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Un Nouveau Roi À La Fin De L'époque Libyenne : Pami Ii

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Un Nouveau Roi À La Fin De L'époque Libyenne : Pami Ii UN NOUVEAU ROI À LA FIN DE L’ÉPOQUE LIBYENNE : PAMI II PAR RAPHAËLE MEFFRE – FRÉDÉRIC PAYRAUDEAU Mission française des Fouilles de Tanis Les travaux actuels de la Mission française des Fouilles de Tanis concernant le dossier des blocs archaïsants trouvés sur le site1 ont permis une nouvelle lecture d’une scène jadis reconstituée par Pierre Montet2. L’assemblage de trois blocs provenant du lac sacré d’Amon (nos 248-250)3 forme la partie supérieure d’une scène faisant intervenir le roi, coiffé de la couronne rouge, suivi de son ka (fig. 1a-b). Le nom d’Horus, placé comme d’ordinaire sur la tête du ka, avait été lu Netjert(y)khâou par Montet. En revanche, dans le cartouche volontairement arasé légendant l’image du roi, le savant n’avait lu qu’un signe p, en pensant reconnaître le nom d’un roi Pépy ayant régné au premier millénaire avant notre ère4. Un autre bloc du lac sacré d’Amon (no 251) porte le nom d’Horus Netjer[…], associé cette fois au prénom de couronnement Néferkarê (fig. 2). L’identification de ce roi Néferkarê P[épy] a été considérée comme douteuse par K. A. Kitchen, qui évoque la possibilité qu’il s’agisse de Pépy II5, et M.-A. Bonhême6. J. von Beckerath a quant à lui écarté la lecture P[…] du nom de naissance ; sur la foi d’un autre bloc du lac sacré d’Amon (no 254), il a postulé l’existence d’un roi Nfr-kꜢ-r῾ Ỉ[…] dont les deux noms auraient été inclus dans un même cartouche7. Un nouvel examen en lumière rasante du cartouche arasé des blocs de l’assemblage (nos 248-250) a permis d’assurer la lecture PꜢ-mỉw. Cet assemblage fait donc connaître un Horus Netjer(y)khâ Pami. Associé au bloc mentionnant un Horus Netjer(y)khâ Néferkarê (no 251), il assure donc l’existence, ignorée jusqu’ici, d’un pharaon Néferkarê Pami. D’autres blocs de style très semblable, récemment mis au jour dans le lac sacré de Mout 1 Pour quelques réflexions sur les monuments archaïsants remployés dans les deux lacs sacrés de Tanis, voir R. Meffre – Fr. Payraudeau, « Enquête épigraphique, stylistique et historique sur les blocs du lac sacré de Mout à Tanis : Commentaires à propos d’un ouvrage récemment paru », BSFE 199 (2018), p. 128-143. 2 P. Montet, Le lac sacré de Tanis, 1966, p. 73 et pl. XXXII et LXXXII-LXXXIII, nos 248-250. 3 Les numéros de blocs provenant du lac sacré du domaine d’Amon renvoient à leur publication par P. Montet, op. cit. 4 Voir ibid., p. 74-75. 5 K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 B. C.), 2004, § 78-79, roi no XIV (ci-après KTIP). 6 M.-A. Bonhême, Les noms royaux dans l’Égypte de la Troisième Période Intermédiaire (BdE 98), 1987, p. 224-225. 7 J. von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (MÄS 49), 1999, p. 212-213, c. Revue d’égyptologie 69, 147-158. doi : 10.2143/RE.69.0.3287256 Tous droits réservés © Revue d’égyptologie, 2019. 148 R. MEFFRE – FR. PAYRAUDEAU à Tanis, portent les noms Néferkarê et Pami ; l’identité de leur facture confirme l’identifi- cation du roi Néferkarê au fils de Rê Pami8. Ce roi est évidemment différent d’Ousermaâtrê Pami, père de Chéchonq V, qui a régné au début du VIIIe siècle : leurs noms de couronnement sont en effet différents, de même que le style de leurs monuments. L’archaïsme des monuments de Pami II est tellement poussé qu’il ne saurait être replacé avant la fin du VIIIe siècle av. J.-C., quand la tendance archaï- sante est bien installée9. De même, il n’est pas possible d’identifier ce Néferkarê Pami II au roitelet Néferkarê Ouahibrê connu par la corniche Caire JE 9273 et deux manches de sistres (Berlin ÄM 8182 et coll. part.)10 ; celui-ci a probablement régné plus récemment, à l’époque saïte ou peu après11. Monuments attribuables au règne de Pami II Les monuments que l’on peut attribuer à Pami II sont tous des fragments architecturaux décorés d’origine tanite remployés dans les lacs sacrés d’Amon et de Mout. Ceux qui portent les noms royaux sont les blocs énumérés ci-après. Provenant du lac sacré d’Amon (LSA) : – blocs nos 24 et 25 (fig. 3a-b) portant le nom de naissance du roi Pami12 ; – blocs nos 248-250 formant un assemblage (fig. 1a-b)13. Le nom de naissance Pami y a été arasé ; 8 R. Meffre – Fr. Payraudeau, op. cit., p. 136-140. 9 Sur ce point, voir ibid., p. 130-132, 136-140 et 142 et pour les domaines d’extension de la tendance archaïsante : O. Perdu, « La tendance archaïsante en Égypte aux époques tardives : art de la copie ou de l’imitation ? », dans H. Gaber – N. Grimal – O. Perdu (éd.), Imitations, copies et faux dans les domaines pharaonique et de l’Orient ancien (EdE 16), 2018, p. 198-273. 10 À propos de ces objets, voir K. Jansen-Winkeln, Inschriften der Spätzeit. III: Die 25. Dynastie, 2009, p. 256-257, nos 18-19a (série abrégée ci-après JWIS). 11 À propos de ces objets, voir récemment Fr. Payraudeau, « La situation politique de Tanis sous la XXVe dynastie », dans P. Kousoulis – N. Lazaridis (éd.), Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, 22-29 May 2008 (OLA 241), 2015, p. 851-852. 12 P. Montet, op. cit., p. 44 et pl. VI pour les dessins et pl. XLVIII pour la photographie du bloc no 25 ; J. Yoyotte, « Des lions et des chats : Contribution à la prosopographie de l’époque libyenne », RdE 39 (1988), p. 162-164, doc. D, et pl. 3 ; JWIS II, p. 259, no 1. 13 P. Montet, op. cit., p. 73 et pl. XXXII pour les dessins et pl. LXXXII-LXXXIII pour les photographies ; JWIS III, p. 256, no 17. RdE 69 (2019) UN NOUVEAU ROI À LA FIN DE L’ÉPOQUE LIBYENNE : PAMI II 149 – blocs nos 240 (fig. 4a-b)14, 25215, 25316 et 254 (fig. 5a-b)17 portant des fragments du nom de couronnement Néferkarê, partiellement arasé sur les blocs nos 240 et 254 au moins18 ; – bloc no 25119 portant un fragment de serekh contenant le signe nṯr et le nom Néferkarê, qui a été arasé. Provenant du lac sacré de Mout (LSM) : – blocs nos 2020, 5521, 8422 et 10823 au nom de Néferkarê. Le cartouche a été arasé sur les blocs nos 55 et 108 ; – blocs nos 4624, 8325, 9626 et 15827 au nom de Pami. Le cartouche a été arasé sur les blocs nos 83 et 96 ; – blocs nos 8728 et 11329 au nom de l’Horus Netjer(y)khâou. D’autres blocs partagent des caractéristiques communes avec ceux qui nomment Pami II et peuvent donc lui être attribués avec une certaine vraisemblance. Ces similitudes se trouvent autant dans la réalisation (relief très léger, détails fins) que dans l’iconographie, avec des détails caractéristiques comme la forme du pilier-djed ou de la tête de faucon et le décor rare du fanion du signe nṯr. Provenant du lac sacré d’Amon : – blocs nos 241, 256, 258-264, 266-268, 270-275 et 33430. 14 P. Montet, op. cit., p. 69 et pl. XXXI pour les dessins et LXXV pour la photographie. 15 Ibid., p. 74 et pl. XXXII pour le dessin et LXXXIII pour la photographie ; JWIS III, p. 256, no 17. 16 P. Montet, op. cit., p. 74 et pl. XXXII ; JWIS III, p. 256, no 17. 17 P. Montet, op. cit., p. 74 et pl. XXXII pour le dessin et LXXXIII pour la photographie ; JWIS III, p. 256, no 17. 18 Les blocs nos 252 et 253 sont perdus et n’ont donc pas pu être vérifiés. 19 P. Montet, op. cit., p. 73-74 et pl. XXXII ; JWIS III, p. 256, no 17. 20 Ph. Brissaud, Tanis : Le domaine de la déesse Mout et son lac sacré, 2018, p. 100. 21 Ibid., p. 104. 22 Ibid., p. 108. 23 Ibid., p. 111. 24 Ibid., p. 103. 25 Ibid., p. 108. 26 Ibid., p. 110. 27 Ibid., p. 118. 28 Ibid., p. 108. 29 Ibid., p. 112. 30 P. Montet, op. cit., pl. XXXII-XXXIII et XXXVII pour les dessins et pl. LXXXII-LXXXIII pour les photos des blocs 248, 249, 250, 252 et 254. RdE 69 (2019) 150 R. MEFFRE – FR. PAYRAUDEAU a. 0 30 cm b. Fig. 1.a-b. Assemblage des blocs nos 248-250 du lac sacré d’Amon, photographie et dessin (© MFFT – Fr. Payraudeau / R. Meffre). RdE 69 (2019) UN NOUVEAU ROI À LA FIN DE L’ÉPOQUE LIBYENNE : PAMI II 151 Provenant du lac sacré de Mout : – blocs nos 2, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 38, 45, 47, 52-54, 56, 63, 69, 70, 72, 88, 89, 98, 102-103, 108, 114, 121, 122, 124-127, 130, 131, 142 (face B), 144, 153, 167 et 19331. La titulature de Pami II D’après ces blocs, trois noms seulement sont connus dans la titulature de Pami II, les noms de Nebty et d’Horus d’or demeurant inconnus32. Le nom d’Horus : Le nom d’Horus, dans le serekh, est écrit (LSA nos 250 et 251), (LSM no 87) ou (LSM no 113). Son interprétation a été discutée : P. Montet l’avait translittéré Nṯrtỉ-ḫ῾33 tandis que J. von Beckerath avait proposé de le lire Nṯrỉ-ḫ῾t (?), sans qu’aucune de ces lectures n’emporte l’adhésion. Comme l’indiquent les deux blocs remployés dans le lac de Mout, le nom peut être écrit Nṯr(ỉ)-ḫ῾, ce qui peut se traduire « Divin de couron- nement / d’apparition ».
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