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Archival Mentalities and the Development of the Canadian-Jewish Community’S Archival Landscape During the Nineteen Seventies

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Archival Mentalities and the Development of the Canadian-Jewish Community’S Archival Landscape During the Nineteen Seventies The Past is not a Foreign Country: Archival Mentalities and the Development of the Canadian-Jewish Community’s Archival Landscape During the Nineteen Seventies by Amir Lavie A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information Anne Tanenbaum Centre for Jewish Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Amir Lavie 2019 The Past is not a Foreign Country: Archival Mentalities and the Development of the Canadian-Jewish Community’s Archival Landscape During the Nineteen Seventies Amir Lavie Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information Anne Tanenbaum Centre for Jewish Studies University of Toronto 2019 Abstract Through an analysis of a plethora of contemporary published and archival materials, this dissertation examines the processes of creation, growth, consolidation, and professionalization of the Canadian Jewish community’s archival programs during the 1970s. Exploring the debates, decisions, and struggles that stimulated the emergence and accompanied and determined the direction of the community’s archival landscape, the research positions archival history as part of community members’ negotiation with internal generational and demographic transitions and as part of their responses to the socio-political transformations that reshaped contemporary Canadian public life. The dissertation thus offers a case study that proves just how embedded is the archival domain within the social realities that surround it and how the overarching goal of any archival repository, to accurately document and represent the organization or group that mandates its activities, is also manifested in its own historical processes of creation, growth, and professionalization. In order to better position archival history as part of a broader social history, the dissertation also offers an analysis of the ‘archival mentalities’ of the individuals who directed these archival programs – defining the term as the ways in which broader ideas and worldviews about Canadian Jewry, its past, present, and future, were manifested in approaches towards questions of archival governance and infrastructure. Assumptions ii concerning the nature of a Jewish records, ownership rights, archival provenance, regulation of access to the records, and about the relationship between the repository and the historiographical product it aimed to encourage and direct – were all elements that determined the directions taken by the archival programs that were developed by each of the local Jewish communities across Canada. An exploration of these differing archival mentalities thus contributes to a broader theoretical understanding of the place of archival programs within non-formal group settings, helps capture the emotional and symbolic power of archives as both practical and perceived agents in promoting community memory and history, and reveals how the challenges posed by non-formal, community archival practices and ideas to mainstream archival principles contributed to the paradigm shift that began to take shape within the archival profession during the 1970s. iii Acknowledgments This dissertation is dedicated to my family members, across the generations, those who are with me in person and those who are with me in spirit. To my wife, Laura, its been more than twenty years since we met on a rainy Jerusalem night. For all that you have given me since that day and throughout our journey so far, toda. You are the best thing that happened to me and without you this work would have never come to be. To my grandparents Zvi, Rachel, Hanan and Ruth who gathered from different places yet offered me the deepest of roots and whose memory and spirit will always remain a part of me. To my Parents, Eitan and Zipi, who were – and still are – always there for me. To my children, Alon, Eyal and Oren, the future is all yours. I want to also thank my supervisor, Professor Seamus Ross and to the other members of my doctoral committee – Professors Wendy Duff, Hesh Troper and David Koffman who were always ready to offer me advice, attention and encouragement. I couldn’t have asked for a better team and I am proud to have fulfilled their expectations of me. Thank you also to all the other people whom I met along the way and who offered me their time and support. They are too numerous to acknowledge by name but they all contributed to this research and for that, I am indebted to them all. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1, Introduction ................................................................................1 Overview............................................................................................................................... 1 Reach Contribution ............................................................................................................... 4 Dissertation Outline .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2, Research Design and Methodology .......................................... 14 Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 14 Overview of Historical Method ............................................................................................ 16 Setting the Parameters: Identifying a Topic and Locating the Sources ................................. 19 Source Analysis and Research Decisions .............................................................................. 25 Focus on the 1970’s ............................................................................................................ 25 Geographic Units of Analysis ............................................................................................... 28 The Concept of Archival Mentalities .................................................................................... 32 Writing History of Archives .................................................................................................. 34 Chapter 3, Conceptual Backgrounds .......................................................... 40 Community Archives ........................................................................................................... 40 Ethnic Archives.................................................................................................................... 47 Jewish Archives and Archival Work ...................................................................................... 53 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 4, Historical Settings ..................................................................... 65 Canadian Jews and The Canadian Jewish Congress .............................................................. 66 Multiculturalism in The Archives: The Public Archives of Canada ......................................... 77 Multiculturalism in the Archives: The Multicultural History Society of Ontario .................... 86 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 92 Chapter 5, Montreal, the Canadian Jewish Archives, Saul Hayes and David Rome, and the Comprehensive, ‘National Archives’ Approach to the Community’s Archives................................................................................ 95 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 95 The CJA’s Early Days, 1934 to 1945 ...................................................................................... 97 Stand Still at the CJA: 1945-1959 ....................................................................................... 103 The CJA, 1959-1970: Planning Ahead ................................................................................. 106 Saul Hayes and David Rome, Worldviews and Archival Mentalities .................................... 110 Hayes and Rome on the Canadian Jewish Community ........................................................ 113 Hayes and Rome on Canadian Jewish History and Historiography ...................................... 120 v The CJA, 1970-1981: Competition with PAC and Inability to Professionalize ....................... 128 The Challenge of Maintaining the CJA’s Position as a ‘National Archive’ ............................. 143 The CJA as a Marker of Maturity and Dignity and its Relationship with Canadian Jewish Historiography ................................................................................................................... 149 Conclusion: Jewish Community Archival Work in Montreal ................................................ 157 Chapter 6, Toronto, the Ontario Jewish Archives, Stephen Speisman and the Autonomous Approach to the Community’s Archives ...................... 161 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 161 Archival Work in Toronto: The Creation of the OJA ............................................................ 164 The OJA’s Early Years, Priorities and Policies ...................................................................... 171 Speisman’s Historiographical Worldviews .......................................................................... 176 Speisman’s Archival Mentality: Archivist and Historian Combined .....................................
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