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Synthese Technique Le Dniepr : Hydrologie Et Usages

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Synthese Technique Le Dniepr : Hydrologie Et Usages ECOLE NATIONALE DU GENIE RURAL DES EAUX ET DES FORETS ENGREF SYNTHESE TECHNIQUE LE DNIEPR : HYDROLOGIE ET USAGES VERDONCK Julien E-mail: [email protected] Janvier 2004 ENGREF Centre de Montpellier OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DE L’EAU – SNIDE B.P.44494 – 15, rue Edouard Chamberland 34093 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5 87065 LIMOGES Cedex Tél. (33) 4 67 04 71 00 Tél (33) 5 55 11 47 47 Fax (33) 4 67 04 71 01 Fax (33) 5 55 11 47 48 1 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 4 1 – PRESENTATION DU BASSIN DU DNIEPR .................................................................... 5 1 - 1 LE DNIEPR, FLEUVE TRANSFONTALIER .............................................................. 5 1 - 2 POPULATION DU BASSIN VERSANT..................................................................... 6 2 – LES USAGES DU DNIEPR ............................................................................................. 7 2 - 1 USAGE DOMESTIQUE ............................................................................................ 7 2 - 2 AGRICULTURE........................................................................................................ 8 2 - 3 PECHE ..................................................................................................................... 9 2 - 4 TRANSPORTS ........................................................................................................10 2 - 5 HYDROELECTRICITÉ.............................................................................................10 2 - 6 INDUSTRIE .............................................................................................................11 2 - 7 NUCLEAIRE ............................................................................................................11 3 – LA RENAISSANCE DU DNIEPR....................................................................................12 3 - 1 PROGRAMMES INTERNATIONNAUX....................................................................12 3 - 2 RENOUVEAU LÉGISLATIF.....................................................................................13 CONCLUSION .....................................................................................................................14 BIBLIOGRAPHIE.................................................................ERREUR! SIGNET NON DÉFINI. 2 RESUME Le Dniepr est un des plus grands fleuves d’ Europe. Son bassin versant s’étale sur trois pays indépendants depuis 1991 : la Russie, la Biélorussie et l’Ukraine. Les eaux du bassin versant sont fortement puisées et polluées par une activité humaine autrefois peu soucieuse de l’environnement. Mais aujourd’hui, des programmes nationaux et internationaux permettent d’envisager la réhabilitation du fleuve. MOTS CLES Dniepr, Ukraine, Biélorussie, Russie, pollution, bassin versant, fleuve transfrontalier, gestion des ressources naturelles. 3 INTRODUCTION Evans, C. A. 13 Jun. 2001. "Urban Regions, General Views" (NASA) L’image satellite ci-dessus, prise par la station Mir, nous montre la jonction du Pripet (au nord ouest) avec le Dniepr. Cette jonction marque la frontière entre la Biélorussie (au nord) et l’Ukraine. Le Dniepr est le troisième plus grand fleuve d’Europe et son bassin versant s’étale sur trois pays récemment indépendants : la Russie où il prend sa source, la Biélorussie et principalement l’Ukraine où il se jette dans la mer Noire. Le Dniepr est ainsi un fleuve transfrontalier. Le large lac en bas de la photo est un des énormes réservoirs du Dniepr (situé juste au Nord de Kiev, capitale de l’Ukraine). Il montre bien l’influence de l’homme sur le fleuve, dont l’écoulement n’est plus du tout naturel. En effet, le Dniepr, artère vitale pour l’industrie, l’agriculture et la population de son bassin versant est aujourd’hui fortement régulé et puisé. Cette régulation déjà perturbatrice s’accompagne malheureusement d’une pollution trop élevée, qui rend l’eau de mauvaise qualité. Le symbole de cette détérioration est sans aucun doute la catastrophe de la centrale nucléaire de Tchernobyl en 1986. Sur l’image satellite, le petit réservoir visible sur le Pripet est le bassin de refroidissement de l’ancienne centrale. Les retombées de l’explosion resteront encore présentes longtemps, mais les autres sources de pollution, industrielles, agricoles et domestiques, sont encore plus problématiques. L’objet de cette synthèse technique est de dresser un état des lieux de l’hydrologie du bassin versant et un aperçu des moyens mis en œuvre pour son amélioration. 4 1 – PRESENTATION DU BASSIN DU DNIEPR 1 - 1 LE DNIEPR, FLEUVE TRANSFONTALIER Le Dniepr draine un bassin transfrontalier de 509 000 km² : il s’écoule d’abord en Russie (19.8 % du bassin versant), puis en Biélorussie (22.9 %) et enfin principalement en Ukraine (57.3 %). Le fleuve prend sa source sur les hauteurs du Valdaï, dans la région de Smolensk (Russie). Il arrose ensuite la Biélorussie orientale où il reçoit les eaux de la Berezina. Les eaux du Pripet le rejoignent dès son entrée en Ukraine, puis, juste avant Kiev, celles de la Desna. Cette première portion du Dniepr, longue de 1 320 km, est appelée le Haut Dniepr. Le fleuve y collecte 62.3 % des eaux du bassin versant (PNUD-FEM, 2003). A Kiev, le débit du fleuve est ainsi en moyenne de 43.2 km3 / an (POPOVYCH, 2003). On distingue ensuite le Moyen Dniepr (555 km de long), de Kiev à Zaporojie, du Bas Dniepr (325 km de long) qui se jette dans la mer Noire. Le Dniepr étant abondamment utilisé par l’Ukraine, son débit n’est plus que de 32.5 km3 / an (POPOVYCH, 2003) à l’embouchure avec la Mer Noire. Celle-ci est un réservoir international de 547 000 km3 commun à la Bulgarie, la Georgie, la Roumanie, la Russie, la Turquie et l’Ukraine, ce qui renforce le caractère transfrontalier du fleuve. Tableau 1 : Principaux affluents du Dniepr Longueur Bassin versant Bassin versant Flux annuel Fleuve 3 (km) (milliers de km²) (% du Dniepr) (km ) Berezina 613 24.5 4.8 4.6 Sozh (Russie) 648 42.1 8.3 7.0 Pripet 761 121.0 23.8 14.5 Teteriv 365 15.1 3.0 0.8 Desna 1130 88.9 17.5 11.4 Sula 363 18.5 3.6 1.3 Psyol 717 22.8 4.5 1.8 Vorskla 464 14.7 2.9 1.0 Oril 346 9.8 1.9 0.4 Ingoulets 549 13.7 2.7 0.3 VASENKO, 1998 De nombreux réservoirs modifient l’écoulement du Dniepr, particulièrement en Ukraine, partie du bassin la plus tributaire du fleuve. Effectivement, 6 énormes réservoirs (Kiev, Kanev, Kremenchug, Dniprodzerzhinsk, Dniprovsky et Kakhovka), formant une surface totale de 6 880 km² et une capacité maximale de stockage de 43.8 km3, permettent notamment d’amortir le flux irrégulier du Dniepr, qui collecte 50 % de ses eaux au printemps. 5 Figure 1 Carte du bassin versant du Dniepr PNUD-FEM, 2003 1 - 2 POPULATION DU BASSIN VERSANT Tableau 2 : Population du Bassin versant du Dniepr (état des lieux en 2001) Total Biélorussie Russie Ukraine Population 32.1 6.3 3.6 22.2 (million hab.) Part de la population totale 62 % 3 % 45 % du pays Densité 63 53 35.6 76 (hab. / km²) Part de population 30.7 % 27 % 33.3 % 32.8 % rurale Croissance (million hab. / an) -0.29 -0.03 -0.04 -0.22 2000 PNUD-FEM, 2003 Puisque les densités de population sont inférieures à celle de l’Europe (de l’ordre de 100 hab. / km²), ce tableau - qui nous présente bien la différence de pression humaine entre les trois pays du bassin - n‘explique nullement les problèmes de qualités rencontrés sur le Dniepr. Leurs causes se trouvent donc dans les modalités d’usage du fleuve. 6 2 – LES USAGES DU DNIEPR Le Dniepr est une artère d’eau vitale pour la population et l’économie des trois nations, surtout dans le cas de l’Ukraine où 80 % des eaux (surfaciques et souterraines) prélevées proviennent du bassin versant du Dniepr. Le volume total moyen de prélèvement en eau du bassin est de 13.4 km3 / an, dont 6 % pour la Russie, 8 % pour la Biélorussie et 86 % pour l’Ukraine. Les pertes des réseaux font que seuls 10.63 km3 sont réellement consommés par an (soit une perte de 20 %) (PNUD-FEM, 2003). La figure 2 nous montre la répartition de ces 10.63 km3. Figure 2 Répartition des principaux usages (consommation) de l’eau sur le bassin versant du Dniepr en 2000 Usage Autre Industrie Agriculture domestique (pisciculture, …) PNUD-FEM, 2003 2 - 1 USAGE DOMESTIQUE Presque toutes les villes du bassin versant du Dniepr possèdent une adduction d’eau potable centralisée (à l ‘exception de 5 % des villes du bassin en Biélorussie). Ca n’est cependant pas le cas des villages ruraux, en particuliers ceux d’Ukraine. En effet, en Ukraine, 100 % des villes, 89 % des cantons et seulement 20 % des villages ruraux ont un système centralisé d’eau potable, ce qui représente tout de même plus de 70 % de la population (PNUD-FEM, 2003). En Ukraine toujours (en 2002), 25 % des systèmes d’alimentation d’eau potable avaient dépassé leur date d’expiration et 46 % des stations de pompages devaient être remplacées (TSVETKOVA, 2002). Même lorsque l’usager est desservi, des interruptions de distribution sont courantes et peuvent durer plusieurs jours, surtout en été. Les deux autres pays rencontrent le même problème. Un sondage de démocratie participative à Minsk en 1998 révèle que le principal problème environnemental pour 31 % de la population est la desserte en eau potable (Banque Mondiale, 2002). 7 Ces mauvaises conditions d’acheminement de l’eau potable mais surtout l’état de l’eau en amont posent le problème de la qualité de la desserte en eau. En Ukraine en 1996, 13.5 % de l’eau potable ne respectent pas les normes chimiques et 7.3
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