLETED DELIVERY RECORD TO CLIENT CONTACT LISTED FOLLOWING RECEIPT OF SAMPLES

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR April, 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation DELIVERY DETAILS TO: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY NAME

16B Lithgow Street, FYSHWICK, ACT LABORATORY ADDRESS PAGE 4 OF 8 Barry Horsburgh 02 – 6270 7697 CONTACT NAME & TELEPHONE

PROJECT: Araluen Groundwater Investigation

WORK CODE: COURIER NAME: Buckley’s Transport

COURIER ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: 02 – 4472 7631

DISPATCHED: 15/10/1999, 3:30PM, IN GOOD ORDER INITIALS: GR NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SAMPLE ID: TIME/DATE ANALYSES REQUIRED: #Araluen Creek 1 A, B, C, D, E 15/10/1999 Alkalinity, pH, Nutrients, Metals

#Long Flat Creek 2 A, B, C, D, E Bacteriological, Cl/SO4, Pesticides

#Araluen Creek 3 A, B, C, D, E

#2 A, B, C, D, E (As listed on included ECOWISE form)

#3 A, B, C, D, E

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

REPORT TO: DLWC Sydney South Coast, Level 0, 84 Crown Street, WOLLONGONG, 2520 CONTACT: Sue Pritchard / Greg Russell

TELEPHONE: 02 – 4226 8219 FAX: 02 – 4226 8277

LABORATORY USE ONLY RECEIVED: 17:00, 15/10/1999 GOOD CONDITION INITIALS: BGH NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

LABORATORY WORK CODE: LRN 183490 / 491 / 492

EXPECTED TURNAROUND:

DATE RECEIPT REPORTED: INITIALS:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER SAMPLE DELIVERY RECORD PLEASE FAX COPY OF COMPLETED DELIVERY RECORD TO CLIENT CONTACT LISTED FOLLOWING RECEIPT OF SAMPLES

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR April, 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation DELIVERY DETAILS TO: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY NAME

16B Lithgow Street, FYSHWICK, ACT LABORATORY ADDRESS PAGE 5 OF 8 Barry Horsburgh 02 – 6270 7697 CONTACT NAME & TELEPHONE

PROJECT: Araluen Groundwater Investigation

WORK CODE: 10 – 261800 - 5000764

COURIER NAME: Buckley’s Transport

COURIER ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: 02 – 4472 7631

DISPATCHED: 18/10/1999 INITIALS: GR NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SAMPLE ID: TIME/DATE ANALYSES REQUIRED: #26 A, B, C, D, E 18/10/1999 Alkalinity, pH, Nutrients, Metals

#31 A, B, C, D, E Bacteriological, Cl/SO4, Pesticides

(As listed on included ECOWISE form)

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

REPORT TO: DLWC Sydney South Coast, Level 0, 84 Crown Street, WOLLONGONG, 2520 CONTACT: Sue Pritchard / Greg Russell

TELEPHONE: 02 – 4226 8219 FAX: 02 – 4226 8277

LABORATORY USE ONLY RECEIVED: 18:35, 18/10/1999 GOOD CONDITION INITIALS: BGH NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

LABORATORY WORK CODE:

EXPECTED TURNAROUND:

DATE RECEIPT REPORTED: INITIALS:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER SAMPLE DELIVERY RECORD PLEASE FAX COPY OF COMPLETED DELIVERY RECORD TO CLIENT CONTACT LISTED FOLLOWING RECEIPT OF SAMPLES

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR April, 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation DELIVERY DETAILS TO: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY NAME

16B Lithgow Street, FYSHWICK, ACT LABORATORY ADDRESS PAGE 6 OF 8 Barry Horsburgh 02 – 6270 7697 CONTACT NAME & TELEPHONE

PROJECT: Araluen Groundwater Investigation

WORK CODE: 10 – 261800 - 5000764

COURIER NAME: Buckley’s Transport

COURIER ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: 02 – 4472 7631

DISPATCHED: 19/10/1999, 3:30pm, IN GOOD ORDER INITIALS: GR NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SAMPLE ID: TIME/DATE ANALYSES REQUIRED: #65 A, B, C, D, E 19/10/1999 Alkalinity, pH, Nutrients, Metals

#75030 A, B, C, D, E Bacteriological, Cl/SO4, Pesticides

#75031 A, B, C, D, E

(As listed on included ECOWISE form)

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

REPORT TO: DLWC Sydney South Coast, Level 0, 84 Crown Street, WOLLONGONG, 2520 CONTACT: Sue Pritchard / Greg Russell

TELEPHONE: 02 – 4226 8219 FAX: 02 – 4226 8277

LABORATORY USE ONLY RECEIVED: 17:05, 19/10/1999, GOOD CONDITION INITIALS: BGH NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

LABORATORY WORK CODE:

EXPECTED TURNAROUND:

DATE RECEIPT REPORTED: INITIALS:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER SAMPLE DELIVERY RECORD PLEASE FAX COPY OF COMPLETED DELIVERY RECORD TO CLIENT CONTACT LISTED FOLLOWING RECEIPT OF SAMPLES

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR April, 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation DELIVERY DETAILS TO: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY NAME

16B Lithgow Street, FYSHWICK, ACT LABORATORY ADDRESS PAGE 7 OF 8 Barry Horsburgh 02 – 6270 7697 CONTACT NAME & TELEPHONE

PROJECT: Araluen Groundwater Investigation

WORK CODE: 10 – 261800 - 5000764

COURIER NAME: Buckley’s Transport

COURIER ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: 02 – 4472 7631

DISPATCHED: 20/10/1999, 3:30pm, IN GOOD ORDER INITIALS: GR NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….. SAMPLE ID: TIME/DATE ANALYSES REQUIRED: #4 A, B, C, D, E 20/10/1999 Alkalinity, pH, Nutrients, Metals

#75028/1 A, B, C, D, E* Bacteriological, Cl/SO4, Pesticides

#75028/2 A, B, C, D, E (As listed on included ECOWISE form)

#75029/1 A, B, C, D, E

#75029/2 A, B, C, D, E *one unfiltered 1.25L sample in plastic

#75027/2 A, B, C, D, E bottle included

#75026 A, B, C, D, E Unable to adequately filter sample in field

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….. REPORT TO: DLWC Sydney South Coast, Level 0, 84 Crown Street, WOLLONGONG, 2520 CONTACT: Sue Pritchard / Greg Russell

TELEPHONE: 02 – 4226 8219 FAX: 02 – 4226 8277

LABORATORY USE ONLY RECEIVED: 18:35, 18/10/1999 GOOD CONDITION INITIALS: BGH NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

LABORATORY WORK CODE: LRN’s 183849 - 183855

EXPECTED TURNAROUND:

DATE RECEIPT REPORTED: INITIALS:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER SAMPLE DELIVERY RECORD PLEASE FAX COPY OF COMPLETED DELIVERY RECORD TO CLIENT CONTACT LISTED FOLLOWING RECEIPT OF SAMPLES

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR April, 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation DELIVERY DETAILS TO: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY NAME

16B Lithgow Street, FYSHWICK, ACT LABORATORY ADDRESS PAGE 8 OF 8 Barry Horsburgh 02 – 6270 7697 CONTACT NAME & TELEPHONE

PROJECT: Araluen Groundwater Investigation

WORK CODE: 10 – 261800 - 5000764

COURIER NAME: Buckley’s Transport

COURIER ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: 02 – 4472 7631

DISPATCHED: 21/10/1999 INITIALS: GR NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SAMPLE ID: TIME/DATE ANALYSES REQUIRED: #30 A, B, C, D, E 21/10/1999 Alkalinity, pH, Nutrients, Metals

#DREDGE 2 A, B, C, D, E Bacteriological, Cl/SO4, Pesticides

#75027/1 A, B, C, D, E

#Araluen Creek 4 A, B, C, D, E (As listed on included ECOWISE form)

#Araluen Creek 5 A, B, C, D, E

FOLD HERE …………………………………………………………………………………….Ñ……………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

REPORT TO: DLWC Sydney South Coast, Level 0, 84 Crown Street, WOLLONGONG, 2520 CONTACT: Sue Pritchard / Greg Russell

TELEPHONE: 02 – 4226 8219 FAX: 02 – 4226 8277

LABORATORY USE ONLY RECEIVED: 17:05, 21/10/1999, GOOD CONDITION INITIALS: BGH NOTE DATE, TIME, SAMPLE CONDITION

LABORATORY WORK CODE: 183978 / 980 / 981 / 982

EXPECTED TURNAROUND:

DATE RECEIPT REPORTED: 22/10 INITIALS:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER SAMPLE DELIVERY RECORD PLEASE FAX COPY OF COMPLETED DELIVERY RECORD TO CLIENT CONTACT LISTED FOLLOWING RECEIPT OF SAMPLES

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR April, 2001 Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report

APPENDIX C Sampling Field Logs (Logs transcribed from field originals) NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Creek bed below sheds, cattle grazing area

OWNERS NAME: Keith Harrison OWNERS ADDRESS: “Araglen”, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 2 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH: CASING MATERIAL: Concrete SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 0.8mbtoc PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED: 4m deep

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, warm, some cloud, some breeze

SAMPLING NOTES: Well in constant use APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap next to house about 50m from well SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 301mS/cm 6.61 @ 18.5oC 3.78 @ 21.4oC Eh TEMP OTHER 19.9oC DO(sat) 56.1%

COMMENTS: No one gets sick, don’t boil their drinking water. Well may flood due to low position. Possibility of contamination.

Water quality (DO) stabilised at 3.25mg/L @ 20.6oC and 37.0%.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 15/10/1999 TIME: 10:15am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Well in paddock, with cows

OWNERS NAME: Ken Harrison OWNERS ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 3 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Occasional irrigation and domestic (mainly use rainwater) BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 8.3mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos electrosubmersible NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED: 4m deep

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, warm, cloudy

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Tap near house with poly fitting SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 596mS/cm 7.12 @ 19.1oC 4.98 @ 21.7oC Eh TEMP OTHER 19.6oC DO(sat) 47.3%

COMMENTS: Well in paddock with cattle. Purged for 1 to 2 hours prior to sampling. Water level recovered from 8.3mbtoc at end of pumping to 4.6mbtoc after 10 minutes.

Water quality (DO) stabilised at 2.90mg/L @ 24oC and 33.2% after 5 minutes.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 15/10/1999 TIME: 11:00am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Well in lucerne field about 10m from road side

OWNERS NAME: Keith Harrison OWNERS ADDRESS: “Araglen”, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4017 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 4 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Used intermittently for irrigation and fire water supply BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 1.8m SAMPLING DEPTH: CASING MATERIAL: Concrete SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 4.2mbtoc PUMP TYPE: electrosubmersible NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, minor cloud cover (rain on previous night)

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Galvanised outlet on gatepost at road side SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 207mS/cm 6.66 @ 17.0oC 4.41 @ 18.6oC Eh TEMP OTHER 17.8oC DO(sat) 47.1%

COMMENTS: No obvious faecal matter in paddock (cow pats)

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 20/10/1999 TIME: 9:10am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Well in back yard

OWNERS NAME: Pat and Dave Perrott OWNERS ADDRESS: Lot 3, Main Road, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4040 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 9 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 5.35mbtoc PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE:

DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, cloudy, cool

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 608mS/cm 6.38 5.02 @ 20.7oC Eh TEMP OTHER 23.3oC DO(sat) 57.0%

COMMENTS: Septic tank located 25.5m up slope from well. Never run out of water or get sick Two houses north of property do run out of water

Well depth 8m

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 12/10/1999 TIME: INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Outskirts of township, downgradient of rubbish tip SITE: Well in overgrown paddock, close to creek line

OWNERS NAME: Mark Mourant OWNERS ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4842 2692 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 11 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Not in use BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 2.85mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Davey firefighter type NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Warm, overcast

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Poly pipe about 20m long SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 289mS/cm 7.09 to 6.94 1.80 @ 20.3oC Eh TEMP OTHER 18.7oC DO(sat) 20.0%

COMMENTS: Salt encrsutation around pipe fittings. Rubbish tip about 300m upgradient

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 13/10/1999 TIME: INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen Valley Hotel SITE: Well in back yard

OWNERS NAME: Stan and Margaret Wisbey OWNERS ADDRESS: Araluen Valley Hotel, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4023 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 12 (and Duplicate Sample #24) LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic, in constant use BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 2.84mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Onga #JJ20 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, dry, slightly cloudy

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: NA VOLUME PURGED: NA SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap attached to pump housing SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 418mS/cm 7.3 4.16 Eh TEMP OTHER 19.6oC DO(sat) 50.0%

COMMENTS: Well located 6m from back of hotel and 7m from septic tank cement cover. Well in constant use, therefore not purged. Concrete cover over septic exhibits some cracking.

ANALYSES: General water quality, trace metals, nutrients, bacteriological LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 12/10/1999 TIME: 10:00am INITIALS: GR

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Well in back yard

OWNERS NAME: John Marlton OWNERS ADDRESS: Main Road, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 13 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Garden watering, periodic use BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH: CASING MATERIAL: Concrete SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 5.9mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Davey model 666/09551-0 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: 800gal/hr DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, cloudy, cool

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Poly pipe SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 289mS/cm 7.01 7.26 @ 21.1oC Eh TEMP OTHER 18.2oC DO(sat) 73.1%

COMMENTS: Septic tank located 60m up slope from well. Water appears clear in well. Water supply becomes depleted during irrigation periods.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 13/10/1999 TIME: 1:30pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Well in back yard

OWNERS NAME: Gloria Collins OWNERS ADDRESS: Main Road, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 14 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic, mainly garden watering BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 5.52mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Onga NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Mild, overcast

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap attached to side of house SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 374mS/cm 7.2 6.23 @ 20.8oC Eh TEMP OTHER 19.2oC DO(sat) 65.4%

COMMENTS: Septic tank located 40m from well. Earwigs prevalent in garden. Water does exhibit some discolouration.

Bore depth 20m

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 13/10/1999 TIME: 12:30pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Well in back yard

OWNERS NAME: Don Collett and Kate Bradley OWNERS ADDRESS: “Tombstone”, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4085 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 16 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 1.8m SAMPLING DEPTH: 10.03mbtoc CASING MATERIAL: Concrete SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 9.03mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Davey NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: 300gal/hr DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Overcast, low fog, light misty rain

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass float valve outlet inside concrete storage tank SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 272mS/cm 6.8 7.49 @ 20.7oC Eh TEMP OTHER 17.6oC DO(sat) 74.4%

COMMENTS: Occasionally run out of water during summer. Some anecdotal evidence of Stomach upsets. Septic tank located about 15m downgradient of water supply well. Horse grazing in garden.

Well 32 feet deep

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 14/10/1999 TIME: 8:50am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Well in paddock with cattle

OWNERS NAME: Charlie and Helen Harrison OWNERS ADDRESS: “Clearview”, Main Road, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4044 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 18 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic and stock watering BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 4 to 5 feet SAMPLING DEPTH: 10.0mbtoc CASING MATERIAL: Brick lined well SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 7.23mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Davey NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Overcast, fairly warm

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Poly pipe outlet SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 230mS/cm 7.03 @ 18.6oC 6.43 @ 23.5oC Eh TEMP OTHER 22.5oC DO(sat) 73.6%

COMMENTS: Septic not visibly close to well (about 60m away). Well about 27m from main road, opposite Old Court House property. Drinking water never Boiled.

Water quality (DO) stabilised at 5.55mg/L @ 20.6oC and 61.4%

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 14/10/1999 TIME: 10:05am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Property on western side of Araluen Creek SITE: Bore on edge of creek bed adjacent to garden block

OWNERS NAME: John Kilmartin OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 19 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 200mm SAMPLING DEPTH: CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 6.26mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED: Not known

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Overcast, warm

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: 30 minutes SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap on standpipe next to bore SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & Heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 464mS/cm 7.08 3.91 @ 25oC Eh TEMP OTHER 17.8oC DO(sat) 70.6%

COMMENTS: Bore pumps dry fairly quickly (around 2 hours). Septic about 40m away. Water reportedly doesn’t taste good. No cattle, but garden fertilised and possibly pigs nearby. Loss of water pressure noted after 40 minutes pumping, recovered after a further 10 minutes. Subsequently water flow stopped after further 2 minutes. Sample very dirty. *refer purging parameter measurements on attached sheet Water quality (DO) stabilised at 4.23mg/L @ 25oC and 54.8% after 5 minutes

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 14/10/1999 TIME: 12:15pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township, northern end SITE: Spearpoint installed in old well

OWNERS NAME: Nancy Wilkes OWNERS ADDRESS: “Avalon”, Main Road, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4084 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 20 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic and garden watering (supplemented by rainwater tanks) BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 1.5mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Mild, overcast

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap on standpipe next to pump housing SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 190mS/cm 6.85 2.31 @ 18.7oC Eh TEMP OTHER 19.9oC DO(sat) 22.2%

COMMENTS: Septic tank located upgradient of spearpoint. Spear used intermittently. Iron objects (old mining equipment?) and iron-rich soil layer found when well was redug. Dirty water layer coincided with iron-rich horizon. Iron staining on household items when used

Well depth 2.5m

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 13/10/1999 TIME: 11:00am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Well in back yard, property next door to hotel on southern side OWNERS NAME: Cathy Harrison OWNERS ADDRESS: “El-Rancho”, Main Road, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4005 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 21 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 2.26mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Onga NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, dry, warm, cloud increasing

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap on standpipe near to pump housing SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 543mS/cm 6.8 3.95 @ 18.4oC Eh TEMP OTHER 19.1oC DO(sat) 42.7%

COMMENTS: Septic tank located 6m away from well. Backyard flat and grassy. Visible cracks in concrete septic tank cover.

Well depth about 30 feet

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 12/10/1999 TIME: INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township, northern end SITE: Bore in back yard

OWNERS NAME: Margaret Blandon OWNERS ADDRESS: Main Road, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4101 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 26 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Garden watering BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH: CASING MATERIAL: Steel SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL:

PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE:

DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Mild, cloudy, gentle breeze

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap on standpipe next to pump housing SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 218mS/cm 6.77 1.35 @ 20.4oC Eh TEMP OTHER 19.4oC DO(sat) 15.2%

COMMENTS: Never used for drinking water, rainwater tanks sufficient. BIOCYCLE septic system installed to the north of bore.

Bore depth 60m

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 18/10/1999 TIME: 1:40pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township, northern end, west of creek SITE: Well installed on river terrace (old river bank?)

OWNERS NAME: Noel Wisbey OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 30 (Registered Groundwater Works 11890) LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic supply to labourer’s hut(used intermittently) BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH: CASING MATERIAL: Brick lined well SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL:

PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE:

DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, hot, high cloud

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Poly pipe SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 407mS/cm 6.99 2.24 @ 20.5oC Eh TEMP OTHER 18.3oC DO(sat) 25.5%

COMMENTS: No evidence of cattle, but adjacent to stone fruit orchard Well purged prior to sampling for over two hours.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 21/10/1999 TIME: 12:30pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Well in back yard

OWNERS NAME: Clem Wilson OWNERS ADDRESS: “Glencoe”, Main Road, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4067 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 31 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Garden watering, occasional top-up of water supply for stock BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH: CASING MATERIAL: Steel SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: PUMP TYPE: Onga NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Overcast, windy, cooler

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 351mS/cm 6.86 3.87 @ 18.5oC Eh TEMP OTHER 18.3oC DO(sat) 42.0%

COMMENTS: Envirocycle septic system about 15m from bore

Well depth 150 feet

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 18/10/1999 TIME: 2:35pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Bore in back yard

OWNERS NAME: Dean and Deanne Smithers OWNERS ADDRESS: Portion 601, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4087 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 32 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 150mm SAMPLING DEPTH: CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 13.99mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Davey NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Overcast, mild, very light misty rain

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap adjacent to pressure tank on headworks SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 336mS/cm 6.93 5.60 @ 19.9oC Eh TEMP OTHER 18.4oC DO(sat) 70.4%

COMMENTS: Septic tank close to house and downgradient of bore (about 25m away)

Bore depth 100 foot (30.5m)

Water quality (DO) stabilised at 4.80mg/L at 18.8oC and 52.6% after 5 minutes

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 14/10/1999 TIME: 2:00pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township SITE: Bore in yard

OWNERS NAME: Bodo Mordek OWNERS ADDRESS: “Old Court House”, Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4053 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 33 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Domestic BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: Not available PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE:

DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Overcast, mild

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Brass tap at side of house SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth & heating with butane torch

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 179mS/cm 6.8 3.08 @ 22.1oC Eh TEMP OTHER 20.0oC DO(sat) 38.1%

COMMENTS: Never runs out of water, no sickness either. Septic tank trench about 100m away from bore. Owner would not allow access to bore headworks

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 12/10/1999 TIME: INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen North, west of creek SITE: Dredge hole in paddock off Majors Creek Road

OWNERS NAME: Noel and Bev Wisbey OWNERS ADDRESS: Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4024 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 65 (Registered Groundwater Works 60235) LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Seasonal irrigation of stonefruit orchard BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH: Edge of hole CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: Approx 2-3mbgl PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE:

DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Cloudy, mild, some rain on previous night

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Edge of dredge hole SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: No means of preparation

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 496mS/cm 7.62 7.81 @ 19.8oC Eh TEMP OTHER 19.6oC DO(sat) 87.4%

COMMENTS: Dredge hole approx 20x20m, thick growth of reeds and bull rushes.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 19/10/1999 TIME: 8:50am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen North, west of creek SITE: Dredge hole in paddock off Majors Creek Road

OWNERS NAME: Noel and Bev Wisbey OWNERS ADDRESS: Araluen CONTACT TELEPHONE: 02 – 4846 4024 FAX: MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 65 (Second sample “Dredge Hole No 2”) LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Seasonal irrigation of stonefruit orchard BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH: Edge of hole CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: Approx 2-3mbgl PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE:

DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Warm, sunny, high cloud

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Edge of dredge hole SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: No means of preparation

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 518mS/cm 7.23 8.52 @ 23.6oC Eh TEMP OTHER 24.2oC DO(sat) 102.5%

COMMENTS: Dredge hole pumped for around 32 hours prior to second sample collection. Rainfall on the three nights prior to the second sample being taken. Water level dropped an estimated 5 to 10cm since first sample. Estimate of abstraction from irrigator: 0.5ML

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 21/10/1999 TIME: 2:30pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Bourketown, Araluen, west of creek SITE: Bore in peach orchard

OWNERS NAME: Roger and Hilton Bourke OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: ARL 73 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Seasonal irrigation of stonefruit orchard BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 150mm SAMPLING DEPTH: CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL: DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 5.22mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Yanmar/Onga NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Cool, breezy, overcast

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: Poly pipe with galvanised fitting SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Sample point could not be sterilised

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 429mS/cm 7.1 4.43 @ 20.2oC Eh TEMP OTHER 18.3oC DO(sat) 68.1%

COMMENTS: Not used for a couple of months prior to sampling. First discharge very dirty. Water appears orange coloured. Due to time constraints, bore purged for only 20 minutes.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 13/10/1999 TIME: 3:00pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: “Araglen”, Araluen SITE: DLWC monitoring bore in paddock used foir cattle grazing at foothills of mountains OWNERS NAME: DLWC OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: GW075026 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Groundwater level monitoring BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 80mm SAMPLING DEPTH: 24mbtoc CASING MATERIAL: PVC SLOTTED INTERVAL: 20-25mbgl DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL: 5.57mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos MP1 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: 0.15L/sec DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED: 26mbgl

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Hot, sunny, scattered cloud

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: End of braided PVC riser hose SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth and disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 568mS/cm 8.06 @ 22.6oC 1.73 @ 27.4oC Eh TEMP OTHER 22.4oC DO(sat) 28.6%

COMMENTS: Strong sulphur smell in first discharge (hydrogen sulphide present?). Last discharge from 20 to 23.5mbtoc appeared milky and discoloured. Bore pumped dry in 15 minutes with pump intake at 20mbtoc. Pump then lowered to 24mbtoc. At new sampling depth, nominal pumping rate reduced to 0.07L/sec. Bore pumped dry after 25 minutes at new pump intake setting and nominal pumping rate.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 19/10/1999 TIME: 1:00pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township, community hall SITE: DLWC monitoring bore in back yard of community hall OWNERS NAME: DLWC OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: GW075027/1 (shallow bore) LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Groundwater level monitoring BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 80mm SAMPLING DEPTH: 5.5mbtoc CASING MATERIAL: PVC SLOTTED INTERVAL: 3.5-5.5mbgl DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: 3.5mbgl SWL: 4.815mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos MP1 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: 0.11L/sec DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED: 6mbgl

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, clear, cool, some rain on previous night

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: End of braided PVC riser hose SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth and disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 182mS/cm 6.84 5.89 @ 18.5oC Eh TEMP OTHER 18.6oC DO(sat) 63.5%

COMMENTS: Paddock is filled with faecal matter (cow pats). Septic tank about 20m away Septic upgradient of monitoring bore location, neighbours septic tank about 20m to northeast. 1 metre of groundwater in bore, pumped for 3 minutes until dry. Water level recovered rapidly on scessation of pumping (almost instantaneous).

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 21/10/1999 TIME: 8:30am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township, community hall SITE: DLWC monitoring bore in back yard of community hall OWNERS NAME: DLWC OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: GW075027/2 (deep bore) LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Groundwater level monitoring BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 80mm SAMPLING DEPTH: 19mbtoc CASING MATERIAL: PVC SLOTTED INTERVAL: 20-25mbgl DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: 20mbgl SWL: 3.99mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos MP1 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: 0.15L/sec DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, clear, cool, some rain on previous night

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: End of braided PVC riser hose SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth and disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 371mS/cm 6.89 1.38 @ 18.6oC Eh TEMP OTHER 18.9oC DO(sat) 14.9%

COMMENTS: Paddock is filled with faecal matter (cow pats). Septic tank about 20m away Septic upgradient of monitoring bore location, neighbours septic tank about 20m to northeast.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 20/10/1999 TIME: 8:30am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township, Bourketown SITE: DLWC monitoring bore west of creek near small orchard OWNERS NAME: DLWC OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: GW075028/1 (shallow bore) LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Groundwater level monitoring BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 80mm SAMPLING DEPTH: 5.5mbtoc CASING MATERIAL: PVC SLOTTED INTERVAL: 5.5-6.5mbgl DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: 5.5mbgl SWL: 3.23mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos MP1 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: 0.15L/sec DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, warm, increasing cloud

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: End of braided PVC riser hose SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth and disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 508mS/cm 7.09 @ 19.9oC 1.12 @ 22.3oC Eh TEMP OTHER 21.5oC DO(sat) 12.7%

COMMENTS: Purged bore for 10 minutes prior to sampling. Bore pumped dry after 5 minutes. Allowed to recover and evacuated again. Groundwater discharge discoloured due to silt.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 20/10/1999 TIME: 11:25am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township, Bourketown SITE: DLWC monitoring bore west of creek near small orchard OWNERS NAME: DLWC OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: GW075028/2 (deep bore) LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Groundwater level monitoring BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 80mm SAMPLING DEPTH: 13mbtoc CASING MATERIAL: PVC SLOTTED INTERVAL: 13.5-18.5mbgl DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: 13.5mbgl SWL: 3.265mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos MP1 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: 0.15L/sec DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, warm, increasing cloud

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: End of braided PVC riser hose SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth and disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 417mS/cm 7.06 3.63 @ 22.1oC Eh TEMP OTHER 20.7oC DO(sat) 41%

COMMENTS: Bore purged for 40 minutes on day prior to sampling (19/10/1999). Bore recovered to near original swl within one hour of the cessation of pumping.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 20/10/1999 TIME: 10:35am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: South of Araluen township SITE: DLWC monitoring bore on alluvial flat past Bald Stoney Creek on Moruya Road OWNERS NAME: DLWC OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: GW075029/1 (shallow bore) LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Groundwater level monitoring BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 80mm SAMPLING DEPTH: 7.5mbtoc CASING MATERIAL: PVC SLOTTED INTERVAL: 3-8mbgl DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: 3mbgl SWL: 5.095mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos MP1 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: 0.15L/sec DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, hot, some cloud cover

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: End of braided PVC riser hose SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth and disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 255mS/cm 6.76 2.94 @ 22.8oC Eh TEMP OTHER 19.3oC DO(sat) 34.6%

COMMENTS:

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 20/10/1999 TIME: 2:30pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: South of Araluen township SITE: DLWC monitoring bore on alluvial flat past Bald Stoney Creek on Moruya Road OWNERS NAME: DLWC OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: GW075029/2 (deep bore) LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Groundwater level monitoring BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 80mm SAMPLING DEPTH: CASING MATERIAL: PVC SLOTTED INTERVAL: 13-19mbgl DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: 13mbgl SWL: 4.98mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos MP1 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, hot, some cloud cover

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: End of braided PVC riser hose SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth and disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 318mS/cm 7.49 @ 20.7oC 0.94 @ 21.5oC Eh TEMP OTHER 19.6oC DO(sat) 10.1%

COMMENTS: Paddock close to Bald Stoney Creek. Full recovery observed from pumping

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 20/10/1999 TIME: 1:45pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township fire station SITE: DLWC monitoring bore at front of fire station

OWNERS NAME: DLWC OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: GW075030 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Groundwater level monitoring BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 80mm SAMPLING DEPTH: 10mbtoc CASING MATERIAL: PVC SLOTTED INTERVAL: 10-20mbgl DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: 10mbgl SWL: 3.43mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos MP1 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: 0.15L/sec DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, some cloud, rain earlier in the morning

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: 80-100L SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: End of braided PVC riser hose SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth and disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 584mS/cm 6.79 2.11 @ 21.5oC Eh TEMP OTHER 20.2oC DO(sat) 24.1%

COMMENTS: No cattle nearby at time of sampling

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 19/10/1999 TIME: 10:10am INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen township, south of hotel SITE: DLWC monitoring bore in paddock opposite Araluen Valley Hotel near roadside OWNERS NAME: DLWC OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: GW075031 LICENCE NUMBER: CURRENT USE: Groundwater level monitoring BOREHOLE DIAMETER: 80mm SAMPLING DEPTH: 12mbtoc CASING MATERIAL: PVC SLOTTED INTERVAL: 13-18mbgl DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: 13mbgl SWL: 5.25mbtoc PUMP TYPE: Grundfos MP1 NOMINAL PUMPING RATE: 0.15L/sec DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, scattered cloud cover

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED: SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION: End of braided PVC riser hose SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION: Clean with dry cloth and disinfectant wash

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 341mS/cm 7.13 4.20 @ 20.6oC Eh TEMP OTHER 21.3oC DO(sat) 65.8%

COMMENTS: Bore is situated north of Collett property and possibly slightly upgradient. Cattle present in paddock. Several other wells located nearby. Perrott property located to south about 15m on opposite side of road and downgradient.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 19/10/1999 TIME: 1:30pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Majors Creek Road Bridge on Araluen Creek SITE: South of bridge, east bank of creek.

OWNERS NAME:

OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: Araluen Creek 1 LICENCE NUMBER:

CURRENT USE:

BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL:

DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL:

PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE:

DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Sunny, warm, breezy, scattered cloud

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED:

SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION:

SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION:

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 305mS/cm 7.75 @ 24.6oC 7.06 @ 25.7oC Eh TEMP OTHER 24.3oC DO(sat) 88.0%

COMMENTS: Creek flowing, some sediment on creek bed.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 15/10/1999 TIME: 1:00pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Long Flat Creek bridge, Main Road SITE: East of road, north end of bridge at edge of creek below small dam/weir OWNERS NAME:

OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: Long Flat Creek 2 LICENCE NUMBER:

CURRENT USE:

BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL:

DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL:

PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE:

DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, warm, moderate breeze, high cloud

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED:

SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION:

SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION:

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 175mS/cm 7.84 @ 23.7oC 7.7 @ 24.8oC Eh TEMP OTHER 23.7oC DO(sat) 94.2%

COMMENTS: Neighbour to north pumps directly from creek. Abundant duck weed in creek.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 15/10/1999 TIME: 1:00pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Neringla Road Bridge SITE: South of bridge, eastern bank of creek adjacent to fenceline OWNERS NAME:

OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: Araluen Creek 3 LICENCE NUMBER:

CURRENT USE:

BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL:

DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL:

PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE:

DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Fine, warm, breezy, scattered cloud

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED:

SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION:

SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION:

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 323mS/cm 7.82 @ 23.9oC 8.97 @ 25.7oC Eh TEMP OTHER 24.3oC DO(sat) 112.2%

COMMENTS: Creek flowing, some sediment on creek bed. Same location as for isotope samples. Cattle in property upgradient to creek on eastern side. Sandy, pebbly creek bed. A lot of floating organic material in water. Stream height on gauge at time of sampling 0.48m Minor rainfall event (about 4mm) observed on previous day (14/10/1999).

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 15/10/1999 TIME: 1:30pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation PROJECT: Araluen Water Quality Study Stage II LOCATION: Araluen Creek, Bourketown area SITE: Approx halfway between Majors Creek Road Bridge and Neringla Road Bridge OWNERS NAME:

OWNERS ADDRESS:

CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

MAP REFERENCE:

BOREHOLE IDENTIFICATION: Araluen Creek 4 (and duplicate Araluenb Creek 5) LICENCE NUMBER:

CURRENT USE:

BOREHOLE DIAMETER: SAMPLING DEPTH:

CASING MATERIAL: SLOTTED INTERVAL:

DEPTH TO TOP OF SCREEN: SWL:

PUMP TYPE: NOMINAL PUMPING RATE:

DEPTH WHEN SAMPLED:

ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS: Sunny, warm, scattered cloud

SAMPLING NOTES: APPROXIMATE BORE VOLUME: VOLUME PURGED:

SAMPLING POINT DESCRIPTION:

SAMPLING POINT PREPARATION:

FIELD MEASUREMENTS: EC PH DO (mg/L) 292mS/cm 7.84 7.23 @ 22.0oC Eh TEMP OTHER 21.7oC DO(sat) 83.9%

COMMENTS: Creek flowing, some sediment on creek bed, coarse sand and cobbles. No sign of cattle in area, but horses in paddock to the west.

ANALYSES: LABORATORY NAME: ECOWISE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY ADDRESS: CONTACT TELEPHONE: FAX:

GROUNDWATER LOG - WATER QUALITY SAMPLING RECORD DATE: 21/10/1999 TIME: 1:30pm INITIALS: SP

Department of Land & Water Conservation Sydney South Coast Region drawn: GNR, April 2001 Araluen Groundwater Investigation Water Quality Sampling Report

APPENDIX D Laboratory Analytical Results Araluen Groundwater Investigation Table D1: Water Quality Analysis Results, Privately Owned Installations

Sample Location Analyte Guideline1 Guideline2 ARL2 ARL3 ARL4 ARL9 ARL11 ARL12 ARL13 ARL14 ARL16 ARL18 Microbiological E. coli 0 /100mL 0 4 0 14 0 6 0 0 130 4 Faecal coliforms 0 /100mL 0 /100mL 0 4 (5) 0 14 0 6 0 0 130 5 Faecal streptococci 1 (3) 160 7 260 39 (49) 0 120 (150) 0 58 1 Total coliforms 0 /100mL 10 /100mL 260 (460) 600 (7500) <2 (100) 5800 240 320 (920) 440 (1500) 480 410 (660) 1400 (2300) Physical Specific conductance 270 600 220 630 300 430 300 380 270 250 TDS 500mg/L 1000mg/L 180 410 150 430 200 290 200 260 180 170 pH 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 7.8 7.4 7.1 6.3 7.1 6.6 6.9 7.2 6.8 7.8 Bicarbonate alkalinity 104 236.6 89.1 70 120.9 98.8 95.8 92.7 57.5 90.1 Ca hardness 54.9 114.9 47.4 69.9 54.9 62.4 49.9 62.4 32.5 42.4 Total hardness 200mg/L 500mg/L 92.4 176.6 76.7 168.7 88.7 124.2 95.2 120.1 66.6 82.8 Water Quality Sampling Report Major ions Sodium 180mg/L 300mg/L 22 66 16 57 30 41 25 28 27 20 Potassium 1.1 2 0.88 5.1 2.4 1.2 1.6 2.1 0.45 0.84 Magnesium 9.1 15 7.1 24 8.2 15 11 14 8.3 9.8 Calcium 22 46 19 28 22 25 20 25 13 17 Sulphate 250mg/L 400mg/L 5.5 24 2.5 14 3.8 4.4 6.5 6.3 2.8 4.5 Chloride 250mg/L 400mg/L 12 33 11 66 15 63 21 52 29 17 Nutrients Ammonia (as N) 0.01mg/L <0.01 <0.01 1.6 0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 TON (as N) 2.6 0.59 0.28 30 0.74 2.2 2.6 1.1 6.3 1.5 TKN (as N) 0.1 0.19 0.04 1 0.02 0.1 <0.1 0.1 <0.1 0.1 Total nitrogen 2.7 0.78 0.32 31 0.76 2.3 2.5 1.2 6.3 1.6 Total phosphorus 0.028 0.024 0.033 0.012 0.022 0.091 0.014 0.029 0.14 0.047 Metals Silver (Ag) 100mg/L 50mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Aluminium (Al) 200mg/L 5000mg/L <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 Arsenic (As) 7mg/L 50mg/L <0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.1 Barium (Ba) 700mg/L 1000mg/L 51 57 40 150 250 74 32 92 46 42 Cobalt (Co) 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.3 Copper (Cu) 1000mg/L 1000mg/L 1.5 0.9 2.2 2.3 0.9 1.7 1 21 1.1 14 Iron (Fe) 300mg/L 300mg/L 40 <5 7 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 Mercury (Hg) 1mg/L 1mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Manganese (Mn) 100mg/L 100mg/L 29 7.4 2.6 0.6 8 <0.5 <0.5 4 1.9 <0.5 Molybdenum (Mo) 50mg/L 10mg/L 0.2 1.3 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 0.6 <0.2 <0.2 0.2 Nickel (Ni) 20mg/L 100mg/L <0.5 1.1 3.6 <0.5 1 <0.5 0.7 <0.5 <0.5 1.3 Lead (Pb) 10mg/L 50mg/L <0.1 0.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 Zinc (Zn) 3000mg/L 5000mg/L 5.4 8 45 6.5 5 4.7 11 12 31 28 Reference: ND – not detected; NR – no result; TON – total oxidised nitrogen; TKN – total Kjeldahl nitrogen; Guideline1 – Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, 1996 (NHMRC/ARMCANZ); Guideline2 – Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters, 1992 (ANZECC); all results in mg/L except pH (units), specific conductance (mS/cm), dissolved metals (mg/L), dissolved mercury and dissolved arsenic (mg/L), microbiological parameters (CFU/100mL); values in bold type exceed guideline values as listed; values for bacteriological samples in parentheses indicate preliminary estimate of CFU based on analytical techniques, adjacent values represent final numbers Araluen Groundwater Investigation Table D1 (continued): Water Quality Analysis Results, Privately Owned Installations

Sample Location Analyte Guideline1 Guideline2 ARL19 ARL20 ARL21 ARL26 ARL30 ARL31 ARL32 ARL33 ARL65 ARL73 Microbiological E. coli 0 /100mL 3 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 Faecal coliforms 0 /100mL 0 /100mL 3 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 Faecal streptococci 34 (56) 0 120 (150) 0 3 0 0 0 310 0 Total coliforms 0 /100mL 10 /100mL 2700 (3900) 0 440 (1500) 3 (9) 8 (47) 0 (1) 0 3 170 (46000) 34 (42) Physical Specific conductance 460 200 550 220 420 360 340 180 510 440 TDS 500mg/L 1000mg/L 310 140 370 150 290 240 230 120 350 300 PH 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 8.2 6.8 6.4 7.0 7.4 7.2 7.4 6.3 7.4 7.3 Bicarbonate alkalinity 187.5 80.7 91 89.5 119.2 136.3 137.9 62.9 102.2 167.8 Ca hardness 97.4 42.4 87.4 44.9 92.4 84.9 77.4 30 112.4 92.4 Total hardness 200mg/L 500mg/L 159.2 71.3 186.2 74.6 150 130.2 122.7 55.1 186.5 145.9 Water Quality Sampling Report Major ions Sodium 180mg/L 300mg/L 37 15 38 16 28 29 24 17 32 39 Potassium 1.8 2 0.47 0.91 0.94 1.7 1.8 0.74 1.3 2 Magnesium 15 7 24 7.2 14 11 11 6.1 18 13 Calcium 39 17 35 18 37 34 31 12 45 37 Sulphate 250mg/L 400mg/L 11 1.5 6.9 1.5 23 6.1 1.7 3.2 31 20 Chloride 250mg/L 400mg/L 24 12 90 11 37 22 21 6.4 75 20 Nutrients Ammonia (as N) 0.01mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.09 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 TON (as N) 0.48 <0.01 7.7 <0.01 1.4 0.35 0.11 3.4 <0.01 1.5 TKN (as N) 0.15 0.21 0.1 0.14 0.2 0.06 0.21 <0.1 0.78 <0.1 Total nitrogen 0.63 0.22 7.8 0.15 1.6 0.41 0.32 3.4 0.79 1.3 Total phosphorus 0.02 0.013 0.02 0.01 0.073 0.016 0.006 0.073 0.061 0.084 Metals Silver (Ag) 100mg/L 50mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Aluminium (Al) 200mg/L 5000mg/L <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 Arsenic (As) 7mg/L 50mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.4 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Barium (Ba) 700mg/L 1000mg/L 64 114 137 32 44 70 66 31 59 180 Cobalt (Co) 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.1 1.1 0.5 Copper (Cu) 1000mg/L 1000mg/L 1.1 1.7 10 <0.5 <0.5 1.6 2.4 29 5.1 1 Iron (Fe) 300mg/L 300mg/L <5 <5 <5 1100 31 81 <5 <5 32 32 Mercury (Hg) 1mg/L 1mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 Manganese (Mn) 100mg/L 100mg/L 32 10 <0.5 41 290 5.7 160 <0.5 1.5 21 Molybdenum (Mo) 50mg/L 10mg/L 0.8 <0.2 <0.2 0.2 1.6 0.4 <0.2 <0.2 0.3 1.2 Nickel (Ni) 20mg/L 100mg/L 1.2 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.8 Lead (Pb) 10mg/L 50mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 <0.1 Zinc (Zn) 3000mg/L 5000mg/L 5.9 3 11 3.5 8.1 14 13 6 16 11

Reference: ND – not detected; NR – no result; TON – total oxidised nitrogen; TKN – total Kjeldahl nitrogen; Guideline1 – Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, 1996 (NHMRC/ARMCANZ); Guideline2 – Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters, 1992 (ANZECC); all results in mg/L except pH (units), specific conductance (mS/cm), dissolved metals (mg/L), dissolved mercury and dissolved arsenic (mg/L), microbiological parameters (CFU/100mL); values in bold type exceed guideline values as listed; values for bacteriological samples in parentheses indicate preliminary estimate of CFU based on analytical techniques, adjacent values represent final numbers Araluen Groundwater Investigation Table D2: Water Quality Analysis Results, DLWC Monitoring Bores

Sample Location Analyte Guideline1 Guideline2 GW075026 GW075027/1 GW075027/2 GW075028/1 GW075028/2 GW075029/1 GW075029/2 GW075030 GW075031 Microbiological E. coli 0 /100mL 0 0 0 <10 1 2 37 0 0 Faecal coliforms 0 /100mL 0 /100mL 0 0 0 <10 1 3 37 0 0 Faecal streptococci 19 0 0 <10 1 5 30 0 0 Total coliforms 0 /100mL 10 /100mL 14000 (56000) 180 (920) <2 (4) <10 (670) <2 (20) <20 (1300) 60 (1600) 40 (50) 0 (20) Physical Specific conductance 570 190 380 530 440 260 330 610 350 TDS 500mg/L 1000mg/L 390 130 260 360 300 180 220 420 240 PH 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 8.1 7.2 7.1 7.8 8.0 7.8 7.7 7.1 7.5 Bicarbonate alkalinity 247.5 57.7 147.8 260.7 181.5 69.1 115 249.9 115.7 Ca hardness 144.8 35 87.4 117.4 69.9 35 72.4 142.3 47.4 Total hardness 200mg/L 500mg/L 194.2 65 136.8 195.6 123.5 80.3 121.8 232.9 92.7 Water Quality Sampling Report Major ions Sodium 180mg/L 300mg/L 52 13 22 45 47 23 22 42 38 Potassium 3 0.46 0.61 1.7 1.7 0.53 0.61 3.3 1.4 Magnesium 12 7.3 12 19 13 11 12 22 11 Calcium 58 14 35 47 28 14 29 57 19 Sulphate 250mg/L 400mg/L 29 6.7 5.9 8.9 5.4 5.4 6.6 3.9 4 Chloride 250mg/L 400mg/L 16 15 25 14 18 32 27 41 33 Nutrients Ammonia (as N) 0.01mg/L 0.51 <0.01 0.02 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 TON (as N) <0.01 0.24 0.36 <0.01 2.1 0.24 0.02 0.69 1.2 TKN (as N) 0.66 0.16 0.09 0.26 0.1 0.25 0.26 0.08 0.1 Total nitrogen 0.67 0.4 0.45 0.27 2.2 0.49 0.28 0.77 1.3 Total phosphorus 0.15 0.1 0.039 0.14 0.024 0.073 0.08 0.021 0.12 Metals Silver (Ag) 100mg/L 50mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Aluminium (Al) 200mg/L 5000mg/L <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 6 <5 <5 <5 Arsenic (As) 7mg/L 50mg/L 5.8 <0.1 <0.01 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 Barium (Ba) 700mg/L 1000mg/L 21 26 41 63 36 18 6 150 34 Cobalt (Co) 0.5 0.5 1.2 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.3 Copper (Cu) 1000mg/L 1000mg/L 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.6 <0.5 <0.5 0.6 <0.5 Iron (Fe) 300mg/L 300mg/L <5 5 13 <5 <5 6 <5 <5 <5 Mercury (Hg) 1mg/L 1mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.06 Manganese (Mn) 100mg/L 100mg/L 106 3.8 270 140 <0.5 2.3 85 2.9 <0.5 Molybdenum (Mo) 50mg/L 10mg/L 27 0.3 1 2.2 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 Nickel (Ni) 20mg/L 100mg/L 4.8 4 1.5 5.5 1.5 3.4 0.5 1.7 0.5 Lead (Pb) 10mg/L 50mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 Zinc (Zn) 3000mg/L 5000mg/L 1.1 1.9 1.3 1.1 3.7 8.5 1.5 6.2 3.5

Reference: ND – not detected; NR – no result; TON – total oxidised nitrogen; TKN – total Kjeldahl nitrogen; Guideline1 – Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, 1996 (NHMRC/ARMCANZ); Guideline2 – Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters, 1992 (ANZECC); all results in mg/L except pH (units), specific conductance (mS/cm), dissolved metals (mg/L), dissolved mercury and dissolved arsenic (mg/L), microbiological parameters (CFU/100mL); values in bold type exceed guideline values as listed; values for bacteriological samples in parentheses indicate preliminary estimate of CFU based on analytical techniques, adjacent values represent final numbers Araluen Groundwater Investigation Table D3: Water Quality Analysis Results, Surface Waters

Sample Location Analyte Guideline1 Guideline2 Araluen Creek 1 Long Flat Creek 2 Araluen Creek 3 Araluen Creek 4 Microbiological E. coli 0 /100mL 67 760 40 26 Faecal coliforms 0 /100mL 0 /100mL 67 760 (890) 40 (100) 26 Faecal streptococci 140 (150) 190 78 100 Total coliforms 0 /100mL 10 /100mL 430 (960) 1700 (3000) 200 (2900) 470 (2300) Physical Specific conductance 310 180 330 300 TDS 500mg/L 1000mg/L 210 120 220 200 PH 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 7.1 8.0 8.2 8.1 Bicarbonate alkalinity 93.5 70.8 107.9 89.4 Ca hardness 62.4 30 69.9 59.9 Total hardness 200mg/L 500mg/L 107.7 56.7 119.3 105.2 Water Quality Sampling Report Major ions Sodium 180mg/L 300mg/L 22 15 22 21 Potassium 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 Magnesium 11 6.5 12 11 Calcium 25 12 28 24 Sulphate 250mg/L 400mg/L 8.6 2.4 6.3 6.8 Chloride 250mg/L 400mg/L 32 11 30 31 Nutrients Ammonia (as N) 0.01mg/L <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.01 TON (as N) <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 TKN (as N) 0.2 0.45 0.19 0.15 Total nitrogen 0.21 0.47 0.2 0.16 Total phosphorus 0.015 0.067 0.007 0.02 Metals Silver (Ag) 100mg/L 50mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Aluminium (Al) 200mg/L 5000mg/L 5 <5 <5 <5 Arsenic (As) 7mg/L 50mg/L 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Barium (Ba) 700mg/L 1000mg/L 12 23 37 35 Cobalt (Co) 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7 Copper (Cu) 1000mg/L 1000mg/L 0.5 0.7 0.5 <0.5 Iron (Fe) 300mg/L 300mg/L 110 580 68 39 Mercury (Hg) 1mg/L 1mg/L <0.01 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 Manganese (Mn) 100mg/L 100mg/L 6.7 22 15 <0.5 Molybdenum (Mo) 50mg/L 10mg/L 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 Nickel (Ni) 20mg/L 100mg/L <0.5 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 Lead (Pb) 10mg/L 50mg/L 0.2 0.3 <0.1 <0.1 Zinc (Zn) 3000mg/L 5000mg/L 5.7 7.5 4.3 <0.5

Reference: ND – not detected; NR – no result; TON – total oxidised nitrogen; TKN – total Kjeldahl nitrogen; Guideline1 – Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, 1996 (NHMRC/ARMCANZ); Guideline2 – Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters, 1992 (ANZECC); all results in mg/L except pH (units), specific conductance (mS/cm), dissolved metals (mg/L), dissolved mercury and dissolved arsenic (mg/L), microbiological parameters (CFU/100mL); values in bold type exceed guideline values as listed; values for bacteriological samples in parentheses indicate preliminary estimate of CFU based on analytical techniques, adjacent values represent final numbers Araluen Groundwater Investigation Table D4: Water Quality Analysis Results Comparison, DLWC Monitoring Bores

Sample Description Analyte GW075026 GW075027/1 GW075027/2 GW075028/1 GW075028/2 GW075029/1 GW075029/2 GW075030 GW075031 Physical EC September 1998 940 168 377 350 438 347 573 340 October 1999 570 190 380 530 440 260 330 610 350 pH September 1998 7.9 7.7 8.0 7.5 8.1 7.9 8.0 8.0 October 1999 8.1 7.2 7.1 7.8 8.0 7.8 7.7 7.1 7.5 Bicarbonate alkalinity September 1998 115 47 113 149 151 153 287 127 October 1999 247.5 57.7 147.8 260.7 181.5 69.1 115 249.9 115.7 Water Quality Sampling Report Total hardness September 1998 157 77 142 114 114 129 221 93 October 1999 194.2 65 136.8 195.6 123.5 80.3 121.8 232.9 92.7 Major ions Sodium September 1998 150 15 21 31 48 21 33 33 October 1999 52 13 22 45 47 23 22 42 38 Potassium September 1998 6.9 0.5 1.2 1.7 1.7 0.8 2.4 1.5 October 1999 3 0.46 0.61 1.7 1.7 0.53 0.61 3.3 1.4 Magnesium September 1998 8.9 8.3 15 10 12 12 21 11 October 1999 12 7.3 12 19 13 11 12 22 11 Calcium September 1998 48 17 32 29 26 32 54 19 October 1999 58 14 35 47 28 14 29 57 19 Sulphate September 1998 378 11.7 10.6 16.5 8.9 9.4 5.6 5.2 October 1999 29 6.7 5.9 8.9 5.4 5.4 6.6 3.9 4 Chloride September 1998 19.7 19.8 26.9 22.8 19.6 30.3 46.2 40.0 October 1999 16 15 25 14 18 32 27 41 33

Reference: ND – not detected; NR – no result; TON – total oxidised nitrogen; TKN – total Kjeldahl nitrogen; Guideline1 – Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, 1996 (NHMRC/ARMCANZ); Guideline2 – Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Waters, 1992 (ANZECC); all results in mg/L except pH (units), specific conductance (mS/cm), dissolved metals (mg/L), dissolved mercury and dissolved arsenic (mg/L), microbiological parameters (CFU/100mL); values in bold type exceed guideline values as listed; values for bacteriological samples in parentheses indicate preliminary estimate of CFU based on analytical techniques, adjacent values represent final numbers