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Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga, Nguyen Nghia Thin 28(1): 59-62 T¹p chÝ Sinh häc 3-2006 Nghiªn cøu mèi quan hÖ ph¸t sinh chñng lo¹i gi÷a c¸c chi trong ph©n hä Euphorbioideae thuéc hä thÇu dÇu- Euphorbiaceae ë ViÖt Nam NguyÔn ThÞ Thanh Nga, NguyÔn NghÜa Th×n Tr−êng ®¹i häc Khoa häc tù nhiªn , §HQGHN Hä ThÇu dÇu-Euphorbiaceae lµ mét trong nhau, do ®ã chóng t«i ® chän lùa c¸c dÊu hiÖu nh÷ng hä lín vµ ®a d¹ng nhÊt, ®ång thêi lµ hä liªn quan ®Õn qu¸ tr×nh ph©n ly tiÕn hãa, c¨n cø cã nhiÒu c©y cã ý nghÜa kinh tÕ trong hÖ thùc vËt vµo c¸c dÊu hiÖu tiÕn hãa ® ®−îc Webster ViÖt Nam. V× thÕ, ®Ó khai th¸c hiÖu qu¶ nguån (1994) vµ NguyÔn NghÜa Th×n (1995) ®−a ra. tµi nguyªn nµy, chóng ta cÇn ph¶i biÕt râ thµnh Trªn c¬ së ®ã, lËp b¶ng ®Æc ®iÓm vµ m hãa phÇn loµi vµ vÞ trÝ trong hÖ thèng ph¸t sinh thµnh b¶ng ma trËn theo hÖ nhÞ ph©n (b¶ng 1). chñng lo¹i. Do ®ã, viÖc t×m ra mèi quan hÖ Tõ b¶ng ma trËn trªn, ®−îc ®−a vµo xö lý huyÕt thèng gi÷a c¸c ®¬n vÞ ph©n lo¹i lµ v« cïng b»ng phÇn mÒm NTSYS 2.02 ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh mèi quan träng. Cho nªn, chóng t«i tiÕn hµnh nghiªn t−¬ng quan gi÷a c¸c ®èi t−îng nghiªn cøu. HÖ cøu mèi quan hÖ ph¸t sinh chñng lo¹i trong sè Jaccard ®−îc sö dông trong tÝnh to¸n. Sau ®ã, ph©n hä Euphorbioideae thuéc hä ThÇu dÇu ë c¸c mÉu nghiªn cøu tiÕp tôc ®−îc xö lý trong n−íc ta ®Ó phôc vô cho qu¸ tr×nh nghiªn cøu sau NTSYS ®Ó cho ra kÕt qu¶ d−íi d¹ng mét c©y nµy, còng nh− c¸c lîi Ých thùc tiÔn kh¸c. ph¸t sinh chñng lo¹i. I. Ph−¬ng ph¸p nghiªn cøu II. KÕt qu¶ nghiªn cøu §èi t−îng ®−îc nghiªn cøu lµ c¸c t«ng vµ 1. Lùa chän c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm c¸c chi thuéc ph©n hä Euphorbioideae trong hä C¨n cø vµo c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm liªn quan tíi qu¸ ThÇu dÇu Euphorbiaceae ë ViÖt Nam. Dùa vµo tr×nh tiÕn hãa ®−îc ®−a ra bëi hai t¸c gi¶ viÖc lùa chän c¸c dÊu hiÖu tiÕn hãa vÒ h×nh th¸i, Webster (1994) [5] vµ NguyÔn NghÜa Th×n m hãa c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm vµ sö dông phÇn mÒm (1995) [1], chóng t«i ® lùa chän ®−îc 31 ®Æc NTSYS ®Ó x©y dùng c©y ph¸t sinh chñng lo¹i. ®iÓm vµ m hãa thµnh mét ma trËn nhÞ ph©n nh− V× kh«ng thÓ ®¸nh ®ång c¸c dÊu hiÖu ngang ë b¶ng 1: B¶ng 1 C¸c ®Æc ®iÓm lùa chän vµ m· hãa Chi STT §Æc ®iÓm 1 2 3 4 5 6 C©y th¶o(1) 1 D¹ng sèng 0 0 0 0 1 1 Kh«ng ph¶i c©y th¶o (0) Cïng gèc (0) 2 TÝnh c©y 0 0 1 0 0 0 Kh¸c gèc (1) Cã (1) 3 TuyÕn l¸ 0 1 0 1 1 1 Kh«ng (0) Cã (1) 4 L«ng 0 0 0 1 1 1 Kh«ng (0) §¬n (0) 5 L¸ 0 0 0 0 0 0 KÐp (1) 59 6 Cã tuyÕn (1) Cuèng l¸ 1 1 0 1 1 1 Kh«ng tuyÕn (0) Nguyªn (1) 7 MÐp l¸ 0 0 0 1 1 1 Chia thuú, cã r¨ng (0) Cã (1) 8 1 1 1 1 0 1 Kh«ng (0) L¸ kÌm Tån t¹i (1) 9 1 1 1 1 0 0 Rông sím (0) L«ng chim (1) 10 G©n l¸ 1 0 1 1 0 1 L«ng chim hoÆc 3 g©n ë gèc (0) Ngän vµ n¸ch l¸ (1) 11 1 0 1 0 0 1 Ngän hoÆc n¸ch l¸ (0) Chïm ®¬n tÝnh (1) 12 Côm hoa 0 0 0 1 0 0 Chïm l−ìng tÝnh (0) Cã tæng bao chung (1) 13 0 0 0 0 1 1 Kh«ng tæng bao chung (0) Sím rông (0) 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tån t¹i (1) L¸ b¾c Cã tuyÕn (1) 15 0 1 0 0 1 1 Kh«ng tuyÕn (0) Cã cuèng (1) 16 Hoa ®ùc 0 0 0 1 0 1 Kh«ng cuèng (0) Cã (1) 17 1 1 1 1 0 0 Kh«ng (0) §µi Rêi (1) 18 1 0 1 0 0 0 DÝnh (0) Ýt (0) 19 Sè nhÞ 0 0 0 1 0 0 NhiÒu (1) DÝnh (0) 20 ChØ nhÞ 1 1 0 0 0 0 Tù do (1) Cã (1) 21 §Üa mËt 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kh«ng (0) Cã cuèng (1) 22 Hoa c¸i 0 0 1 1 1 1 Kh«ng cuèng (0) Cã (1) 23 1 1 1 1 1 0 Kh«ng (0) §µi Tù do (1) 24 1 0 1 0 0 0 DÝnh (0) Hîp (0) 25 Nhuþ 0 0 0 0 1 0 Rêi (1) 26 BÇu Ýt h¬n 3 « (1) 1 1 1 0 1 1 NhiÒu h¬n 3 « (0) Chia thuú (1) 27 Nóm nhôy 0 1 1 1 1 1 Kh«ng thuú (0) Cã (1) 28 §Üa mËt 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kh«ng (0) Nang (0) 29 Qu¶ 0 0 0 0 0 0 H¹ch (1) 60 Cã (1) 30 Qu¶ më 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kh«ng (0) Cã (1) 31 L−íi h¹t 0 0 0 1 0 0 Kh«ng (0) Ghi chó : 1. Sebastiania ; 2. Sapium ; 3. Excoecaria ; 4. Hura ; 5. Euphorbia ; 6. Pedilanthus. 2. Ph©n tÝch mèi t−¬ng quan gi÷a c¸c chi chóng t«i x¸c ®Þnh th«ng qua hÖ sè t−¬ng ®ång Jaccard. HÖ sè nµy cµng lín vµ cµng gÇn 1 th× Tõ b¶ng 1, víi c«ng cô NTSYS-Simqual, chóng cµng gÇn nhau vÒ mÆt di truyÒn häc vµ mèi t−¬ng quan gi÷a c¸c chi ® ®−îc ng−îc l¹i. B¶ng 2 B¶ng hÖ sè t−¬ng ®ång Sebastiania Sapium Excoecaria Hura Euphorbia Pedilanthus Sebastiania 1,00 Sapium 0,53 1,00 Excoecaria 0,75 0,44 1,00 Hura 0,45 0,50 0,45 1,00 Euphorbia 0,26 0,42 0,32 0,36 1,00 Pedilanthus 0,36 0,40 0,36 0,41 0,63 1,00 Tõ b¶ng 2, ta thÊy hÖ sè t−¬ng ®ång cao bao phÊn ®Ýnh gèc vµ më däc; h¹t phÊn h×nh bÇu nhÊt lµ gi÷a hai chi Sebastiania vµ Excoecaria dôc víi 3 rnh ora vµ bÒ mÆt t« ®iÓm d¹ng l−íi. (0,75), tiÕp theo lµ c¸c cÆp chi Euphorbia vµ Nh¸nh nhá thø hai gåm hai chi Hura vµ Pedilanthus (0,63), S apium vµ Hura (0,5) vµ Sapium víi hÖ sè t−¬ng ®ång 0,5. Chóng lµ thÊp nhÊt lµ Sebastiania vµ Euphorbia (0,26). nhãm cã ®é t−¬ng ®ång thÊp h¬n c¶. Nhãm nµy 3. X©y dùng c©y ph¸t sinh chñng lo¹i gièng nhau vÒ cÊu tróc cña bao hoa vµ sè l−îng thÓ nhiÔm s¾c. Tuy nhiªn, chóng cã nhiÒu ®iÓm Tõ b¶ng 2, tiÕp tôc sö dông NTSYS ®Ó xö lý kh¸c nhau nh−: Hura cã côm hoa ®¬n tÝnh, sè vµ cuèi cïng s¬ ®å vÒ mèi quan hÖ ph¸t sinh nhÞ nhiÒu (20-80), bÇu nhiÒu « vµ Sapium cã chñng lo¹i gi÷a c¸c chi trong ph©n hä côm hoa l−ìng tÝnh, sè nhÞ Ýt (3), bÇu Ýt «. Euphorbiodeae ë ViÖt Nam ® ®−îc chóng t«i x©y dùng. §iÓm sai kh¸c víi s¬ ®å cña NguyÔn NghÜa Th×n (1999) xÕp Sapium cïng víi Excoecaria vµ Theo s¬ ®å h×nh c©y, chóng t«i nhËn thÊy hÖ Sebastiania trong t«ng Hippomaneae vµ Hura sè t−¬ng quan ë møc 0,36 th× c¸c chi chia thµnh xÕp trong t«ng Hureae, cßn ë ®©y Sapium gÇn hai nh¸nh chÝnh: víi Hura h¬n so víi Sebastiania vµ Excoecaria . - Nh¸nh thø nhÊt gåm 4 chi Excoecaria , Sebastiania , Sapium vµ Hura côm l¹i ë møc 0,47 - Nh¸nh thø hai gåm hai chi Euphorbia vµ vµ nh¸nh nµy l¹i chia thµnh hai nh¸nh nhá h¬n: Pedilanthus cã hÖ sè t−¬ng ®ång 0,63. Hai chi nµy t−¬ng tù nhau ë nhiÒu dÊu hiÖu nh−: th©n Nh¸nh nhá thø nhÊt gåm hai chi Excoecaria , th¶o mäng n−íc; côm hoa d¹ng chÐn gåm mét Sebastiania cã hÖ sè t−¬ng ®ång cao nhÊt 0,75. hoa c¸i ë gi÷a ®−îc bao quanh bëi 4-5 bã hoa KÕt qu¶ nµy lµ phï hîp víi quan ®iÓm cña ®ùc tr«ng nh− mét hoa l−ìng tÝnh. TÊt c¶ ®−îc NguyÔn NghÜa Th×n (1999) [3] vµ xÕp vµo t«ng bao bëi mét vßng l¸ hoa.
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