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Prices Subject to , 7077 a A A I Fourth . I b 0 I I . S . (NASA-TM-X-70772) PROCEEDINGS OF THE N75-11249 FOURTH PRECISE TIME AND TIME INTERVAL THRU N75-11274 PLANNING MEETING (NASA) 381 p HC $10.25 CSCL 14B Unclas G3/35 02431 PRICES SUBJECT TO , 7077 Reproduced by TECHNICAL INFORMATIONNATIONAL SERVICE Us Depare nt ommerce I of Springfi d. VA. 22151 1 (1 00 X-814-73-72 X-814-73-72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH PRECISE TIME AND TIME INTERVAL PLANNING MEETING Held at Goddard Space Flight Center November 14-16, 1972 Compiled by H. N. Acrivos Clark Wardrip Second Printing Sponsored by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) U. S. Naval Observatory (USNO) U. S. Naval Electronic Systems Command (USNESC) Prepared by GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 FOREWORD This volume contains the papers and panel discussions presented at the fourth Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting. The meeting was sponsored jointly by NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, the U. S. Naval Observatory, and the U. S. Naval Electronic Systems Command. The meeting was held at Goddard Space Flight Center on November 14-16, 1972. The objectives of the PTTI Planning Meetings are to: * Disseminate and coordinate information at the user level associated with PTTI * Review present and future PTTI requirements * Inform Government engineers, technicians, and managers of precise time and frequency technology and its problems * Provide an opportunity for an active exchange of new technology associated with PTTI The proceedings are arranged into three sessions, namely: I. Satellite Timing Techniques, Precision Frequency Sources, and VLBI applications. II. Frequency Stabilities and Communications III. VLF-UHF, Propagation and Use A panel discussion on the papers and related subject matter was conducted by the session chairman after each session. The panels were composed of experts in the field covered by the particular session. More than 300 people participated in the conference, either as attendees or registrants. Attendees came from the U. S. Government, from private industry, and from several foreign embassies. Twenty-eight papers were invited for presentation, covering areas of navigation, communications, satellite tracking, interferometry techniques, radio wave propagation, and frequency and time generation and synchronization.* It is the hope of this year's PTTI officers that the close communication and cooperation that has been established between the various Government agencies will be maintained, perpetuated, and expanded to cover other PTTI-related fields in future meetings. "Use of Precise Time and Frequency Standards in the Very Long Baseline Interferometer Investigation of Celestial Radio Sources," by K. H. Johnston and S. H. Knowles of the Naval Research Laboratory, was presented but is omitted from these Proceedings. Preceding page blank It is with great pleasure that we acknowledge the support and contribution of the officers, session chairmen, panelists, speakers, and authors, and the many others who contributed to the success of this year's PTTI meeting. Copies of the proceedings may be obtained from either the Goddard Space Flight Center or the U. S. Naval Observatory by sending a request to either: S. Clark Wardrip Harold N. Acrivos Head, Timing Systems Section Precise Time Operations Officer Code 814.2 Time Service Division Goddard Space Flight Center U. S. Naval Observatory Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 Washington, D. C. 20390 iv CONTENTS Foreword.................................................... i Opening Address Laverne R. Stelter ............................ ...... ............. Introduction John C Bajus .................................................... 3 SESSION I: SATELLITE TIMING TECHNIQUES, PRECISION FREQUENCY SOURCES, AND VLBI APPLICATIONS Timation III Satellite Charles A. Bartholomew ........................................... 7 British American Satellite Time Transfer Experiment Roger Easton ................................................... 14 Performance of the New Efratom Optically Pumped Rubidium Frequency Standards and Their Possible Application in Space Relativity Experiments CarrollO. Alley, Ralph Williams, Gurbax Singh, and John Mullendore ....... 29 Second Generation Timing System for Ranging Experiment Apollo Lunar Laser Douglas G. Currie, Charles Staggerda, John Rayner, and Albert Buennagel ..... 41 Precision Frequency Sources Arthur O. McCoubrey and Robert H. Kern ............................. 46 NASA Hydrogen Maser Accuracy and Stability in Relation to World Standards Harry E. Peters and Donald B. Percival ............................... 55 Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Earth Physics PeterF. MacDoran ............................................... 62 Precision Timing and Very Long Baseline Interferometry Thomas A . Clark ................................................. 74 Tracking the Lunar Rover Vehicle with Very Long Baseline Interferometry Techniques Daniel Shnidman....................... ......................... 90 V CONTENTS (continued) An Analysis and Demonstration of Clock Synchronization by VLBI William J. Hurd ................................................. 100 Time and Frequency Requirement for the Earth and Ocean Physics Applications Program FriedrichO. von Bun ....... ..................................... 123 Panel Discussion Andrew R. Chi ......................... ... ..................... 132 SESSION II: FREQUENCY STABILITIES AND COMMUNICATIONS Transit Improvement Program Timing Experiments Lauren J. Ruege ................................................. 151 Intermediate Term Frequency Measurements With the HP Computing Counter in the USNO Clock Time System GernotM.R. Winkler ............................................. 152 Operational Stability of Rubidium and Cesium Frequency Standards JohnE. Lavery ................................................. 168 Hawaii PTTI Test Bed JamesA.MurrayJr .............................................. 182 Time and Frequency for Digital Telecommunications Harold C. Folts .................................................. 194 Precision Time Distribution Within a Deep Space Communications Complex Jay B. Curtright ................................................. 203 Utilization of FSK Communications for Time Robert R. Stone Jr., Thomas H. Gattis, and Theodore N. Lieberman ......................................... 213 Timing Requirements for the Sanquine Elf Communications System. Bodo Kruger ................................................... 225 Calibrated VLF Phase Measurements: Simultaneous Remote and Local Measurements of 10.2 kHz Carrier Phase Using Cesium Standards Eric R. Swanson, Richard H. Gimber, and James E. Britt ................. 232 vi CONTENTS (continued) The Uses and Limitations of HF Standard Broadcasts for Time and Frequency Comparison John T Stanley ................................................... .. 249 The Global Rescue Alarm Net (GRAN) Experiment ., James C. M orakis ................................................. 259 Panel Discussion William J. Klepczynski ......................................... 267 SESSION III: VLF-UHF, PROPAGATION AND USE Delay Time Measurements of the Propagation of Radio Waves in the Atmosphere FrederickRohde ................................................. 285 Use of Propagation Corrections for VLF Timing Eric R. Swanson ................................... ............. 310 Interpretation of VLF Phase Data FriedrichReder, James Crouchley, and James Hargrave ........... ................... ..... .............. 324 Omega Timing Receiver, Design and System Test John J. Wilson, James E. Britt, and Andrew R. Chi ....................... 345 Panel Discussion GernotM.R. Winkler ...................... ...................... 362 Appendix A - List of Attendees..................................... A-1 vii CONFERENCE OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES General Chairman Clark Wardrip, GSFC Technical Program Committee Chairman HaroldN. Acrivos, USNO Executive Committee Harold N. Acrivos, USNO Lcdr. Frank R. Johnson, Jr., USNO Theodore N Lieberman, NAVELECSYSCOM Robert R. Stone, Jr., NRL Clark Wardrip, GSFC Arrangements Exhibits: HaroldN. Acrivos, USNO Paul Kushmeider, GSFC Wilfred Mazur, GSFC James A. Murray, Jr., NRL John Wilson, NELC Technical Assistance Robert A. Howatt, GSFC Donald Kaufmann, GSFC James C Perry Jr., GSFC Finance Committee Chairman Theodore N Lieberman, NAVELECSYSCOM Banquet Speaker Dr. John A. O'Keefe, GSFC Proceedings' Editors Dr. R. Glenn Hall, USNO Dr. William J. Klepczynski, USNO Dr.Jayaram Ramasastry, GSFC Call to Session Clark Wardrip, GSFC Opening Address Laverne R. Stelter, GSFC viii Introduction Capt. John C. Bajus, NAVELECSYSCOM Session I Chairman AndrewR. Chi, GSFC Session II Chairman Dr. William Klepczynski, USNO Session III Chairman Dr. Gernot M. R. Winkler, USNO Panel Discussions Session I Discussion Coordinator: Andrew R. Chi, GSFC Panel Members: Dr. CarrollO. Alley, Maryland University Dr. William J. Hurd, JPL Dr. Stephen H. Knowles, Maryland University Dr. Arthur 0. McCoubrey, Frequency and Time Systems, Inc. Peter F MacDoran, JPL Dr. Jayaram Ramasastry, GSFC Session II Discussion Coordinator: Dr. William J. Klepczynski, USNO Panel Members: Lauren J. Rueger, APL Dr. Gernot M. R. Winkler, USNO Dr. John E. Lavery, GSFC James A. Murray, Jr., NRL Harold C. Folts, NCS Jay B. Curtright,JPL Robert R. Stone, Jr., NRL Cdr. William K Hartell, NESC Eric R. Swanson, NELC Dr. James C. Morakis, GSFC John T Stanley, NBS Session III Discussion Coordinator: Dr. Gernot M. R. Winkler, USNO Panel Members: Dr. Frederick
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