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Growing Blackberries for Pleasure and Profit

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Growing Blackberries for Pleasure and Profit Growing Blackberries for Pleasure and Profit Blackberries and dewberries are native to Louisiana, than Brazos. It’s best suited to south Louisiana. It ripens and many commercial varieties are well adapted to with Brazos (mid-May). growing conditions of the state. They can be profitable Rosborough is a high-yielding 1977 Texas A&M commercial fruit crops. Blackberries also can be grown release. The fruit is firmer with smaller seeds than in the home garden with few or no pesticides. Brazos. Canes are quite vigorous and thorny. It is adapt- Blackberries have their greatest commercial poten- ed to the entire state. Rosborough is very susceptible to tial as small plantings designed specifically for the “pick rosette disease. your own” (PYO), roadside or farmers’ markets. With a Womack produces medium-size fruit and high decrease in the availability of harvest labor, fresh black- yields. It is a 1977 Texas A&M release that is adapted to berries have become scarce in local markets. To satisfy the entire state. Its fruit has smaller seeds and is sweeter this demand for fresh blackberries, the PYO concept was than Brazos. Womack and Rosborough have consistently developed. The most successful operations use erect had high yields at blackberry trials in Baton Rouge. blackberry varieties that produce good quality fruit that ripen over an extended period. The development of Shawnee is a consistent high yielder with medium- erect thornless varieties by the University of Arkansas large fruit. This University of Arkansas 1983 release that also have good resistance to rosette disease has also ripens about one week later than Cheyenne. A peak in increased interest in growing blackberries commercially. production during the harvest season is not apparent. Shawnee produces heavily for several consecutive weeks, making it an excellent PYO variety. The soft berries do not store or ship well. Shawnee is highly susceptible to Types of Blackberries double blossom disease. Basically, there are two types of blackberries – the Choctaw is a 1989 release from the University of erect type and the trailing type. The distinction between Arkansas that has erect canes and medium-size fruit. It the two is their growth habit. Erect blackberries have is a very early variety with small seeds. The fruit is soft arched self-supporting canes. Trailing blackberries have with handling and storage qualities similar to Shawnee. canes that are not self-supporting and must be tied or Choctaw has a chill hour requirement of 300-400 hours trellised. and is susceptible to late freezes. It is susceptible to The erect blackberry is recommended where the rosette disease. Choctaw is recommended for trial for grower wishes to avoid trellising. Trailing blackberries are early blackberries. recommended only for home use. Kiowa is a 1996 release from the University of Arkansas with erect canes and very large fruit. The fruit is the largest of the Arkansas varieties; storage and Recommended Varieties handling qualities are good. Kiowa blooms just after Choctaw and Shawnee, although its chill hour require- Erect Types: Thorny Varieties ments are probably near 200 hours. It is susceptible to Brazos is an erect blackberry released by the Texas rosette disease. Kiowa is recommended for commercial Agricultural Experiment Station in 1959. It is early and and home use throughout Louisiana. has very large, fair quality fruit that is maintained over the Chickasaw is a 1998 release from the University entire fruiting season. The fruit is slightly sour and rather of Arkansas with erect canes and a fruit ripening rate seedy. It is productive and well adapted to fresh market comparable to Shawnee. Storage and handling are better outlets. In Louisiana, it is very susceptible to rosette than Shawnee. Plants are high yielding. Chickasaw is sus- (double blossom disease) but resistant to anthracnose. ceptible to Rosette. It is recommended on a trial basis The fruit is not extremely firm but holds its shape well for commercial and home production. when processed. Brazos has generally been replaced by the University of Arkansas varieties that are named after Indian tribes. Erect Types: Thornless Varieties Cheyenne is a 1977 University of Arkansas release Arapaho is the earliest ripening erect thornless suitable for commercial or home use and especially variety. Fruit is medium size. Yields are about 60 percent adapted for PYO plantings. Its fruit is sweet, large and of those of Shawnee. Fruit begins ripening a few days has a slight raspberry flavor. It ripens mid-season and is ahead of Shawnee. Arapaho is a 1993 release from the adapted to the entire state. University of Arkansas that appears to be resistant to Brison is a large, erect, high-yielding blackberry. A orange rust and rosette diseases. Arapaho has chilling 1977 Texas A&M release, its fruit is firmer and sweeter requirements of 400-500 hours; therefore, it should do 1 well in most areas of Louisiana except possibly some canes in Oregon; however, yields on primocanes have coastal areas. Arapaho is recommended for commercial been very low in South Arkansas. The problem appears and home use. to be that temperatures above 85 degrees tend to Navaho is an erect blackberry with thornless canes. severely reduce fruit set, size and quality on primocanes. It has medium-size fruit with high sugar content and Fruit on floricanes of these varieties have been similar excellent flavor. It has firm berries with perhaps the best to fruit yield on floricanes of Apache and Ouachita. post-harvest shelf life. Yields are 60 percent to 75 per- Prime-Jim and Prime-Jane are thorny erect blackberries. cent of those of Shawnee. Navaho is tolerant of rosette They are not recommended for Louisiana. They should but susceptible to orange rust. It is a 1989 release from be grown only on very limited trial basis. It’s hoped that the University of Arkansas. Navaho has an extended additional primocane varieties will be developed that are ripening season, beginning one week after Shawnee better adapted to Louisiana conditions. and continuing two weeks later than the last Shawnee harvest. Navaho has a chill hour requirement of 800-900 hours and is recommended for commercial and home Raspberries use in North Louisiana. Raspberries are not well adapted to Louisiana Apache is a 1999 erect thornless blackberry release conditions. Afternoon or partial shade may aid produc- from the University of Arkansas. It has the largest fruit tion. Dorman Red is the only raspberry that has and highest yield of the Arkansas thornless blackberries. consistently produced fruit in Louisiana. It has trailing Fruit ripening is approximately five days after Navaho. canes and can be managed similar to dewberries. It has Plants appear to be resistant to rosette disease and medium-size, attractive fruit with average to poor flavor. orange rust. White druplets or sunburn have sometimes been noted as a problem. Apache is believed to have chill hour requirements similar to Navaho. Apache is recommended for trial in North Louisiana. Location and Site Consider nearby markets and available labor when Ouachita is a 2003 erect thornless blackberry establishing commercial blackberry plantings. When release from the University of Arkansas. The fruit is berries are to be grown primarily for the processor, large and has good fruit storage and handling qualities. plantings should be located near a processing plant. Fruit ripens with Kiowa and extends for about five weeks. Research trials indicate that yields are compa- Berries can be grown in almost any soil type if good rable to Apache. Ouachita is resistant to rosette disease. drainage is provided. Blackberry plants are harmed Ouachita chill hour requirements are probably similar to by water standing around their roots, even in winter. Arapaho, possibly 300-500 hours. Ouachita is recom- Accessibility to water for irrigation is an important mended for trial in Louisiana. factor to consider when choosing a planting site, since blackberries require large amounts of water during the growing and ripening season. Trailing Types (Dewberries) Soils where tomatoes, peanuts, sweet potatoes, roses or any of the cucurbits (watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin, Boysenberry is a large, tart, soft, reddish, highly etc.) have been grown recently should be examined flavored berry. Widely grown in the South, it is late for soil borne diseases and nematodes before planting maturing. Thornless selections of this variety are blackberries. available. Youngberry is a very large, mid-season, wine- colored, sweet berry of Louisiana origin. Plants are vigorous. It is susceptible to rosette disease. Preparing the Soil, Planting and Spacing A well-prepared plant bed is essential for blackber- Primocane Fruiting Blackberries ries just as it is for any other crop. Deep plowing and Primocane fruiting is a third type of blackberry the turning under of one or two cover crops before that has recently been developed by the University of planting improve the physical condition of the soil by Arkansas. The primocane blackberry produces fruit on adding organic matter and a small amount of nitrogen. the current season growing cane. This differs from stan- All annual and perennial weeds should be killed in the dard blackberries that produce fruit on 2-year-old canes. planting row before planting. This can be done with her- bicides or repeated cultivation in dry soils. The middles A standard blackberry produces new canes, called between the rows can be kept clean or covered with primocanes, from the ground in late spring and summer. mowed vegetation to prevent erosion and to make the These canes do not produce fruit. The primocanes will middles firmer during rainy periods. produce flowers and fruit the following spring and are then called floricanes. The floricanes die after produc- Home gardeners can plant blackberries in hedge ing fruit and are replaced by new primocanes that will fashion on rows spaced 6 feet apart.
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