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Rare Plant Committee Holy Fire Botany, Santa Ana Mountains

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Rare Plant Committee Holy Fire Botany, Santa Ana Mountains Rare Plant Committee Holy Fire Botany, Santa Ana Mountains On August 6, 2018, a wildfire ignited in Trabuco Canyon, in the Santa Ana Mountains (SAMs) of Orange and Riverside Counties. The blaze burned 23,136 acres, destroyed 18 buildings, and forced the evacuation of thousands of residents. Botanically, this fire was a significant event as much of the forest had not burned for 31 to 64 years or longer1. The blaze was fully contained on September 13, 2018. Shortly afterward, the Rare Plant Committee of the California Native Plant Society, Orange County chapter (OCCNPS) petitioned the U.S. Forest Service, Cleveland National Forest, for access permission and collection permits. After several weeks and a government shutdown, we were granted those permissions. The OCCNPS Holy Fire botanical principal survey team: Ron Vanderhoff (OCCNPS Rare Plant Committee) Michael Simpson (SDSU, retired) Fred Roberts (OCCNPS Rare Plant Committee) Rebecca Crowe (UCI) Bob Allen (OCCNPS Rare Plant Committee) James Bailey (Independent) Jonathan Frank (Independent) A few other participants joined on individual surveys, incl. Aaron Echols, Emile Fiesler. Keith Wayne Garcia, Joe Gautsch, Hailey Laskey, Mathew Major, Carl Mautner, Arlee Montalvo and Jillian Stephens. Our objectives within the burn area: 1. To obtain vouchers (plant collections) in an under-documented region of the Santa Ana Mountains, with specimens deposited at the following registered herbaria2: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden (RSA), San Diego State University (SDSU), University of California Irvine (IRVC), and University of California Riverside (UCR). 2. To document often unique post-fire plant species that are otherwise absent. 3. To review the status of Phacelia keckii (Santiago Peak phacelia), a rare plant and near Santa Ana Mountains endemic, with only sporadic records and a poorly understood natural history. 4. Review the burn response of several narrowly distributed or rare plant species, especially those assigned a California Rare Plant Rank (CRPR, see https://www.cnps.org/rare-plants/cnps-rare-plant-ranks) 5. Examine the status and response of Arctostaphylos spp. (manzanitas) within the burn area. 6. Assess non-native invasive plant intrusion and expansion in the burn area and document occurrences of ecological concern. 7. Conduct general botanical explorations to record important species and assess general forest recovery. 1 Herbaria are registered with the Index Herbariorum, assigned an acronym, and listed on their website at http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih 2 Herbaria are registered with the Index Herbariorum, assigned an acronym, and listed on their website at http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih Survey details As of this writing, our team effort includes approximately 35 trips into the burn area. Our surveys visited essentially all vegetation types present within the burn area and ranged between 412 (1,351.7 feet) and 1,651 meters (5,416.7 feet) in elevation. The survey teams totaled approximately 200+ field hours. The OCCNPS team, all volunteers, worked tirelessly surveying the burn scar. Nearly all of the watersheds within the burn were visited at least once and many a few times. Surveys were conducted on burned ridges, slopes, canyons, and peaks. We also visited areas outside of the physical burn, but impacted by the fire. These included roadsides, debris flows, fire breaks, dozer lines, and staging areas. Our efforts have resulted in several plant records of significance as well as a general understanding of the burns’ impact to the flora of the area and its recovery. Some of the locations visited were (see figures 1 and 2): Coldwater Canyon Rice Canyon Modjeska Peak Mayhew Canyon McVicker Canyon Flanks of Santiago Peak Indian Canyon Trabuco Canyon Los Pinos Ridge Horsethief Canyon Holy Jim Canyon Indian Truck Trail Main Divide Road and many of its side canyons 2 FIGURE 1. Several (not all) of the tracks from the Holy Fire botanical surveys, 2019. 3 FIGURE 2. Calflora datapoints from some (not all) of the Holy Fire botanical surveys, 2019. Burn outline in pink. Results: Our survey team documented 1,443 individual plant records, covering 385+ unique plant taxa. Approximately 110 of these records were non-native species. 294 plant specimens were taken under USFS permit. The vouchers have been or will be deposited in the following registered herbaria: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden (RSA) San Diego State University (SDSU) UC Irvine (IRVC) UC Riverside (UCR) Santa Barbara Botanic Garden (SBBG) Most of these specimen collections have not yet been processed by the herbaria. Once they are, they will appear on the websites of the Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH1 http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium and CCH2 http://cch2.org/portal). As part of this effort, we also established a Project with Calflora, called “Holy Fire”, accessed from https://www.calflora.org/entry/observ.html#srch=t&loc=holy+fire. We encourage anyone reading this report to reference our individual records via the CCH1, CCH2 and Calflora websites. Each plant record is geo-referenced and most with full details of abundance, number of plants, distribution, habitat, phenology, the species response/recovery to the burn, herbarium information, and general notes. In the case of Calflora records, these observations are also documented with identifying photographs. 4 Floristic highlights: Our survey results include one new regional native plant species occurrence, two new native plant species to the Santa Ana Mountains, and five new native plant species to Orange County. An Erythranthe species in the upper reaches of Long Canyon in Orange County is still under review by taxonomists but appears to be E. inconspicua (Small-flowered monkeyflower, CRPR 3), essentially a Sierran species. The nearest other occurrence of this species is from The Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County. Erythranthe diffusa (Palomar monkeyflower, CRPR 4.3) is another monkeyflower species of limited occurrence that was detected in the burn area. A third rare monkeyflower, Diplacus rattanii (Rattan’s monkeyflower), was detected on and near a dozer line within the burn area. This is the third record of the species for the Santa Ana Mountains and the first since 1935. Phacelia keckii (Santiago Peak phacelia, CRPR 1B.3), a focus of our study, was so common in places that we had trouble not stepping on it. Tens of thousands of plants were found. After being nearly absent in recent years, and even then only seen in quite small numbers, we documented thousands at various locations both in and out of the burn scar (from washdowns?). The Arbutus menziesii (pacific madrone) colony in Upper Trabuco Canyon is one of the most southerly of the species. The entire colony was burned with essentially no branch survival. However, basal resprouting was apparent during a late April visit. The only known individual of Arctostaphylos pringlei ssp. drupacea (pink-bracted manzanita) from the Santa Ana Mountains was re-visited by the team. It was previously documented by Ron Vanderhoff and Bob Allen on April 12, 2014. It is located northeast of Santiago Peak, near the upper trailhead for Coldwater Canyon Trail. During the Holy Fire, it was burned to its burl, but was observed resprouting during a visit on June 9, 2019. A small southernmost colony of the regionally rare Ceanothus papillosus (wartleaf ceanothus) growing on a ridge below Los Pinos Peak was nearly lost. One surviving individual was relocated. This is not a stump-sprouting species, so searching for seedling germination in the area of the colony should be a priority during 2020 surveys. A possible first Orange County record of Githopsis diffusa ssp. diffusa (Southern bluecup) was collected. Possible first records for the Santa Ana Mountains were made of Mentzelia albicaulis (white stem blazing star). The two principal conifers of the Santa Ana Mountains, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (big-cone Douglas-fir) and Pinus coulteri (Coulter pine), were heavily impacted. Nearly all colonies and plants within the burn were killed. In the lower intensity/heat areas, branch re-sprouting was seen, but this was a small minority of the plants. Fortunately, heavy seedling germination was observed in the Pinus coulteri colonies, especially those near the upper reaches of Trabuco and Mayhew Canyons. Seed germination of Pseudotsuga macrocarpa was not observed. Rare and sensitive species highlights to date: Arbutus menziesii (Madrone) Near southern extreme of range, basal sprouting Arctostaphylos pringlei ssp. drupacea (Manzanita) Regionally rare, a single SAMs plant, basal sprouting Bromus grandis (Grass) Regionally rare Bromus pseudolaevipes (Grass) 3rd SAMs record Calandrinia breweri (Annual) CRPR 4.2, new region in the SAMs Calochortus albus (Lily) Regionally uncommon Calochortus invenustus (Lily) Regionally rare disjunct population Ceanothus papillosus (Ceanothus) Regionally rare, southern disjunct population Cystopteris fragilis (Fern) Regionally rare, 3rd OC/SAMs record Diplacus clevelandii (Monkeyflower) Forest Sensitive Species, CRPR 4.2 Diplacus rattanii (Monkeyflower) 3rd SAMs record (prior 1935), southern extreme Epipactis gigantea (Orchid) Regionally uncommon Erythranthe cf. inconspicua (Monkeyflower) Probably this taxon, still under review, disjunct pop. 5 Erythranthe diffusa (Monkeyflower) CRPR 4.3, OC record Githopsis diffusa ssp. diffusa (Annual) OC record, regionally rare Lepechinia cardiophyla (Pitcher Sage) CRPR 1B.2 Lilium humboldtii ssp. ocellatum (Lily) CRPR 4.2, often in isolated colonies
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