DOCSLIB.ORG

Howling About the Land: Religion, Social Space, and Wolf Reintroduction in the Southwestern United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Howling About the Land: Religion, Social Space, and Wolf Reintroduction in the Southwestern United States HOWLING ABOUT THE LAND: RELIGION, SOCIAL SPACE, AND WOLF REINTRODUCTION IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES By GAVIN VAN HORN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2008 Gavin Van Horn 2 To Marcy, sin miedo. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS People say getting a PhD is a matter not so much of intelligence but endurance. I endured, but I also had the support of many intelligent people, and, more importantly, many caring people. Chief among them was Marcy, who has loved me from coast to coast and taught me what sacrifice means. Words on a page won’t do. I also want to give deserved credit to Hawkins, even though he can’t read this yet, for bolstering my spirits, for his wonder-filled giggles, and for helping me tend the garden. I am deeply grateful to my parents, who accused me of lingering too long in the womb of mother academia but also supported me unfailingly as I did. Special thanks go to Bron, who tempted me to come to Florida, and then made me a better scholar while I was there. I am also indebted to Anna, Jack, Paul, and Bill, who dedicated time, energy, and encouragement to my work. Finally, I will always be appreciative of the UF Religion and Nature crew, especially to Sam and Luke for their friendship and extra feedback, and to B-rad, partly for his hair but mostly for his hugs. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 1 MARKING TERRITORY: THE RELEVANCE OF WOLVES TO RELIGION .................14 Prologue ..................................................................................................................................14 Marking Territory: Why Religion? .........................................................................................15 Marking Territory: Why Wolves? ..........................................................................................21 Marking Territory: A Working Definition of Religion (in relation to nonhuman beings) .....28 Marking Territory: The Topography of the Religious Imagination .......................................36 Marking Territory: Interdisciplinary Mutants ........................................................................39 2 ANIMISTIC RELATIONALITY, THE GOOD SHEPHERD, AND THE CONTEST OF ANIMAL ORDERS .........................................................................................................44 Wolves as Insiders: Animistic Relationality ...........................................................................46 Understanding Animism .........................................................................................................50 Relating Particularly ...............................................................................................................52 Wolves as Outsiders: On the Edges of (Cognitive) Maps ......................................................60 The Lamb(s) of God and The Good Shepherd .......................................................................64 Worshipping the Created? Accusations of Paganism .............................................................76 The Roots and the Shoots of a Religious Conflict ..................................................................82 3 POSTERWOLVES: CONSTRUCTING AND CONSTRICTING A WILDERNESS ICON .......................................................................................................................................94 Introduction: Wolf Terrorists and Wolf Superstars ................................................................94 Wolf Iconography: Studying Animal Images and the Human Imagination .........................100 Destroying and Deploying Icons ..........................................................................................103 Green Fire and Thinking like a Mountain ............................................................................108 The Green Fire Spreads: Charisma and Advocacy ...............................................................113 Wild Animals with Green Fire .............................................................................................114 Conserving Green Fire ..........................................................................................................118 Icons on the Ground: The Dilemmas of Controlling Green Fire ..........................................122 Reflecting on Green Fire ......................................................................................................127 5 4 HUMAN AND WOLF TOPOGRAPHY IN THE SOUTHWEST: BACKGROUND ........137 Making a Living on the Land ...............................................................................................138 Livestock and “Civil” Society ..............................................................................................141 Government Interventions: From “Essentially Eliminated” to “Nonessential Experimental” ...................................................................................................................146 The Gathering Storm ............................................................................................................154 Meeting Wolves Again for the First Time ............................................................................159 5 HUMAN AND WOLF TOPOGRAPHY IN THE SOUTHWEST: THE VALUES ...........169 Myths as “Sensible” Narratives ............................................................................................169 The Values of Land ..............................................................................................................172 Pastoral Ethics ......................................................................................................................175 Wolves and Ranchers ...........................................................................................................183 Future Visions: Keeping Land Open and in the Family .......................................................190 Environmental(ist) Ethics .....................................................................................................193 Wolves and Environmentalists .............................................................................................198 Future Visions: Keeping Land Healthy for All Creatures ....................................................203 Managerial Ethics .................................................................................................................207 Wolves and the Government ................................................................................................218 Future Visions: Keeping Land Manageable and People Reasonable ...................................224 Narrating the Future of Wolf Recovery ................................................................................228 6 INSCRIBING VALUES ON THE LAND: “PROBLEM WOLVES,” HOMELAND SECURITY, AND MARGINAL THOUGHTS ...................................................................234 Wolf Transgressions .............................................................................................................237 Signaling Territory: Wolves .................................................................................................240 Signaling Territory: Humans ................................................................................................245 Border Work: Government Zones and “Problem Wolves” ..................................................252 Homeland Security ...............................................................................................................262 Opening Space ......................................................................................................................276 7 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS AND PARTING HOWLS ..................................................279 Religion as Part of the Dialogue ...........................................................................................279 The Test of Time, Narrative, and Community .....................................................................283 Parting Howls .......................................................................................................................289 APPENDIX: A FEW WORDS ABOUT INTERVIEW CONTENT AND METHODS ............294 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................294 Interviews .............................................................................................................................295 Interview Question Set .........................................................................................................297 6 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................301
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 4Th Edition System Reference Document
    4th Edition System Reference Document Last Updated: February 27, 2009 DUNGEONS & DRAGONS® 4TH Edition System Reference Document Last Updated: February 25, 2009 System Reference Document ©2009 Wizards of the Coast page 1 of 84 Usage Guidelines These Usage Guidelines are presented to help you use this template in a Licensed Product, nor may you define these 4E System Reference Document (SRD) and the 4E References it References. You may, however, print a kobold wyrmpriest contains, as well as to help you in using the DUNGEONS & lich that you create and that is relevant to your Licensed DRAGONS® (D&D) Core Rulebooks to create your own Product. Similarly, when you create an NPC, you may apply Licensed Product. Despite appearing in this SRD, these the NPC Magic Threshold (D&D 4E Dungeon Master’s Guide, Usage Guidelines are not 4E References, and they may not be page 187) rule to that NPC. You might also print the specific reprinted or otherwise reproduced. For these guidelines, the attack bonus and damage for an NPC’s paladin power, even Core Rulebooks are defined as the D&D 4th Edition (4E) though you cannot reprint the power text from the D&D 4E PLAYER’S HAND BOOK® (PH), PLAYER’S HAND BOOK® 2 (PH2), Player’s Handbook. ® ® DUNGEON MASTER’S GUIDE (DMG), MONSTER MANUAL Citation (MM), MONSTER MANUAL® 2 (MM2), and ADVENTURER’S You may, as needed, cite the source of a 4E Reference for VAULT™ (AV). Your use of the SRD is subject to your ease of player use. When you do so, you may cite the Core continued compliance with the 4E Game System License Rulebook the 4E Reference comes from by title alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Watching Outside While Under a Carpet Cloak of Invisibility
    Watching outside while under a carpet cloak of invisibility Jin-Zhu Zhao, De-Lin Wang, Ru-Wen Peng*, and Mu Wang National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China Abstract We demonstrate in this letter a unique approach for watching outside while hiding in a carpet cloaking based on transformation optics. Unlike conventional carpet cloaking, which screens all the incident electromagnetic waves, we break the cloak and allow incident light get into the carpet. Hence outside information is detected inside the cloak. To recover the invisible cloaking, complementary techniques are applied in the broken space. Consequently, a hiding-inside-and-watching-outside (HIWO) carpet cloak is sewed, which works as a perfectly invisible cloaking and allows surveillance of the outside at the same time. Our work provides a strategy for ideal cloak with “hiding” and “watching” functions simultaneously. PACS numbers: 42.79.-e, 41.20.Jb, 42.25.Bs Keywords: Optical cloaking; Transformation optics * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic address: [email protected] 1 Invisible cloak has been conceived by mankind for a long time. Very recently this imagination has turned to be possible. Pendry et al. [1] proposed a scheme to design a cloaking of objects from electromagnetic fields by using transformation optics [2]. Leonhardt [3] developed optical conformal mapping for an invisibility device. Inspired by the theoretical strategies, metamaterial microwave cloaking has been experimentally realized for the first time [4]. However, some problems remain challenging, such as singular parameter and narrow-band limit of the cloak [1]. In order to solve parameter singularity of the cloak, carpet cloaking has been proposed to give all objects the appearance of a flat conducting sheet [5], which has been experimentally achieved at microwave [6] and optical [7] frequencies, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • The Renaissance Around Us by Eric Mcluhan We Are Presently in The
    The Renaissance Around Us By Eric McLuhan We are presently in the grip of the largest and grandest renaissance that the world has ever seen. This should come as no surprise. When we use the phrase, "the Renaissance," we generally mean the renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Actually The Renaissance was invented in the nineteenth century. Until then, people didn't think in those terms: we had no word for it. Apparently, it took two and a half centuries for people to recover from that cultural convulsion sufficiently to discover a need for the word. "Renaissance" debuts in English in 1845, coinciding with the invention of the telegraph, the technology which precipitated the first stage of the renaissance which now envelops us. Coincidentally, the same date saw the invention-a kind of renaissance-of dinosaurs. The word "dinosaur" too enters the language (1841) at the time of the telegraph. Everyone knew about those piles of old bones that littered the US landscape. In the nineteenth century, Americans even shipped railway cars full of them to Europe; Americans themselves, by and large, ignored them. So why should it take over two centuries to notice the 16 th -century tidal wave of rebirth and renewal? Any environmental action automatically overwhelms and paralyzes the sensibilities: its cataclysmic size and power and sheer obviousness-these form a cloak of invisibility. That it took two or more centuries to recover from The Renaissance enough to notice it testifies to its scope and power. And the renaissance gathering momentum during the 20 th century is so much more grand and potent as to make that last renaissance seem puny by comparison.
    [Show full text]
  • Sane Magic Item Prices
    Introduction • Consumables are items that are used some set Have you ever wondered how much an item truly costs? amount of times (usually once) and then are gone. Have you been wanting to find or craft an item but aren’t • Combat Items are items that primarily make the sure how it fits in to the grand scheme of things? Did you user better at killing things. Some also have other ever look at sovereign glue and say to yourself, “There is killing-unrelated effects, but these are not the no way that glue is worth 500,000 gp when Sentinal shield primary source of their utility. is worth 500gp”. Well you are in luck because this guide • Noncombat Items are items that primarily make is for you. the user better at solving problems in a killing- Brainstorming with the Giant In the Playground, /r/ unrelated manner. Some also make the user better DnDNext, and EnWorld forums, Saidoro has put together at killing things, but this is not the primary source a set of tables that break down the costs, reasons for the of their utility. costs, and DMG page to find the item. • Summoning Items are items that summon creatures to kill things or solve problems for you. • Gamechanging Items are items that can have major DM Preface effects on the way the players engage with the world Your world need not sell the magic items for the prices or that can resculpt the campaign world in some given below. Your world does not even need to sell the major way all on their own.
    [Show full text]
  • The Deathly Hallows
    The Deathly Hallows Long ago, it is said, Death created the Deathly Hallows. The Elder Wand; The Resurrection Stone; and The Cloak of Invisibility, together, make the beholder a master of supernatural powers. It is important therefore that these legendary objects never fall into the wrong hands such as those of He Who Must Not Be Named. The Creation The legend of the Deathly Hallows can be found in The Tales of Beedle the Bard. The story goes that the Deathly Hallows were created by Death as both a prize and punishment for the three brothers: Antioch, Cadmus and Ignotus Peverell. They cheated him by using magic to cross a treacherous river which he had expected to be too dangerous for them survive in. The Elder Wand Fashioned by Death from an elder tree on the banks of the river crossed by the three brothers, the Elder Wand is the most powerful wand in existence. It was requested by the eldest brother, who was greedy for power, so he could be invincible. Arguably the most sought after Deathly hallow, it is said to be unbeatable in combat; it is unique and is the only one to exist. As a result, this powerful weapon has driven many wizards to callously murder its previous owner as the Elder Wands takes on each new master whenever it is ‘won’ from them. However, with this great power comes responsibility and trouble – would you really like to own the most powerful magical object in history when everyone around you would be anxious to get it from you in any way they can? The Resurrection Stone In the tale, Death plucks a stone from the river to give to the second brother and wards it the power to bring back the dead.
    [Show full text]
  • De-Imperializing Gender: Religious Revivals, Shifting Beliefs, and the Unexpected Trajectory of Laila Lalami's Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits
    Seattle Pacific University Digital Commons @ SPU SPU Works 2019 De-Imperializing Gender: Religious Revivals, Shifting Beliefs, and the Unexpected Trajectory of Laila Lalami's Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits Kimberly Segall Seattle Pacific University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.spu.edu/works Recommended Citation Kimberly Wedeven Segall; De-imperializing Gender: Religious Revivals, Shifting Beliefs, and the Unexpected Trajectory of Laila Lalami’s Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 1 March 2019; 15 (1): 75–94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/15525864-7273720 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ SPU. It has been accepted for inclusion in SPU Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ SPU. De-Imperializing Gender: Religious Revivals, Shifting Beliefs, and the Unexpected Trajectory of Laila Lalami's Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits In Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits, Laila Lalami’s main characters attempt to cross from Morocco to Spain, on a boat designed for eight, but filled with thirty people. Some characters make it, others are turned back. Analyzing this clandestine crossing, literary critics have considered the ways in which these immigrants have found a sense of “feminist consciousness” (De La Cruz-Guzman 2008) or a “deterritorialized self” (Abunaseer 2016) through their journeys. But what is missing within critical inquiry is an emphasis on the religious identifications of the female protagonists. Considering her reasons for writing, Lalami suggests that while Islam is “omnipresent” in the media with stereotypes of “violence, poverty, and gender discrimination,” the complexity of Muslims is paradoxically absent—a relegated state of “invisibility,” leaving the “Muslim writer” at “war with cliché” (Lalami 2011, 145).
    [Show full text]
  • The Knight and the Witch Based on an Idea by Zach P. Once Upon a Time in the Village of Reicros There Lived a Witch. She Took Pa
    The Knight and the Witch based on an idea by Zach P. Once upon a time in the village of Reicros there lived a witch. She took part in every aspect of life in the community, always doing good. She made houses for the poorest people and tried to provide food to all those who were suffering from famine. As the winters had been harsh, and the harvests had been insufficient, she helped all inhabitants to feed themselves.The villagers admired her, but they were also suspicious of her because she was different and had some magical powers, and also as she lived in a mysterious hideaway, surrounded by a thick fog which never seemed to lift. One day, a stranger with a strange allure approached, riding a slim horse with brown spotted coat. His overcoat, embroidered with coats of arms of the most illustrious royal families, indicated that he belonged to the nobility. A steel helmet covered his face. One could only perceive his eyes of fire, through the the tiny holes of its visor. When he saw the witch, he stopped, climbed down from his horse, and drew his sword. The witch was terrified. She knew he was coming for her so she hid herself under her cloak of invisibility. The knight was surprised by her sudden disappearance, but he continued to look for her, searching in the empty houses of the village and shouting in his cavernous voice, “This time you will not escape me, cursed sorceress! And as for you, faithful subjects of the king, do not forget where your loyalty should lie.
    [Show full text]
  • · Dungeon Room Treasure Checklist ·
    ·· DDUUNNGGEEOONN RROOOOMM TTRREEAASSUURREE CCHHEECCKKLLIISSTT ·· COMMON & CHARMS POTIONS & POWDERS RINGS & WRITINGS  11 Hidden Alcove  11 Chalice of Vigor  11 Ring of Power  12 Gold (1D6x100G)  12 Chalice of Fate  12 Lightning Fire Ring  13 Gold (1D6x25G)  13 Goblet of Vitality  13 Band of Magic  14 Bag of Gold  14 Tankard  14 Spell Ring  15 Gold (3G)  15 Arkal’s Powder  15 Ring of Life  16 Pritty Stonez  16 Flash Powder  16 Protection Ring  21 Pearl Necklace  21 Light of Courage  21 Time Freeze Ring  22 Ancient Vase of Lustria  22 Holy Water  22 Ring of Sure Seeing  23 Fine Clothes  23 Fungus Brew  23 Invisibility Rings  24 Fine Elf Wine  24 Blessed Water  24 Rapid Fire Bracelets  25 Wines of Bretonnia  25 Fire Brew  25 Bracelet of Ashain  26 1D6 Casks of Beer  26 Slave of Strength  26 Bracelet of Transformation  31 Bugman’s XXXXXX  31 Healing Salve  31 Cure Small Wounds Scroll  32 Kill Krazy Total Brew  32 Potion of Alchemy  32 Fleet of Foot Scroll  33 Exotic Foods of Tilea  33 Magic Potion  33 Flesh Worm Scroll  34 Spices From Araby  34 Potion of Battle  34 Strength Spell Scroll  35 1D6 Provisions  35 Healing Potion  35 Blood Pulse Spell Scroll  36 Stonebread  36 Potion of Healing (75G)  36 Confuse Spell Scroll  41 Backpack  41 Potion of Disguise  41 Iron Skin Spell Scroll  42 Map  42 Potion of Strength  42 Dispel Magic Scroll  43 1D6 Bandages  43 Potion of Toughness  43 Wings of Power Scroll  44 Dwarf Pick  44 Potion of Water Walking  44 Lifebringer Spell Scroll  45
    [Show full text]
  • Harry Potter: a Comparison of the Characters, Themes, Setting and Plot with the Arthurian Legend
    University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Graduate Research Papers Student Work 2006 Harry Potter: A comparison of the characters, themes, setting and plot with the Arthurian legend Diane L. Engbretson University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2006 Diane L. Engbretson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp Part of the Education Commons, and the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Engbretson, Diane L., "Harry Potter: A comparison of the characters, themes, setting and plot with the Arthurian legend" (2006). Graduate Research Papers. 10. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/grp/10 This Open Access Graduate Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Research Papers by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Harry Potter: A comparison of the characters, themes, setting and plot with the Arthurian legend Find Additional Related Research in UNI ScholarWorks To find elatedr research in UNI ScholarWorks, go to the collection of School Library Studies Graduate Research Papers written by students in the Division of School Library Studies, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, at the University of Northern Iowa. Abstract The purpose of this study was to attempt to predict if Harry Potter is a re-creation of King Arthur and if the ending of the Potter stories will mirror that of King Arthur. This research focused on one series of King Arthur books written by Howard Pyle and the Harry Potter series written by J.K.
    [Show full text]
  • In the World of Magic
    Leonard Tushnet, whose first F&SF story appeared just 10 years ago, died on November 28, 1973. Dr. Tushnet was a physician who had a general practice in New Jersey until he turned to writing in the mid-sixties. He probably never thought of himself as an sf writer, but he brought a fresh point of view to this field and always told a good, unaffected story. We will miss him. In the World of Magic by LEONARD TUSHNET I got the idea from an we're it. We're minus population advertisement: "To reach the growth here in the States. And it's Magic Kingdom, call your travel no better in the rest of the world. agent." That didn't mean our How bad conditions were we Magic Kingdom; it. meant that heard at the international meeting travesty of it known as Disney last Hallowe'en. The Chief Grem­ World. But the slogan started me lin, despite the glowing report he thinking. gave on how effective gremlins were I was a local recruit~r. in the developing computer tech­ Recruiting is practically nil these nology, had to admit, nevertheless, past hundred years. The United that the fouling of things up was States was never a good source at being attributed to what the its best, but still we got adult engineers called Murphy's Law: "If believers here and there over the anything can go wrong,- it will." years, mainly from lunatic asylums. That law substituted science for No more. Patients are either on faith, with the result that.
    [Show full text]
  • Cloak of Invisibility
    CLOAK OF INVISIBILITY UNION HILL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF DENVILLE PALM SUNDAY APRIL 14, 2019 LUKE 19: 28-40 Unlike my children (or most of their generAtion), I did not reAd the seven-book series of Harry Potter. Instead, I watcheD all the movies anD gleaneD as much as I coulD from incessantly asking questions as the films playeD. “Is that gooD or bad?” “What Does that mean?” “Wait! I thought he was on Harry’s siDe,” or, alternatively, “I thought he was out to get Harry!” Some people, many well-intended Christians among them, criticized the whole Harry Potter enterprise under the assumption that it promoted witchcraft and sorcery. While, obviously, the story is about a boy-wizarD, when we Dare to investigate, Harry Potter is yet another of the countless book or movie series that look at great conflicts anD themes of life: gooD vs. evil, love vs. hate, community vs. power, Death anD resurrection… Among the fAntAsy items in Harry Potter is the “CloAk of Invisibility.” Along with his wanD anD his broomstick, the cloak is an essential part of his life. When Harry neeDs to sneak somewhere to see something without being seen, he throws the cloak over himself… anD Disappears! WhAt, you mAy be Asking, do Harry Potter and his escapades of magic hAve to do with Scripture, especiAlly as we stArt Holy Week with the TriumphAnt Entry of Jesus into JerusAlem? Well, for one thing, notice what is conspicuously absent from Luke’s version of Palm SunDay. That’s right: PALM BRANCHES! AccorDing to Luke, if the cheering crowDs are waving anything along the route, it is the palms of their hanDs, not palm branches.
    [Show full text]
  • Hero System Grimoire
    Hero SyStem Grimoire grimoir e herosystemgr i mo emgrimoireherosystem t ireherosystemgrimoi ystemgrimoireherosys reherosystemgrimoire h erosystemgrimoireheros tABLe oF CoNteNtS INTRODUCTION . 5 ALCHEMY . 8 ARCANOMANCY . 22 AREOMANCY . 29 BLACK MAGIC . 47 CHAOS MAGIC . 62 CONJURATION . 67 CYBERMANCY . 74 DIVINATION . 83 DIVINE MAGIC . 87 DRUIDRY . 101 ELEMENTAL MAGIC: AIR . 117 ELEMENTAL MAGIC: EARTH . 124 ELEMENTAL MAGIC: FIRE . 133 ELEMENTAL MAGIC: WATER . 143 ELEMENTAL MAGIC: MISCELLANEOUS . 148 ENCHANTMENT . 154 MONSTER MAGIC . 167 NAMING MAGIC . 174 NECROMANCY . 179 ORIENTAL SORCERY . 196 PROFESSIONAL MAGIC . 207 RUNE MAGIC . 217 SHAMANISM . 228 SONG MAGIC . 245 SORCERY . 253 SUPERHEROIC THAUMATURGY . 266 THAUMATURGY . 281 THEURGY . 289 VOODOO . 301 WARRIOR-MAGERY . 331 WITCHCRAFT . 337 WIZARDRY . 346 Hero System Grimoire n Introduction 5 INTRODUCtIoN ne of the most difficult and time- Enchantment, the Art of casting spells through consuming chores facing potential HERO enchanted items. System GMs, particularly those running Monster Magic, spells learned and cast by o Fantasy Hero games, is the need to create various types of monsters. spells for the campaign. Unless the GM is willing Naming Magic, spells that derive their power to let the players create their Rcharacters’ spells, he from the caster’s knowledge of the target’s True has to go to considerable effort to design the spells Name. characters can choose. Necromancy, magic pertaining to life, death, To help the GM with this task, The HERO undeath, and related subjects, usually considered a System Grimoire presents thousands of pre- black and evil Art. generated spells in a wide variety of categories Oriental Sorcery, magics derived from Asian — alchemy, necromancy, divine magic, and more. occultism, folklore, myth, and philosophy.
    [Show full text]