UNIDAD EDUCATIVA PARTICULAR JAVIER BACHILLERATO GENERAL UNIFICADO

“ORIGIN OF THE MEDELLIN CARTEL AND CURRENT INFLUENCES”

BY: Sebastian Andrade

ADVISOR: Ms. Mario Cadena

3rd BGU - Section: B

2017 – 2018

GRATITUDE

First I want to thank God that I feel that he has guided me throughout my life and has helped me in the most difficult moments, I also want to thank my parents who are undoubtedly the most important thing in my life and have always supported me in all decisions that I have made.

People who have also made an impact on me, are my teachers, I thank them for giving me their knowledge and teachings that have served me throughout my life, thanks to their guidance I was able to achieve several goals, including the realization of my monograph.

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SUMMARY

The Medellin Cartel was a group led by Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria and made up of several internationally recognized drug traffickers. This group was well known by society as the top seller of drugs of that time, especially cocaine. His maximum leader, in this case Pablo Escobar, tried for a while to get involved in politics and pretended to be a good person with the people, for example, he gave money to the poor, he built many houses for a whole town and offered an illegal work to adolescents, but they accepted it even though they had to kill people because it was the only way to support their families.

Colombia lived a hell under the command of Pablo Escobar, because by the simple fact that they did not obey him, he sent assassins to kill thousands of innocent people, he also carried out several bomb attacks in many cities, he was looking for the government to obey him, that the country was surrendered at his feet and that the police are frightened and didn’t capture him.

This entire event ended in 1993, when Pablo Escobar was killed by the police, from that moment Colombia returned to have peace.

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INDEX

GRATITUDE ...... i SUMMARY ...... ii INDEX ...... iii INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Chapter I ...... 2 1.1 How did the Medellin cartel originated? ...... 2 1.2 Who was the one who started the organization of this cartel? ...... 2 1.3 Who integrated it? ...... 4 1.4 What did they do? ...... 5 1.5 The top leader ...... 6 Chapter II ...... 8 2.1 Negative consequences ...... 8 2.1.1 Society aspects that were affected...... 8 2.2 Positive consequences ...... 9 2.2.1 Benefits for society ...... 9 2.3 Changes produced for the Colombian people ...... 9 2.4 Relation with politics ...... 11 2.4.1 Was it directly related to politics? ...... 11 Chapter III ...... 14 3.1 Survey application in Unidad Educativa Javier ...... 14 3.2 Survey results ...... 16 CONCLUSIONS ...... 28 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 29 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES ...... 30

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INTRODUCTION

This issue in my opinion has a great impact on society, which is why this research is of great importance since it reveals details and very accurate data to what the world lived about three decades ago. The society of today is very influenced with respect to what happened at that time, because many people take it as a good thing and as an example to follow, that is why it is important to make known that the reality is different and that the only thing that cause this issue, which is drug trafficking, are major problems worldwide.

With this I do not seek eradicate drug trafficking, but to change people's thinking, and show them that this "business" does not cause any kind of positive consequences on.

This study is very important because when revealing the facts of why drug trafficking does not do anything good, people will take another attitude about what happens and we will begin to notice a change.

Several research methods have been carried out, such as the interview or the survey that help us see what people think about the influence of drug trafficking in today's society.

This is a very big problem because it affects us and changes the way people think and believe that drug trafficking is something positive and generates good things for the world, but they do not realize the reality, that it only generates violence, losses of relatives and many dead people, and all this in exchange for dirty money obtained from the purchase and sale of drugs.

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Chapter I

Origin

1.1 How did the Medellin cartel originated?

The Medellin cartel started in 1976, when groups of Peru began to associate with small groups of drug trafficking in Colombia, Peru had the raw and Colombia the processing.

This type of business was perfect for Pablo Escobar, who, with his cunning, revolutionized the world of drug trafficking. He met many people, and only those that provided help or who were of real confidence could belong to the cartel. And that was how little by little the Medellin cartel was founded.

1.2 Who was the one who started the organization of this cartel?

Carlos Enrique Lehder Rivas was a Colombian prisoner and former drug dealer, co- founder of the Medellin cartel. His father was German and his mother was Colombian,

Lehder Rivas has German nationality.

Carlos Lehder was also a founding member of Death Abductors, a paramilitary group whose objective was to retaliate against the kidnappings of cartel members and their families. He was one of the most important operators of the same, and was considered 2

one of the most important Colombian drug traffickers.

Lehder started out as a stolen car dealer, a marijuana dealer and a dealer of stolen cars from the United States and Canada. While he was serving a sentence for theft of automobiles at the federal prison in Danbury, Connecticut, Lehder decided to take advantage of the growing market for cocaine in the United States after his release.

Therefore he hired, the former distributor of marijuana George Jung, as a future partner.

Jung had experience smuggling marijuana to the United States from Mexico in small aircraft, staying below radar level and landing on dry Lake beds. Inspired by the idea,

Lehder decided to transport cocaine and formed a partnership with Jung. While he was in prison, he devoted himself learning as much as possible information that could be useful in the cocaine business. Lehder sometimes even spent hours asking other prisoners about money laundering and smuggling. George Jung would have said that Lehder kept countless records and constantly taking notes.

“They were not always working for an organization and also found cases of mules free-lance who ventured into the business, to then find a way to sell the cocaine in the

United States.” (Rovner, 2011, p.105-126)

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Lehder began the transfer of large amounts of cocaine with small private planes, which flew low and were not detected by radars.

1.3 Who integrated it?

At the head of the Medellin cartel was Pablo Escobar together with Gonzalo

Rodriguez, but who really took the initiative to create this group was Carlos Lehder, just that he was naive and had no control that Pablo had and therefore failed to be the leader of the group role. This cartel was also formed by the Ochoa brothers, Fabio, Juan David and

Jorge Luis. Also, part of this cartel was Roberto Escobar, Pablo’s brother, who wasn’t very close to him in the business of drug trafficking, but then began to lose their fear and to become more involved in this business. And we finally found Gustavo Gaviria, Pablo’s cousin, who became his right hand because he helped him from the very beginning to grow in the world of drug trafficking and handled everything especially sales.

Little by little this cartel was basically formed with young and poor people who were excited to win some money, until it reached more than 2500 members and each had a nickname.

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1.4 What did they do?

This organization began distributing cocaine all over Colombia and over time it works became well known, which was to expand by many countries of South America,

Central America and mainly in the United States.

As the organization already possessed much money, they acquire large laboratories that were hidden in the jungles where it could work comfortably without any risk to be discovered. These laboratories processed about 500 kg of cocaine daily, and all were transported to the outside in small planes that were exclusively for drug trafficking, or in cases of risk were used to evacuate laboratories and not be captured.

The Medellin cartel's not only transported cocaine abroad on planes, but they sent it by sea in small canoes, bribing, and offering large amount of money to all workers of the port, and in case that someone said something to the police, they gave the order to kill him immediately, because of that working for the Medellin cartel, you had to be the most loyal and reliable person or they killed you without any remorse.

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1.5 The top leader

The leader of this organization clearly was Pablo Escobar, who, in times of his youth was a person who was always looking for how to get money, because he was very ambitious man who sought the happiness of his family and didn’t care where the money came.

Pablo Escobar was considered a very friendly person and he liked to help others contributing with what he had, but as I said he was very ambitious, and began his career selling cigarettes throughout his city. Shortly afterwards was already in the world of selling drugs, knew that there could earn large amounts of money. He began selling marijuana, and throughout his career I get to know the mayor, who was already in the cocaine trafficking business and offered a job to him and his cousin as bodyguards.

Eventually, when the Mayor began to rely more on them, he offered to work with him and obviously, they wouldn't think twice, since they knew that working with someone as experienced as the Mayor, who had already advised them enough and had given them the wash to succeed in this business and to know everything about the cocaine.

Time after Pablo Escobar, he acquired enough knowledge of the business, he decided to go by himself and then Paul began his career as a drug dealer along with his cousin.

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When Pablo Escobar became drug Lord, it caused many problems for his family and mainly for their children, since innocent already had many enemies. Marroquin (2016) says:

From my side, there's not much to tell: my father was a man who

may have had a chance of progressing, but he decided to continue in illegal

business and on account of this we dragged in a whirlwind of violence which

at that time did not allow us train academically and much less build an

economic future. (p.33)

Another big problem that Pablo Escobar had was that their children did not have a proper childhood since they lived surrounded by bad people in an atmosphere of many deaths. Pablo threatened his friends with killing their families.

Marroquín (2016) says:

The last specific reference I had of it was in mid-1994. Six months

after the death of my father, when my mother, my sister and I returned to the

estate Naples accompanied by two prosecutors and a police secret agent. We

had traveled to the Magdalena Medio to deliver several estates to a drug

trafficker in the region, one of the several conditions we imposed the

enemies of my dad to respect life. (p.46)

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Chapter II

Causes and consequences of drug trafficking

2.1 Negative consequences

2.1.1 Society aspects that are affected

For Colombians nowadays, the drug has probably become the phenomenon of greatest impact on the national life of the last half century.

For some, the successful run of the economy during the last twenty years, has been due to the resources generated by the sale of drugs. For others, the violence, which has affected Colombia, is attributable primarily to the impact of large groups of criminals generated by drug trafficking.

The destruction of the judicial system, habitual impunity, and increasing corruption are usually attributed to the role of drug dealers. Money and resources, in turn, have allowed many in the opinion that the drug influences the habits of consumption, the daily culture of the population, the management of the media, political campaigns, parties, and in general about the distribution of power.

Not only foreign journalists or rhetorical US government officials

characterize Colombia as a narco-democracy: our own countrymen see with

daily repetition the news that shows how Congress, mayors of remote

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localities, justice or bureaucratic officials are permanently influenced by

narcos. (Santana, 2004)

2.2 Positive consequences

2.2.1 Benefits for society

Several studies have been done in this sense, and although there are wide divergences between various authors, in general the image that arises from the work of economists is that of traffic of a magnitude much lower than that which appears in the news of the newspapers and in the declarations of the politician.

Evidently, at certain times of currency shortages, coca revenues could

help maintain favorable conditions for foreign trade, imports of consumer

goods, debt management, and so on. Likewise, the demand for certain

products - luxury villas, amusements, expensive vehicles - generates

economic dynamism and employment. (Labate, 2015)

2.3 Changes produced for the Colombian people

It is needed to point out, as a starting point, that Colombia is a society that has faced accelerated changes in all aspects of its economic, social and political life. Drug trafficking

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has emerged in a society in which economic structures, population distribution patterns, urban structures, the structure and function of the state, social and ethical values, customs and beliefs were rapidly changing.

These changes have been accompanied by high levels of violence and disorder, develop all kind of conflicts that give the impression that periodically launch the country into situations where there seems to be no way out. But at the same time, there are reasons to believe that behind this apparent crisis lies a relatively solid and stable system, capable of adapting to the most varied situations, and in which crisis, violence and agitation seem to be always accompanied by economic development, social change and political advance.

Intransigence and polarization are accompanied by the frequent use

of dialogue and confrontation. The destroyed cities are reborn from their

ashes: Medellin, after the death of Pablo Escobar, a state in which its

inhabitants did not want to live in it, the most violent city in the world, with

the deepest crisis, in the image of a paradise under construction. (Cepeda,

2011)

Liberals and conservatives, after promoting clashes that led to the death of 100,000 or 150,000 people, between 1947 and 1957, signed a pact to distribute public power for 16 years. Guerrilla groups, such as the M'19 or the PLA, faced death with landlords and

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paramilitaries, had no difficulty in agreeing not only with government agents, but with the same victims of their actions.

2.4 Relation with politics

2.4.1 Was it directly related to politics?

The minimum definition of democracy sets the bar in the conduct of free, competitive and periodic elections. Funding is an essential part of electoral processes.

However, through money turned to politics, there are distortions and inequities.

This is especially true in countries such as Colombia, where guerrilla organizations and paramilitaries play a key political role, particularly at the local and regional levels. The article analyzes the influence of illegal powers in Colombian politics and ensures that, in order to consolidate democracy, it is necessary to solve the problem of drug trafficking, but also to advance the social rights of the population.

In Colombia there is a mixed system of financing of politics: the

State supports the functioning of legally recognized political parties and

electoral campaigns. But Colombian law also accepts the financing of

individuals, regulating the percentage in which they can legally contribute.

For each campaign, the National Electoral Council defines the ceilings.

(Forero, 2009)

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But it is precisely through funding that major changes are introduced in the functioning of political competition, distorting democracy, not only as a result of illegal economic resources but also of those who, although of a legal nature, still seek compensation later.

As an economic activity, drug trafficking involves agricultural work, generally carried out by small farmers in areas of recent colonization and with the presence of guerrilla organizations that, in one way or another, are becoming involved in regulating the activity, through the collection of 'taxes' under the 'grammage' modality.

This is the origin of the Colombian "narcoguerrilla". This is the basis of a chain that also includes processing, based on chemical precursors and technology originated in the great chemical industry of the countries of developed capitalism, the traffic or process of commercialization and the chains of retail distribution, with the consumers of the central countries as a priority.

This economic activity is generating an impressive process of

capital accumulation (especially in the retail agents and distributors)

that needs to be invested. But it also generates new social sectors that

push for social and political expression and create certain plots of

social legitimacy for this new activity and its most expressive

sectors. It is in this way that these new social sectors seek a political 12

insertion - the "narcopolíticos" emerge -, which produces clashes

with the traditionally dominant sectors and some subordinate groups

of society, mainly for the ethical objections against these "upstarts".

(Fernandez, 2002)

At the same time, there is a process of economic insertion of the new capitals, a process that, in principle, generates little rejection. One of the sectors in which this insertion is initiated is the agricultural sector, through the purchase of land. It is there that this new capital intersects with the conflicts derived from the guerrilla and counter-guerrilla struggle, initially taking advantage of the second, which generates regional alliances with the traditional elites of landowners and with military sectors. This emerge the

"narcomilitares" and "narcoterratenientes".

The confluence point is the creation and consolidation of the so-called "self-defense groups" aimed at fighting against what are considered the excesses of the guerrillas.

Growth of the "self-defense groups", sponsored by the sectors linked to the drug business, evolve into what are known as "paramilitaries", more professionalized and trained, who are beginning to be used as the vanguard of a campaign of extermination and social intimidation, initially in areas where the new capitals locate their investments, trying to clean them from guerrillas, aid workers, communists and all those who claim the social demands of the subordinate sectors of society. Subsequently, this campaign rises to the

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national level: paramilitaries become true organizations of death professionals, the vanguard of what some have come to call a "narco-fascist project" of society.

Chapter III

Origin of the Medellin cartel and current influences

3.1 Survey application in Unidad Educativa Javier

PQ N n = E 2 (N − 1) + PQ 퐾2

Where: n: The sample

PQ: Constant of population variance: 0, 25

N: Total population: It can vary depending on the total of students from each course: 120

E: Maximum permissible error: 0, 05

K: Error correction coefficient: 2

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Table 1 Poblation No Individuals Quantity

1 3rd Baccalaureate 118

Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

PQ N n = E 2 (N − 1) + PQ 퐾2

0,25 푥 118 n = (0,05)2 (118 − 1) + 0,25 22

29.5 n = 0,0025 (117) + 0,25 ( 4 )

29.5 n = (117)(0,000625) + 0,25

30 n = 0.323125

풏 = ퟗퟏ, ퟐퟗ

Table 2 The sample No Individuals Quantity 1 3rd Baccalaureate 91

Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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3.2 Survey results

Figure 1: Age Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 3 Age No Category Amount Percentage 1 16 years 2 2.2% 2 17 years 68 74.7% 3 18 or more 21 23.1% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate BGU students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 2: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 4 Knowledge No Category Amount Percentage 1 A lot 22 24.2% 2 Quite 27 29.7% 3 Little bit 28 30.8% 4 Nothing 14 15.4% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source. Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 3: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 5 Leader No Category Amount Percentage 1 Yes 71 78% 2 No 20 22% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 4: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 6 The introduction to the subject No Category Amount Percentage 1 Drug trafficking 71 78& 2 Money laundering 15 16.5% 3 Child exploitation 5 5.5% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 5: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 7 Influence No Category Amount Percentage 1 High 33 36.3% 2 Medium 36 39.6% 3 Low 15 16.5% 4 No influence 7 7.7% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 6: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 8 Good actions for Colombia No Category Amount Percentage 1 Yes 27 29.7% 2 Maybe 29 31.9% 3 No 35 38.5% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 7: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 9 The generous ones No Category Amount Percentage 1 Yes 34 37.4% 2 Maybe 28 30.8% 3 No 29 31.9% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 8: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 10 The economy No Category Amount Percentage 1 Yes 37 40.7% 2 Maybe 31 34.1% 3 No 23 25.3% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 9: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 11 The steps to follow No Category Amount Percentage 1 High 24 26.4% 2 Medium 46 50.5% 3 Low 13 14.3% 4 None 8 8.8% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 10: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Tabla 12 Introducing itself to politics No Category Amount Percentage 1 Yes 49 53.8% 2 Maybe 27 29.7% 3 No 15 16.5% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 11: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 13 Recognition No Category Amount Percentage 1 Pablo Escobar 91 100% 2 Gustavo Gaviria 61 67% 3 Gonzalo Rodriguez 55 60.4% 4 Carlos Ledher 56 61.5% 5 Jorge Ochoa 23 25.3% 6 Juan Ochoa 24 26.4% 7 Fabio Ochoa 24 26.4% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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Figure 12: Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier. Author: Sebastián Andrade

Table 14 The consequences No Category Amount Percentage 1 Positive 8 8.8% 2 Negative 27 29.7% 3 Both 46 50.5% 4 None 10 11% Author: Sebastián Andrade Source: Survey applied to 3rd Baccalaureate students of the Unidad Educativa Javier.

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CONCLUSIONS

The conclusion of my first chapter is that the Medellin cartel originated from a group with ideas of being the most powerful and millionaires in Colombia, led by Pablo

Escobar, who had a very open mind and was not afraid of anything, over time the business of this cartel was expanding worldwide, which brought many problems to Colombia.

In my second chapter I talk about the power that the Medellin cartel was acquiring after having gained so much fame and money, with everything they had, money, weapons and many people working for them, it was enough to alert all Colombia, frightening and killing the citizens, the governors and even the president of Colombia.

To conclude, my third chapter is the survey I did in third of baccalaureate, with this I wanted to see how much they knew about the influence that the Medellin cartel had on the world of drug trafficking and what were the serious consequences of this.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

The recommendations for my topic is that they have a lot of control in the youth nowadays, because they are easily influenced and can induce them into the world of drugs if they offer them money and protection.

It would be ideal if there are laws where the police of each country eradicate these groups as soon as they see that they are being formed, before they can acquire money and power and no longer have the possibility of stopping them.

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