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THE PERIODICAL L ,/--\ r- r H J p c OF RECENT PUBLICATION ·( _____ )\_) (_ . 1 _) MARITri.m HISTORY ---~ -------. ---- - - ·-- ------·----:------- VOLUHlJl FOUR, NUHB:Bm __SEVEN _____ '?_L_ - --··---- - ----~ - --- - ----ti!JJ;fE 19~5~9 __ SAILIHG BECOlmS TO SAN FRANCISCO than for April. Closely related to the histor,r .of the Projected against this background the early intercoastal trade is the topic of individual record runs to San Franci~co -· ~,iling vessel time between East end \vest teke- on new significance. The :following . j oast s. Traditionally the westbound voy- table gives :first the average time (as · com sge, since it was the greater revenue pro-PUted· a:fter Cutler), then the name 'of-the ·d.ucer and since it involved the beat to ship making the :fastest kn'own arrival for nindward around Cape Horn, has received the month, the year, the number df days in more emphasis, and the time from Boston or the record, and :finally the difference in Hew York to San Francisco was the yard- days between the record: for the month and stick by which American sailing vessel the average: performances wer-e compared. Jan 131 FLY!NG FISH (1853) 92 39 We have shown elsewhere (American Nep- Feb 123 SWORDFISH · (1852) 91 - 32 tune, 1943, p.56) that average times for Mar 122 .WDREW JACKSON(l860) 90 32 this voyage were 136 days in 1880 and 147 Apr 120 FLYING CLOUD (1854) 89 31. in 1900. 1fe showed also (ibid., 1948, n. May 126 SWEEPSTAKES (1856) ' 95 31 151) that both the size and the I!lodel of a June 127 FLYING CLOUD and vessel had a good deal to do with her RED ROVER (1855) 106 21 speed on this voyage, the larger vessels July 127 SEA WITCH (1850) 97 30 having a definite adv~ntage. The figures Aug 129 FLYING CLOUD (1851) 90 39 for arrivals at San Francisco :from the Sap 131 H'URJ.1!CANE (1854) 99 32 East during the '50's support this concl~ Oct 131 CELESTIAL (1852) 105 26 sion quite well, as the following table Nov 134 SOVEREIGN OF shows: .~v- erage Av. Average Av. TT-'E SW1...AS · (1852) 103 31 Year Tonnage DS\V'B Year Tonnage DS\V'S Dec 135 FLYING FISH (1855) 105 30 1852 760 151 . 1856 1214 130 Some interesting things emerge from a. 1853 750 155 1857 1210 137 study of these figures. Record-setting b~ -· 1854 940 143 1858 1089 136 gan in 1850, and· all but one of the month: ~ 1855 1133 129 1859 1114 140 records had been set by 1856. In ali but Clark and Lubbock have listed the best four ctts·es, the be·st figure for a !'lonth is passages to California during this decade 30, 31, or 32 days better than the average. and later, and additional data can be Thus the November and Decei!lber Al-rivafs of found in Cutler and Howe & Matthews. It the FLYING FISH and SOVEREIGN OF THE SEAS is a striking fact, and _proof of the sup- in 105 and 103 days are just as good per erior qu.Al.i ties of the .clippers and the formances as the 89 and 90..day reco-rds ·o:r men who ran them, that 18 out of the 21 the FLnNG CLOUD and AIIDREW JACKSON in March passages made in lese than 100 days ~ere and April. completed in the 1850's • . (This circum- · In two cases :(June and October) there- stance has also been conveniently over- cords are appreciably closer to the averages looked by those who today dismiss as im- but in the other two cases they are 39 days possible the 400-mile dey's runs .recorded better than the averages. Therefore the by the clippers of the 1850's on the 92-day run by ·~YING FISH in JanUary s.nd grounds th~t later sailing vessels never -the 90-day re·c·ord by FtnNG CLOUD in Au.gust reached such speeds.) are each a solid l'ITeek better than any of ~qually striking, and hitherto over- the o~her ~- s· (In-terestingly, _FLTINI} looked, is tho fact thttt 13 of the-se 21 CLOUD s ar~~val date_'!'as 31 August, an'l 1::' :r.u.ns ...,-ere oade by ships arriving in the --·· ----------------- -· - ·- ------ ·1_u.arter including the month o:f Harch ; CON~EUTS : _ . :_whic.h Rlone accounted for 9 of the two- J THE }~fl'ERCOASTAL T~ IN, THE 1:860' s. _. 74 ,xtgure passages-). A' tabulation·· by months; LAS ~ iTOYAGERS IN· ~AIL _, by JIM MrtLS_.••• 77 of the 1850-:-1860 voyages listed by Cutle~ THE NEi7 NA'TY FL.A.G·_.+" •.. ·: ';'. .- .... :. ·.".: .. ·• ~ 78 ·in the appendix to "Greyhounds o:f the Seat SAILI NG SHIP 1'"EWS •. ~ - · - ~. ·.' ~ :.' ...· : . ·..• ." ..' ."78 shows that the average time for December : BOOK REVIEWS •••... :~ .. ;'. .. .... '.... ·...•• 79 arrivals was more thAn two weeks' longer :· SAILING SHIPS LAUNCHED ' ~ N .'l\H3ll U."K. 1 75.81 . , LOG CHIPS ~ -s pu~ lished by _ :rir.J~~ Lym~-- ~t ·7oo'i . Gatew~ Blvd.~ Washington '28, D. C. • . • ~ • i . • . fi , ; . .\ LOG CHIPS 74 HAY 1959 she had taken a. dRy longer and arrived on THE INTERCOASTAL TRADE 1860-1869 1 September in 91 dl'1ys her time would have been A. full 40 · d.ays better than the Sep- The decade of the sixties, as fRr as tember average. the intercoastal trade was concerned, "as This maiden voyage of FLYING CLOUD an ~aminated b~ two gree.t events: the Civil untried ship on an unfamiliar route, . has dar from 1861 to 1865 and the building of b een ovArshadow13 d by her later April arri-the transc?ntinental railroad, which was VA.l and by a great cloud of small-town completed ln 1869 •. Con:inuing the table chauvinism and quibbfing over "evidence" on p.50, the follow1ng f1gures show the i<.nsigned to magn.ify the Harch arrival of effect of these influences on vessel arri AHDRi!N JACKSON (on her fifth voyage) ~ut vals a; San Francisco from the :!i:ast: 0f all proportion to its significance. Year l'.o. Total Total Average Av. ;r owever, when the influence of season on tonna.ge freight $ tons fr t. the intercoastal passage ie properly eval- i860 115 131,143 2,512,243 1140 $19 uA,ted, two great sailing ship performan- 1861 104 119,573 2,513,763 1150 21 . cas stand out. One is that- of Captain 1862 100 116,808 2,332,385 1170 20 Cressy in FLYING CLOUD, who in five trips 1863 103 H4,337 2,851,896 1110 25 to San Francisco, arriving in five diffe~ 1 864 114 118,685 3,759,890 1040 32 ent months, established the all-time re- 1B65 83 8~,795 3,324,381 1080 37 cord for three of the months, the b~st 1866 83 89,795 2,555,973 1080 28. 50 time for any month, and one of the two re-- 1867 -126 142,749 2,791,526 1130 19.50 cords for shorter-than-average runs. The 1868 125 135,856 ~,309,617 1085 24.40 other is that of Captain Nickels in the 1869 146 160,918 3,942,722 1100 24.50 FLYING FISH, holding the other record These figures tell a number of interest- shorter-tl-19.11-average run, two monthly re- ing stories. One is that the average size cords, and an average in seven consecutive of the ships used in the trade had remained arrivals of 25 days below average time forvirtually constant since 1855. It is pes the month. All seven arrivals were in sible to follow this observation much far December, . JanuA-ry, or February: had they ther and sho•v that ~Y of the ships used been better distributed, FLYING FISH con- in the trade up to 1869 had been built be- ceivably could have captured as many fore 1857. For, contrary to the po:oular l'lonthly records as FLYING CLOUD. ., · opinion that the cli:opers soon wore out, Captain 1/illiams in the .AATDRE;v JACKSON the facts show that a great ma.ny of them, on the other hand, set only one monthly 'having ea.rned a good name among· ship:oers, record a.nd on his first five voyages ave- remained active in the intercoastal trade raged only 18 days better than monthly until after the opening of the 'transconti- averages, compared to Cressy's 26 in nental railroad. Host famous of these were FLYI~G . .CLOUD. DAVID CROCJ:ETT and YOIDJG AHERICA, but many \/e mentioned on p. 49 a few of the earlyothers could be cited. fast runs to California. If the figures The influence on American ·shipning of on p.l82 of Adele Ogden's II California Sea the ALAEAHA and other Conf.ederate raiders Otter Trade 11 are reliable, the . 369-:to_n i~ cleEl,rly shown by the figural! for num- Boston hid.e-trao.er CALIFORNIA set the ber of sailil_lgs compared to freight rates. first record for this run. She is listedA sharp increase in freight rates for 1864 as leaving Boston under Captain James P. was followed by e.nother increase in 1865 Arther on 4 Dec.l844 and arriving at Hon- despite a decreased number of sailings. terey 1.6 March 1845, which would give a By this year, hundreds of American souare- time of 102 days. This fast time seems riggers had been transferred to foreign almost incredible, but as Har.ch is the flags, either by outright' sale or as "flags arrival month in which most fast passages of convenience~ 11 in either case they were to California were mad.e, an element tlf no longer eligible to engage in the inter- pr,obabili ty remains, and it appears worth-coastal trade.