Doing Your Research Project 6Th Edition Bell • Waters
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Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. 6th Edition STEP-BY-STEP ADVICE ON COMPLETING DOING YOUR AN OUTSTANDING RESEARCH PROJECT Doing Your This is the market-leading book for anyone doing a research project for the first time. Clear, concise and extremely readable, this bestselling resource provides a practical, step-by-step guide from initial concept through to completion of your final written research report. research Thoroughly updated but retaining its well-loved style, this 6th edition provides: a guide for • A brand new chapter describing the benefits of using social media in research, PROJECT RESEARCH including how to use blogs, sharing ideas on research community sites, first-time crowdsourcing, LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook researchers Project • Tips on using online tools such as Delicious, Mendeley, Dropbox, EndNote and RefWorks to manage and organize your research • Guidance on searching efficiently and effectively online using Google Scholar, OVER Google Books and library databases and on correctly citing online sources 285,000 • Advice on creating online surveys for your research project, plus new material on COPIES SOLD! using Skype and Google Hangouts for online interviewing. • To support your learning, each chapter contains introductory key points, “Dead End” boxes to warn of pitfalls, “Success” checklists and further reading sections. This practical, no-nonsense guide is vital reading for all those embarking on undergraduate or postgraduate study in any discipline, and for professionals in such fields as social science, education and health. Judith Bell’s career in education began as a university lecturer, head of department and then vice principal in Further Education. After positions at the Open University as a 6th Edition senior counsellor and course team writer, she became one of Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools, specializing in continuing education. In 1997, she was awarded both the MBE for services to educational research and the degree of D.Univ by the Open University for services to adult education. Stephen Waters has 35 years’ experience in education, as a secondary teacher, head of department, Assistant Head Teacher and a Secondary English Consultant with a local BELL authority. He holds an Advanced Diploma in Educational Management and an MA in Education from the Open University, both of which required him to conduct a range of Cover design Hybert Design • www.hybertdesign.com • research case studies. Stephen is currently an associate trainer and social digital coach WATERS with the Digital Youth Academy, connecting the “born digital” generation to the business world via apprenticeships in using social media in business. JUDITH BELL with STEPHEN WATERS Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. Doing Your Research Project SIXTH EDITION Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. Doing Your Research Project A Guide for First-time Researchers SIXTH EDITION Judith Bell with Stephen Waters Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: [email protected] world wide web: www.openup.co.uk and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2289, USA First published 1987 Second edition published 1993 Third edition published 1999 Fourth edition published 2005 Fifth edition published 2010 First published in this sixth edition 2014 Copyright © Judith Bell with Stephen Waters, 2014 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani- cal, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13: 978-0-335-26446-9 ISBN-10: 0-335-26446-8 eISBN: 978-0-335-26447-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data applied for Cover and internal illustrations by Clare Wood Typeset by SRNova Private Limited, India Fictitious names of companies, products, people, characters and/or data that may be used herein (in case studies or in examples) are not intended to represent any real individual, company, product or event. Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. Brief Table of Contents Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 PART I Preparing the Ground 5 1 Approaches to Research 8 2 Planning the Project 28 3 Ethics and Integrity in Research 46 4 Reading, Referencing and the Management of Information 65 5 Literature Searching 87 6 The Review of the Literature 104 PART II Selecting Methods of Data Collection 119 7 The Analysis of Documentary Evidence 125 8 Using Social Media in Research 141 9 Designing and Administering Questionnaires 156 10 Planning and Conducting Interviews 177 11 Diaries, Logs, Critical Incidents and Blogs 195 12 Observation 210 PART III Interpreting the Evidence and Reporting the Findings 227 13 Interpreting the Evidence and Reporting the Findings 229 14 Writing the Report 256 Glossary 274 References 284 Index 297 v Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. Detailed Table of Contents Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 PART I Preparing the Ground 5 1 Approaches to Research 8 Styles of research 9 Action research and the role of practitioner researchers 10 Case study 11 Survey 14 The experimental style 15 Ethnography and the ethnographic style of research 17 The grounded theory approach 18 Narrative inquiry and stories 20 Which approach? 23 Laying the Groundwork Checklist 24 Further reading 25 2 Planning the Project 28 Selecting a topic 29 Getting started 29 The purpose of the study 32 Hypotheses, objectives and researchable questions 33 Working title and the project outline 34 Timing 35 Supervision 36 Student–supervisor relationships 37 Codes of practice for supervision 38 Change of supervisor 38 Keeping records of supervisory tutorials 39 The research experience 40 Writing as you go along and the research diary 40 Planning the Project Checklist 41 Further reading 44 3 Ethics and Integrity in Research 46 Research contracts, codes of practice, protocols and the principle of informed consent 47 Ethics committees 49 Confidentiality and anonymity 51 Safeguarding confidentiality and anonymity if disseminating information online 52 Ethical research in practice, the problems of ‘inside’ research and personal codes of practice 55 Codes of ethical practice relating to intellectual ownership/property 59 Ethics and Integrity in Research Checklist 60 Further reading 63 vi Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. Detailed Table of Contents vii 4 Reading, Referencing and the Management of Information 65 Reading 66 Note-taking 67 Note-taking and guarding against plagiarism 67 Referencing 70 Creating, editing and storing references 74 Backing-up: better safe than sorry 76 Making a note of references 76 The management of information 77 A lot of fuss about nothing? 81 Reading, Note-taking, Guarding against Plagiarism, Referencing and the Management of Information Checklist 82 Further reading 85 5 Literature Searching 87 Defining the parameters of your search (search limiters) and keywords 88 Focusing, refining and grouping your keywords 90 Digital or print? 90 Libraries, librarians – and books 91 Google search 91 Google Books 93 Journals 95 Evaluating sources 97 Copyright and licensing restrictions when downloading items from the web 98 The Top Ten Guide to Searching the Internet Checklist 99 Further reading 103 6 The Review of the Literature 104 The ‘critical review’ of the literature 105 Theory and theoretical (or conceptual) frameworks 106 The ‘critical review’ in practice 109 Reviewing the reviews 112 Review of the Literature Checklist 113 Further reading 115 PART II Selecting Methods of Data Collection 119 7 The Analysis of Documentary Evidence 125 The nature of documentary evidence 126 Approaches to documents 126 The location of documents 127 The selection of documents 131 The critical analysis of documents 134 Fact or bias? 136 The Analysis of Documentary Evidence Checklist 137 Further reading 139 8 Using Social Media