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Elements of Nationbuilding in Argentina: Buenos Aires, 1810-1828

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Elements of Nationbuilding in Argentina: Buenos Aires, 1810-1828 ELEMENTS OF NATIONBUILDING IN ARGENTINA: BUENOS AIRES, 1810-1828 By HENRY PH. VOGEL A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 1 987 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the research, preparation, and realization of the following pages, many people have helped in various ways. While it is always a delicate matter to classify such aid by order of importance or magnitude, there is no doubt that my greatest debt and gratitude concern Dr. David Bushnell who .has been a true padrino de tesis . The other members of my committee. Dr. Lyle N. McAlister, Dr. Andres Suarez, and Dean Charles F. Sidman, have taught me about politics, the historical profession, and Latin America. They shall find their influence on this dissertation far from negligible. I have thoroughly enjoyed working for Dean Sidman as a research assistant, and I owe him, the College of Arts and Sciences, as well as the History Department, a very great deal for helping me to carry out archival research in Buenos Aires in 1 984 . Many others at the University of Florida have helped me in many ways. Ray Jones, a good friend and the best research librarian around, has helped me find important materials. With Al Duran and David Sowell, friends and fellow graduate students at Florida, I have enjoyed exploring the history of Spanish America. In Buenos Aires, I have spent a most fruitful year of archival work and learning about that most pleasant of cities and its ways. Many Argentines have given me insights and 11 understanding impossible to acquire by merely reading. Together with my friend Carlos Newland, I have worked in the libraries and archives of Buenos Aires and La Plata. Eduardo Saguier is the best host the Archivo General de la Nacion could possibly have hoped for. He has introduced me to many of the Archivo' s temporary and all but permanent residents: Dr. Jimenez, Hugo Vainikoff, Alfredo Montoya, Jorge Crespo, and many others who all have helped me find my way to documents, introduced me to their friends, and taught invaluable lessons on Argentine history. The staff of the Archivo has always been helpful, friendly and interested, and they have made me feel really at home on Leandro Alem. The same warm reception has befallen me at the Academia Nacional de la Historia, which has an environment for study that is ever so pleasant, and a most helpful and able librarian, Graciela Moyano. Outside the Archivo and the Academia, Gaston Doucet, Benito Nazar Anchorena, Teodoro Peltenburg and their families, as well as the Petracchi and Herrera families, have made us feel welcome and at home in Buenos Aires. Finally, thanks are due my wife, my father, and Mrs. Bushnell , whose help has been crucial for me. As is customary to explain, inclusion of persons in the above catalogue has not been an attempt on my part to make them unwitting accomplices of whatever mistakes, errors or other flaws I may have committed on the following pages. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES vii ABSTRACT ix ^ CHAPTERS ' I INTRODUCTION 1 Nationalism and its Interpreters 1 Nationalism in Latin America 9 Notes to Chapter 1 16 II NATION AND COUNTRY 20 ^ Etymology 20 The Growth of Porteno Identity 24 Porteno Identity and Regional Differences . 29 Notes to Chapter II 39 III A NEW HEGEMONY: UNITY, LOYALTY AND DISSENSION . 43 The Quest for Unity 43 Loyalty 50 The Enforcement of Unity and Loyalty: Surveillance and Control 58 Resistance and Clashes 66 Celebrations and Loyalty 71 Notes to Chapter III 75 IV THE VARIETIES OF PROPAGANDA 7 9 The Need for Propaganda 79 Visual Propaganda 81 Printed Propaganda 83 Imagery and Symbols 94 Hero Worship 101 Music and Song 106 The Reception of Propaganda 109 Notes to Chapter IV 115 IV V FESTIVITIES 121 The colonial Background 121 Revolutionary Celebrations: the Fiestas Mayas 130 Ups and Downs: 1 81 4-1 820 1 45 Return to Normalcy 150 Organization and Cost of the Fiestas Mayas. 154 Notes to Chapter V 157 VI FESTIVITIES (II) 162 Other Festivities 162 Victory Celebrations 166 Minor Celebrations 170 Religious Celebrations, 181 0-1 828 1 75*/ Festivals: Place and Meaning in Everyday Life 179 ^ Significance of Revolutionary Celebrations. 184 Notes to Chapter VI 192 VII FOREIGNERS IN BUENOS AIRES 196 Foreigners and Natives 196 Numbers and Legal Status 199 Immigration Policy 206 The Portuguese 208 The British 212 Xenophobia 217 Relations Between Natives and Foreigners in Everyday Life 222 Creoles and Spaniards 222 Creoles and the British 230 Creoles and Portuguese/Brazilians. 238 Notes to Chapter VII 245 VIII NATURALIZATION 252 The Colonial and Spanish Background 252 The Need for a Revolutionary Nationality. 257 Legal Requirements for Naturalization .... 261 V Number of Naturalizations, 1 81 0-1828 267 ^ The Nature of Naturalization 270/ Categories of Naturalization 274 v/ Spanish Bureaucrats, Officers and Merchants 274 v/ Spanish Intellectuals, Technicians and Liberal Refugees 284 Portuguese Merchants and Artisans. 287 British Merchants, North American Corsairs, and Others 289 Notes to Chapter VIII 294 v IX CONCLUSION 298 Notes to Chapter IX 304 APPENDICES A NATURALIZATIONS OF SPANIARDS IN BUENOS AIRES FROM 1810 TO 1 828 305 B NATURALIZATIONS OF NON-HISPANIC , NON-PORTUGUESE FOREIGNERS IN BUENOS AIRES, FROM 1810 TO 1828 . 315 v C NATURALIZATIONS OF PORTUGUESE AND BRAZILIANS IN BUENOS AIRES, 1 81 0-1 828 31 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 319 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 332 vi 1 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 5 Religious holidays since 1756 123 ' Table 5 2 Local annual celebrations in Buenos Aires, political and religious (1810-1828) . 131^ Table 5- 3 Fiestas Mayas Committees, 1813-1821 154 Table 5- 4 Cost of civic celebrations, 1 81 1 -1828 1 55 4 6- Table 51 Most important non-annual celebrations and solemnities in Buenos Aires, 1810-1828 . 1 70 Table 6- 2 Cost of some other festivities and solemnities, 1809-1821 174 Table 6- 3 Cost of ^ religious celebrations, 1809-1821. 176 Table 6- 4 Total and average cost of celebrations, 1811-1821 181 Table 7- 1 Foreigners in Buenos Aires, 1 804-1822 205 8- Table 1 Naturalizations in Buenos Aires during the colonial period 256 Table 8- 2 Regional origins of non-porteno witnesses for naturalization in Buenos Aires, 1810-1828. 271 Table 8- 3 Duration of naturalization procedure, Buenos Aires, 1 81 0-1828 273 Table 8- Regional origins of naturalized Spaniards, Buenos Aires and Interior, 1810-1828 . Table 8- Peninsulars and creoles in government, the military and the clergy, 1810 279 Table 8-i Professional breakdown of naturalizing peninsulars in the entire area under control of the revolution, 1 810-1 828 279 vii Table 8-7 Age at naturalization, Buenos Aires 1810-1828. 281 Table 8-8 Age at arrival in the Rio de la Plata of naturalizing peninsulars in Buenos Aires, 1 81 0-1828 282 Table 8-9 Time between arrival in the Rio de la Plata and naturalization, 1810-1 828 283 viii Abstract of Dissertation presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ELEMENTS OF NATIONBUILDING IN ARGENTINA: BUENOS AIRES, 1810-1828 By Henry Ph. Vogel August 1 987 Chairman: David Bushnell Major Department: History The May revolution of 1810 laid the foundations of the Argentine nation-state in two essential ways: it provided the means for natives and foreigners to become true Argentines, both emotionally and legally. The independence revolution in Argentina brought to power a de-facto government faced with the immediate need to establish and keep political power. In the old viceregal capital, Buenos Aires, the revolution enjoyed initial popularity but , it was soon deemed necessary to cultivate public opinion. The government wanted to make sure that popular support stayed in its favor. Traditional means of written propaganda--government newspapers, handbills and IX . pamphlets--were used intensively. Police and administrative controls of the residents of the capital were intensified. Concurrently , the oganization of time was adapted to reflect the new political reality. Monarchist celebrations were abolished and the number of religious holidays was curtailed drastically. They were replaced by revolutionary festivals: the Fiestas Mayas and Fiestas Julias , and by spontaneous celebrations of victories on the battlefield. The new festivals also served as a litmus test of political loyalty The new celebrations--drawing heavily upon the Colonial festive tradition and on the new celebrations introduced after the victories over the British in 1806 and 1 807--also enabled the inhabitants of the capital to express their growing patriotic feelings. At the same time, the thousands of foreign residents of Buenos Aires could assimilate emotionally through the new festivals. But the government needed more than loyalty: it needed men with new skills and contacts to build up the country. Hence, it tried to stimulate immigration and naturalize newcomers from Europe. Naturalization was originally intended to purge the bureaucracy of counterrevolutionary peninsulars, but it gradually developed into an instrument to make Argentines of all foreigners. x . CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Nationalism and its Interpreters The building of nations has become a familiar phenomenon since the beginning of the nineteenth century. Some of the countries of the Old World had achieved nationhood during the Middle Ages. In medieval France, Paris had been the center of nationbuilding, in which the monarchy occupied a central place. The monks of the monastery of Saint Denis near Paris took care of the propaganda, and elaborated a national myth around the royal family and the sacred nature of the king. Official historiography thus emphasized the unity of the state, royal authority, religion, and historical consciousness 1 But apart from France and England, few countries had been able to transform themselves into nations, rather compact structures with a single dominant language, a single religion, and more importantly, one single loyalty.
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