Fundam Entals of Journalism and Mass Communication
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FUNDAM ENTALS OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION MA [Mass Communication and Journalism] First Year Paper I MANONMANIAM SUN DARANAR UNIVERSITY Directorate of Distance and Continuing Education Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli-627 012 Tamilnadu, lndia Authots Dr Hemant Joshl, Associate Prcfessor cf Hindi Jo.rmalism at llMC, New Delhi Manjarl Joshl, Nannreader, Ddhi Doordarshan Copyright @ Authors, 201 1 All rights res6N€d. No part of this publlcauon whlch is material protoclsd bythis copyright notica may be reproducedortrensmitied or utillzed orstored in anyform or byanymaans now known or her€inaft€r in\Iented, elsctronic, digital or mochanical, including photocopying, scanning, rocording or by any information storage or retrieval s]istem, withoul prior written p€rmission from the Publisher. lnformation contained in thls book has been published by VIKAS@ Publishing House hi. Ltd. and has be6n obtained by ib Authors from Bourcos belie\,€d to be reliable and are conect to the best of thoir knowledge. Howe\Ier, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no e\ent be liabl€ for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this lnformation and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or msrchantability or fitnass for anyparlicular usa. m Vikas@ is the registeed trademark of Vikas@ Publishing Ho.rse Art. Ltd. VKAS@ PUBLISHING HOUSE PVr. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Ncida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 e Fax 0'120-4078999 Regd. Office: 576, Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi 110 014 o Website: www.vikaspublishing.con o Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Fundamentals of Journalism and Mass Communication Syllabi Mapping in Book Unit 1 Definition of Journalism: Unit 1: Joumalism: Nature, Nature, Scope, Functions, Role of Press in Democracy, Scope and Functions Principles of Journalism, Kinds of Journalism. (Pages:3-32) Unit 2 Press in India: A Brief Review of the Evolution of Indian Press-Origin, Growth and Development of Journalism Unit2: Methodsof Effective in Tamilnadu. Major Newspapers of Tamilnadu and Recent Writing Trends. (Pages:33-64) Unit 3 Communication: Definition, Nature, Scope, Purpose, Process of Communication, Functions of Unit 3: Communication: An Communication, Uses of Communication and Kinds of lntrcduction Communication. (Pages:65-87) Unit 4 Basic Models of Communication: Linear, Non- linear models. Theories of Communication-Hypodermic Unit4: Theoriesof Needle Theory, Two-step and Multi-step Theory and Uses Communication and Gratification Theory. (Pages:89.120) Unit 5 Media for Mass Communication: Print media, Unit 5: tuiedia for Mass Electronic media-Radio, Television and New Media. Communication (Pages: 121-1611 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION UNIT I JOURNALISM: NATURE, SCOPE AND FUNCTIONS 3-32 1.0 Introduction l.l Unit Objectives 1.2 What is Journalism? 1.2.1 Origin and Nature ofJoumalism 1.2.2 Functions of Journalism 1.2.3 Scope ofJournalism 1.3 Press and Democracy 1.3.1 EvolutionofDemocracy 1.3.2 Evolution of Press 1.3.3 Press as the Fourth Estate 1.3.4 Freedom of Press 1.3.5 Critics of the Role ofMedia in Democratic Societies 1.4 Principles of Journalism 1.4.1 Canons of Journalism 1.4.2 Ethical Standards ofJournalism 1.4.3 Press Councils and Ethics ofJournalism 1.5 Kinds of Journalism 1.5.1 MainstreamJournalism 1.5.2 Area Specific Journalism 1.5.3 MagazineJournalism 1.5.4 TabloidJoumalism 1.5.5 Investigative Journalism 1.5.6 Advocacy Joumalism 1.6 Current Trends 1.6.1 ConvergentJournalism 1.6.2 Supplement Journalism 1.6.3 OnlineJournalism 1.7 Summary 1.8 Key Terms 1.9 Answers to 'Check Your Progress' l.l0 Questions and Exercises l.ll Further Reading UNIT 2 METHODS OF EFFECTTVE WRITING 33-64 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 Evolution of Press in India 2.2.1 Origin of Press 2.2.2 Rise of Press in India 2.2.3 GroMh ofJournalism in India 2.2.4 Spread of Presses in Indian Languages 2.3 Growth and Current Status of Journalism 2.3.1 Early Days of Journalism in India 2.3.2 Press during Freedom Movement 4.3.2 Harold Lasswell's Model (1948) 4.3.3 DavidBerlo's Model (1960) 4.3.4 TheodoreM. Newcomb's Model (1953) 4.3.5 Charles E. Osgood's Model (1954) 4.3.6 George Gerbner's Model (1956) 4.3.7 Wilbur Schramm's Model (1971) 4.3.8 Westleyand Mackan Model (1957) 4.4 Theories of Mass Communication 4A.l HyPodermicNeedleTheory 4.4.2. Psychological Difference Theory 4.4.3 Personal Influence Theory 4.4A SociologicalTheories 4.4.5 DePendencY Theory 4.4.6 Mass SocietY TheorY 4A3 Political-EconomicalMediaTheory 44.8 Cultural and SemioticTheory 4.5 Normative Theories of Media and Mass Communication 4.5.1 AuthoritarianTheory 4.5.2 Free Press Theory 4.5.3 Social ResponsibilityTheory 4.5.4 Communist Media Theory 4.6 Other Theories 4.6.1 Development Communication Theory 4.6.2 ParticipatoryCommunication Theory 4.7 Summary 4.8 Key Terms 4.9 Answers to 'Check Your Progress' 4.10 Questions and Exercises 4.11 Further Reading UNIT 5 MEDIA FOR MASS COMMUNICATION 121-161 5.0 lntroduction 5.1 Unit Objectives 5.2 Medium and Communication 5.2.1 Language: The First Medium 5.2.2 OralCommunication 5.2.3 TraditionalMedia 5.2.4 WrittenCommunication 5.3 Print Media 5.3.1 EarlYDaYsofPrintMedia 5.3.2 Genre ofPrint Medium 5.3.3 Print as a Medium 5.4 Radio 5.4.1 EarlYDaYsofRadio 5.4.2 Mediumwave and Shortwave 5.4.3 FMRadio 5.4.4 Satellite Radio, XM and Podcasting 5-4.5 Radioin India 5.4.6 Radio as a Medium of Communication 5.5 Cinema 5.5.1 EarlYDaYsofCinema 5.5.2 Trends in Film Making 5.5.3 GenresofFilms 5.5.4 Cinema as a Medium 5.6 Television 5.6.1 Early Days of Television 5.6.2 Television as a Medium 5.7 New Media 5.7.1 History of Computers and Internet 5.7.2 Multimedia Technology. World Wide Web and Broadband 5.7.3 Mobile Comlnunication 5.8 Summary 5.9 Key Terms 5.10 Answers to 'Check Your Progress' 5.ll Questions and Exercises 5.12 Further Reading 4.3.2 Harold lasswell's Model (1948) 4.3.3 DavidBerlo's Model (1960) 4.3.4 TheodoreM. Newcomb's Model (1953) 4.3.5 Charles E. Osgood's Model (1954) 4.3 .6 George Gerbner 's Model ( I 95 6) 4.3.7 Wilbur Schramm's Model (1971) 4.3.8 Westleyand Mackan Model (1957) 4.4 Theories of Mass Communication 4.4.1 HypodermicNeedleTheory 4.4.2 Psychological DifferenceTheory 4.4.3 Personal Influence Theory 4.4.4 SociologicalTheories 4A.5 Dependency Theory 4.4.6 Mass Society TheorY 4.4.7 Political-EconomicalMediaTheory 4.4.8 Cultural and SemioticTheory 4.5 Normative Theories of Media and Mass Communication 4.5.1 AuthoritarianTheory 4.5.2 Free Press Theory 4.5.3 Social ResponsibilityTheory 4.5.4 Communist Media Theory 4.6 Other Theories 4.6.1 DevelopmentCommunication Theory 4.6.2 ParticipatoryCommunication Theory 4.7 Summary 4.8 Key Terms 4.9 Answers to 'Check Your Progress' 4.10 Questions and Exercises 4.ll Further Reading UNIT 5 MEDIA FOR MASS COMMUNICATION 121-161 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Unit Objectives 5.2 Medium and Communication 5.2.1 Language: The First Medium 5.2.2 OralCommunication 5.2.3 TraditionalMedia 5.2.4 WrittenCommunication 5.3 Print Media 5.3.1 EarlyDap ofPrint Media 5.3.2 Genre ofPrint Medium 5.3.3 Print as a Medium 5.4 Radio 5.4.1 EarlyDays ofRadio 5.4.2 Mediumwaveand Shortwave 5.4.3 FM Radio 5.4.4 Satellite Radio, XM and Podcasting 5.4.5 Radioin India 5.4.6 Radio as a Medium of Communication 5.5 Cinema 5.5.1 EarlyDaysofCinema Introduction INTRODUCTION This book, Fundarnantuls of'Jom"nalism and Mass Communication, offers a NOTES comprehensive vie'*r'ofthe basics ofJoumalism Starting from the definitiorq scope and functions ofioumalisnt, the book goes about explaining the origins and history ofpress inlndia. rnodels ofcommunication and the late st trends in mass rnedia. Unit I hcfs you to undcrstand thc dcfinition, naturc and scopc ofjoumalisrn. It will also expbrc thc scopc ot-press in a democracy. thc principlcs and fbnrrs of joumalism. Unit 2 focusses on thc origins and evolution ofprcss in India. You will then learn the delelopmcnl ofprcss and about tlte rnajor mass mcdia in TamilNadu. Unit 3 teaches you about thc definition. natLlre and scope of mass communication. Youu'ill also learn about the process, functions anduses ofmass communication. Unit 4 throws light on the basic rnodels and theorics of communication. Unit 5 exposes you to the media for mass comnunication including the latest rncdia like thc Intemct. cottlputers and rnobiles. In lhis hrok. cach unit is supplenrcnled with Sututran" KcyTcrrns. Answers to 'Check \bur Progress'. Qucstions and Excrciscs attd Furlher lteading sections to aid thc siudcnt in prcparation. Se lf- I n struc lbna I Malerial Journalism: Nature, Scope UNIT 1 JOURNALISM: NATURE, and Functions SCOPE AND FUNCTIONS NOTES Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 What is Journalism? 1.2.1 Origin and Nature ofJournalism 1.2.2 Functions of Journalism 1.2.3 Scope of Journalism 1.3 Press and Democracy 1.3.1 Evolution of Democracy 1.3.2 Evolution of Press 1.3.3 Press as the Fourth Estate 1.3.4 Freedom of Press 1.3.5 Critics ofthe Role ofMedia in Democratic Societies 1.4 Principles of Journalism 1.4.1 Canons of Journalism 1.4.2 Ethical Standards ofJournalism 1.4.3 Press Councils and Ethics ofJournalism 1.5 Kinds of Journalism 1.5.1 Mainstream Joumalism 1.5.2 Area Specific Journalism 1.5.3 MagazineJournalism 1.5.4 Tabloid Journalism 1,5.5 InvestigativeJournalism 1.5.6 Advocacy Journalism 1.6 Current Trends 1.6.1 Convergent Journalism 1.6.2 Supplement Journalism 1.6.3 OnlineJoumalism 1.7 Summary 1.8 Key Terms 1.9 Answers to 'Check Your Progress' 1.10 Questions and Exercises l.l I Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION In this unit, you will leam the definition ofjoumaliffrl its nature, scope and firnctions.