Alfons Von Liguori Und Seine Biographen Ein Heiliger Zwischen Hagiographischer Verklärung Und Historischer Wirklichkeit *

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Alfons Von Liguori Und Seine Biographen Ein Heiliger Zwischen Hagiographischer Verklärung Und Historischer Wirklichkeit * 0TTO WEiß ALFONS VON LIGUORI UND SEINE BIOGRAPHEN EIN HEILIGER ZWISCHEN HAGIOGRAPHISCHER VERKLÄRUNG UND HISTORISCHER WIRKLICHKEIT * SuMMARIUM l. - EINLEITUNG. 11. - ÜBERBLICK. III. - DIE GRuNDLAGEN (1782-1816). 1. LANDI, Giuseppe, Istoria della Congre­ gazione del SS. R.. 2. BLASUCCI, Pietro Paolo, Orazione recitata nella chiesa cat­ tedrale di Girgenti. 3. AMICI, Giacinto - GIATTINI, Vincenzo Antonio, De vita ven. servi Dei Alphonsi Mariae de Ligario fundatoris Cong. SSmi Red.. 4. TANNOIA, An­ tonio, Della Vita ed lstituto del venerabile servo di Dio Alfonso M.a Liguori ve­ scovo di S. Agata de' Goti. 5. MARSELLA, Domenico Antonio, Vita del beato Alfon­ so Maria de Liguori. VI. - NEUE AKZENTE (1817-1887). 1. LANTERI, Pio Bruno, Reflexions sur la saintete et la doctrine du Bx Liguori. 2. JEANCARD, Jacques, Vie du Bienheureux Alphanse-Marie de Liguori. 3. VERDIER, Jean-Baptiste-Avit, Vie de Alphanse­ Marie de Ligoury. 4. RISPOLI, Pier Luigi, Vita del B. Alfonso Maria de Liguori. 5. Übersetzungen und kleinere Biographien. 6. Der englische Sprachraum. 7. Bos­ SER, Adrian, Leven van den H. Alphonsus de Liguori. 8. VILLECOURT, Clement, Vie et institut de saint Alphanse-Marie de Liguori. 9. LoYODICE, Victorio, Vida del glorioso doctor de la Iglesia S. Alfonso Maria de Ligorio. 10. .Verschiedene Biographien nach der Erhebung des heiligen Alfons zum Kirchenlehrer: a) BAs­ SYNS DE RICHMOND, Hisfaire de Saint Alphanse de Liguori. - b) SAINTRAIN, Henri, Vie de S. Alphanse-Marie de Liguori. - c) BARBERIS, Giulio, L'Apostolo del Secolo XVII I ossia S. Alfonso M. de Liguori. V. -VoN WISSENSCHAFTLICHER FORSCHUNG ZU APOLOGETIK UND VOLKSTÜMLICHER HAGIOGRAPHIE (1887 [1877] - 1940). 1. Die Schriften von Friedrich KuNTz: Vita * Häufig gebrauchte Abkürzungen: AGHR. = Archivum Generale Historicum, Roma. BoLAND = Samuel J. BoLAND, A Dictionary of the Redemptorists, Romae 198Z SH. = Spicilegium Historicum CSSR. 152 Otto Weiß S. Alphonsi Mariae de Ligorio. - Annales C. SS. Redemptoris. - Commentaria de vita D. Alphonsi et de rebus Congr. SS. R. 2. DILGSKRON, Karl, Leben des heiligen Bi­ schofs und Kirchenlehrers Alfonsus Maria de Liguori. 3. CAPECELATRO, Alfonso, La vita di Sant'Alfonso Maria de Liguori. 4. BERTHE, Augustin, Saint Alphanse de Liguori. 5. ANGOT DEs RoTOURS, J., St. Alphanse de Liguori, 6. JANSEN, Joan­ nes L., Leven van den H. Alfonsus Maria de' Liguori. 7. PICHLER, Alois, Der heili­ ge Alfons von Liguori. Ein Charakterbild. 8. KEuscH, Karl, Die Aszetik des hl Al­ fons von Liguori. 9. Verschiedene Biographien zwischen 1921 und 1940. 10. LIE.­ VIN, Germain, Alphanse de Liguori. VI. WISSENSCHAFTLICHE FORSCHUNGEN UND NEUE GESAMTDARSTELLUNGEN (1940- 1988). 1. Sant'Alfonso de Liguori. Contributi bio-bibliografici. 2. CACCIATORE, Giuseppe, S. Alfonso de' Liguori e il giansenismo. 3. MANDERS, Hendrik, De liefde in de spiritualiteit van Sint Alfonsus. 4. TELLERIA, Raimundo, San Alfonso Maria de Ligorio. 5. Die Studien P. Maurice DE MEULEMEESTERS. 6. Die Studien Oreste GREGORIOs. 7. DuDEL, Erwin, Anwalt Gottes und der Menschen. Alfons von Liguori. 8. ÜPPITZ, Joseph W., Alphonsian History and Spirituality. 9. L'AR­ co, Adolfo, S. Alfonso amico del popolo. 10. REY-MERMET, Theodule, Le Saint du siecle des Lumieres. VII. - AusBLICK. I. - EINLEITUNG «Wurde Alfons von Liguori aus einem tragischen Mißvers• tändnis heraus zur "Schlüsselfigur des neuzeitlichen Katholizi­ smus"? ... Er wollte an die Grenzen der Gesellschaft gehen und die Theologen in diese Richtung treiben. Im 19. Jahrhundert aber wurden sein Werk und seine Erinnerung in ein kirchliches Leben und Den.ken eingeschlossen, das auf Abgrenzung trachte­ te. - Oder gehört dies einfach zu den Widersprüchlichkeiten der geschichtlichen Entwicklung? Zeichnet jede Zeit ihre eige­ nen Anliegen in die vergangeneu Ereignisse und Menschen hi­ nein hinein? Sucht jede Zeit Helfer und Komplizen unter den Vergangeneu - und verändert sie dadurch?» 1 • Alois Odermatt stellte diese kritischen Fragen in einem Referat anläßlich der 250Jahrfeier der Redemptoristen am 3. August 1982 im Redemp- 1 A. ÜDERMATT, Auf das Umfeld achten (Gedanken zur Geschichte der Re­ demptoristen), in Bei ihm ist Erlösung in Fülle. 200 Jahre Redemptoristen. Refe­ rate und Ansprachen während der Festwoche vom 2.-7.August 1982 in Garsam lnn, Gars 1982, 12-21, hier 19. Alfons von Liguori und seine Biographen 153 toristenkloster Gars am Inn. Kein Zweifel, daß er sie auch beja­ hend beatwortete. Damit hat er eine Grunderkenntnis heutiger Geschichtswissenschaft, so weit sie sich von wissenschafts­ theoretischen, epistemologischen und ideologiekritischen Über• legungen leiten läßt, zum Ausdruck gebracht und auf einen konkreten Fall angewandt. Er tut gut daran. Wenn heute die Profangeschichte Aussagen von Historikern daraufhin über• prüft, ob sie eine vergangene Epoche zu sehr von der Gegenwart her beurteilen, und vorgefaßte, fachfremde Konzeptionen gege­ 2 benfalls als Ideologien entlarvt , ist es nur recht und billig, wenn dies auch von den Kirchenhistorikern getan wird. Ge­ schichte stand allzu oft im Dienste unhistarischer Ziele. Man denke an die großangelegten Werke eines Treitschke oder Giese­ brecht, die der «deutschen Sendung» und dem «deutschen We­ sen» zum Heile der Welt die Wege bereiten sollten. Ähnliches gilt von der sogenannten «neuguelfischen Geschichtsschreibung» in Italien, die sich von einem Gemisch katholischer und natio­ nalstaatlicher Ideologien leiten ließ 3 • Damit soll jedoch nicht be­ stritten werden, daß auch diese Geschiehtschreibung sich um Wissenschaftlichkeit bemühte. Auch wäre es verkehrt, wollten wir unsere heutigen Vostellungen und Erkenntnisse einfach auf die Vergangenheit übertragen und sie daran messen. Was gebo­ ten ist, und was aus dem zeitlichen Abstand heraus auch leich­ ter möglich ist als den Zeitgenossen, ist die Einsicht in die zeit­ bedingte Einseitigkeit mancher Aussagen von Historikern. Die Kirchengeschichtsschreibung bildet da keine Ausnahme. So hat sie, um nur ein Beispiel zu nennen, lange den Blick einseitig auf die Institution Kirche als göttliche Stiftung gelenkt und die Rea­ lität des pilgernden Gottesvolkes, die Zusammenhänge zwischen Sozialstruktur und Frömmigkeit übersehen 4 • Auch in der Dar­ stellung der Ordensgeschichte der Redemptoristen und der Bio­ graphie des Ordensgründers waren immer wieder zeitbedingte 2 Vgl. Th NIPPERDEY, Kann Geschichte objektiv sein?, in DERS., Nachden­ ken über die deutsche Geschichte, Essays, München 1986, 218-234. 3 Vgl. B. CRocE, Storia della storiografia italiana nel secolo decimonono, Bari 2 1930, vol. 1, 121-129 und passim; G.SPADOLINI, La Chiesa e l'Italia, in Un secolo da Porta Pia, Napoli 1970, 21-29; O.WEiß, Die «Deutschen» in der Sicht der italienischen Mediävistik des 19. Jahrhunderts, in R. ELzE- P. ScHIERA, Italia e Germania. Immagini, modelli, miti fra due popoli nell'Ottocento: il Medioeva - Das Mittelalter, Ansichten, Stereotypen und Mythen zweier Völker im 19.Jahrhundert: Deutschland und Italien, Bologna - Berlin 1988, 269-282. 4 Vgl. 0. WEiß, An den Grenzen des Wissens, in Christ in der Gegenwart 36 (1984) 341 f. 154 Otto Weiß Vorstellungen und gutgemeinte pädagogische Intentionen am Werk, die die historische Wirklichkeit eher verdunkelten als er­ hellten. Nun mag man freilich einwenden, daß Hagiographie eine an­ dere Aufgabe hat als eine streng wissenschaftliche historische Untersuchung. Sie ist ihrem Wesen nach tendenziös, von den In­ tentionen des Verfassers her geprägt, oder - wem dies besser gefällt: sie ist engagierte Geschichtsschreibung. Ihr Ziel ist nicht eine möglichst genaue Darstellung der Einzelheiten, sondern das Aufzeigen eines Leitbilds; die Absicht, den Leser zu erbauen und zur Vervollkommnung seines eigenen christlichen Lebens anzu­ spornen. Und so steht nicht so sehr die historische Wahrheit für den Hagiographen im Mittelpunkt, sondern die in dem heiligen Menschen sich ausdrückende «metahistorische» Wahrheit, nicht so sehr Geschichte als vielmehr Heilsgeschichte. Hagiographie ist m.a.W. eine von einem gläubigen Menschen für andere Gläu• bige geschriebene Biographie, die eine nur dem Glauben zugän• gliche, von der Geschichtswissenschaft nicht erfaßbare Dimen­ sion, man kann auch sagen - auf die Gefahr hin, mißverstanden zu werden - «unwissenschaftliche» (d.h. nicht falsifizierbare) Kategorie 5 (die Heiligkeit, die Gnade, die Welt Gottes) nahebrin­ gen möchte. Das mag richtig sein. Es gestattet aber dem Hagio­ graphen nicht, von der historischen Wirklichkeit abzusehen. Vielmehr dürfte gerade durch das Ernstnehmen der histori- 5 <<Wissenschaftlichkeit» meint hier nicht nur die Anwendung wissenschaf­ tlicher Methoden, sondern Falsifizierbarkeit. Vgl. K.R. PoPPER, Logik der For­ schung, Tübingen 4 1971, 14 ff. 47 ff; K.R. PoPPER- F. KREUZER, Offene Gesell­ schaft - offenes Universum. Ein Gespräch über das Lebenswerk des Philosophen, München-Zürich 1986, 26-29, SSf. Wir sind der Ansicht, daß trotz vorwissen­ schaftlicher Festlegungen wissenschaftliches Arbeiten möglich ist. Doch sollte man um diese Voraussetzungen wissen, und darum, daß sie sich der wissen­ schaftlichen Methode verschließen. Dies gilt besonders für Glaubensüberzeu• gungen. Heilsgeschichte ist der historischen Methode nicht zugänglich. Vgl. zu der Problematik: H.R. SEELIGER, Kirchengeschichte - Geschichtswissenschaft - Geschichtstheologie. Analysen zur Wissenschaftstheorie und Theologie der ka­ tholischen Kirchengeschichtsschreibung, Düsseldorf 1981 (Lit.); O.WEiß, An den Grenzen (wie Anm. 3); DERS, Liberaler Katholizismus und kirchliche Zensur. Zu zwei
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