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Bertsolaritza El Bertsolarismo Bertsolaritza Euskal Kultura Saila

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Bertsolaritza El Bertsolarismo Bertsolaritza Euskal Kultura Saila Euskal Herria Euskal Vasco País Basque Country Euskal Kultura Saila Kultura Euskal 9 Joxerra Garzia Euskal Kultura Saila Bertsolaritza Colección Cultura Vasca / Basque Culture Series El bertsolarismo Bertsolaritza Bertsolaritza El bertsolarismo El bertsolarismo Bertsolaritza Bertsolaritza KULTURA SAILA DEPARTAMENTO DE CULTURA Joxerra Garzia Bertsolaritza El bertsolarismo Bertsolaritza Euskarazko bat-bateko bertsogintzaren gaur egungo egoera, tradizioa eta etorkizuna Realidad, tradición y futuro de la improvisación oral vasca The Reality, Tradition and Future of Basque Oral Improvisation EUSKAL HERRIA PAÍS VASCO BASQUE COUNTRY Euskal Kultura Saila Colección Cultura Vasca / Basque Culture Series 1 Euskararen historia laburra / Breve historia de la lengua vasca / A Brief History of the Basque Language 2 XX. mendeko euskal literatura / Literatura vasca del siglo XX / Basque Literature in the Twentieth Century 3 Euskal musika klasikoa / Música clásica vasca / Basque Classical Music 4 Euskal kantagintza: pop, rock, folk / La canción vasca: pop, rock, folk / Basque Songwriting: Pop, Rock, Folk 5 Estanpa bilduma / Colección de estampas / A Collection of Prints 6 Euskal zinema / Cine vasco / Basque Cinema 7 Arkitektura eta diseinua / Arquitectura y diseño / Architecture and Design 8 Euskal dantza / La danza vasca / Basque Dance 9 Bertsolaritza / El bertsolarismo / Bertsolaritza 10 Tradizioak / Tradiciones / Traditions 11 Euskal sukaldaritzaz / Sobre cocina vasca / On Basque Cuisine 12 Euskal antzerkia / Teatro vasco / Basque Theater Euskal Kultura Sailaren editorea Editora de la Colección Cultura Vasca Basque Culture Series Editor: Mari Jose Olaziregi © Testua / Texto / Text: Joxerra Garzia © Euskarazko itzulpena: Jose Antonio Sarasola © Translation into English: Cameron Watson © Diseinua / Diseño / Design: Tiktak multimedia © Azala / Portada / Front Cover Argazki Press Inprimatzailea / Imprime / Printed by: Gráficas Dosbi L.G. / D.L. / L.D.: VI-580/2012 ISBN: 978-84-614-9763-8 Etxepare Euskal Institutua Instituto Vasco Etxepare / Etxepare Basque Institute Prim 7, 1 E- 20006 Donostia-San Sebastián [email protected] www.etxepareinstitutua.net Euskara, jalgi hadi mundura Euskara, muéstrate al mundo Euskara, go forth into the world 1545. urtean, Bernart Etxeparek bere En 1545, se publicó el primer libro In 1545 the first book in Euskara, Linguae Vasconum Primitiae, euska- en euskara Linguae Vasconum Pri­ Linguae Vasconum Primitiae, was razko lehenengo liburua, argitaratu mitiae de Bernart Etxepare, quien published by Bernart Etxepare, who zuenean, desira bat adierazi zuen: formuló un deseo: “Euskara, jalgi expressed one wish: Euskara, jalgi “Euskara, jalgi hadi mundura”. hadi mundura” (Euskara, muéstrate hadi mundura Euskara, go forth into Etxepare Euskal Institutuak gure al mundo). the world. lehenengo idazlearen omenez har- El Instituto Vasco Etxepare toma su The Etxepare Basque Institute takes tu du izena, eta, haren desira gure nombre de este primer autor vasco, its name from this first Basque izatearen ardatz bilakaturik, euskara y convierte, además, su deseo en author and, moreover, converts his eta euskal kultura mundura atera- nuestro lema. Siendo el objetivo y la wish in our motto. The Institute’s tzea eta zabaltzea du helburutzat. misión del Instituto la de promocio- objective and mission is to promo- Batetik, gure eginkizuna euskararen nar y difundir la lengua y la cultura te and diffuse the Basque language ezaguera sustatzea da eta haren vasca por todo el mundo. and culture throughout the world. ikasketa bultzatzea esparru akade- Por un lado, es nuestra tarea fomen- On the one hand, our task is to pro- mikoan; eta bestetik, gure sortzai- tar el conocimiento sobre nuestra mote knowledge about our langua- leak eta haien adierazpen artistikoak lengua, y su aprendizaje en el ámbi- ge, and its study in the academic nazioartean ezagutarazten ahale- to académico. Y por otro, queremos sphere. And on the other, we want gintzen gara: gure artista plastikoak, dar a conocer internacionalmente las to introduce the creative expres- musikariak, dantzariak, idazleak, manifestaciones artísticas de nues- sions of our artists: visual artists, zine-zuzendariak, an tzez leak... tros creadores: artistas plásticos, musicians, dancers, writers, film di- Gure hizkuntza eta kultura munduan músicos, bailarines, escritores, direc- rectors, actors, and so on. barrena zabal tzeko ahalegin horre- tores de cine, actores, etc. One of the first tasks in the inter- tan, liburu-sorta bat sortzea izan da Una de las primeras tareas en la nationalisation of our language and gure lehenengo lanetako bat, horren internacionalización de nuestra len- culture has been to create this co- bidez informazioa emateko euskara- gua y cultura ha sido crear esta co- llection with the aim of informing ri buruz eta gure kultura osatzen eta lección con el objetivo de informar people about our language, Euskara, aberasten duten alor artistiko eta sobre nuestro idioma, el euskara, y and about the artistic and cultural kultural guztiei buruz. sobre todas las disciplinas artísticas disciplines that make up the wealth y culturales que conforman la rique- of our culture. za de nuestra cultura. Aizpea Goenaga Etxepare Euskal Institutuko zuzendaria Directora del Instituto Vasco Etxepare Director of the Etxepare Basque Institute Aurkibidea Índice Index Hitzaurrea Introducción Introduction 6 Gaur egungo bertsolaritzaren gorakada La pujanza del bertsolarismo actual The Strength of Contemporary Bertsolaritza 10 Bertsolaritza-artearen agerpenak Manifestaciones del arte del bertsolarismo Demonstrations of the Art of Bertsolaritza 20 Bertsolari ofizioa El oficio de bertsolari The Bertsolari Profession 32 Bertsolaritzaren historia laburra Breve historia del bertsolarismo A Brief History of Bertsolaritza 42 Bertsolaritza Informazioaren Gizartean El bertsolarismo en la Sociedad de la Información Bertsolaritza in the Information Society 106 Bibliografia/ Bibliografía / Bibliography 110 Argazkiak / Fotografías / Photographs 111 Joxerra Garzia 112 Joxerra Garzia Hitzaurrea Introducción Introduction Jose Manuel Lujanbio “Txirrita” Sarrerako gorabehera batzuk Liburu honen helburu nagusia bertsolaritza zertan datzan ulertu ahal izateko argibideak eskaintzea da. Lehenengo eta behin, bertsolaritzak gaur egun bizi duen egoera bere konplexutasun guztian azaltzen saiatuko gara. Behin fenomeno honen egoera aur- keztu ondoren, bertsolaritzaren historia aztertuko dugu hasi, bere hastapen ilunetatik eta gaur egu- nera arte, ahozko tradizio honen bizitza luze eta arrakastatsuko protagonista nagusietako batzuen bitartez. Kontuan hartuta, zorionez, gaur egun oso erraz lor daitekeela bertsolaritzari buruzko nahi den infor- mazio guztia, egokiago iritzi diogu, liburu honetan informazio hori pilatzen jardun gabe, berorren in- terpretazio zuzenerako giltzak eskaintzeari. Obra honetan zehar kasu jakin bakoitzaren gaineko infor- mazio gehigarria aurkitzeko erreferentziak ematen dira. Aurrera jarraitu aurretik, bertsolari, bertso eta bertsola ritza kontzeptuak argitzea eta zehaztea ko- meni da. 7 Bertsolaritza filmeko fotograma bat / Un fotograma de la película Bertsolaritza / A Still from the Film Bertsolaritza Algunos aspectos preliminares Some Preliminary Aspects El principal objetivo de este libro es ofrecer las claves The principal goal of this book is to present the necesarias para la comprensión cabal del bertsola- necessary means for fully understanding bertso­ rismo. laritza. En primer lugar, trataremos de dar cumplida cuen- Initially, I will attempt a detailed description of the ta de la realidad actual del bertsolarismo en toda su current reality of bertsolaritza in all its complexity. complejidad. Una vez expuesta la realidad actual del Once the current reality of the phenomenon has fenómeno, recorreremos la historia del bertsolaris- been addressed, I will trace the history of bertsolari­ mo desde sus oscuros orígenes hasta la actualidad, a tza from its obscure origins to the present, by means través de algunos de los principales protagonistas de of its main protagonists in the long and successful la larga y exitosa historia de esta tradición oral. history of this oral tradition. Como quiera que, por fortuna, la información sobre Given that luckily information on bertsolaritza is el bertsolarismo es hoy abundante y de fácil acceso, today plentiful and easily accessible, I have tried to hemos procurado huir de la mera acumulación de avoid merely accumulating facts, in the firm belief datos, en la firme creencia de que la mejor aporta- that the best contribution this work can make is to ción que puede hacer esta obra es ofrecer las claves offer the necessary means for interpreting informa- necesarias para interpretar la información sobre el tion aboutbertsolaritza . I have added clear referenc- bertsolarismo. A lo largo de la obra se indican las re- es throughout the work where in each case one can ferencias en las que puede encontrarse más informa- access further information. ción en cada caso. Before continuing, it is worth clarifying and explain- Antes de seguir adelante, conviene aclarar y precisar ing precisely the concepts of bertsolari, bertso and los conceptos de bertsolari bertso y bertsolarismo. bertsolaritza. 8 Nor da bertsolari? Gaur egun, bertsolaritzat hartzen Gaur egun, bertsolaritzat hartzen da en- da entzuleria baten aurrean bertsoak bat-batean as- matzeko gaitasuna daukana, eta ez beste inor. Beraz, tzuleria baten aurrean bertsoak bat-batean bertso paperak idazten dituenari, edo aurretiaz
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