DOCSLIB.ORG

Signs, Mind, and Reality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Signs, Mind, and Reality: A theory of language as the folk model of the world"SUBJECT "Advances in Consciousness Research, Volume 65"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "240"WIDTH "160"VOFFSET "4"> Signs, Mind, and Reality Advances in Consciousness Research Advances in Consciousness Research provides a forum for scholars from different scientific disciplines and fields of knowledge who study consciousness in its multifaceted aspects. Thus the Series will include (but not be limited to) the various areas of cognitive science, including cognitive psychology, linguis- tics, brain science and philosophy. The orientation of the Series is toward developing new interdisciplinary and integrative approaches for the investiga- tion, description and theory of consciousness, as well as the practical conse- quences of this research for the individual and society. Editor Maxim I. Stamenov Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Editorial Board David Chalmers Steven Macknik Australian National University Barrow Neurological Institute Gordon G. Globus George Mandler University of California at Irvine University of California at San Diego Ray Jackendoff Susana Martinez-Conde Brandeis University Barrow Neurological Institute Christof Koch John R. Searle California Institute of Technology University of California at Berkeley Stephen Kosslyn Petra Stoerig Harvard University Universität Düsseldorf Earl Mac Cormac Duke University Volume 65 Signs, Mind, and Reality: A theory of language as the folk model of the world by Sebastian Shaumyan Signs, Mind, and Reality A theory of language as the folk model of the world Sebastian Shaumyan Yale University, USA John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sebastian Shaumyan Signs, Mind, and Reality : A theory of language as the folk model of the world / Sebastian Shaumyan. p. cm. (Advances in Consciousness Research, issn 1381–589X ; v. 65) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Semiotics. 2. Language and languages--Philosophy. 3. Structural linguistics. 4. Linguistic analysis (Linguistics). I. Title. II. Series. P99.S462 2006 401’.43--dc22 2006042713 isbn 90 272 5201 7 (Hb; alk. paper) © 2006 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Preface xi CHAPTER 1 The Science of Semiotic Linguistics 1 1.1 The confusion of language and logic in modern linguistics 1 1.2 The place of Semiotic Linguistics among other semiotic disciplines 8 1.3 Language defined 11 1.4 Grammar and semantics 12 1.5 Transfer Principle 13 1.6 Genotype grammar and phenotype grammar 15 1.7 The organization of Semiotic Linguistics 17 1.8 Research Program for Semiotic Linguistics 17 1.9 Anomalies, antinomies, and concepts of Semiotic Linguistics 18 CHAPTER 2 Language as a Phenomenon of the Social Mind 21 2.1 Facts of the social mind 21 2.2 Independence of language from psychology 22 2.3 Independence of language from biology 24 2.4 Methodological fallacy of reductionism 25 2.5 Language versus knowledge of language 26 2.6 Language-thought and the method of the distinction of language from thought 27 2.7 Semiotic versus objectivist view of language 28 2.8 Language as a theoretical construct and language universals 32 2.9 Semiotic universals as genetic factors 36 2.9.1 Communicative function of language 36 2.9.2 Subjectivity 36 2.9.3 Polarity of persons 37 2.9.4 Complementary duality of society-individual 37 2.9.5 Arbitrariness and conventionality of the sign 38 2.9.6 Ego-coordinates 39 2.9.7 Fundamental linguistic classes 40 2.9.8 Distributive and integrative relations 42 vi Table of contents CHAPTER 3 The Linguistic Sign 45 3.1 Sign and meaning defined 46 3.1.1 Sign 47 3.1.2 Meaning 48 3.1.3 Field 48 3.1.4 Assignment of attributes to sign and meaning 49 3.1.5 Conventionality of the sign-meaning relation 50 3.1.6 Meaning and referent 51 3.1.7 Meaning and information 52 3.2 Critique of Saussure's concept of the linguistic sign 53 3.3 Critique of Peirce's conception of semiotics 56 CHAPTER 4 The Anomalies of Categorization and the Principle of Differences 58 4.1 Anomalies of categorization 58 4.2 Arbitrariness and conventionality of the linguistic sign 61 4.3 Principle of Differences and the Concept of Value 63 4.4 Explaining the anomaly of meaning by the Principle of Differences 65 4.4.1 Anomalies of meaning 65 4.4.2 Semiotic identities and semiotic differences 66 4.4.3 Semiotic identities and semiotic differences in phonology 67 4.5 Principle of Duality of Categorization, and value and worth classes of signs and meanings 68 4.6 Critique of Saussure's conception of the arbitrariness of the sign 70 4.7 Homonymy 71 4.8 Principle of Phonological Differences and Principle of Phonological Duality of Categorization 73 4.9 The significance of the Principle of Differences 74 4.9.1 Principle of Differences as the cornerstone of linguistic analysis 74 4.9.2 Philosophical implications of the Principle of Differences 76 4.9.3 Principle of Differences and cognition 77 4.10 Disassociation of the sign-meaning bond in modern linguistics 79 4.10.1 Generative semantics 79 4.10.2 Generative phonology 80 4.10.3 The confusion of the functional and physical aspects of the concept of phoneme in violation of the Principle of the Duality of Categorization 81 CHAPTER 5 Linguistic Structure 86 5.1 Principle of the Contrast of Structural and Lexical Signs 86 5.2 Syntactic and paradigmatic meanings 91 5.3 Antinomies between lexical and structural meanings 92 5.4 Grammatical structure 95 5.4.1 Contensive autonomous words and their structures 95 5.4.2 The structure of the word combination 98 5.4.3 The structure of the syllable 99 5.5 The concept of the structural class 100 Table of contents vii 5.5.1 Fusion of meanings and structural series 100 5.5.2 Meaning of structural classes 102 5.5.3 Structural class defined 103 5.5.4 Structural classes and the Proportionality Law 105 5.6 Extending the Principle of Differences to cover the structural sign series 106 5.6.1 Generalized Principle of Differences 106 5.6.2 Extension of the diagnostic cases for homonymy 107 5.7 The lexicon 107 5.8 Grammar 108 5.9 Law of Autonomy of Grammar from the Lexicon 110 5.10 Semiotic Typology of Languages 112 5.10.1 Typology of signs 112 5.10.2 Sign-based typology of languages 115 5.10.3 Law of the Syntactic Field as the foundation of linguistic typology 115 5.11 Confusion of structural and lexical meanings in modern linguistics 117 5.11.1 Agentivity 117 5.11.2 Agentivity in ergative languages 119 CHAPTER 6 The Theory of Superposition 121 6.1 Meaning and information 121 6.2 Worth-and value-changing contexts 123 6.3 Primary and secondary functions of a sign and the notion of the field 125 6.3.1 Synonymy and polysemy 126 6.3.2 Spurious polysemy 127 6.3.3 Syntactic superposition 128 6.3.4 Syntactic and non-syntactic contexts 129 6.3.5 Superposition in phonology 129 6.3.6 Variants and alternants 130 6.3.7 The notion of the field of a sign 131 6.4 Principle of Superposition 131 6.5 Stability and flexibility of language 133 6.6 Law of Sign-Function Correspondence 133 6.7 Hierarchy of sign functions and the Range-Content Law 134 6.8 Basic and derived words as primary and secondary forms of the word 135 6.9 Antinomies of structural and logical meaning explained by superposition 137 6.9.1 Antinomies of word classification 137 6.9.2 Antinomy of transitivity 138 6.10 Confusion of linguistic and logical analysis of meaning 142 6.11 Superposition in diachrony: Principle of Diachronic Differentiation 144 6.11.1 Structural meaning shift 146 6.11.2 Lexical meaning shift 147 6.11.3 Phonological shift 147 6.12 The theory of synonymy as part of the theory of superposition 148 6.13 A historical note 151 viii Table of contents CHAPTER 7 Methodological Interlude 152 7.1 Dimensions of a theory 152 7.1.1 Research program 153 7.1.2 Principles and laws 154 7.1.3 Conceptual framework 157 7.1.4 Analogical modeling 158 7.1.5 Mathematical modeling 160 7.2 The nature of abstraction 162 7.3 Examples of semiotic abstraction 164 7.3.1 Communicative and informational dimensions of language 164 7.3.2 Abstraction from sound to phoneme 165 7.3.3 The concept of phoneme 169 7.3.4 Are segmental phonemes a fiction? 171 7.4 Dialectics and Complementarity Principle 175 7.5 Empirical and conceptual problems in linguistics 176 7.6 What must count as discovery in theoretical linguistics 182 7.7 The pitfalls of formal models of language 184 7.8 Critique of Hjelmslev's notion of linguistic reality 189 CHAPTER 8 The Word and Word Classes 192 8.1 Difficulties with defining the word 192 8.2 Defining the word 194 8.2.1 Word defined 194 8.2.2 Lexeme 194 8.2.3 Autonomous and non-autonomous words 195 8.2.4 Independent and dependent contensive autonomous words 196 8.2.5 Modifiers and relators 197 8.2.6 Functional definition of the word 197 8.3 Word and morpheme 197 8.4 Theory of word classes 198 8.4.1 Difficulties with the word classification 198 8.4.2 Law of Contensive Autonomous Word Classes 200 8.4.3 Principal phoneme classes 202 8.5 Word and its syntactic field 204 8.6 Principle
Recommended publications
  • Ditransitive Verbs in Language Use

    Ditransitive Verbs in Language Use

    Chapter 3 Aspects of description: ditransitive verbs in language use This chapter provides a corpus-based description of individual ditransitive verbs in actual language use. First, the two verbs that are typical of ditransitivity in ICE-GB will be analysed: give and tell (see section 3.1). Second, the four habitual ditransitive verbs in ICE-GB (i.e. ask, show, send and offer) will be scrutinised (see section 3.2). Particular emphasis in all the analyses will be placed on the different kinds of routines that are involved in the use of ditransitive verbs. The description of peripheral ditransitive verbs, on the other hand, will centre on the concepts of grammatical institutionalisation and conventionalisation (see section 3.3). At the end of this chapter, the two aspects will be discussed in a wider setting in the assessment of the role of linguistic routine and creativity in the use of ditransitive verbs (see section 3.4). 3.1 Typical ditransitive verbs in ICE-GB In the present study, typical ditransitive verbs are verbs which are frequently attested in ICE-GB in general (i.e. > 700 occurrences) and which are associated with an explicit ditransitive syntax in some 50% of all occurrences or more (cf. Figure 2.4, p. 84). These standards are met by give (see section 3.1.1) and tell (see section 3.1.2). 3.1.1 GIVE In light of recent psycholinguistic and cognitive-linguistic evidence, it is not sur- prising that the most frequent ditransitive verb in ICE-GB is GIVE.1 Experiment- al data have led Ninio (1999), for example, to put forward the hypothesis that children initially acquire constructions through one (or very few) ‘pathbreaking verbs(s)’.
  • Rules Vs. Analogy in English Past Tenses: a Computational/Experimental Study Adam Albrighta,*, Bruce Hayesb,*

    Rules Vs. Analogy in English Past Tenses: a Computational/Experimental Study Adam Albrighta,*, Bruce Hayesb,*

    Cognition 90 (2003) 119–161 www.elsevier.com/locate/COGNIT Rules vs. analogy in English past tenses: a computational/experimental study Adam Albrighta,*, Bruce Hayesb,* aDepartment of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA bDepartment of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1543, USA Received 7 December 2001; revised 11 November 2002; accepted 30 June 2003 Abstract Are morphological patterns learned in the form of rules? Some models deny this, attributing all morphology to analogical mechanisms. The dual mechanism model (Pinker, S., & Prince, A. (1998). On language and connectionism: analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition. Cognition, 28, 73–193) posits that speakers do internalize rules, but that these rules are few and cover only regular processes; the remaining patterns are attributed to analogy. This article advocates a third approach, which uses multiple stochastic rules and no analogy. We propose a model that employs inductive learning to discover multiple rules, and assigns them confidence scores based on their performance in the lexicon. Our model is supported over the two alternatives by new “wug test” data on English past tenses, which show that participant ratings of novel pasts depend on the phonological shape of the stem, both for irregulars and, surprisingly, also for regulars. The latter observation cannot be explained under the dual mechanism approach, which derives all regulars with a single rule. To evaluate the alternative hypothesis that all morphology is analogical, we implemented a purely analogical model, which evaluates novel pasts based solely on their similarity to existing verbs.
  • Analogical Modeling: an Exemplar-Based Approach to Language"

    Analogical Modeling: an Exemplar-Based Approach to Language"

    <DOCINFO AUTHOR "" TITLE "Analogical Modeling: An exemplar-based approach to language" SUBJECT "HCP, Volume 10" KEYWORDS "" SIZE HEIGHT "220" WIDTH "150" VOFFSET "4"> Analogical Modeling human cognitive processing is a forum for interdisciplinary research on the nature and organization of the cognitive systems and processes involved in speaking and understanding natural language (including sign language), and their relationship to other domains of human cognition, including general conceptual or knowledge systems and processes (the language and thought issue), and other perceptual or behavioral systems such as vision and non- verbal behavior (e.g. gesture). ‘Cognition’ should be taken broadly, not only including the domain of rationality, but also dimensions such as emotion and the unconscious. The series is open to any type of approach to the above questions (methodologically and theoretically) and to research from any discipline, including (but not restricted to) different branches of psychology, artificial intelligence and computer science, cognitive anthropology, linguistics, philosophy and neuroscience. It takes a special interest in research crossing the boundaries of these disciplines. Editors Marcelo Dascal, Tel Aviv University Raymond W. Gibbs, University of California at Santa Cruz Jan Nuyts, University of Antwerp Editorial address Jan Nuyts, University of Antwerp, Dept. of Linguistics (GER), Universiteitsplein 1, B 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Advisory Board Melissa Bowerman, Nijmegen; Wallace Chafe, Santa Barbara, CA; Philip R. Cohen, Portland, OR; Antonio Damasio, Iowa City, IA; Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Madison, WI; David McNeill, Chicago, IL; Eric Pederson, Eugene, OR; François Recanati, Paris; Sally Rice, Edmonton, Alberta; Benny Shanon, Jerusalem; Lokendra Shastri, Berkeley, CA; Dan Slobin, Berkeley, CA; Paul Thagard, Waterloo, Ontario Volume 10 Analogical Modeling: An exemplar-based approach to language Edited by Royal Skousen, Deryle Lonsdale and Dilworth B.
  • Flexible Valency in Chintang.∗

    Flexible Valency in Chintang.∗

    Flexible valency in Chintang.∗ Robert Schikowskia , Netra Paudyalb , and Balthasar Bickela a University of Zürich b University of Leipzig 1 e Chintang language Chintang [ˈts̻ ʰiɳʈaŋ]̻ (ISO639.3: ctn) is a Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal. It is named aer the village where it is mainly spoken. e village lies in the hills of Eastern Nepal, bigger cities within day’s reach being Dhankuṭā and Dharān. ere are no official data on the number of speakers, but we estimate there to be around 4,000 - 5,000 speakers. Most speakers are bi- or trilingual, with Nepali (the Indo-Aryan lingua franca of Nepal) as one and Bantawa (a related Sino-Tibetan language) as the other additional language. Monolingual speakers are still to be found mainly among elderly women, whereas a considerable portion of the younger generation is rapidly shiing to Nepali. Genealogically, Chintang belongs to the Kiranti group. e Kiranti languages are generally accepted to belong to the large Sino-Tibetan (or Tibeto-Burman) family, although their position within this family is controversial (cf. e.g. urgood 2003, Ebert 2003). Based on phonological evidence, Chintang belongs to the Eastern subgroup of Kiranti (Bickel et al. 2010). ere are two major dialects (Mulgaũ and Sambugaũ ) named aer the areas where they are spoken. e differences between them concern morphology and the lexicon but, as far as we know, not syntax, and so we will not distinguish between dialects in this chapter. For all examples the source has been marked behind the translation. Wherever possible, we take data from the Chintang Language Corpus (Bickel et al.
  • Analogy in Grammar: Form and Acquisition

    Analogy in Grammar: Form and Acquisition

    Analogy in Grammar: Form and Acquisition Department of Linguistics Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, $$ –$% September $##& Workshop programme Friday, September 22 W I ": –": Jim Blevins (Cambridge) & Juliette Blevins ( <=;-:A6 ) A L C T V ": –: Andrew Garrett (Berkeley) Paradigmatic heterogeneity : –: : –: Andrew Wedel (Arizona) Multi-level selection and the tension between phonological and morphological regularity : –: Greg Stump & Rafael Finkel (Kentucky) Principal parts and degrees of paradigmatic transparency : –: Moderated discussion: Juliette Blevins ( <=;-:A6 ) : –: A S G : –: Keith Johnson (Berkeley) Analogy as exemplar resonance: Extension of a view of sensory memory to higher linguistic categories : –: John Goldsmith (Chicago) Learning morphological patterns in language : –: : –: Susanne Gahl (Chicago) The sound of syntax: Probabilities and structure in pronunciation variation : – : Farrell Ackerman ( @8?9 ), Sharon Rose ( @8?9 ) & Rob Malouf ( ?9?@ ) Patterns of relatedness in complex morphological systems : –!: Moderated discussion: Colin Bannard ( <=;-:A6 ) ": – B Saturday, September 23 A L A ": –": LouAnn Gerken (Arizona) Linguistic generalization by human infants ": –: Andrea Krott (Birmingham) Banana shoes and bear tables: Children’s processing and interpretation of noun-noun compounds : –: : –: Mike Tomasello ( - ) Analogy in the acquisition of constructions : –: Rens Bod (St. Andrews) Acquisition of syntax by analogy: Computation of new utterances out
  • The Representation of Third Person and Its Consequences for Person-Case Effects

    The Representation of Third Person and Its Consequences for Person-Case Effects

    The Representation of Third Person and Its Consequences for Person-Case Effects The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Nevins, Andrew. The representation of third person and its consequences for person-case effects. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 25 (2007): 273-313. Published Version http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-006-9017-2 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:2223518 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Nat Lang Linguist Theory (2007) 25:273–313 DOI 10.1007/s11049-006-9017-2 ORIGINAL PAPER The representation of third person and its consequences for person-case effects Andrew Nevins Received: 13 June 2005 / Accepted: 3 July 2006 / Published online: 28 April 2007 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract In modeling the effects of the Person-Case Constraint (PCC), a common claim is that 3rd person “is not a person”. However, while this claim does work in the syntax, it creates problems in the morphology. For example, characterizing the well-known “spurious se effect” in Spanish simply cannot be done without reference to 3rd person. Inspired by alternatives to underspecification that have emerged in phonology (e.g., Calabrese, 1995), a revised featural system is proposed, whereby syntactic agreement may be relativized to certain values of a feature, in particular, the contrastive and marked values.
  • The Diachronic Development of Differential Object Marking in Spanish Ditransitive Constructions Klaus Von Heusinger Universität Zu Köln

    The Diachronic Development of Differential Object Marking in Spanish Ditransitive Constructions Klaus Von Heusinger Universität Zu Köln

    Chapter 11 The diachronic development of Differential Object Marking in Spanish ditransitive constructions Klaus von Heusinger Universität zu Köln Differential Object Marking (DOM) in Spanish synchronically depends on the referential features of the direct object, such as animacy and referentiality, and on the semantics of the verb. Recent corpus studies suggest that the diachronic development proceeds along the same features, which are ranked in scales, namely the Animacy Scale, the Referentiality Scale and the Affectedness Scale. The present paper investigates this development in ditran- sitive constructions from the 17th to the 20th century. Ditransitive constructions in Spanish are of particular interest since the literature assumes that the differential object marker a is often blocked by the co-occurrence of the case marker a for the indirect object. The paper focuses on the conditions that enhance or weaken this blocking effect. It investigates three types of constructions with a ditransitive verb: (i) constructions with indirect objects real- ized as a-marked full noun phrases, (ii) constructions with indirect objects as clitic pronouns, and (iii) constructions with non-overt indirect objects. The results clearly show that DOM is more frequent with (iii) and less frequent with (i). Thus the results support the observation that the co-occurrence of an a-marked indirect object (partly) blocks a-marking of the di- rect object to a certain extent. Furthermore, the results show for the first time that indirect objects realized as clitic pronouns without the marker a have a weaker blocking effect, but still a stronger one than constructions without overt indirect objects. In summary, the paper presents new and original evidence of the competition between arguments in a diachronic perspective.
  • Ditransitive Constructions Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig (Germany) 23-25 November 2007

    Ditransitive Constructions Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig (Germany) 23-25 November 2007

    Conference on Ditransitive Constructions Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig (Germany) 23-25 November 2007 Abstracts On “Dimonotransitive” Structures in English Carmen Aguilera Carnerero University of Granada Ditransitive structures have been prototypically defined as those combinations of a ditransitive verb with an indirect object and a direct object. However, although in the prototypical ditransitive construction in English, both objects are present, there is often omission of one of the constituentes, usually the indirect object. The absence of the indirect object has been justified on the basis of the irrelevance of its specification or the possibility of recovering it from the context. The absence of the direct object, on the other hand, is not so common and only occur with a restricted number of verbs (e.g. pay, show or tell).This type of sentences have been called “dimonotransitives” by Nelson, Wallis and Aarts (2002) and the sole presence in the syntactic structure arises some interesting questions we want to clarify in this article, such as: (a) the degree of syntactic and semantic obligatoriness of indirect objects and certain ditransitive verbs (b) the syntactic behaviour of indirect objects in absence of the direct object, in other words, does the Oi take over some of the properties of typical direct objects as Huddleston and Pullum suggest? (c) The semantic and pragmatic interpretations of the missing element. To carry out our analysis, we will adopt a corpus –based approach and especifically we will use the International Corpus of English (ICE) for the most frequent ditransitive verbs (Mukherjee 2005) and the British National Corpus (BNC) for the not so frequent verbs.
  • Review of Dieter Wanner's the Power of Analogy: an Essay on Historical Linguistics

    Review of Dieter Wanner's the Power of Analogy: an Essay on Historical Linguistics

    Portland State University PDXScholar World Languages and Literatures Faculty Publications and Presentations World Languages and Literatures 2007 Review of Dieter Wanner's The Power of Analogy: An Essay on Historical Linguistics Eva Nuń ez-Mẽ ndeź Portland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/wll_fac Part of the Comparative and Historical Linguistics Commons, and the First and Second Language Acquisition Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Núñez-Méndez, Eva. "Review of Dieter Wanner's The Power of Analogy: An Essay on Historical Linguistics," Linguistica e Filologia, 25 (2007), p. 266-267. This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in World Languages and Literatures Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Linguistica e Filologia 25 (2007) WANNER, Dieter, The Power of Analogy: An Essay on Historical Lin- guistics, Mouton de Gruyter, New York 2006, pp. xiv + 330, ISBN 978- 3-11-018873-8. Following the division predicated in the Saussurean dichotomy between synchrony and diachrony, this book starts by arguing that this antinomy between the formal and the historical should be relegated to the periphery. Combining diachronic with synchronic linguistic thought, Wanner proposes two adoptions: first, a restricted theoretical base in the form of Concrete Minimalism, and second analogical assimilations as formulated in Analogical Modeling. These two perspectives provide the basis for redirecting the theory in a cognitive direction and focus on the shape of linguistics material and the impact of the historical components of language.
  • Grammatical Sketch of Beng

    Grammatical Sketch of Beng

    Mandenkan Numéro 51 Bulletin d’études linguistiques mandé Printemps 2014 ISSN: 0752-5443 Grammatical sketch of Beng Denis PAPERNO University of Trento, Italy [email protected] Denis Paperno Content 1. Introduction 1 2. General information 9 2.1. Beng people and their language 9 2.2. Sociolinguistic situation 11 2.3. Names of the language 12 3. The history of Beng studies 12 3.1. Students of the Beng language and society 12 3.2. Beng dialects according to reports from the early 1900s 13 3.2.1. Delafosse: Beng of Kamélinsou 15 3.2.3. Tauxier: Beng of Groumania neighbourhood 16 4. Beng phonology 18 4.1. Phonological inventory 18 4.1.1. Tones 20 4.1.2. Syllable structure 22 4.1.3. Segmental sandhi 22 4.1.4. Tonal sandhi 22 4.2. Morphonology 23 4.2.1. ŋC simplification 23 4.2.2. Deletion of /l/ 24 4.2.3. High tone in the low tone form of verbs 24 5. Personal Pronoun Morphology 25 5.1. On the allomorphy of the 1SG subject pronoun 27 5.2. Contraction with 3SG object pronoun 28 5.3. Subject series of pronouns 29 5.4. Stative pronouns with verbs tá, nṵ̄ 29 6. Morphology of content words 30 6.1. Tonal changes in suffixation 31 6.1.1. Mobile tone suffixes 31 6.1.2. Low tone suffixes 31 6.1.3. Other suffixes 31 6.1.4. Stems ending in L tone 31 3 Denis Paperno 6.1.5. The verb blö ‘to press out’ 32 6.2.
  • Landmarks Revisited the Vekhi Symposium 100 Years on C U Lt U R a L R E V O Lu T I O N S : R U S S I a I N T H E 20 T H C E N T U Ry

    Landmarks Revisited the Vekhi Symposium 100 Years on C U Lt U R a L R E V O Lu T I O N S : R U S S I a I N T H E 20 T H C E N T U Ry

    Landmarks Revisited The Vekhi Symposium 100 Years On C u lt u r a l r e v o lu t i o n s : r u s s i a i n t h e 20 t h C e n t u ry s e r i e s e d i to r Boris Wolfson—Amherst College e d i to r i a l B oa r d : Anthony Anemone—The New School Robert BiRd—The University Of Chicago eliot BoRenstein—New York University Angela BRintlingeR—The Ohio State University Karen evAns-RomAine—Ohio University Jochen HellBeck—Rutgers University lilya KAgAnovsKy—University Of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Christina KiAeR—Northwestern University Alaina lemon—University Of Michigan simon morrison—Princeton University eric NaimAn—University Of California, Berkeley Joan neuBeRgeR—University Of Texas, Austin ludmila Parts—Mcgill University ethan Pollock—Brown University Cathy Popkin—Columbia University stephanie SandleR—Harvard University Landmarks Revisited The Vekhi Symposium 100 Years On E di t E d b y R o b i n A i z l E w o o d A nd R u t h C oAt E s BOSTON / 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A bibliographic record for this title is available from the Library of Congress. Copyright © 2013 Academic Studies Press All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-618811-286-6 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-61811-287-3 (electronic) Book design by Ivan Grave Published by Academic Studies Press in 2013 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com Effective December 12th, 2017, this book will be subject to a CC-BY-NC license.
  • Chapter 10 Analogy Behrens Final

    Chapter 10 Analogy Behrens Final

    To appear in: Marianne Hundt, Sandra Mollin and Simone Pfenninger (eds.) (2016). The Changing English Language: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10 The role of analogy in language acquisition Heike Behrens1 10.1 Introduction AnalogiCal reasoning is a powerful processing meChanism that allows us to disCover similarities, form Categories and extend them to new Categories. SinCe similarities Can be detected at the concrete and the relational levels, analogy is in principle unbounded. The possibility of multiple mapping makes analogy a very powerful meChanism, but leads to the problem that it is hard to prediCt whiCh analogies will aCtually be drawn. This indeterminaCy results in the faCt that analogy is often invoked as an explanandum in many studies in linguistiCs, language acquisition, and the study of language change, but that the underlying proCesses are hardly ever explained. When cheCking the index of current textbooks on cognitive linguistics and language acquisition, the keyword “analogy” is almost Completely absent, and the concept is typiCally evoked ad hoc to explain a Certain phenomenon. In Contrast, in work on language Change, different types of analogical change have been identified and have beCome teChniCal terms to refer to speCifiC phenomena, such as analogical levelling when irregular forms beCome regularized or analogical extension when new items beCome part of a Category (see Bybee 2010: 66-69, for a historiCal review of the use of the term in language Change and grammatiCalization see Traugott & Trousdale 2014: 37-38). In this paper, I will discuss the possible effects of analogical reasoning for linguistic Category formation from an emergentist and usage-based perspeCtive, and then characterize the interaction of different processes of analogical reasoning in language development, with a speCial foCus on regular/irregular morphology and argument structure.