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Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean J Environ Agric. 2017;36(4):249-255. English Online ISSN: 2233-4173 Published online 2017 December 6. https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2017.36.4.39 Print ISSN: 1225-3537 Research Article Open Access Quali-Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoids for Mulberry Leaf and Fruit of‘Suhyang’ Wan-Taek Ju1,O-ChulKwon1,Min-KiLee2,Hyun-BokKim1, Gyoo-Byung Sung1 and Yong-Soon Kim1* 1Department of Agricultural Biology, Sericulture & Apiculture Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Korea 2Department of Agro-food Resources, Functional Food and Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Korea Received: 6 November 2017 / Revised: 7 November 2017 / Accepted: 28 November 2017 ORCID Copyrightⓒ 2017 The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture Wan-Taek Ju This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-470X Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted Yong-Soon Kim non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-9278 properly cited. Abstract analyzed from Suhyang using UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS chromatogram. To the best of our knowledge, Quercetin BACKGROUND: Globally, mulberry (Morus sp.) is 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl) glucoside and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside exploited for feeding leaf to silkworms in order to obtain (rutin) was detected on the highest content in leaf and fruit, silk fiber or for animal feedstock production. Also, respectively and further research will be devoted to evaluate mulberry fruit is known to a by-product that was produced their biological activity. from mulberry tree after harvesting leaves for silkworm CONCLUSION: Obtaining information about the concentration rearing, as a yield and consumption of mulberry fruit was of functional materials in mulberry leaves could contribute increased, it has been fixing to a new income crop. Mulberry to the development and promotion of processed, functional leaves and fruits are used for the health benefits of human products and offer possible industrial use of ‘Suhyang’, beings. Mulberry contains various bioactive components, holding promises to enhance the overall profitability of such as alkaloids and flavonoids. Mulberry flavonoids are sericulture. an important part of the diet because of their effects on human nutrition. The flavonoids in mulberry leaf and fruit Key words: Flavonoids, Morus alba L., Mulberry leaves, of ‘Suhyang’(Morus alba L.) were determined. UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS METHODS AND RESULTS: Flavonoids for mulberry leaf and fruit of ‘Suhyang’ were analysed using ultrahigh Introduction performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass Mulberry (Morus sp.) an deciduous tree belonging spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS) technique. An UPLC- to the family of Moraceae, is a genus of 10– 16 species DAD-QTOF/MS system was used, and identification of of deciduous trees native to warm, temperate, and mulberry leaves constituents was carried out on the basis of subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, North America, the complementary information obtained from LC spectra, and southern Europe (Agarwal & Kanwar, 2007). MS ions, and MS/MS fragments. The mulberry leaf (16 Mulberry leaves contain many nutritional components flavonoids) and fruit (9 flavonoids) were isolated and that are the best feed for silkworms. It is exploited for feeding leaf to silkworms in order to obtain silk fiber *Corresponding author: Yong-Soon Kim or for animal feedstock production. Especially, Phone: +82-63-238-2845; Fax: +82-63-238-3832; mulberry fruit is known to a by-product that was E-mail: [email protected] produced from mulberry tree after harvesting leaves 249 250 Ju et al. for silkworm rearing, as a yield and consumption of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, mulberry fruit was increased, it has been fixing to a pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside new income crop. by HPLC/PDA/ESI-MS analysis. More recently, Mulberry has been used in East Asia (Korea, China, Thabti et al., (2014) reported that the highest total and Japan) as an herbal medicine due to their various flavonoid contents among leaves of three mulberry pharmacological effects, such as anti-hyperglycemic species were detected in M. rubra. (Singab et al., 2005), anti-allergic (Chai et al., 2005), In Korea, flavonoids about a various of mulberry and immuno-modulatory (Bharani et al., 2010). Mulberry leaves and fruits has not been previously studied and leaves and fruits possess hypoglycemic, hypotensive, its composition is unknown. Also, the utilization of diuretic, bacteriostatic and antivirotic properties. It has different Morus species was attempted and inter- been demonstrated that mulberry leaves exert an specific hybridization was conducted to incorporate antihyperglycemic effect by reducing blood glucose in the desirable characters for crop improvement. Sung streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (Kim et al., 1999), et al., (2014) reported that ‘Suhyang’ (Morus alba L.) and mulberry fruit contains not only high amounts of was high yielding cultivar by 12% and higher in anthocyanins, but non-anthocyanin phenolics including sugar content of mulberry fruit compared to control rutin and quercetin known to have multi-bioactive cultivar ‘Chungil’. In this study, it has evaluated the functions including neroprotective effects (Kim et al., HPLC flavonoid profiles of mulberry leaf and fruit of 1996). Also, mulberry have recognized as a source due ‘Suhyang’(Morus alba L) using a quali-quantitative to their biologically active compounds, such as comparative study in order to draw attention to the flavonoids (anthocyanin, rutin, quercetin, and isoquercitrin), nutrient profiles of Suhyang mulberry leaf and fruit steroids, amino acids, polysaccharides, γ-aminobutyric and promoting the further development of the Korean acid (GABA), vitamins, and 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) (Kim mulberry resources. et al., 2003; Choi and Hwang, 2005; Wang et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2016). Materials and Methods Flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic compounds found in fruits, vegetables, and herbs Plant material and reagents (Enkhmaa et al., 2005), and it has distributed into six Mulberry leaf and fruit of ‘Suhyang’(Morus alba L) subclasses including flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, were collected from the Sericulture and Apiculture flavan-3-ols, flavones, and anthocyanins (Haminiuk et Division for Department of Agricultural Biology, al., 2012). They are important for humans not only RDA, Jeon-Ju, Republic of Korea. All mulberry leaf because they contribute to plant color but also because samples were cleaned, dried in lyophilizer. All dried they show many biological and pharmacological activities, samples were pulverized and stored below -18℃ including antioxidative, antiinflammatory, and antiviral prior to analysis. HPLC-grade solvents (acetonitrile, effects (Ross and Kasum, 2002). Plants of the genus methanol, and water) were obtained from Fisher Morus are known to be rich in flavonoids, including Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Formic acid was quercetin 3-(O-malonylglucoside), rutin, isoquercitin purchased from Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). (Katsube et al., 2006), cyanidin 3 rutinoside, and cyanidin Galangin (Sigma Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) 3-glucoside (Chen et al., 2006). Zhishen et al., (1999) was used as internal standard solution (ISTD). reported that the flavonoid contents for mulberry leaves of 19 varieties of species in two different seasons Preparation of samples for instrument analysis (spring and autumn) varied from 9.84 to 26.6 mg/g Sample extraction conducted according to the (dry weight). They also found that two of least four method described by Kim et al., (2012) with minimum flavonoids are rutin and quercetin by high performance modifications. The powdered fruits (1gm) was mixed liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of mulberry with 10 ml of acidified hydro alcoholic solvent leaves. Pawlowska et al. (2008) have analysis for (methanol: water: formic acid (50:45:5,v/v/v) containing HPLC profile of flavonoid for M. nigra and M. alba 100ppm of galangin as internal standard.). The fruits, and this compounds have identified by NMR mixture was first vortex, stirred with shaker for 5 min and ESI-MS. They also founded that in the red at 200rpm and then centrifuged for 15 min at 3,000 pigment of M. nigra fruits revealed the presence of rpm and 10℃ . The supernatant was filtered using Quali-Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoids for ‘Suhyang’ 251 syringe filter (0.45μ m, PTFE, Whatman, Kent, England). quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) [peak 8], quercetin 0.5 ml of filtrate was diluted with water to 5 ml of 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) [peak 10], quercetin 3-O- final volume. The flavonoid extract then purified and (6''-O-malonyl)glucoside [peak 11], kaempferol 3-O- isolated by solid phase extraction method using rutinoside (nicotiflorin) [peak 12], kaempferol 3-O- sep-pak C-18 (Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA). Sep-pak glucoside (astragalin) [peak 14], quercetin 3-O-(2''-O- activation was done by washing the cartridge with 2 malonyl)glucoside (morkotin C) [peak 15], kaempferol ml of methanol, followed by 2 ml of water for 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl)glucoside [peak 16] (Table 1). Especially, conditioning. Then the diluted extract was loaded on Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside (morkotin A) the sep-pak and impurities were removed by washing and quercetin 3-O-(2''-O-malonyl) glucoside (morkotin with 2 ml of water. Finally total flavonoids mixture C) were identified as new compounds and further was eluted from sep-pak by using 3 ml of methanol. research will be devoted to evaluate their biological The purified extract was concentrated using N2 gas, and activity. The majority of kaempferol and quercetin in then re-dissolved with 0.5 ml of the extract solvents mulberry leaves naturally exist as glycosides (Thabti without internal standard prior to instrument analysis. et al., 2012).
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