Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain Richard Davenport-Hines Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain «HarperCollins» Davenport-Hines R. Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain / R. Davenport-Hines — «HarperCollins», What pushed Blunt, Burgess, Cairncross, Maclean and Philby into Soviet hands? With access to recently released papers and other neglected documents, this sharp analysis of the intelligence world examines how and why these men and others betrayed their country and what this cost Britain and its allies.Enemies Within is a new history of the influence of Moscow on Britain told through the stories of those who chose to spy for the Soviet Union. It also challenges entrenched assumptions about abused trust, corruption and Establishment cover-ups that began with the Cambridge Five and the disappearance of Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean on the night boat to Saint-Malo in 1951.In a book that is as intellectually thrilling as it is entertaining and illuminating, Richard Davenport-Hines traces the bonds between individuals, networks and organisations over generations to offer a study of character, both individual and institutional. At its core lie the operative traits of boarding schools, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the Intelligence Division, Foreign Office, MI5, MI6 and Moscow Centre.Davenport- Hines tells many stories of espionage, counter-espionage and treachery. With its vast scope, ambition and scholarship, Enemies Within charts how the undermining of authority, the rejection of expertise and the suspicion of educational advantages began, and how these have transformed the social and political temper of modern Britain. © Davenport-Hines R. © HarperCollins R. Davenport-Hines. «Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain» Содержание Copyright 6 Dedication 7 Epigraph 8 Author’s Note 11 Glossary 12 Illustration Credits 15 Aims 17 CHAPTER 1 21 Tsarist Russia 22 Leninist Russia 24 Stalinist Russia 30 The Great Illegals 33 Soviet espionage in foreign missions 36 The political culture of everlasting distrust 38 CHAPTER 2 41 Pre-Victorian espionage 42 Victorian espionage 44 Edwardian espionage 48 CHAPTER 3 50 The Flapper Vote 59 Security Service staffing 62 Office cultures and manly trust 65 CHAPTER 4 72 The uprising of the Metropolitan Police 73 Norman Ewer of the Daily Herald 75 George Slocombe in Paris 80 The Zinoviev letter and the ARCOS raid 82 MI5 investigates the Ewer–Hayes network 86 CHAPTER 5 92 The Communications Department 93 Ernest Oldham 96 Hans Pieck and John King 102 Walter Krivitsky 105 CHAPTER 6 111 Конец ознакомительного фрагмента. 112 4 R. Davenport-Hines. «Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain» 5 R. Davenport-Hines. «Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain» Copyright William Collins An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers 1 London Bridge Street London SE1 9GF www.WilliamCollinsBooks.com This eBook first published in Great Britain by William Collins in 2018 Copyright © 2018 Richard Davenport-Hines Cover design by Kate Gaughran Cover images © Tallandier/bridgemanimages.com; © Keystone/Getty Images; © Lytton Strachey/Frances Partridge/Getty Images; © Keystone/Getty Images (photographs); Shutterstock.com (background texture & flag) Richard Davenport-Hines asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down- loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins. Source ISBN: 9780007516674 Ebook Edition © January 2018 ISBN: 9780007516681 Version: 2017-12-11 6 R. Davenport-Hines. «Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain» Dedication With love for † Rory Benet Allan With gratitude to the Warden and Fellows of All Souls 7 R. Davenport-Hines. «Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain» Epigraph The lie is a European power. FERDINAND LASSALLE Great is the power of steady misrepresentation. CHARLES DARWIN No great spy has been a short-term man. SIR JOHN MASTERMAN Men are classed less by achievement than by failure to achieve the impossible. SIR ROBERT VANSITTART Men go in herds: but every woman counts. BLANCHE WARRE-CORNISH Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Epigraph Author’s Note Glossary Illustration Credits Aims PART ONE: Rules of the Game Chapter 1: The Moscow Apparatus Tsarist Russia Leninist Russia Stalinist Russia The Great Illegals Soviet espionage in foreign missions The political culture of everlasting distrust Chapter 2: The Intelligence Division Pre-Victorian espionage Victorian espionage Edwardian espionage Chapter 3: The Whitehall Frame of Mind The age of intelligence The Flapper Vote Security Service staffing Office cultures and manly trust Chapter 4: The Vigilance Detectives The uprising of the Metropolitan Police Norman Ewer of the Daily Herald George Slocombe in Paris The Zinoviev letter and the ARCOS raid MI5 investigates the Ewer–Hayes network Chapter 5: The Cipher Spies The Communications Department Ernest Oldham 8 R. Davenport-Hines. «Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain» Hans Pieck and John King Walter Krivitsky Chapter 6: The Blueprint Spies Industrial mobilization and espionage Propaganda against armaments manufacturers MI5 watch Wilfrid Vernon MI5 watch Percy Glading The trial of Glading PART TWO: Asking for Trouble Chapter 7: The Little Clans School influences stronger than parental examples Kim Philby at Westminster Donald Maclean at Gresham’s Guy Burgess at Eton and Dartmouth Anthony Blunt at Marlborough Chapter 8: The Cambridge Cell Undergraduates in the 1920s Marxist converts after the 1931 crisis Oxford compared to Cambridge Stamping out the bourgeoisie Chapter 9: The Vienna Comrades Red Vienna Anti-fascist activism Philby’s recruitment as an agent Chapter 10: The Ring of Five The induction of Philby, Maclean and Burgess David Footman and Dick White The recruitment of Blunt and Cairncross Maclean in Paris Philby in Spain: Burgess in Section D Goronwy Rees at All Souls Chapter 11: The People’s War Emergency recruitment The United States Security Service vetting Wartime London ‘Better Communism than Nazism’ ‘Softening the oaken heart of England’ Chapter 12: The Desk Officers Modrzhinskaya in Moscow Philby at SIS Maclean in London and Washington Burgess desk-hopping Blunt in MI5 Cairncross hooks BOSS Chapter 13: The Atomic Spies Alan Nunn May Klaus Fuchs Harwell and Semipalatinsk 9 R. Davenport-Hines. «Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain» Chapter 14: The Cold War Dictaphones behind the wainscots? Contending priorities for MI5 Anglo-American attitudes A seizure in Istanbul Chapter 15: The Alcoholic Panic Philby’s dry martinis Burgess’s dégringolade Maclean’s breakdowns The VENONA crisis PART THREE: Settling the Score Chapter 16: The Missing Diplomats ‘All agog about the two Missing Diplomats’ ‘As if evidence was the test of truth!’ States of denial Chapter 17: The Establishment Subversive rumours William Marshall ‘The Third Man’ George Blake Class McCarthyism Chapter 18: The Brotherhood of Perverted Men The Cadogan committee ‘Friends in high places’ John Vassall Charles Fletcher-Cooke Chapter 19: The Exiles Burgess and Maclean in Moscow Philby in Beirut Bestsellers Oleg Lyalin in London Chapter 20: The Mole Hunts Colonel Grace-Groundling-Marchpole Robin Zaehner and Stuart Hampshire Anthony Blunt and Andrew Boyle ‘Only out for the money’ Maurice Oldfield and Chapman Pincher Envoi Picture Section Notes Index Acknowledgements About the Author Also by Richard Davenport-Hines About the Publisher 10 R. Davenport-Hines. «Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain» Author’s Note In MI5 files the symbol @ is used to indicate an alias, and repetitions of @ indicate a variety of aliases or codenames. I have followed this practice in the text. 11 R. Davenport-Hines. «Enemies Within: Communists, the Cambridge Spies and the Making of Modern Britain» Glossary Abwehr German military intelligence, 1920–45 active measures Black propaganda, dirty tricks agent Individual who performs intelligence assignments for an intelligence agency without being an officer or staff member of that agency agent of influence An agent who is able to influence policy decisions ARCOS All Russian Co-operative Society, London, 1920–7 asset A source of human intelligence BSA Birmingham Small Arms Company C Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service case officer An officer of an intelligence agency responsible for operating a particular agent or asset Cheka Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, USSR, 1917–22 CIA Central Intelligence Agency, USA, 1947– CID Committee of Imperial Defence, London, 1902– 39 CIGS Chief of the Imperial General Staff, London, 1909–64 Comintern Third Communist International, USSR, 1919– 43 CPGB Communist
Recommended publications
  • IIIS Discussion Paper No. 211 the British Joint Intelligence Committee
    Institute for International Integration Studies IIIS Discussion Paper No.211 / March 2007 The British Joint Intelligence Committee and Ireland, 1965-1972 Eunan O’Halpin Centre for Contemporary Irish History Trinity College Dublin IIIS Discussion Paper No. 211 The British Joint Intelligence Committee and Ireland, 1965-1972 Eunan O’Halpin Disclaimer Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the IIIS. All works posted here are owned and copyrighted by the author(s). Papers may only be downloaded for personal use only. IIIS Discussion Paper No. 211 The British Joint Intelligence Committee and Ireland, 1965-1972 Eunan O’Halpin Disclaimer Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the IIIS. All works posted here are owned and copyrighted by the author(s). Papers may only be downloaded for personal use only. The British Joint Intelligence Committee and Ireland, 1965-1972 Eunan O’Halpin Centre for Contemporary Irish History Trinity College Dublin 3/8/2007\\Iiissan\iiismanagement\Discussion Paper Series B\Eunan O' Halpin\211\JICpaperIIIS.doc10:36 AM 2 This paper discusses the performance of the British Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) in anticipating and assessing the dangers posed to British interests by instability in Ireland between 1965 and 1972, and in setting the parameters within which intelligence operations to counter terrorism were mounted. It concentrates on the performance of the central intelligence assessment machinery of British government, not on the politics of Anglo-Irish relations.1 It explores the performance of the JIC, at least as revealed by the redacted material available in the public archives, in terms of intelligence organization and intelligence failure.
    [Show full text]
  • SPYCATCHER by PETER WRIGHT with Paul Greengrass WILLIAM
    SPYCATCHER by PETER WRIGHT with Paul Greengrass WILLIAM HEINEMANN: AUSTRALIA First published in 1987 by HEINEMANN PUBLISHERS AUSTRALIA (A division of Octopus Publishing Group/Australia Pty Ltd) 85 Abinger Street, Richmond, Victoria, 3121. Copyright (c) 1987 by Peter Wright ISBN 0-85561-166-9 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. TO MY WIFE LOIS Prologue For years I had wondered what the last day would be like. In January 1976 after two decades in the top echelons of the British Security Service, MI5, it was time to rejoin the real world. I emerged for the final time from Euston Road tube station. The winter sun shone brightly as I made my way down Gower Street toward Trafalgar Square. Fifty yards on I turned into the unmarked entrance to an anonymous office block. Tucked between an art college and a hospital stood the unlikely headquarters of British Counterespionage. I showed my pass to the policeman standing discreetly in the reception alcove and took one of the specially programmed lifts which carry senior officers to the sixth-floor inner sanctum. I walked silently down the corridor to my room next to the Director-General's suite. The offices were quiet. Far below I could hear the rumble of tube trains carrying commuters to the West End. I unlocked my door. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer’s trade - a desk, two telephones, one scrambled for outside calls, and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.
    [Show full text]
  • April 19 Digest (Pdf)
    Dear all, Please see below for upcoming events, opportunities, and publications that may be of interest to you. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ‘Invisible Agents’ with Nadine Akkerman 2. ‘Breaking News! US Intelligence and the Press’ 3. ‘The scandalous case of John Vassall’ with Mark Dunton 4. Conference on ‘Women in Intelligence’ 5. Conference on ‘Emerging Trends: New Tools, Threats, and Thinking’ 6. Belgian Intelligence Studies Centre Conference 7. CfP: ‘The Bondian Cold War: The Transitional Legacies of a Cold War Icon’ 8. CfP: ‘Need to Know IX: Intelligence and major political change’ 9. Journal for Intelligence, Propaganda and Security Studies (Vol.12, No.1) 10. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence (Vol.32, No.1) EVENTS 1.’Invisible Agents’ with Nadine Akkerman Hosted by Edinburgh Spy Week Friday 12 April Project Room, 50 George Square Edinburgh, UK Nadine Akkerman, winner of the 2019 Ammodo Science Award, will discuss her research into the role of women in the politics and espionage of the seventeenth century. For her best-selling book Invisible Agents, Nadine had to act as a modern-day spy, breaking cipher codes and studying invisible inks to unearth long-hidden plots and conspiracies. This compelling and ground-breaking contribution to the history of espionage details a series of case studies in which women - from playwright to postmistress, from lady-in-waiting to laundry woman - acted as spies, sourcing and passing on confidential information on account of political and religious convictions or to obtain money or power. Registration is available here 2. ‘Breaking News! US Intelligence and the Press’ Hosted by the Michael V.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Left's Views on Israel: from the Establishment of the Jewish State To
    ‘The Left’s Views on Israel: From the establishment of the Jewish state to the intifada’ Thesis submitted by June Edmunds for PhD examination at the London School of Economics and Political Science 1 UMI Number: U615796 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615796 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 F 7377 POLITI 58^S8i ABSTRACT The British left has confronted a dilemma in forming its attitude towards Israel in the postwar period. The establishment of the Jewish state seemed to force people on the left to choose between competing nationalisms - Israeli, Arab and later, Palestinian. Over time, a number of key developments sharpened the dilemma. My central focus is the evolution of thinking about Israel and the Middle East in the British Labour Party. I examine four critical periods: the creation of Israel in 1948; the Suez war in 1956; the Arab-Israeli war of 1967 and the 1980s, covering mainly the Israeli invasion of Lebanon but also the intifada. In each case, entrenched attitudes were called into question and longer-term shifts were triggered in the aftermath.
    [Show full text]
  • American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler's Death
    American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler’s Death Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the Undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Kelsey Mullen The Ohio State University November 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Alice Conklin, Department of History Project Mentor: Doctoral Candidate Sarah K. Douglas, Department of History American Intelligence and the Question of Hitler’s Death 2 Introduction The fall of Berlin marked the end of the European theatre of the Second World War. The Red Army ravaged the city and laid much of it to waste in the early days of May 1945. A large portion of Hitler’s inner circle, including the Führer himself, had been holed up in the Führerbunker underneath the old Reich Chancellery garden since January of 1945. Many top Nazi Party officials fled or attempted to flee the city ruins in the final moments before their destruction at the Russians’ hands. When the dust settled, the German army’s capitulation was complete. There were many unanswered questions for the Allies of World War II following the Nazi surrender. Invading Russian troops, despite recovering Hitler’s body, failed to disclose this fact to their Allies when the battle ended. In September of 1945, Dick White, the head of counter intelligence in the British zone of occupation, assigned a young scholar named Hugh Trevor- Roper to conduct an investigation into Hitler’s last days in order to refute the idea the Russians promoted and perpetuated that the Führer had escaped.1 Major Trevor-Roper began his investigation on September 18, 1945 and presented his conclusions to the international press on November 1, 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • British Domestic Security Policy and Communist Subversion: 1945-1964
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo British Domestic Security Policy and Communist Subversion: 1945-1964 William Styles Corpus Christi College, University of Cambridge September 2016 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy William Styles British Domestic Security Policy and Communist Subversion: 1945-1964 This thesis is concerned with an analysis of British governmental attitudes and responses to communism in the United Kingdom during the early years of the Cold War, from the election of the Attlee government in July 1945 up until the election of the Wilson government in October 1964. Until recently the topic has been difficult to assess accurately, due to the scarcity of available original source material. However, as a result of multiple declassifications of both Cabinet Office and Security Service files over the past five years it is now possible to analyse the subject in greater depth and detail than had been previously feasible. The work is predominantly concerned with four key areas: firstly, why domestic communism continued to be viewed as a significant threat by successive governments – even despite both the ideology’s relatively limited popular support amongst the general public and Whitehall’s realisation that the Communist Party of Great Britain presented little by way of a direct challenge to British political stability. Secondly, how Whitehall’s understanding of the nature and severity of the threat posed by British communism developed between the late 1940s and early ‘60s, from a problem considered mainly of importance only to civil service security practices to one which directly impacted upon the conduct of educational policy and labour relations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethics of Intelligence Collection Ross W. Bellaby
    What’s the Harm? The Ethics of Intelligence Collection Ross W. Bellaby Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of International Politics Aberystwyth University June 13th, 2011 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ...................................................................... (Ross W. Bellaby) Date ........................................................................ STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where *correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed ..................................................................... (Ross W. Bellaby) Date ........................................................................ [*this refers to the extent to which the text has been corrected by others] STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ..................................................................... (Ross W. Bellaby) Date ........................................................................ I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying
    [Show full text]
  • Graham Russell Mitchell Graham Mitchell Born Graham Russell
    Graham Russell Mitchell Graham Mitchell Born Graham Russell Mitchell 4 November 1905 Kenilworth, Warwickshire Died 19 November 1984 (aged 79) Sherington, Buckinghamshire Nationality British Other names Graham Russell Mitchell Occupation MI5 Security Service officer and deputy director general Spouse(s) Eleonora Patricia Robertson Graham Russell Mitchell OBE, CB (1905 – 1984), was the deputy director general of MI5, the British Security Service, between 1956 and 1963. In 1963Roger Hollis, the MI5 director general, authorised the secret investigation of Mitchell following suspicions within the Secret Intelligence Service MI6 that he was a Soviet agent. It is now thought unlikely that he ever was a "mole". Personal life Graham Mitchell, the eldest child of Alfred Sherrington Mitchell, a captain in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, and Sibyl Gemma Mitchell, née Heathcote, was born on 4 November 1905 in Kenilworth, Warwickshire. He attended Winchester College and Magdalen College, Oxford to read politics, philosophy, and economics. As a child he had poliomyelitis which left him with a pronounced limp but he nevertheless went on to become an accomplished golfer and he sailed for Oxford University. In lawn tennis he was a partner in the men's doubles winning team of the Queen's Club Championships in 1930. He represented Great Britain at correspondence chess and was at one time ranked fifth in the world. In 1934 he married Eleonora Patricia Robertson (1909 – 1993), daughter of James Marshall Robertson, and the couple had two children.[1] After graduation in 1927 Mitchell was briefly a journalist for the Illustrated London News in 1935 before joining the research department of Conservative Central Office, led by Sir Joseph Ball.[1][2] The "research department" was actually an intelligence service which had infiltrated Labour Party Headquarters.[2] Unfit for military service because of his polio, he joined the MI5 in November 1939.
    [Show full text]
  • Spy Culture and the Making of the Modern Intelligence Agency: from Richard Hannay to James Bond to Drone Warfare By
    Spy Culture and the Making of the Modern Intelligence Agency: From Richard Hannay to James Bond to Drone Warfare by Matthew A. Bellamy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (English Language and Literature) in the University of Michigan 2018 Dissertation Committee: Associate Professor Susan Najita, Chair Professor Daniel Hack Professor Mika Lavaque-Manty Associate Professor Andrea Zemgulys Matthew A. Bellamy [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6914-8116 © Matthew A. Bellamy 2018 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to all my students, from those in Jacksonville, Florida to those in Port-au-Prince, Haiti and Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is also dedicated to the friends and mentors who have been with me over the seven years of my graduate career. Especially to Charity and Charisse. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ii List of Figures v Abstract vi Chapter 1 Introduction: Espionage as the Loss of Agency 1 Methodology; or, Why Study Spy Fiction? 3 A Brief Overview of the Entwined Histories of Espionage as a Practice and Espionage as a Cultural Product 20 Chapter Outline: Chapters 2 and 3 31 Chapter Outline: Chapters 4, 5 and 6 40 Chapter 2 The Spy Agency as a Discursive Formation, Part 1: Conspiracy, Bureaucracy and the Espionage Mindset 52 The SPECTRE of the Many-Headed HYDRA: Conspiracy and the Public’s Experience of Spy Agencies 64 Writing in the Machine: Bureaucracy and Espionage 86 Chapter 3: The Spy Agency as a Discursive Formation, Part 2: Cruelty and Technophilia
    [Show full text]
  • MI6: Fifty Years of Special Operations
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Huddersfield Repository University of Huddersfield Repository Dorril, Stephen A Critical Review: MI6: Fifty years of special operations Original Citation Dorril, Stephen (2010) A Critical Review: MI6: Fifty years of special operations. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/9763/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ University of Huddersfield PhD by Publication STEPHEN DORRIL A Critical Review: MI6: FIFTY YEARS OF SPECIAL OPERATIONS Presented December 2010 1 I would like to thank Professor Keith Laybourn for his welcome comments and generous support during the writing of this review. - Stephen Dorril 2 CONTENTS 1. THE REVIEW page 4 to page 40 - Introduction page 4 to page 8 - Methodology and Research page 9 to page 25 - Contents page 26 to page 35 - Impact page 36 to page 40 - Conclusion page 41 to page 42 2.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Applus Services S.A., Financial Statements
    Applus Services, S.A. Financial Statements for the year ended 31 December 2020 and Directors' Report, together with Independent Auditor's Report Translation of a report originally issued in Spanish based on our work performed in accordance with the audit regulations in force in Spain and of financial statements originally issued in Spanish and prepared in accordance with the regulatory financial reporting framework applicable to the Company in Spain (see Notes 2 and 14). In the event of a discrepancy, the Spanish-language version prevails. This declaration is a translation for informative purposes only of the original document issued in Spanish, which has been signed for approval by every Board member. In the event of discrepancy, the Spanish- language version prevails. The members of the Board of Directors of Applus Services, S.A. declare that, to the best of their knowledge, the individual financial statements of Applus Services, S.A. (comprising the statement of financial position, statement of profit or loss, the statement of changes in equity, the statement of cash flows and the explanatory notes) for the year ended at 31 December 2020, prepared in accordance with the accounting policies applicable and approved by the Board of Directors at its meeting on 18 February 2021, present fairly the equity, financial position and results of Applus Services, S.A., and that the management report accompanying such financial statements includes a fair analysis of the business’ evolution, results and the financial position of Applus Services, S.A, as well as a description of the principal risks and uncertainties that the company faces.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright Statement This Copy of the Thesis Has Been Supplied On
    University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2014 Blackshirts and White Wigs: Reflections on Public Order Law and the Political Activism of the British Union of Fascists Channing, Iain Christopher Edward http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2897 University of Plymouth All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Copyright Statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent. 1 2 Blackshirts and White Wigs: Reflections on Public Order Law and the Political Activism of the British Union of Fascists by Iain Christopher Edward Channing A thesis submitted to Plymouth University in Partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Plymouth Law School March 2013 3 4 Abstract While domestic fascism within the United Kingdom has never critically challenged Parliamentary sovereignty, it has decisively disrupted public order since its roots were established in the inter-war political scene. The violence provoked by Sir Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists (BUF) was one of the stimulating factors behind the enactment of the Public Order Act 1936.
    [Show full text]