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Ditransitive Verbs in Language Use
Chapter 3 Aspects of description: ditransitive verbs in language use This chapter provides a corpus-based description of individual ditransitive verbs in actual language use. First, the two verbs that are typical of ditransitivity in ICE-GB will be analysed: give and tell (see section 3.1). Second, the four habitual ditransitive verbs in ICE-GB (i.e. ask, show, send and offer) will be scrutinised (see section 3.2). Particular emphasis in all the analyses will be placed on the different kinds of routines that are involved in the use of ditransitive verbs. The description of peripheral ditransitive verbs, on the other hand, will centre on the concepts of grammatical institutionalisation and conventionalisation (see section 3.3). At the end of this chapter, the two aspects will be discussed in a wider setting in the assessment of the role of linguistic routine and creativity in the use of ditransitive verbs (see section 3.4). 3.1 Typical ditransitive verbs in ICE-GB In the present study, typical ditransitive verbs are verbs which are frequently attested in ICE-GB in general (i.e. > 700 occurrences) and which are associated with an explicit ditransitive syntax in some 50% of all occurrences or more (cf. Figure 2.4, p. 84). These standards are met by give (see section 3.1.1) and tell (see section 3.1.2). 3.1.1 GIVE In light of recent psycholinguistic and cognitive-linguistic evidence, it is not sur- prising that the most frequent ditransitive verb in ICE-GB is GIVE.1 Experiment- al data have led Ninio (1999), for example, to put forward the hypothesis that children initially acquire constructions through one (or very few) ‘pathbreaking verbs(s)’. -
Rules Vs. Analogy in English Past Tenses: a Computational/Experimental Study Adam Albrighta,*, Bruce Hayesb,*
Cognition 90 (2003) 119–161 www.elsevier.com/locate/COGNIT Rules vs. analogy in English past tenses: a computational/experimental study Adam Albrighta,*, Bruce Hayesb,* aDepartment of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA bDepartment of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1543, USA Received 7 December 2001; revised 11 November 2002; accepted 30 June 2003 Abstract Are morphological patterns learned in the form of rules? Some models deny this, attributing all morphology to analogical mechanisms. The dual mechanism model (Pinker, S., & Prince, A. (1998). On language and connectionism: analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition. Cognition, 28, 73–193) posits that speakers do internalize rules, but that these rules are few and cover only regular processes; the remaining patterns are attributed to analogy. This article advocates a third approach, which uses multiple stochastic rules and no analogy. We propose a model that employs inductive learning to discover multiple rules, and assigns them confidence scores based on their performance in the lexicon. Our model is supported over the two alternatives by new “wug test” data on English past tenses, which show that participant ratings of novel pasts depend on the phonological shape of the stem, both for irregulars and, surprisingly, also for regulars. The latter observation cannot be explained under the dual mechanism approach, which derives all regulars with a single rule. To evaluate the alternative hypothesis that all morphology is analogical, we implemented a purely analogical model, which evaluates novel pasts based solely on their similarity to existing verbs. -
Analogical Modeling: an Exemplar-Based Approach to Language"
<DOCINFO AUTHOR "" TITLE "Analogical Modeling: An exemplar-based approach to language" SUBJECT "HCP, Volume 10" KEYWORDS "" SIZE HEIGHT "220" WIDTH "150" VOFFSET "4"> Analogical Modeling human cognitive processing is a forum for interdisciplinary research on the nature and organization of the cognitive systems and processes involved in speaking and understanding natural language (including sign language), and their relationship to other domains of human cognition, including general conceptual or knowledge systems and processes (the language and thought issue), and other perceptual or behavioral systems such as vision and non- verbal behavior (e.g. gesture). ‘Cognition’ should be taken broadly, not only including the domain of rationality, but also dimensions such as emotion and the unconscious. The series is open to any type of approach to the above questions (methodologically and theoretically) and to research from any discipline, including (but not restricted to) different branches of psychology, artificial intelligence and computer science, cognitive anthropology, linguistics, philosophy and neuroscience. It takes a special interest in research crossing the boundaries of these disciplines. Editors Marcelo Dascal, Tel Aviv University Raymond W. Gibbs, University of California at Santa Cruz Jan Nuyts, University of Antwerp Editorial address Jan Nuyts, University of Antwerp, Dept. of Linguistics (GER), Universiteitsplein 1, B 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Advisory Board Melissa Bowerman, Nijmegen; Wallace Chafe, Santa Barbara, CA; Philip R. Cohen, Portland, OR; Antonio Damasio, Iowa City, IA; Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Madison, WI; David McNeill, Chicago, IL; Eric Pederson, Eugene, OR; François Recanati, Paris; Sally Rice, Edmonton, Alberta; Benny Shanon, Jerusalem; Lokendra Shastri, Berkeley, CA; Dan Slobin, Berkeley, CA; Paul Thagard, Waterloo, Ontario Volume 10 Analogical Modeling: An exemplar-based approach to language Edited by Royal Skousen, Deryle Lonsdale and Dilworth B. -
Flexible Valency in Chintang.∗
Flexible valency in Chintang.∗ Robert Schikowskia , Netra Paudyalb , and Balthasar Bickela a University of Zürich b University of Leipzig 1 e Chintang language Chintang [ˈts̻ ʰiɳʈaŋ]̻ (ISO639.3: ctn) is a Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal. It is named aer the village where it is mainly spoken. e village lies in the hills of Eastern Nepal, bigger cities within day’s reach being Dhankuṭā and Dharān. ere are no official data on the number of speakers, but we estimate there to be around 4,000 - 5,000 speakers. Most speakers are bi- or trilingual, with Nepali (the Indo-Aryan lingua franca of Nepal) as one and Bantawa (a related Sino-Tibetan language) as the other additional language. Monolingual speakers are still to be found mainly among elderly women, whereas a considerable portion of the younger generation is rapidly shiing to Nepali. Genealogically, Chintang belongs to the Kiranti group. e Kiranti languages are generally accepted to belong to the large Sino-Tibetan (or Tibeto-Burman) family, although their position within this family is controversial (cf. e.g. urgood 2003, Ebert 2003). Based on phonological evidence, Chintang belongs to the Eastern subgroup of Kiranti (Bickel et al. 2010). ere are two major dialects (Mulgaũ and Sambugaũ ) named aer the areas where they are spoken. e differences between them concern morphology and the lexicon but, as far as we know, not syntax, and so we will not distinguish between dialects in this chapter. For all examples the source has been marked behind the translation. Wherever possible, we take data from the Chintang Language Corpus (Bickel et al. -
Analogy in Grammar: Form and Acquisition
Analogy in Grammar: Form and Acquisition Department of Linguistics Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, $$ –$% September $##& Workshop programme Friday, September 22 W I ": –": Jim Blevins (Cambridge) & Juliette Blevins ( <=;-:A6 ) A L C T V ": –: Andrew Garrett (Berkeley) Paradigmatic heterogeneity : –: : –: Andrew Wedel (Arizona) Multi-level selection and the tension between phonological and morphological regularity : –: Greg Stump & Rafael Finkel (Kentucky) Principal parts and degrees of paradigmatic transparency : –: Moderated discussion: Juliette Blevins ( <=;-:A6 ) : –: A S G : –: Keith Johnson (Berkeley) Analogy as exemplar resonance: Extension of a view of sensory memory to higher linguistic categories : –: John Goldsmith (Chicago) Learning morphological patterns in language : –: : –: Susanne Gahl (Chicago) The sound of syntax: Probabilities and structure in pronunciation variation : – : Farrell Ackerman ( @8?9 ), Sharon Rose ( @8?9 ) & Rob Malouf ( ?9?@ ) Patterns of relatedness in complex morphological systems : –!: Moderated discussion: Colin Bannard ( <=;-:A6 ) ": – B Saturday, September 23 A L A ": –": LouAnn Gerken (Arizona) Linguistic generalization by human infants ": –: Andrea Krott (Birmingham) Banana shoes and bear tables: Children’s processing and interpretation of noun-noun compounds : –: : –: Mike Tomasello ( - ) Analogy in the acquisition of constructions : –: Rens Bod (St. Andrews) Acquisition of syntax by analogy: Computation of new utterances out -
The Representation of Third Person and Its Consequences for Person-Case Effects
The Representation of Third Person and Its Consequences for Person-Case Effects The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Nevins, Andrew. The representation of third person and its consequences for person-case effects. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 25 (2007): 273-313. Published Version http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-006-9017-2 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:2223518 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Nat Lang Linguist Theory (2007) 25:273–313 DOI 10.1007/s11049-006-9017-2 ORIGINAL PAPER The representation of third person and its consequences for person-case effects Andrew Nevins Received: 13 June 2005 / Accepted: 3 July 2006 / Published online: 28 April 2007 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract In modeling the effects of the Person-Case Constraint (PCC), a common claim is that 3rd person “is not a person”. However, while this claim does work in the syntax, it creates problems in the morphology. For example, characterizing the well-known “spurious se effect” in Spanish simply cannot be done without reference to 3rd person. Inspired by alternatives to underspecification that have emerged in phonology (e.g., Calabrese, 1995), a revised featural system is proposed, whereby syntactic agreement may be relativized to certain values of a feature, in particular, the contrastive and marked values. -
The Diachronic Development of Differential Object Marking in Spanish Ditransitive Constructions Klaus Von Heusinger Universität Zu Köln
Chapter 11 The diachronic development of Differential Object Marking in Spanish ditransitive constructions Klaus von Heusinger Universität zu Köln Differential Object Marking (DOM) in Spanish synchronically depends on the referential features of the direct object, such as animacy and referentiality, and on the semantics of the verb. Recent corpus studies suggest that the diachronic development proceeds along the same features, which are ranked in scales, namely the Animacy Scale, the Referentiality Scale and the Affectedness Scale. The present paper investigates this development in ditran- sitive constructions from the 17th to the 20th century. Ditransitive constructions in Spanish are of particular interest since the literature assumes that the differential object marker a is often blocked by the co-occurrence of the case marker a for the indirect object. The paper focuses on the conditions that enhance or weaken this blocking effect. It investigates three types of constructions with a ditransitive verb: (i) constructions with indirect objects real- ized as a-marked full noun phrases, (ii) constructions with indirect objects as clitic pronouns, and (iii) constructions with non-overt indirect objects. The results clearly show that DOM is more frequent with (iii) and less frequent with (i). Thus the results support the observation that the co-occurrence of an a-marked indirect object (partly) blocks a-marking of the di- rect object to a certain extent. Furthermore, the results show for the first time that indirect objects realized as clitic pronouns without the marker a have a weaker blocking effect, but still a stronger one than constructions without overt indirect objects. In summary, the paper presents new and original evidence of the competition between arguments in a diachronic perspective. -
Ditransitive Constructions Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig (Germany) 23-25 November 2007
Conference on Ditransitive Constructions Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig (Germany) 23-25 November 2007 Abstracts On “Dimonotransitive” Structures in English Carmen Aguilera Carnerero University of Granada Ditransitive structures have been prototypically defined as those combinations of a ditransitive verb with an indirect object and a direct object. However, although in the prototypical ditransitive construction in English, both objects are present, there is often omission of one of the constituentes, usually the indirect object. The absence of the indirect object has been justified on the basis of the irrelevance of its specification or the possibility of recovering it from the context. The absence of the direct object, on the other hand, is not so common and only occur with a restricted number of verbs (e.g. pay, show or tell).This type of sentences have been called “dimonotransitives” by Nelson, Wallis and Aarts (2002) and the sole presence in the syntactic structure arises some interesting questions we want to clarify in this article, such as: (a) the degree of syntactic and semantic obligatoriness of indirect objects and certain ditransitive verbs (b) the syntactic behaviour of indirect objects in absence of the direct object, in other words, does the Oi take over some of the properties of typical direct objects as Huddleston and Pullum suggest? (c) The semantic and pragmatic interpretations of the missing element. To carry out our analysis, we will adopt a corpus –based approach and especifically we will use the International Corpus of English (ICE) for the most frequent ditransitive verbs (Mukherjee 2005) and the British National Corpus (BNC) for the not so frequent verbs. -
Review of Dieter Wanner's the Power of Analogy: an Essay on Historical Linguistics
Portland State University PDXScholar World Languages and Literatures Faculty Publications and Presentations World Languages and Literatures 2007 Review of Dieter Wanner's The Power of Analogy: An Essay on Historical Linguistics Eva Nuń ez-Mẽ ndeź Portland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/wll_fac Part of the Comparative and Historical Linguistics Commons, and the First and Second Language Acquisition Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Núñez-Méndez, Eva. "Review of Dieter Wanner's The Power of Analogy: An Essay on Historical Linguistics," Linguistica e Filologia, 25 (2007), p. 266-267. This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in World Languages and Literatures Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Linguistica e Filologia 25 (2007) WANNER, Dieter, The Power of Analogy: An Essay on Historical Lin- guistics, Mouton de Gruyter, New York 2006, pp. xiv + 330, ISBN 978- 3-11-018873-8. Following the division predicated in the Saussurean dichotomy between synchrony and diachrony, this book starts by arguing that this antinomy between the formal and the historical should be relegated to the periphery. Combining diachronic with synchronic linguistic thought, Wanner proposes two adoptions: first, a restricted theoretical base in the form of Concrete Minimalism, and second analogical assimilations as formulated in Analogical Modeling. These two perspectives provide the basis for redirecting the theory in a cognitive direction and focus on the shape of linguistics material and the impact of the historical components of language. -
Grammatical Sketch of Beng
Mandenkan Numéro 51 Bulletin d’études linguistiques mandé Printemps 2014 ISSN: 0752-5443 Grammatical sketch of Beng Denis PAPERNO University of Trento, Italy [email protected] Denis Paperno Content 1. Introduction 1 2. General information 9 2.1. Beng people and their language 9 2.2. Sociolinguistic situation 11 2.3. Names of the language 12 3. The history of Beng studies 12 3.1. Students of the Beng language and society 12 3.2. Beng dialects according to reports from the early 1900s 13 3.2.1. Delafosse: Beng of Kamélinsou 15 3.2.3. Tauxier: Beng of Groumania neighbourhood 16 4. Beng phonology 18 4.1. Phonological inventory 18 4.1.1. Tones 20 4.1.2. Syllable structure 22 4.1.3. Segmental sandhi 22 4.1.4. Tonal sandhi 22 4.2. Morphonology 23 4.2.1. ŋC simplification 23 4.2.2. Deletion of /l/ 24 4.2.3. High tone in the low tone form of verbs 24 5. Personal Pronoun Morphology 25 5.1. On the allomorphy of the 1SG subject pronoun 27 5.2. Contraction with 3SG object pronoun 28 5.3. Subject series of pronouns 29 5.4. Stative pronouns with verbs tá, nṵ̄ 29 6. Morphology of content words 30 6.1. Tonal changes in suffixation 31 6.1.1. Mobile tone suffixes 31 6.1.2. Low tone suffixes 31 6.1.3. Other suffixes 31 6.1.4. Stems ending in L tone 31 3 Denis Paperno 6.1.5. The verb blö ‘to press out’ 32 6.2. -
Landmarks Revisited the Vekhi Symposium 100 Years on C U Lt U R a L R E V O Lu T I O N S : R U S S I a I N T H E 20 T H C E N T U Ry
Landmarks Revisited The Vekhi Symposium 100 Years On C u lt u r a l r e v o lu t i o n s : r u s s i a i n t h e 20 t h C e n t u ry s e r i e s e d i to r Boris Wolfson—Amherst College e d i to r i a l B oa r d : Anthony Anemone—The New School Robert BiRd—The University Of Chicago eliot BoRenstein—New York University Angela BRintlingeR—The Ohio State University Karen evAns-RomAine—Ohio University Jochen HellBeck—Rutgers University lilya KAgAnovsKy—University Of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Christina KiAeR—Northwestern University Alaina lemon—University Of Michigan simon morrison—Princeton University eric NaimAn—University Of California, Berkeley Joan neuBeRgeR—University Of Texas, Austin ludmila Parts—Mcgill University ethan Pollock—Brown University Cathy Popkin—Columbia University stephanie SandleR—Harvard University Landmarks Revisited The Vekhi Symposium 100 Years On E di t E d b y R o b i n A i z l E w o o d A nd R u t h C oAt E s BOSTON / 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A bibliographic record for this title is available from the Library of Congress. Copyright © 2013 Academic Studies Press All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-618811-286-6 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-61811-287-3 (electronic) Book design by Ivan Grave Published by Academic Studies Press in 2013 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com Effective December 12th, 2017, this book will be subject to a CC-BY-NC license. -
Chapter 10 Analogy Behrens Final
To appear in: Marianne Hundt, Sandra Mollin and Simone Pfenninger (eds.) (2016). The Changing English Language: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10 The role of analogy in language acquisition Heike Behrens1 10.1 Introduction AnalogiCal reasoning is a powerful processing meChanism that allows us to disCover similarities, form Categories and extend them to new Categories. SinCe similarities Can be detected at the concrete and the relational levels, analogy is in principle unbounded. The possibility of multiple mapping makes analogy a very powerful meChanism, but leads to the problem that it is hard to prediCt whiCh analogies will aCtually be drawn. This indeterminaCy results in the faCt that analogy is often invoked as an explanandum in many studies in linguistiCs, language acquisition, and the study of language change, but that the underlying proCesses are hardly ever explained. When cheCking the index of current textbooks on cognitive linguistics and language acquisition, the keyword “analogy” is almost Completely absent, and the concept is typiCally evoked ad hoc to explain a Certain phenomenon. In Contrast, in work on language Change, different types of analogical change have been identified and have beCome teChniCal terms to refer to speCifiC phenomena, such as analogical levelling when irregular forms beCome regularized or analogical extension when new items beCome part of a Category (see Bybee 2010: 66-69, for a historiCal review of the use of the term in language Change and grammatiCalization see Traugott & Trousdale 2014: 37-38). In this paper, I will discuss the possible effects of analogical reasoning for linguistic Category formation from an emergentist and usage-based perspeCtive, and then characterize the interaction of different processes of analogical reasoning in language development, with a speCial foCus on regular/irregular morphology and argument structure.