DOCSLIB.ORG

Dandelion Root & Long Pepper Extracts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dandelion Root & Long Pepper Extracts University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2014 ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF NATURAL HEALTH PRODUCTS (DANDELION ROOT & LONG PEPPER EXTRACTS); EXTENSIVE STUDY OF EFFICACY AND MECHANISM OF ACTION Pamela Ovadje University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Ovadje, Pamela, "ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF NATURAL HEALTH PRODUCTS (DANDELION ROOT & LONG PEPPER EXTRACTS); EXTENSIVE STUDY OF EFFICACY AND MECHANISM OF ACTION" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 5209. This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF NATURAL HEALTH PRODUCTS (DANDELION ROOT & LONG PEPPER EXTRACTS); EXTENSIVE STUDY OF EFFICACY AND MECHANISM OF ACTION By PAMELA OVADJE A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2014 © 2014 Pamela Ovadje Anticancer Activity of Natural Health Products (Dandelion Root & Long Pepper Extracts); Extensive Study of the Efficacy and Mechanism of Action by Pamela Ovadje APPROVED BY: __________________________________________________ P. Dou, External Examiner Wayne State University __________________________________________________ A. Swan Department of Biological Sciences __________________________________________________ M. Boffa Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry __________________________________________________ P. Vacratsis Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry __________________________________________________ S. Pandey, Advisor Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry September 11, 2014 DECLARATION OF CO-AUTHORSHIP/PREVIOUS PUBLICATION I. DECLARATION OF CO-AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis incorporates materials that are a result of joint research. This thesis includes work carried out in collaboration with Dr. Caroline Hamm, Dr. Jose-Antonio Guerrero and Dr. John Thor Arnason, under the supervision of Dr. Siyaram Pandey. The collaboration with Dr. Hamm is covered in chapters 2 – 6 The collaboration with Dr. Guerrero and Dr. Arnason are covered in chapters 5 – 6. In all cases, the experimental design, execution, data analysis, interpretation and manuscript preparation were performed by the author and all listed authors read and approved the final manuscript, prior to submission. Contributions from no-authors came in form of proofreading manuscripts, and this was covered in the acknowledgements sections of the published work, where appropriate. I am aware of the University of Windsor Senate Policy on Authorship and I certify that I have properly acknowledged the contribution of other researchers to my thesis. I certify that, with the above qualification, this thesis and the research to which it signifies, is the product of my own work. iii II. DECLARATION OF PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS This thesis incorporates five original papers that have been published or submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals, listed below; Thesis Chapter Publication Title/Full Citation Publication Status Selective Induction of Apoptosis Through Activation of Caspase-8 In Human Leukemia Cells (Jurkat) By Dandelion Root Extract. Chapter 2 Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133 (1): 86- Published 91 Selective Induction Of Apoptosis And Autophagy Through Treatment With Chapter 3 Dandelion Root Extract In Human Pancreatic Published Cancer Cells. Pancreas, 41 (7): 1039-1046 Efficient Induction Of Extrinsic Cell Death By Dandelion Root Extract In Human Chronic Chapter 4 Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML) Cells, Published PloS one, 7 (2): e30604 Fractionation, Phytochemical & Gene Expression Analysis of the Selective Chapter 5 Anticancer Activity of Dandelion Root Extract In Progress in Human Cancer Cells Evaluation Of The Efficacy & Biochemical Mechanism Of Cell Death Induction By Long Under Pepper Extract Selectively In In-Vitro And In- Chapter 6 Vivo Models Of Human Cancer Cells. PloS Revision one, MS#: PONE-D-14-20706 I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include the above published material(s) in my thesis. I certify that the above material describes work completed during my registration as graduate student at the University of Windsor. I declare that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people iv included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. v ABSTRACT The incidence of cancer worldwide is continuously on the rise, and the death toll associated with cancer, is constantly increasing. Available cancer therapy is unable to combat this ever-changing disease, and the severe side effects associated with various forms of therapy, indicate a serious need for the development of more effective and safer alternatives to currently available treatment. The use of natural health products in disease treatment has contributed to the development of over 75% of available chemotherapy. In this thesis, we study the potential anti-cancer effect of two natural health products, dandelion root and long pepper extracts. The major objectives of this work were to; - Evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of these extracts in various cancer models, - Assess any potential safety and toxicity issues associated with the use of these extracts and, - De-convolute and identify the pharmacologically active components that contribute to the anti-cancer activity of these extract Using standard biochemical and morphological assays, the induction of various programmed cell death processes was assessed, following treatment in cancer and non-cancer cell models, as well as in animal models. The results obtained indicate that dandelion root and long pepper extracts were efficacious in selectively inducing apoptosis and pro-death autophagy in various vi cancer cell models. Dandelion root extract rapidly activated the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, a situation that was crucial to apoptosis induction in leukemia cells, but not required for colorectal cancer cells. Gene expression analysis showed that dandelion root extract efficiently targets multiple pathways to promote its anti-cancer activity. The generation of reactive oxygen species by long pepper extract treatment, appeared to be partially responsible for the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, the lack of toxicity observed in animal models, on oral administration regimens of dandelion root and long pepper extracts, further confirm the safety of these extracts. Interestingly, the same regimen of oral administration of these extracts was successful in halting the growth of colon tumors in xenograft models. These findings provide scientific validation concerning the safe and effective use of natural health products as non-toxic and potentially more efficacious forms of therapy. vii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the memory of Mr. Kevin Couvillon, whose fight with Leukemia ended in 2010. You are forever in our hearts and continually inspire us to work harder in the fight against cancer. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With much gratitude, I would like to acknowledge the efforts of my supervisor, Dr. Siyaram Pandey, for his continued guidance, support and mentorship for the duration of my studies. His enthusiasm and willingness to share his extensive knowledge is always inspiring. His love for mangoes (and other fruits) is a testament to his love for keeping the Pandey Lab healthy. I would also like to acknowledge my committee members, Dr. Michael Boffa, Dr. Otis Vacratsis and Dr. Andrew Swan for all the help and input over the years. Furthermore, I would like to extend my gratitude to all the members of the Chemistry & Biochemistry department, who have made the last few years memorable. To all the members of the Pandey lab, both past and present, I would like to thank you all for all the support, advices, laughs and frustrating times. And to my collaborators, thank you for all the advice and support. All of this support
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Campus Veterinaire De Lyon
    VETAGRO SUP CAMPUS VETERINAIRE DE LYON Année 2012 - Thèse n°100 Synthèse bibliographique de la phytothérapie et de l’aromathérapie appliquées à la dermatologie THESE Présentée à l’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE-BERNARD - LYON I (Médecine - Pharmacie) et soutenue publiquement le 20 décembre 2012 pour obtenir le grade de Docteur Vétérinaire par RICHARD Anne Née le 2 avril 1987 à Dakar (Sénégal) 2 ENSEIGNANTS DU CAMPUS VÉTÉRINAIRE DE VETAGRO SUP NOM Prénom Grade Unité pédagogique ALOGNINOUWA Théodore Professeur 1ere cl Pathologie du bétail ALVES-DE-OLIVEIRA Laurent Maître de conférences hors cl Gestion des élevages ARCANGIOLI Marie-Anne Maître de conférences cl normale Pathologie du bétail ARTOIS Marc Professeur 1ere cl Santé Publique et Vétérinaire BECKER Claire Maître de conférences cl normale Pathologie du bétail BELLI Patrick Maître de conférences associé Pathologie morphologique et clinique BELLUCO Sara Maître de conférences cl normale Pathologie morphologique et clinique BENAMOU-SMITH Agnès Maître de conférences cl normale Equine BENOIT Etienne Professeur 1ere cl Biologie fonctionnelle BERNY Philippe Professeur 1ere cl Biologie fonctionnelle BONNET-GARIN Jeanne-Marie Professeur 2eme cl Biologie fonctionnelle BOULOCHER Caroline Maître de conférences cl normale Anatomie Chirurgie (ACSAI) BOURDOISEAU Gilles Professeur 1ere cl Santé Publique et Vétérinaire BOURGOIN Gilles Maître de conférences cl normale Santé Publique et Vétérinaire BRUYERE Pierre Maître de conférences contractuel Biotechnologies et pathologie de la reproduction BUFF Samuel Maître
    [Show full text]
  • Give Your Dandelions a Closer Look the Garden “Give Your Dandelions a Closer” Asks Visitors to Crawl Inside, Locate and Identify Different Species of Dandelions
    Give your dandelions a closer look The garden “Give your dandelions a closer” asks visitors to crawl inside, locate and identify different species of Dandelions. We know the Dan- delion, one of the most popular flowers know by every child, as just one variation - The Common Dandelion”. What we don’t realise is that in a field of Dandelions there can be different variations which all look very similar until you get a closer look and notice the smallest of differences. The garden is an interactive ode to the misunderstood and overlooked Dandelion. In the garden a carpet of common Dandelions is covered by a timber frame construction with curved wooden trusses that make a elegant curved roof, like a victorian greenhouse. Tightly wrapped over the tim- ber frame is a light frosted polythene sheeting. The bright yellow carpet wraps around wooden posts upon an undulating plinth of slight differing heights. Hidden within the yellow carpet are hundreds of inconspicuous Dandelion variations. “Give your dandelions a closer look” asks you to interact and at the same time remember that no one person is the same. We all come from the same historical roots but every individual has their own distinct characters, we just need to take a closer look. Plant list: Taraxacum Officinale Taraxacum Coreanum Taraxacum Albidum Taraxacum Japonicum Taraxacum Pseudoroseum Taraxacum Pink hawkbit 1:50 Elevation Patterned Polythene sheeting 1:50 Plinth Plan Plywood timber frame Soil & Dandelions Membrane/ ground sheet Jigsaw cut plywood plinth 1:50 Roof Plan 1:50 Construction Axo1:50 Axonometric.
    [Show full text]
  • Dandelion Research
    DANDELION RESEARCH Detoxing With Dandelion Author Name Detoxing With Dandelion Dandelion can be seen as the main ingredient of a detoxication cure or detox. Mellie Uyldert (see related sources) said that it is wise for every person to eat two leaves of dandelion every day. You can add this to your bread as leaves between the slices of cheese or you can shred it through a salad. Of course dandelion leaves can also be put in soup or on a peanut butter sandwich. Eating dandelion leaf can be part of a lifelong cure but there is also a 14-day cure with the stems. A great detoxifier The healing power of dandelion is well known in European history. Dandelion is a beautiful ower to see. You can eat it and make tea of it. In addition, the herb can be a means of detoxication. In fact, the body permanently takes in too many bad substances. We as modern people eat too many foods that have no nutritional value such as sugars, white our products, trans fats, E-numbers and table salt or sodium chloride enriched with synthetic iodine and an aluminium solution to prevent the salt from clumping. How Dandelion Works Detoxing With Dandelion Detoxing With Dandelion Dandelions contain bitter substances. These bitter substances help the bile to stimulate production. The liver works better when the gallbladder secretes more bile. This allows the liver to cope with more toxins. Furthermore, a better functioning liver is good for the entire digestion. More nutrients are taken from the diet. Dandelion can therefore also achieve an anti-fatigue eect; we get enough nutrients again.
    [Show full text]
  • I T.C. ĠSTANBUL ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SAĞLIK BĠLĠMLERĠ
    i T.C. ĠSTANBUL ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SAĞLIK BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ ( YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ ) TARAXACUM BESSARABICUM (HORNEM.) HAND.-MAZZ. SUBSP. BESSARABICUM TÜRÜNÜN TOPRAK ÜSTÜ KISIMLARININ KĠMYASAL BĠLEġĠKLERĠ ÜZERĠNDE ARAġTIRMALAR ZEYNEP KEÇEÇĠ DANIġMAN PROF. DR.AYNUR SARI FARMAKOGNOZĠ ANABĠLĠM DALI FARMAKOGNOZĠ PROGRAMI ĠSTANBUL-2011 ii TEZ ONAYI iii BEYAN Bu tez çalıĢmasının kendi çalıĢmam olduğunu, tezin planlanmasından yazımına kadar bütün safhalarda etik dıĢı davranıĢımın olmadığını, bu tezdeki bütün bilgileri akademik ve etik kurallar içinde elde ettiğimi, bu tez çalıĢmayla elde edilmeyen bütün bilgi ve yorumlara kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynakları da kaynaklar listesine aldığımı, yine bu tezin çalıĢılması ve yazımı sırasında patent ve telif haklarını ihlal edici bir davranıĢımın olmadığı beyan ederim. Ecz. Zeynep Keçeci iv ĠTHAF Hayattaki en değerli varlığıma, aileme; canım anneme, babama ve eĢime ithafen… v TEġEKKÜR Bu tezin hazırlanmasında gerekli imkanları sağlayan ve her zaman destek olan hocam, Farmakognozi Anabilim Dalı BaĢkanı Prof.Dr. Ali Hikmet Meriçli’ye saygı ve teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. Tez çalıĢmamda her an bilgi ve tecrübesiyle bana yardımcı olan, beni aydınlatan ve çalıĢmamızın yürütülmesinde beni yalnız bırakmayan danıĢmanım Sayın Prof. Dr. Aynur Sarı’ya saygı ve teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. Botanik bölümünün hazırlanmasındaki katkılarından dolayı AraĢ.Gör. Mine Koçyiğit, AraĢ.Gör. Yeter YeĢil ve AraĢ. Gör. Gülay Ecevit’ e teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. Tez çalıĢmalarım boyunca yardım ve desteğini hiç esirgemeyen arkadaĢım Hilal Günaydın’a,
    [Show full text]
  • 7854Fd7b0b7f7a87f2c39f1be5bf
    Annals of Botany 123: 1017–1027, 2019 doi: 10.1093/aob/mcz007, available online at www.academic.oup.com/aob Comparison of mechanisms of reproductive interference in Taraxacum Akane Takemori1,†, Akiyo Naiki2, Ko-Ichi Takakura3, Masahiro M. Kanaoka4 and Sachiko Nishida5,* 1Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama City 700–8530, Japan, 2Iriomote Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Taketomi-cho, Yaeyama-gun 907–1541, Japan, 3School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Yasaka-cho, Hikone 552–0057, Japan, 4Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464–8601, Japan and 5Nagoya University Museum, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464–8601, Japan *For correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] †Present name: Akane Yamamoto. Received: 26 July 2018 Returned for revision: 30 October 2018 Editorial decision: 3 January 2019 Accepted: 7 January 2019 • Background and Aims Reproductive interference may reduce fitness of either of the involved species, with po- tentially important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Except for the effect of shared pollinators on repro- ductive success, however, mechanisms underlying reproductive interference have been little studied, even though the severity of its impact may depend on the specific mechanism. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the mechanisms of reproductive interference between Taraxacum japonicum (native to Japan) and Taraxacum officinale (alien). • Methods In a field survey, the association between alien species density and seed set in T. japonicum, and whether pollinator behaviour indicated a preference for the alien, were examined. Effects of heterospecific pollen deposition were measured in a series of hand pollination experiments, including mixed pollination experiments in which the order of application of conspecific and heterospecific pollen was varied.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Distribution and Evolution of Mycorrhizas in Land Plants
    Mycorrhiza (2006) 16: 299–363 DOI 10.1007/s00572-005-0033-6 REVIEW B. Wang . Y.-L. Qiu Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants Received: 22 June 2005 / Accepted: 15 December 2005 / Published online: 6 May 2006 # Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract A survey of 659 papers mostly published since plants (Pirozynski and Malloch 1975; Malloch et al. 1980; 1987 was conducted to compile a checklist of mycorrhizal Harley and Harley 1987; Trappe 1987; Selosse and Le Tacon occurrence among 3,617 species (263 families) of land 1998;Readetal.2000; Brundrett 2002). Since Nägeli first plants. A plant phylogeny was then used to map the my- described them in 1842 (see Koide and Mosse 2004), only a corrhizal information to examine evolutionary patterns. Sev- few major surveys have been conducted on their phyloge- eral findings from this survey enhance our understanding of netic distribution in various groups of land plants either by the roles of mycorrhizas in the origin and subsequent diver- retrieving information from literature or through direct ob- sification of land plants. First, 80 and 92% of surveyed land servation (Trappe 1987; Harley and Harley 1987;Newman plant species and families are mycorrhizal. Second, arbus- and Reddell 1987). Trappe (1987) gathered information on cular mycorrhiza (AM) is the predominant and ancestral type the presence and absence of mycorrhizas in 6,507 species of of mycorrhiza in land plants. Its occurrence in a vast majority angiosperms investigated in previous studies and mapped the of land plants and early-diverging lineages of liverworts phylogenetic distribution of mycorrhizas using the classifi- suggests that the origin of AM probably coincided with the cation system by Cronquist (1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of Taraxerol and Taraxasterol in Medicinal Plants
    PHCOG REV. REVIEW ARTICLE Occurrence of taraxerol and taraxasterol in medicinal plants Kiran Sharma, Rasheeduz Zafar Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India Submitted: 06‑04‑2014 Revised: 25‑05‑2014 Published: 05‑05‑2015 ABSTRACT Indian soil germinates thousands of medicinal drugs that are cultivated with a purpose to obtain a novel drug. As it is a well-established fact that the structural analogs with greater pharmacological activity and fewer side-effects may be generated by the molecular modification of the functional groups of such lead compounds. This review throws light on two natural triterpenes ‑ Taraxerol and Taraxasterol which have many important pharmacological actions including anti‑cancer activity, their chemistry, biosynthesis aspects, and possible use of these compounds as drugs in treatment of cancer. A silent crisis persists in cancer treatment in developing countries, and it is intensifying every year. Although at least 50‑60% of cancer victims can benefit from radiotherapy that destroys cancerous tumors, but search for the paramount therapy which will prove to be inexpensive with minimal side effects still persists. Various treatment modalities have been prescribed, along with conventional and non‑conventional medicine but due to their adverse effects and dissatisfaction among users, these treatments are not satisfactory enough to give relief to patients. Hence, this review sparks the occurrence of Taraxerol (VI) and Taraxasterol (VII) in nature, so that the natural godowns may be harvested to obtain these potent compounds for novel drug development as well as discusses limitations of these lead compounds progressing clinical trials. Key words: Plant tissue culture, taraxerol, taraxasterol INTRODUCTION is less likely to identify potent natural products against molecular targets.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical
    Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2021; 10(3): 165-171 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 www.phytojournal.com Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, pharmacology JPP 2021; 10(3): 165-171 Received: 22-03-2021 and clinical applications of Taraxacum officinale Accepted: 24-04-2021 Prashant V Ajmire Prashant V Ajmire, Sarin A Chavhan, Prayuti V Thete and Ravindra L IBSS’s Dr. Rajendra Gode Bakal Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra, India Abstract Sarin A Chavhan Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion), family Asteraceae is widely distributed in the warmer temperate IBSS’s Dr. Rajendra Gode zones of the Northern Hemisphere. It is known for its variety of curative properties and is anciently used Institute of Pharmacy, in the treatment of various diseases such as dyspepsia, heartburn, spleen and liver complaints, hepatitis, Amravati, Maharashtra, India anorexia, etc. Phytochemically, the plant contains artemetin, quercetin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-beta-D- glucopyranoside, caffeic acid, esculetin, stigmasterol, lutein epoxide and taraxasteryl acetate. The present Prayuti V Thete article briefs about Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications of IBSS’s Dr. Rajendra Gode Taraxacum officinale. Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra, India Keywords: Taraxacum officinale, phytochemistry; pharmacological activity; anti-carcinogenic Ravindra L Bakal IBSS’s Dr. Rajendra Gode Introduction Institute of Pharmacy, Taraxacum officinale, commonly called dandelion, is an edible plant spread worldwide [1]. It Amravati, Maharashtra, India was native to Europe however currently is found throughout the northern temperate zones, in [2] cool highlands (1,200-1,500 m of altitude) . Plants come under the genus Taraxacum belongs to the family Asteraceae or Compositae (also referred to as the aster, daisy, or sunflower family), subfamily Cichorioideae, tribe Lactuceae, have long been accepted as a medicinal herb.
    [Show full text]
  • 90006439.Pdf
    Kobe University Repository : Kernel タイトル Urbanization promotes the loss of seasonal dynamics in the semi- Title natural grasslands of an East Asian megacity 著者 Uchida, Kei / Fujimoto, Hiroki / Ushimaru, Atushi Author(s) 掲載誌・巻号・ページ Basic and Applied Ecology,29:1-11 Citation 刊行日 2018-06 Issue date 資源タイプ Journal Article / 学術雑誌論文 Resource Type 版区分 author Resource Version © 2018 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the 権利 CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- Rights nd/4.0/ DOI 10.1016/j.baae.2018.03.009 JaLCDOI URL http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/90006439 PDF issue: 2021-10-08 1 Urbanization promotes the loss of seasonal dynamics in the semi-natural grasslands of an 2 East Asian megacity 3 4 Kei UCHIDA a,b, *, Hiroki FUJIMOTO a and Atushi USHIMARU a 5 6 a. Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, 7 Kobe 657-8501, Japan 8 9 b. Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 10 79-7 Tokiwa-dai, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan 11 12 *Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-(0)45-339-4355. 13 E-mail address: [email protected]. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1/ 30 25 Abstract 26 27 The biodiversity of agricultural landscapes has been noticeably affected by rapid urbanization. 28 Although many studies have examined species diversity per unit area (alpha diversity), knowledge 29 about the patterns of species turnover (beta diversity) in urban areas remains limited. Furthermore, 30 most beta diversity studies have focused on spatial heterogeneity; however, losses of temporal 31 heterogeneity resulting from urbanization remain limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Tanacetum Chiliophyllum (Fisch. & Mey.)
    YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ Tanacetum chiliophyllum (Fisch. & Mey.) Schultz Bip. TÜRÜ VARYETELERİ ÜZERİNDE KARŞILAŞTIRMALI FİTOKİMYASAL VE BİYOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMALAR Kimya Müh. Kaan POLATOĞLU F.B.E. Kimya Anabilimdalı Organik Kimya Programında Hazırlanan DOKTORA TEZİ Tez Savunma Tarihi : 05 Ekim 2009 Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Nezhun GÖREN (Y.T.Ü.) Jüri Üyeleri : Prof. Dr. Ayhan ULUBELEN (İ.Ü.) : Prof. Dr. Şeniz KABAN (Y.T.Ü.) : Prof. Dr. Gülaçtı TOPÇU (İ.T.Ü.) : Prof. Dr. Belkıs BİLGİN ERAN (Y.T.Ü.) İSTANBUL, 2009 İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa SİMGE LİSTESİ ........................................................................................................................ v KISALTMA LİSTESİ ...............................................................................................................vi ŞEKİL LİSTESİ ......................................................................................................................viii ÇİZELGE LİSTESİ .................................................................................................................xiii RESİM LiSTESİ .....................................................................................................................xvii ÖNSÖZ....................................................................................................................................xix ÖZET........................................................................................................................................ xx ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................xxi
    [Show full text]
  • Welche Rolle Spielt Die Biodiversität Der Bestäuber Für Die Bestäubung
    ZENTRUM FÜR BIODIVERSITÄT UND NACHHALTIGE LANDNUTZUNG SEKTION BIODIVERSITÄT, ÖKOLOGIE UND NATURSCHUTZ CENTRE OF BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE LAND USE SECTION: BIODIVERSITY, ECOLOGY AND NATURE CONSERVATION Pollinator biodiversity, functional complementarity and dynamic plant-pollinator interaction networks Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologe Jochen Fründ aus Schweinfurt Göttingen, September 2011 Referent: Prof. Dr. Teja Tscharntke Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Stefan Vidal Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 08. November 2011 Contents Deutsche Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerungen 5 English Summary 8 Chapter 1: General Introduction 11 General Introduction 12 Box 1: Uniting functional complementarity and insurance effects of biodiversity on ecosystem processes and services 18 Research objectives 20 Chapter outline 20 Study organisms and systems 22 References 28 Chapter 2: Bee diversity effect on pollination depends on functional complementarity and niche shifts 37 Abstract 38 Introduction 39 Methods 40 Results 46 Discussion 52 Acknowledgments 56 Literature cited 57 Supporting Information for Chapter 2 62 Chapter 3: Linné’s floral clock is slow without pollinators – flower closure and plant- pollinator interaction webs 76 Abstract 77 Chapter 3 published Article 78 Chapter 3 Supplementary Material 87 Chapter 4: Specialization of mutualistic interaction networks decreases towards tropical latitudes 102 Abstract 103 3 Chapter 4
    [Show full text]
  • Linns Floral Clock Is Slow Without Pollinators Flower Closure And
    Ecology Letters, (2011) 14: 896–904 doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01654.x LETTER Linne´ Õs floral clock is slow without pollinators – flower closure and plant-pollinator interaction webs Abstract Jochen Fru¨ nd,1* Carsten Temporal patterns of flower opening and closure within a day are known as Linne´Õs floral clock. Time of flower F. Dormann2 and Teja Tscharntke1 closure has been explained mainly by light in the traditional botanical literature. We show with a set of 1Agroecology, Department of Crop experiments that Asteraceae flower heads can close within three hours after pollination, whereas un-pollinated Sciences, Georg-August-University flower heads stay open until the late afternoon. This suggests that closing time strongly depends on pollinators. Go¨ ttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Using plant-pollinator interaction webs we further demonstrate that the daily pattern of flower opening and the Go¨ ttingen, Germany rapid response to pollination can impose strong temporal dynamics on interspecific interactions within a single 2Department of Computational day. We observed pollinator species turnover and changes in facilitation vs. competition among plants. Our Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz- results show for the first time that pollination induces rapid flower closure on the community level. This causes Center for Environmental Research imprecision in Linne´Õs floral clock with far-reaching consequences for plant-pollinator interactions. (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany *Correspondence: E-mail: Keywords [email protected] Capitulum closure, Cichorioideae, circadian, Crepis capillaris, flower opening, interaction networks, mutualism, pollination response, temporal specialisation, temporal turnover. Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 896–904 (1) Do pollinated flower heads close earlier than non-pollinated INTRODUCTION flower heads (i.e.
    [Show full text]