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FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 Gözde Demirel FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Doctoral Thesis Supervised by Professor Enric Olivé Serret Department of History and History of Art Tarragona 2014 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 Departament d’Historia i Historia de l’Art Avda. Catalunya, 35 Campus Catalunya 43002, Tarragona Telf. 977 559 713 Enric Olivé Serret catedrático del Departamento de Historia e Historia del Arte de la Universidad Rovira i Virgili y Director de la Catedra UNESCO para el Diálogo Intercultural Mediterráneo, HACE CONSTAR que la presente tesis doctoral, titulada “Foreign policy of Turkey and Spain versus Middle East, after 2002. Transition to democracy and new international agents” presentada por Gözde Demirel para la obtención del título de Doctor, ha sido realizada bajo mi dirección en el Departamento de Historia e Historia del Arte de esta Universidad y que cumple con los requisitos para poder optar a la Mención International. Dr. Enric Olivé Serret III UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 I dedicated this thesis to my parent. Thank you for life long support and love. V UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 RESUME Turkey and Spain experienced drastic changes after Second World War. Turkey started the occidentalization process, with the reforms made by Atatürk but today the country still has continued struggle somewhere between full democracy and authoritarianism. On the other hand Spain stands as a solid example of democratic consolidation. The focus of the thesis is to analyze the effects of democratic transition and consolidation to foreign policy decision making process. The idea is to properly examine similar and different cases in both states and see the results in decision making. In particular, the main focus is Middle East policy of Turkish Republic between 2002 and 2013. The perspective of research is mainly based on the relations of Turkey with Middle East countries, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Israel and also Cyprus. Alternately, purpose of the dissertation is to comprehend the fundamental characteristic of Turkey‘s foreign policy under AKP rule and in what way and wherefore Turkish foreign policy changed. Additionally, the importance of Alliance of Civilizations and Barcelona Process clarified in the framework of democracy and peace promoters in Middle East region. Key worlds: Turkey, Spain, foreign policy, Middle East, democracy, revolutions, Islamism, Alliance of Civilizations and Barcelona Process. VI UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 CONTENTS Notes on Spelling 7 Acknowledgements 9 Abbreviations 13 17 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.Evolution of Thesis 19 2.The Research Problem and Hypothesis 21 3.Scope and Objective 24 4.Literature Overview 26 5.Organization of the Dissertation 27 6.Introducción General 28 7.Introduction Générale 32 37 CHAPTER 2. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND FOREIGN POLICY: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND SPAIN 1.Introduction 39 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 2.Defining Democracy, Explaining the Transition to Democracy and 40 Democratic Consolidation 2.1.What is Democracy? 40 2.2.Transition to Democracy 43 2.3.Democratic Consolidation 44 3.Democracy and Foreign Policy 46 4.Overview of Transition: the Case of Spain and Turkey 48 5.Characteristics, Similarities and General Evolution of Decision Making 51 Process and Control of Foreign Policy: the Case of Turkey and Spain. 5.1.The Case of Spain: Main Principles of Spain’s Foreign Policy 51 5.1.1.The Limits of Foreign Policy in Authoritarian Rule: Franco 52 Dictatorship 5.1.1.1.1939-1959 Survival of Franco Regime and 54 Temptations of Fascism 5.1.1.2.1959-1975, Years of Consensus 61 5.1.2.Normalization and Universalization of Spain’s Foreign 63 Policy 5.1.2.1.Transition to Democracy and Spanish Foreign 64 Policy (1975-1986) 5.1.2.2.Spain in a Changing World: The Quest for 68 International Influence (1986-2002) 5.2.The Case of Turkey: Main Principles of Turkey‘s Foreign Policy 70 5.2.1.Determinants of Traditional Turkish Foreign Policy 70 5.2.2.Turkey’s Foreign Policy under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 71 Rules 5.2.2.1.Independence War 72 5.2.2.2.Lausanne Conference 77 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND NEW INTERNATIONAL AGENTS Gozde Demirel Dipòsit Legal: T 957-2014 5.2.2.3.Early Republican Years 82 5.3.2.Second World War and Turkey 84 5.3.3.Turkey, the Cold War and Transition to Democracy 87 5.3.4.Post-Cold War Era 90 6.Conclusion 93 CHAPTER 3. AKP and “NEW” CONCEPTS IN TURKISH 95 FOREIGN POLICY 1.Introduction 97 2.Historical Roots of AKP 98 2.1.Politicization of Islam in Modern Turkey 98 2.2.Political Islam and National Outlook Movement 109 3.Muslim Secularists: Ideological Transformation of AKP from Political 118 Islam to Conservative Democracy 3.1.The Rise of AKP: A “Moderate Party” 118 3.2.Ideology and Identity of AKP 122 4.The Conceptualization of “New” and Emerging Concepts in Turkish 128 Foreign Policy 4.1.The Change in Turkey’s Foreign Policy 128 4.1.1.Davutoğlu Doctrine and Basic Principles of Turkish 132 Foreign Policy After 2002 4.1.1.1.Strategic Depth Doctrine 134 5.Principles of Turkey’s New Foreign Policy 136 5.1.Balance Between Security and Democracy 138 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY AND SPAIN VERSUS MIDDLE EAST, AFTER 2002.
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  • Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES

    Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES

    3 Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES CULTURAL INTERACTION In the 20th century, the collapse • Seljuks •Malik Shah Turkish people converted to of the Turkish empire left ethnic •vizier Islam and founded new empires and religious hostilities that still that would renew Muslim affect the world. civilization. SETTING THE STAGE To the east of Constantinople and south of Russia, the mighty Muslim empire of the Abbasids had ruled since the eighth century. (See Chapter 10.) By the mid-tenth century, however, their control of the region would end as a powerful group known as the Turks emerged. TAKING NOTES The Rise of the Turks Clarifying Use a chart to show important As powerful as the Abbasids were, they constantly struggled to maintain control events and features of of their empire. Spain broke away in 756, six years after the Abbasids came to the various occupations power. After setting up their capital in Baghdad, the of Baghdad. Abbasids lost their grip on other parts of the empire as Black Sea well: Morocco in 788 and Tunisia in 800. In 809, they lost Constantinople Occupiers Events Aegean Sea some regions of Persia. Then, in 868, the Abbasids lost ANATOLIA Abbasids control of Egypt. Persians Finally, in 945, Persian armies moved into Baghdad and Mediterranean Sea Seljuks put an end to the power of the caliph, an Islamic religious Mongols or political leader. Even though the caliph continued as the religious leader of Islam, he gave up all political power to the new Persian ruler. It wasn’t long, however, before the Persians themselves fell to a powerful group in the region.