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Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2014 © 2013 William M. Coleman, IV All rights reserved Abstract Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV This dissertation analyzes the process of state building by Qing imperial representatives and Republican state officials in Batang, a predominantly ethnic Tibetan region located in southwestern Sichuan Province. Utilizing Chinese provincial and national level archival materials and Tibetan language works, as well as French and American missionary records and publications, it explores how Chinese state expansion evolved in response to local power and has three primary arguments. First, by the mid-nineteenth century, Batang had developed an identifiable structure of local governance in which native chieftains, monastic leaders, and imperial officials shared power and successfully fostered peace in the region for over a century. Second, the arrival of French missionaries in Batang precipitated a gradual expansion of imperial authority in the region, culminating in radical Qing military intervention that permanently altered local understandings of power. While short-lived, centrally-mandated reforms initiated soon thereafter further integrated Batang into the Qing Empire, thereby -
Research on Influencing Factors of Air Quality in Index Industrial Cities Based on Mountain Topography
Li-yun ZENG, et. al. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 11, Issue 5, (Series-V) May 2021, pp. 05-18 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Research on Influencing Factors of Air Quality in Index Industrial Cities Based on Mountain Topography Li-yun ZENG*1,2, Yi-qi YUAN1, Jia-man XU1 1Civil and Architectural Engineering Institute, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua,China 2.Rattanakosin International College of Creative Entrepreneurship, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Bangkok 10700,Thailand2 ABSTRACT: The main reasons for Panzhihua’s local pollution are the large amount of coal burned, steelmaking, and scattered non-point sources. At the same time, meteorological factors and topographical characteristics also play a significant role in air quality. This paper analyses and evaluates the air quality in Panzhihua City based on the Air Quality Index (AQI). Through the use of Train Collectors Tool to capture the air quality monitoring data in recent years, and use the visualization software to analyze the data. It is concluded that climatic factors, industrial layout, mountain topography characteristics and industrial land layout are the main causes of air pollution in mountainous cities, and air pollution control measures are proposed for the air quality in Panzhihua City. KEYWORDS: topographic features; meteorological features; industrial distribution; air quality index ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 12-05-2021 Date of Acceptance: 25-05-2021 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. INTRODUCTION standards. The top 10 are Muli County, Xiaojin Mountain terrain has many regional County and Xiangcheng County (tied), Litang particularities and complexities in cities. Many County and Ganzi County (tied), Danba County. -
Annual Report 2019 Mobility
(a joint stock limited company incorporated in the People’s Republic of China with limited liability) Stock Code: 1766 Annual Report Annual Report 2019 Mobility 2019 for Future Connection Important 1 The Board and the Supervisory Committee of the Company and its Directors, Supervisors and Senior Management warrant that there are no false representations, misleading statements contained in or material omissions from this annual report and they will assume joint and several legal liabilities for the truthfulness, accuracy and completeness of the contents disclosed herein. 2 This report has been considered and approved at the seventeenth meeting of the second session of the Board of the Company. All Directors attended the Board meeting. 3 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu CPA LLP has issued standard unqualified audit report for the Company’s financial statements prepared under the China Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises in accordance with PRC Auditing Standards. 4 Liu Hualong, the Chairman of the Company, Li Zheng, the Chief Financial Officer and Wang Jian, the head of the Accounting Department (person in charge of accounting affairs) warrant the truthfulness, accuracy and completeness of the financial statements in this annual report. 5 Statement for the risks involved in the forward-looking statements: this report contains forward-looking statements that involve future plans and development strategies which do not constitute a substantive commitment by the Company to investors. Investors should be aware of the investment risks. 6 The Company has proposed to distribute a cash dividend of RMB0.15 (tax inclusive) per share to all Shareholders based on the total share capital of the Company of 28,698,864,088 shares as at 31 December 2019. -
Trials of a Tibetan Monk: the Case of Tenzin Delek
Human Rights Watch February 2004, Vol. 16, No. 1 (C) Trials of a Tibetan Monk: The Case of Tenzin Delek Map 1: Provinces and Autonomous Regions of the People’s Republic of China..............................1 Map2: Sichuan Province and Surrounding Areas....................................................................................2 Map 3: Southeastern Section of Kardze/Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture............................3 I. Summary ....................................................................................................................................................5 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................7 A Note on Methodology.........................................................................................................................8 II. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................10 Tenzin Delek ..........................................................................................................................................12 Lobsang Dondrup..................................................................................................................................14 Bombs......................................................................................................................................................15 III. Arrests...................................................................................................................................................17 -
Reasons for the Formation of Language Differences in Minyag Ganzi (Sichuan, China)
Methods in Dialectology XVI – 2017 Principal reasons for the formation of language differences in Minyag Ganzi (Sichuan, China) Fnu Dawazhuoma Minzu University of China Minyag designates a specific geographical region including Kangding Municipality, Xinlong County, Daofu County, and a part of townships of Yajiang County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, China. In the historical Tibetan geography, it corresponds to one of six plateau in mdo khams called “Minyag Rabgang”. The main area includes the center of Kangding, more than 200 kilometers place east of Daofu, the southeast of Yajiang, the north of Jiulong, west of Danba, where almost all Tibetans are called ‘Minyagwa’. The area functions as the culture exchange center of Han China and Tibet until now. A main traffic road between Tibet and Han China goes through this area, which has developed a multicultural society there. At present, there are more than six languages spoken in this area: Khams Tibetan, Amdo Tibetan, Daofu (Stau), Zhaba (nDrapa), Daohua, Minyag, rGyalrong, etc., all of which belong to the Sino-Tibeto-Burman macrofamily; meanwhile, we can also find divergent varieties and local dialects in this region. Minyag people mainly live along Luqu River and at the east side of mid-Yalong River in Ganzi Prefecture. In spite of multi-cultural foundation and geographical environment, this region still maintains strong vitality of each language community. Hence, the Minyag language itself is a key to reveal ethnic and cultural origin of Minyag. Here we can find significance of clarifying dialect differences and distribution by drawing linguistic maps in this region. Additionally, it is also crucial to study the cultural, historical development of Minyag and linguistic changes. -
If You Want to Get Rich, First Build a Road
If you want to get rich, first build a road A study on Chinese trade network building in Eurasia Marcus Syk Supervisor: Fredrik Sjöholm Department of Economics, Lund University NEKH01, Bachelor’s Thesis May 2018 Abstract This paper examines the effect of Chinese OFDI on China’s bilateral trade with affected countries, to investigate the possible build-up of a Eurasian China-centric trade network. The main contribution of the paper is to have combined economics, war theory and geopolitics to analyse and produce a theoretical framework for it. Whereas there is a lack of consensus on the effect of FDI on trade in general, this study suggests that the influence of the CCP over the Chinese economy allows the party to use Chinese OFDI for its own interests. Furthermore, trade has become a vital interest to the CCP. Another problem for the CCP is the increasing geopolitical tension with primarily USA. According to this paper, the formation of a China- centred trade network would help the Chinese domestic economic situation, increase Chinese influence in Asia and increase the economic resilience of China. All this would help address the aforementioned concerns facing the party. This was tested empirically using a modified version of the gravity model of trade. The result was in line with the theoretical prediction but not in line with the prediction of the gravity model. This could not be explained but was still taken to support the theory, thus opening for future studies on the subject. Keywords: OFDI, trade, China, Belt and Road Initiative, China-centric trade network Acknowledgments Warm thanks are in due place to all the people who have helped with the composing of this mediocre piece of academic work. -
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115 -
Credit Analysis of China's Construction Companies
Credit Analysis of China’s Construction Companies October 13, 2020 ANALYSTS Key Takeaways Yingxue Ren Beijing ― From our desktop analysis of 53 engineering and construction (E&C) companies, we +86 10 6516 6037 found that apart from the centrally administered state-owned construction firms, some Yingxue.Ren state-owned construction subsidiaries, locally administered state-owned construction @spgchinaratings.cn firms and privately-owned enterprises (POEs) also stand out with better indicative credit quality among their peers due to their relatively large business scale, better operating Renyuan Zhang Beijing efficiency or lower financial risk. +86-10 6516 6028 renyuan.zhang ― We view the industry risk for the E&C industry is moderately high due to intense @spgchinaratings.cn competition and intermediate cyclicality. Kexin Wang ― Construction firms tend to have relatively lower profitability due to intense competition. Beijing Therefore, we view scale, scope and diversity as well as operating efficiency as important +86 10 6516 6033 factors on the business risk profiles of firms in this industry. Kexin.Wang @spgchinaratings.cn ― Under current market conditions, cash conversion efficiency (inventory and account receivable turnover), as well as the extent of PPP (public private partnership) and other Huang Wang investment programs are the main factors influencing construction company’s leverage. Beijing +86 10 6516 6029 Huang.Wang @spgchinaratings.cn Overview Through analysis of the business and financial metrics of construction companies, this report aims to provide an overview of our general approach to the engineering and construction sector, as well as providing insight into the key factors that influence credit quality in the industry. By applying our corporate ratings methodology to public information, we have carried out a desktop analysis of 53 companies in the construction sector, arriving at an initial overview of the relative ranking of each company’s credit quality, or their “indicative issuer credit quality”. -
Assessing Genetic Diversity of Elymus Sibiricus (Poaceae: Triticeae) Populations from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by ISSR Markers
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 36 (2008) 514–522 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biochemical Systematics and Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biochemsyseco Assessing genetic diversity of Elymus sibiricus (Poaceae: Triticeae) populations from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by ISSR markers Xiao Ma a,b, Xin-Quan Zhang b, Yong-Hong Zhou a,*, Shi-Qie Bai b,c, Wei Liu b a Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, PR China b Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, PR China c Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, PR China article info abstract Article history: Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity Received 2 January 2008 and population structure in eight populations of Elymus sibiricus L. from the southeast Accepted 7 March 2008 of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Of the 100 primers screened, 13 produced highly repro- ducible ISSR bands. Using these primers, 193 discernible DNA fragments were generated Keywords: with 149 (77.2%) being polymorphic, indicating considerable genetic variation at the spe- Triticeae cies level. In contrast, there were relatively low levels of polymorphism at the population Elymus sibiricus level with the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) ranging from 44.04 to 54.92%. The ISSRs Population structure mean gene diversity (HE) was estimated to be 0.181 within populations (range 0.164– Diversity 0.200), and 0.274 at the species level. A high level of genetic differentiation among pop- ulations was detected based on Nei’s genetic diversity analysis (33.1%), Shannon’s index analysis (34.5%), Bayesian method (33.2%) and AMOVA analysis (42.5%). -
Operation China
Zhaba December 28 of Sichuan. Extensive lexical and grammatical material has •Barkam •Wenchuan been collected on a dozen •Chengdu Litang • •Kangding SICHUAN languages of the Qiangic TIBET •Xiangcheng group. Besides Qiang, other •Jiulong •Xichang languages in the group include YUNNAN GUIZHOU Baima, Ergong, Ersu, Jiarong, Scale 0 KM 160 Guiqiong, Minyak, Namuyi, 3 Population in China: Pumi, Shixing, and Zhaba.” 15,000 (1983) 20,900 (2000) History: When Marco Polo 25,750 (2010) passed through rural Tibetan Location: Sichuan Religion: Tibetan Buddhism areas in the thirteenth century Christians: None Known he found unique local customs. Polo wrote, “No man Overview of the of that country would on any Zhaba consideration take to wife a girl who was a maid; for they Countries: China say a wife is worth nothing Pronunciation: “Zhar-ba” unless she has been used to Other Names: Zaba, Zhaboa, Buozi consort with men.… When Population Source: travelers come that way, the 15,000 (1983 Sun Hongkai); old women of the place get 7,700 (1991 EDCL); ready, and take their Out of a total Tibetan population of 4,593,330 (1990 census) Paul Hattaway unmarried daughters… to Location: W Sichuan: Zhamai Population: A 1983 source listed 15,000 whomsoever will accept them.… In this District of Yajiang County and people belonging to the Zhaba manner people traveling in that way… shall Zhaba District of Daofu County; ethnolinguistic group.1 They live in parts of Possibly also in Litang and find perhaps 20 or 30 girls at their 4 Xinlong counties Yajiang and Daofu counties within the disposal.” Status: massive Garze Tibetan Autonomous Officially included under Tibetan Prefecture in western Sichuan Province. -
Visiting Lhungtse 2015 Fall
BOULDER-LHASA SISTER CITY PROJECT www.boulder-tibet.org 776 Cottage Lane, Boulder, Colorado 80304-0758 U.S.A. 303-443-9863 [email protected] Visiting Lhungtse 12-17 November 2015 Lhungtse is a teen-age Tibetan girl who lives in Kham on the Tibetan Plateau (Yajiang County in western Sichuan Province of China) with her mother and brother. Because her father passed away in 2004, her mother has been working for eleven years as a farmer to support her family of three. Around 2007, Lhungtse began losing her vision in both eyes and also started suffering from headaches and seizures. In 2010, Dr. Li Tiaoying, Sichuan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (SCDC), Chengdu, Sichuan, diagnosed Lhungtse to have a serious case of a parasitic disease called neurocysticercosis, which has caused Lhungtse’s total blindness. 2013 - Lhungtse’s Brain Surgery Thanks to generous donations from many of you and others, Lhungtse received ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt brain surgery on 5 September 2013 at Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital in Chengdu. BLSCP raised $13,000 before her surgery and $6,091.71 afterwards to pay for all of the hospital costs and related expenses. November 9 & 10 - Chengdu BLSCP members Bill Warnock and Shari Mayer arrived in Chengdu on November 9 to meet with Lhungtse’s doctors and then travel to Kangding to spend six days with Lhungtse and her mother. Bill and Shari used personal funds to pay for all travel costs. On November 9, Bill met for dinner with Dr. Li and Dr. Zeng Xian Rong, who is Lhungtse’s neurologist. -
THE ROOTED STATE: PLANTS and POWER in the MAKING of MODERN CHINA's XIKANG PROVINCE by MARK E. FRANK DISSERTATION Submitted In
THE ROOTED STATE: PLANTS AND POWER IN THE MAKING OF MODERN CHINA’S XIKANG PROVINCE BY MARK E. FRANK DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in East Asian Languages and Cultures in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2020 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Dan Shao, Chair Associate Professor Robert Morrissey Assistant Professor Roderick Wilson Associate Professor Laura Hostetler, University of Illinois Chicago Abstract This dissertation takes the relationship between agricultural plants and power as its primary lens on the history of Chinese state-building in the Kham region of eastern Tibet during the early twentieth century. Farming was central to the way nationalist discourse constructed the imagined community of the Chinese nation, and it was simultaneously a material practice by which settlers reconfigured the biotic community of soils, plants, animals, and human beings along the frontier. This dissertation shows that Kham’s turbulent absorption into the Chinese nation-state was shaped by a perpetual feedback loop between the Han political imagination and the grounded experiences of soldiers and settlers with the ecology of eastern Tibet. Neither expressions of state power nor of indigenous resistance to the state operated neatly within the human landscape. Instead, the rongku—or “flourishing and withering”—of the state was the product of an ecosystem. This study chronicles Chinese state-building in Kham from Zhao Erfeng’s conquest of the region that began in 1905 until the arrival of the People’s Liberation Army in 1950. Qing officials hatched a plan to convert Kham into a new “Xikang Province” in the last years of the empire, and officials in the Republic of China finally realized that goal in 1939.