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Independence Movements

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Independence Movements Access to History for the IB Diploma Independence movements Alan Farmer Dedication Keith Randell (1943–2002) The original Access to History series was conceived and developed by Keith, who created a series to ‘cater for students as they are, not as we might wish them to be’. He leaves a living legacy of a series that for over 20 years has provided a trusted, stimulating and well-loved accompaniment to post-16 study. Our aim with these new editions for the IB is to continue to offer students the best possible support for their studies. The material in this title has been developed independently of the International Baccalaureate®, which in no way endorses it. The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Photo credits p.24 © The Granger Collection, NYC/TopFoto; p.26 © The Granger Collection, NYC/TopFoto; p.62 © 2005 Roger-Viollet/ TopFoto; p.73 © The Granger Collection, NYC/TopFoto; p.129 © INTERFOTO/Alamy; p.134 © World History Archive/TopFoto; p.138 © World History Archive/TopFoto; p.141 © Stocktrek Images, Inc./Alamy; p.145 © World History Archive/TopFoto; p.150 © World History Archive/TopFoto; p.151 © 2001 Topham Picturepoint/TopFoto; p.165 © The Granger Collection, NYC/ TopFoto; p.196 © Everett Collection Historical/Alamy. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827720. Fax: +44 (0)1235 400454. Lines are open 9.00a.m.–5.00p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www.hoddereducation.co.uk © Alan Farmer 2013 First published in 2013 by Hodder Education, An Hachette UK Company 338 Euston Road London NW1 3BH Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Cover photo © Tomas Abad/Alamy Illustrations by Barking Dog Art Typeset in 10/13pt Palatino and produced by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India Printed in Italy A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978 14441 82316 Contents Introduction 1 1 What you will study 1 2 How you will be assessed 2 3 About this book 5 CHAPTER 1 Independence movements in the Americas 8 1 The North American colonies by 1763 8 2 The causes of the War of Independence 16 3 Key debate: What caused the American War of Independence? 34 4 The causes of independence movements in Latin America 37 Examination advice 52 Examination practice 55 CHAPTER 2 The Declaration and War of Independence 56 1 The United States’ Declaration of Independence 56 2 The situation in 1776 64 3 Military operations: 1776–7 71 4 The extension of the war 78 5 American victory 1778–83 81 6 Key debate: Did Britain lose or America win the War of Independence? 89 Examination advice 93 Examination practice 95 CHAPTER 3 Independence movements in Latin America 96 1 The situation in Europe 1807–12 96 2 The Wars of Liberation: 1810–15 99 3 The Wars of Liberation: 1816–25 112 4 Key debate: Why were Spain’s American colonies able to win independence? 126 5 Brazilian independence 128 Examination advice 131 Examination practice 133 CHAPTER 4 Leaders of the independence movements 134 1 George Washington (1732–99) 134 2 John Adams (1735–1826) 138 3 Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) 141 4 Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) 145 5 José de San Martín (1778–1850) and Bernardo O’Higgins (1778–1842) 150 6 Key debate: Which man had the greatest impact: George Washington or Simón Bolívar? 154 Examination advice 159 Examination practice 160 CHAPTER 5 Latin American independence and the USA and Britain 161 1 The international situation: 1810–15 161 2 The international situation: 1815–21 164 3 The Monroe Doctrine 169 4 Recognition of Spanish American independence 174 5 Britain and Brazil 178 Examination advice 180 Examination practice 182 CHAPTER 6 The impact of independence on the economies and societies of the Americas 183 1 The social impact of the American Revolution 183 2 The economic impact of the War of Independence 189 3 Political developments in the USA 193 4 Key debate: How revolutionary was the (North) American Revolution? 203 5 The impact of the Wars of Liberation on Latin American society 205 6 The economic impact of the Wars of Liberation 209 7 The political impact of the Wars of Liberation 213 Examination advice 221 Examination practice 223 Timeline 224 Glossary 225 Further reading 230 Internal assessment 233 Index 234 Introduction This book has been written to support your study of HL option 3: Aspects of the history of the Americas: Independence movements of the IB History Diploma Route 2. This introduction gives you an overview of: J the content you will study for Independence movements J how you will be assessed for Paper 3 J the different features of this book and how these will aid your learning. 1 What you will study From 1775 until around 1825, much of the Americas were under the control of several European powers. A series of independence movements arose and waged war against the colonial masters. How the USA and Central and South American nations won their independence is the focus of this book. The causes behind each independence movement are discussed, as are the immediate economic, social and political impacts of the successful wars. The book: ● begins by discussing the various factors which led to independence movements in North, South and Central America (Chapter 1) ● traces the American quest for independence from 1775–83 and explores the impact of the Declaration of Independence, various military campaigns, foreign aid to the rebels and watershed battles such as Saratoga and Yorktown (Chapter 2) ● covers the various Latin American independence movements, including an investigation of the relatively bloodless Brazilian path to independence, as well as looking at how European events impacted on events in the Americas (Chapter 3) ● examines the roles played by a number of key political and military leaders such as George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín and Bernardo O’Higgins (Chapter 4) ● looks at the roles the USA and Britain played in the Latin American wars of independence, and discusses the formulation and impact of the Monroe Doctrine (Chapter 5) ● analyses the results of the different independence wars on both the economies and societies of the Americas and concludes by examining how the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution helped shape political cohesion in the new USA (Chapter 6). 1 2 How you will be assessed The IB History Diploma Higher Level has three papers in total: Papers 1 and 2 for Standard Level and a further Paper 3 for Higher Level. It also has an internal assessment that all students must do. ● For Paper 1 you need to answer four source-based questions on a prescribed subject. This counts for 20 per cent of your overall marks. ● For Paper 2 you need to answer two essay questions on two different topics. This counts for 25 per cent of your overall marks. ● For Paper 3 you need to answer three essay questions on two or three sections. This counts for 35 per cent of your overall marks. For the Internal Assessment you need to carry out a historical investigation. This counts for 20 per cent of your overall marks HL option 3: Aspects of the history of the Americas is assessed through Paper 3. You must study three sections out of a choice of 12, one of which could be Independence movements. These sections are assessed through Paper 3 of the IB History diploma which has 24 essay questions – two for each of the 12 sections. In other words, there will be two specific questions that you can answer based on Independence movements. For clarity’s sake, this book also examines the creation of political structures in the new USA and you may well find a suitable question you can answer from the section immediately after Independence movements. This is called Nation-building and challenges. Examination questions For Paper 3 you need to answer three of the 24 questions. You could either answer two on one of the sections you have studied and one on another section, or one from each of the three sections you have studied.
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