Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021

HAITI

Overall risk level

High Reconsider travel

Can be dangerous and may present unexpected security risks

Travel is possible, but there is a potential for disruptions Overview

Emergency Numbers

Medical 116

Upcoming Events

There are no upcoming events scheduled

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 2 Travel Advisories

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 3 High risk: Major earthquake in southern departments Reconsider travel to Grande-Anse, Sud, Sud-Est, Nippes and Ouest departments in the near-term due to extensive damage and associated disruptions following a major earthquake near Saint-Louis du Sud.

On 14 August, a 7.2-magnitude earthquake struck 12km (7.5 miles) northeast of Saint-Louis du Sud, Sud department, at a shallow depth of 10km (6.2 miles) at around 08:30 local time (12:30 GMT). Local reports indicate that at least 2,189 people have been killed with some 12,200 more injured in Grande-Anse, Nippes and Sud departments, including in Les Cayes, Les Anglais, Jeremie, Maniche, Okay and Arniquet, following the earthquake. The death toll is expected to rise. Tens of thousands of buildings have also collapsed or been damaged, including hundreds in Port-au-Prince, Ouest department, and Jacmel, Sud-Est department, with over 30,000 families displaced and some 600,000 people affected. Emergency operations are ongoing following the earthquake and hospitals have so far been overwhelmed by patients. The emergency response was hindered due to flooding triggered by Tropical Depression (TD) Grace, which tracked over the country on 16-17 August.

Anticipate major disruptions to travel and possible disruptions to services, including power, communications and water supplies in affected areas in the near- term. Note that there is an ongoing risk of destablising aftershocks; in case of aftershocks, take cover under and hold onto a strong piece of furniture such as a heavy desk or table that can provide you with air space if the building collapses. If you are not near a strong piece of furniture, crouch down and protect your head and face in an inner corner of a building; only stand in a doorway if you know it is strongly supported. Stay away from windows or glass panels. Hazardous tsunami waves are possible in the immediate aftermath of a shallow earthquake in coastal areas. In the event of a strong earthquake in coastal areas, relocate to higher ground away from the coast for the next several hours. Comply with emergency directives from local authorities and emergency management personnel. Check the status of intended travel routes prior to departure as some roads could be impassable. Avoid entering buildings that have been structurally damaged by the earthquake.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 4 High risk: Anti-corruption protests Reconsider travel to Haiti until further notice because of nationwide unrest.

Haiti has been gripped by a series of violent protests and riots since early July 2018 that has left dozens of people dead including former president Jovenel Moïse who was assassinated on 7 July 2021. What began as social unrest in response to a proposed government hike in fuel prices has since morphed into an anti- corruption protest campaign, with deadly violence reigniting in November 2018 and again in February and September-December 2019 with sporadic killings reported at protests throughout 2020 and into 2021.

Makeshift protest blockades have since been reported across Port-au-Prince, including at Carrefour de l’Aéroport, Delmas 23/32/40/48/60/75, Avenue John Brown, Rue Capois, Champ de Mars, Sans Fil, Place de la Constitution, Auto Plaza,Carrefour Gerald Bataille, Ministry of Justice and of Public Security (MJSP) in the Pétionville, Peguy Ville, Delmas, La Saline, Cité Soleil, Nazon, Bel- Air, Bourdon, Tabarre, Musseau, Turgeau, and Canapé-Vert areas and in Cap- Haïtien, Gonaïves, Hinche, Jeremie, Les Cayes, Port-de-Paix and Saint-Marc. Overland transport, including bus and taxi services, has been heavily disrupted and the majority of petrol stations have closed amid pro-opposition shutdown strikes. Local sources reported that new security forces dressed in black uniforms, and believed to consist partially of foreign soldiers, were seen on the streets among the General Security Unit of the National Palace (USGPN) forces, raising questions about the lack of support by Haiti National Police (HNP) to the president. To add to the sentiment, the police have held their own protests demanding better pay and working conditions. In February 2020, police exchanged gunfire with soldiers outside the National Palace amid such protest. The impunity that various armed groups are afforded are illustrated by incidents like these as well as by an uptick in kidnappings-for-ransom that continue as of May 2021. Disgruntled "Fantômes 509" police officers protested violently in Port-au-Prince after several of their colleagues were detained by Haitian security forces in connection to targeted attacks in September 2020 and in March 2021. Violent protest clashes erupted again on 17 October 2020 – the Dessalines Day – as thousands of people marched from Pétionville to Downtown Port-au-Prince, on 18 November 2020 – Battle of Vertieres commemoration day – and on 28 February amid nationwide protests calling for the resignation of former president Jovenel Moïse over corruption

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 5 charges. Further protests are called on 28-30 March to mark the 34th anniversary of the Haitian Constitution of 29 March 1987. In Port-au-PrinceThe 'G9 Family and Allies' gang – which has allegedly united Port-au-Prince's warring factions and attacked Moïse’s political opponents, facing little resistance from authorities – banned protesters from entering areas under its control. On 7 July 2021, after Jovenel Moïse was assassinated by mercernaries at his home in the Petion-Ville area of the capital, Haiti's borders and international airports in Port-au-Prince and Cap-Haïtien were temporarily closed and martial law was temporarily imposed. Since the incident, borders and airports have reopened though the political and economic crisis that Haiti finds itself in will likely deepen as a result.

Haiti’s Prime Minister Jack Guy Lafontant resigned on 14 July 2018 following a wave of violent protests and riots in Port-au-Prince and other cities in the country triggered by a government plan, backed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), to increase fuel prices upwards of 50 percent. The country’s inflation rate has exceeded 13 percent over the past three years and even basic goods, such as rice and cooking oil, are often not within reach for the poorest in the country. Both former president Jovenel Moïse and former prime minister Lafontant stated that maintaining security and preserving democracy was of the utmost importance; however, neither politician offered any concrete solution on how to make up the revenue that increases in petroleum products were supposed to bring. Moreover, both the government cabinet and the Senate have members who are believed to be involved in the misuse of public funds or tax evasion. Protests have erupted even during COVID-19 restrictions, and further protests are likely as tensions remain high and protesters continue to demand the resignation of leading politicians and press for new elections. Haiti plunged deeper into a constitutional crisis on 7 February 2021 after at least 23 opposition figures, including the Inspector General of the National Police of Haiti and Supreme Court Justice Yvickel Dabrézil, were arrested on charges of organising a coup against Moïse. Protest clashes erupted in Port-au-Prince on 8 February amid a general strike as opposition figures appointed Supreme Court Judge Joseph Mécène Jean-Louis as an interim president, claiming that Moïse’s term had ended on 7 February. A constitutional committee mounted by the president published a draft of a new constitution, which is to eliminate the Senate, strengthen the presidency, mandate military service and schedule all elections for every five years; after multiple postponements, a referendum is set to be held on 26 September with general

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 6 elections slated for the same day.

Reconsider travel to Haiti until further notice because of nationwide unrest. Political and social tensions remain high and protests may erupt without warning. Immediately seek shelter indoors in the event of violence. Security forces frequently employ a heavy-handed response in dispersing protests, and at times with fatal consequences. A lack of essential goods and supplies creates a heightened risk of looting and/or violence near supermarkets and at aid distribution centres. Exercise increased caution and vigilance, and do not walk alone in unlit areas due to the risk of opportunistic crime. The United States (US) Embassy in Port-au-Prince has previously advised its personnel to shelter-in-place amid clashes between police and anti-corruption protesters. The overbooking of flights has been reported at Toussaint Louverture International Airport; travellers are advised to confirm tickets and seats prior to departure for the airport. In-country expats are advised to contact their relevant consulates.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 7 Summary

Haiti is a High Risk destination: reconsider travel. High Risk locations can be dangerous and may present unexpected security risks. Travel is possible, but there is a potential for severe or widespread disruptions.

Covid-19 Medium Risk Authorities have been successful in keeping the infection rate considerably lower than neighbouring Dominican Republic. Case figures could be under-reported, as testing capacity is limited, particularly in the countryside. Then President Jovenel Moïse approved a state of health emergency and a nightly curfew in May, due to increasing COVID-19 infection rates. International flights were temporarily banned and borders closed as part of a state of siege imposed following the assassination of President Moïse on 7 July; international travel has resumed since.

Political Instability High Risk Haitian politics embody instability, underscored by the assasination of President Jovenel Moïse on 7 July. Politically motivated violence has been common since the 30- year dictatorship of the Duvalier family (1957-1986) followed by several military coups and electoral violence. A United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission (2004-2017) was unable to prevent this. A question remains how much control Prime Minister Ariel Henry can assert ahead of general elections scheduled for November. Moïse struggled to increase the standard of living of millions of poor Haitians as well as properly address internal corruption scandals, which triggered widespread riots on numerous occasions during 2018-19.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 8 Conflict High Risk Despite the absence of external threats, the country remains mired in domestic turmoil due to chronic political, social and economic instability as well as the government's inability to combat the effects of natural disasters. The prospect of a coup led by former military troops or nationwide unrest spearheaded by criminal gangs, continue to linger in the background of daily political life. Tensions have long existed between the Dominican Republic (DR) and Haiti over border limits and illegal immigration.

Terrorism Low Risk Despite rampant levels of lawlessness, Haiti does not have a history of terrorist attacks nor domestic or international terrorist groups operating within its borders. The country's general lawlessness and weak security presence may draw international terrorists seeking safe haven, while providing an opportunity to plan and organise.

Unrest High Risk Peaceful protest is rare in Haiti, where the majority of demonstrations, marches and strikes often escalate into violence and result in fatalities. Whether protesting high food prices, rampant levels of crime or election results, common tactics used by sticks- and-stones wielding demonstrators include road blockades, burning tyres, looting and clashes with police particularly in the capital, Port-au-Prince. A wave of deadly anti- government protests and riots rocked urban hubs in 2018-2019.

Crime High Risk Crime, particularly violent crime, is a critical problem in Haiti, fuelled by ongoing political instability and lawlessness, with turf battles a common occurrence between armed gangs. There are daily reports of death threats, murders, drug-related shootouts, kidnappings, armed robberies, break-ins or carjackings committed by armed criminals, particularly in metropolitan Port-au-Prince. Crime problems are compounded by police corruption, a lack of resources and poor police presence and response, with some officers implicated in kidnapping and drug trafficking. The threat of kidnapping is a significant concern for locals, expatriates and visitors to Haiti.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 9 Natural and Environmental High Risk Being situated in an active seismic zone, the country may occasionally experience shallow earthquakes which can cause significant, widespread damage to the country’s poorly developed infrastructure. Flooding and landslides are common during the rainy season from May to July – partially coinciding with the Caribbean hurricane season from June to November – and tend to have a significant impact on the country’s road and building infrastructure. Emergency preparedness and response are inadequate.

Health and Medical High Risk Medical facilities and services are extremely limited and substandard, even in Port-au- Prince. Emergency response cannot be guaranteed and hospitals are under-staffed and under-equipped with poor sanitation levels; serious conditions will require evacuation outside of the country. There is a high incidence of HIV/AIDS, and mosquito- and insect-transmitted diseases are endemic. Hepatitis, leptospirosis and other water- and food-borne diseases carry a significant risk, with access to high- quality prescription medication and over-the-counter drugs very limited.

Local Travel High Risk Personal safety in Haiti cannot be guaranteed. The use of public transport is not recommended. Roads are in poor condition and criminal activity increases after dark. Travellers arriving in Haiti should have a known individual meet them at the airport as criminals target arriving visitors, and carjackings, armed robbery and murder are common on the road from Toussaint L'Ouverture Airport to downtown Port-au- Prince.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 10 Political Overview : High Risk

The 30-year dictatorship of the Duvalier family came to an end in 1986 only to give way to 10 changes of government and three military coups. Politically motivated violence and assassinations have been common. A 13-year-long United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission was unable to prevent this, and presidential and local elections in 2006, 2010-2011 and 2015-16 were plagued with violence. The country is governed as a multi-party presidential republic with an executive branch currently led by President Jovenel Moïse of the ruling Haitian Tèt Kale Party (PHTK).

Amid a worsening spate of gang-driven crime, an alarming uptick in kidnappings and a crumbling economy, Haiti plunged deeper into a constitutional crisis on 7 February 2021 after at least 23 opposition figures, including the Inspector General of the National Police of Haiti and Supreme Court Justice Yvickel Dabrézil, were arrested on charges of organising a coup against President Moïse. Although the Port au Prince Court of Appeal ordered their release on 24 March, protests against the arrests persisted. Protest clashes erupted in Port-au-Prince on 8 February amid a general strike as opposition figures appointed Supreme Court Judge Joseph Mécène Jean-Louis as an interim president, claiming that Moïse’s term ended on 7 February, an assertion backed by the country’s high court but denied by Moïse, the United Nations and the United States. The president has been governing by decree since 13 January 2020 when the Parliament became inoperative as the Chamber of Deputies reached the end of its term. Civil society groups critical of Moïse had been calling for a transitional government for months, claiming that Moïse’s government has ties to street gangs. After uniting Port-au-Prince's warring factions Jimmy "Barbecue" Cherizier, leader of the G9 gang, has allegedly attacked Moïse’s political opponents, facing little resistance from authorities – including the armed forces which continue to back Moïse. A constitutional committee mounted by the president published a draft of a new constitution, which would eliminate the Senate, strengthen the presidency, mandate military service and schedule all elections for every five years; a referendum and general elections are set to be held on 7 November.

Haiti held its significantly postponed presidential election on 20 November 2016, after the passing of Hurricane Matthew on 4-5 October left nearly 300 voting centres damaged and unable to facilitate the first-round vote on 9 October. The election came after nearly 10 months of political uncertainty, following a first-round presidential

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 11 ballot in October 2015 (which was subsequently voided by the Provisional Electoral Council (CEP) in mid-2016 amid widespread allegations of fraud), numerous re- scheduling delays, and after Haitian president Michel Martelly stepped down at the end of his term on 7 February giving way to a caretaker government led by Parliament- elected interim President Jocelerme Privert with an initial 120-day mandate. The election on 20 November 2016 saw Jovenel Moïse of PHTK win 55.6 percent of the vote. While the voting process was relatively regarded as problem-free, runner-up Jude Célestin representing the Alternative League for Haitian Progress and Empowerment (LAPEH) party and other candidates vowed to contest the results, triggering violent protests stretching far outside the capital.

President Moïse has struggled to deal with the intense pressure to increase the standard of living for millions of Haitians living in poverty as well as properly address internal corruption scandals, which has triggered widespread riots on numerous occasions during 2018-19. The United Nations (UN) and donor governments including the United States have pledged billions of dollars of reconstruction funds to Haiti and are keen to support a stable, legitimate leadership to take charge of the recovery. Jean-Michel Lapin served as the fourth appointed prime minister under Moïse from 9 April 2019 until 4 March 2020, when Moïse unilaterally appointed Joseph Jouthe as the new prime minister - a move condemned by the opposition having not been ratified by the parliament.

The 29-year brutal dictatorship of the Duvalier family came to an end in 1986, only to give way to 10 changes of government and three military coups. Left-wing populist Jean-Bertrand Aristide was ousted by a 1991 military coup that forced him into exile. By 1994, the military generals faced the threat of a US-backed armed intervention and so negotiated Aristide's return to power to guarantee their own escape. Haiti's fortunes did not change under Aristide, as allegations of electoral irregularities, ongoing extra-judicial killings, torture and brutality continued to plague the Caribbean nation. Aristide ruled until 1996 when he was succeeded by an ally and former prime minister, René Préval – the first democratically elected president in Haiti's history. Préval also left office at the end of his term, willingly, another exceptional event in Haitian politics. Aristide returned as president in 2001, amid accusations of electoral fraud and an election boycott by the opposition. In February 2004, his government was overthrown by armed opponents led by Guy Philippe, a former police chief. Aristide and many of his allies were forced once again into exile. The US, France and Canada responded by leading a UN peacekeeping force to restore order, but violent

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 12 confrontations between rival gangs and political groups continue to foster social and political instability. Supreme Court Chief Justice, Boniface Alexandre, succeeded the presidency with the support of the international community. His interim regime was characterised by extremely high levels of communal violence, including thousands of murders and sexual assaults. Finally, elections were held in February 2006 and former President Réne Préval returned to office followed by Michel Martelly (2011-2016). Tackling social inequalities and creating jobs in the continent's poorest nation, where the wealth gap between the impoverished Creole-speaking black majority and the French-speaking minority remains largely unaddressed, fighting corruption and gang- driven crime remain the greatest challenges for political stability.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 13 Conflict : High Risk

Border Conflicts: History has contributed to antagonism and conflict between neighbours in the Caribbean island of Hispaniola - from Haiti's 22-year rule over the DR in the early 1800s to the 1937 massacre of approximately 30,000 Haitian migrants in a campaign ordered by then-Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo. Although the current border was fixed in 1936, tensions have long existed between the Dominican Republic (DR) and Haiti over border limits and illegal immigration. Today, ongoing economic woes and political instability have led thousands of Haitians to flee to the DR in search of better-paying jobs. The continual influx of Haitians is seen by some high- level DR officials as an attack on national sovereignty. In response, DR troops have been permanently deployed along the porous 391-km (243-mile) border to confront illegal immigration, trafficking of persons, drugs and weapons. The DR Secretary of the Armed Forces formed a specialised border corps (Cuerpo Especializado Fronterizo - CESFRONT), with the help of financial aid from the United States, that has been deployed along the Dominican Republic/Haiti border since September 2007. On the Haitian-side of the border, a new Border Police "PoliFront" - a specialised unit of the National Police of Haiti (PNH) - were established in mid-January 2018. The 118-officer strong unit is deployed at official border crossing points and will intervene in the border communes of Ouanaminthe, Capotille, Ferrier and Mont-Organized.

Under René Préval, relations with the Dominican Republic improved during the presidency of Leonel Fernández. Both leaders met to address the problem of illegal immigration from Haiti, a vast improvement from 2000 when Dominican Republic security forces opened fire on a truck carrying Haitian immigrants in the border area. The devastating earthquake of 2010 also saw the DR as one of the first governments to send aid teams to help distribute food and medicine; government officials also made it easier for injured Haitian nationals to acquire visas to receive treatment in Dominican hospitals.

External Conflicts: Haiti claims United States-administered Navassa Island, located some 56km (35 miles) west of Haiti. The US declared sovereignty over Navassa in 1857, primarily due to its rich supply of guano. The issue remained dormant over the years but regained notoriety back in 1998 after a US expedition on the island discovered rare wildlife. Although little, if any, conflict is expected over the dispute, the US has threatened the use of force to keep anyone away. Access to the island or its

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 14 territorial waters is required from the Fish and Wildlife Office in Boqueron, Puerto Rico. To date, the island remains uninhabited.

Internal Conflicts: Chronic political, social and economic instability as well as the government inability to combat the effects of natural disasters, point toward renewed internal conflict in the long-term. The prospect of a coup led by former military troops or nationwide unrest spearheaded by criminal gangs, continue to linger in the background of daily political life. Widespread protests over the country's food and security crisis reignite almost yearly, leaving dozens of people killed or injured.

The takeover of military buildings by former Haiti troops in Cap-Haitien and Ouanaminthe in July 2008 led to a 24-hour standoff with United Nations peacekeeping forces, highlighting the ongoing threat to internal stability posed by disgruntled ex-soldiers, who still hold sway in parts of the country that are beyond the reach of the government and inept police force. Soldier-led rebellions have swept across Haiti in the past and the possibility of a soldier-led insurgency remains a credible possibility.

International Forces on Territory: On 13 April 2017, the United Nations Security Council voted unanimously to end its 13-year-long United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), which was responsible for maintaining a secure and stable environment and promoting the rule of law. The once nearly 10,000-strong force - which included troops, police, international civilian personnel, local civilian staff and UN volunteers - became active in the country in June 2004 after former President Jean Bertrand Aristide was forced into exile, following days of clashes and insurgent violence. The force of some 2,370 soldiers was gradually withdrawn until 15 October 2017; in its place the United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH) will provide 1,275 police forces to strengthen the rule of law and support the Haitian National Police (PNH).

Strength of Military Forces: Haiti demobilised and disarmed its military in 1995 after years of rampant human rights abuse and interference in politics, including dozens of military coups. A new civilian police force was established to take over security matters, but its lack of experience meant Haiti relied heavily on UN peacekeeping forces from 2004 to 2017. In late March 2017, Prime Minister Jack Guy Lafontant put forth to Parliament a new roadmap for establishing a military force, and by July the government held a drive to recruit 500 men and women. The new recruits began a five-month training programme carried out by Mexican soldiers, former Haitian

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 15 soldiers and some civilian experts in January 2019.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 16 Terrorism

Domestic Terrorism: Haiti has no indigenous terrorist groups operating within its borders. Despite rampant levels of lawlessness, the country does not have a history of terrorist attacks. A former US ambassador once referred to internal political violence as the work of "terrorists", but only in reference to strongmen carrying out violence with the approval of Haitian politicians. US media has also referred to former members of the Haiti military as "terrorists", seeing that renegades are widely thought to have been part of death squads that preyed on Aristide supporters prior to his ouster and during his exile.

International Terrorism: There is no indication that international terrorist groups currently operate out of Haiti. The country's close proximity to the US may appear attractive to some Islamist groups, who could use Haiti as a staging ground for future attacks. The country's general lawlessness and weak security presence may draw international terrorists seeking safe haven, while providing an opportunity to plan and organise.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 17 Unrest : High Risk

Violent Unrest: Peaceful protest is rare in Haiti, where the majority of demonstrations, marches and strikes often escalate into violence and result in fatalities. Whether protesting high food prices, rampant levels of crime, or election results, common tactics used by sticks-and-stones wielding demonstrators include road blockades, looting, clashes with police and burning tyres. Such events have the potential to bring traffic to a standstill in urban centres, causing major travel disruptions for visitors.

Political instability can spark violent protests, particularly around election time. Politically-motivated violence and assassinations are common. A wave of deadly protests and riots in Port-au-Prince and other cities – triggered by a government plan, backed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), to increase fuel prices upwards of 50 percent – culminated in the resignation of Prime Minister Jack Guy Lafontant on 14 July 2018. Violence reignited in November 2018 and again in February 2019 amid an anti- corruption campaign launched by oppositionists, which similarly saw the departure of newly appointed prime minister Jean-Henry Ceant on 21 March 2019. Anti-government protests followed throughout the year.

A 13-year-long UN peacekeeping mission, in place from 2004-2017, was largely unable to avert violent unrest. The presidential and local elections in 2015, 2010 and 2006 were mired in violence, as angry protesters took to the streets of Port-au-Prince, storming a luxury hotel and forcing the international airport to close. Foreign nationals should, without exception, avoid demonstrations, protests and political gatherings of any kind.

Annual Protests: Carnival season (beginning the Saturday prior to Ash Wednesday and continuing for four days) has been accompanied by civil disturbances, even injuries and killings. In the run-up to the Carnival period, roaming musical bands called 'Raras' can be seen on the streets. Their revelry may also turn into civil unrest since 'Raras' can be politically affiliated.

Recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 18 19 August 2021 - 21 August 2021 Medium risk: Unrest erupts amid earthquake recovery efforts in Les Cayes Local sources reported that several people were injured as brawls erupted among security personnel and residents in Les Cayes since 19 August, due to disputes over the distribution of earthquake relief supplies. Clashes were reported outside the hospital and police station. The Les Cayes-Jeremie Highway remains blocked by landslides in multiple places as well.

06 August 2021 - 07 August 2021 Medium risk: Opposition marches planned in Port-au- Prince on 6 August Opposition political parties called on supporters to march on 6 August from the communes of Champ de Mars, Lalue, Nazon, Rue de Delmas and Petionville toward the United Nations Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH), located at Port-au- Prince's Toussaint Louverture International Airport (PAP/MTPP), to protest alleged international interference in the country's domestic affairs.

06 August 2021 - 07 August 2021 Medium risk: Violent protests underway in Carrefour, Port-au-Prince Local sources reported that gunshots were heard and tyres were being burned amid protests in the Fontamara and Martissant areas of Carrefour, Port-au-Prince, during morning hours local time. Further details were not immediately available.

30 July 2021 - 31 July 2021 Moderate risk: Armed gathering reported in Tabarre, Port-au-Prince Local sources indicated that armed individuals were gathering near Sun Auto (Boulevard du 15 Octobre) in Tabarre, Port-au-Prince, during late morning hours local time. Further details were not immediately available.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 19 Crime : High Risk

Violent Crime: Crime, particularly violent crime, is a critical problem in Haiti fuelled by ongoing political instability and lawlessness. There are daily reports of death threats, murders, drug-related shootouts, kidnappings, armed robberies, break-ins, or carjackings committed by armed criminals. In 2018, there were 757 reported homicides in the country, with over 70 percent of murders occurring in the Ouest Department. The National Network for the Defense of Human Rights (RNDDH) has repeatedly stressed that the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince remains the most dangerous place in the country; however, no area of Haiti can be described as completely safe. While most crime is directed against Haitians, foreign nationals can also be victimised. Foreign nationals are advised to maintain a low profile, vary their routines and be alert to possible surveillance to avoid becoming a targeted victim. Take particular care when passing through isolated tourist areas on foot or on tourist scooters, particularly at night. Crime rates rise during Carnival and Christmas season, and during power outages. Crime problems are compounded by police corruption, a lack of resources and poor police presence and response. Given this state of chronic crime and lawlessness, foreign nationals must remain vigilant when travelling in Haiti at all times.

Armed and strong-arm robberies against motorists and pedestrians remain a concern throughout Haiti. There have been a number of recent cases in which travellers arriving in Port-au-Prince were attacked and robbed while travelling in cars away from the airport. Authorities believe criminals may be targeting travellers arriving on flights from affluent countries, following them, and attacking once they are out of the area. There has also been a marked increase in armed robbery of pedestrians, tap-tap passengers and motorists in the more affluent Petion-ville. Visitors are advised to exercise extra caution in arranging transportation from the airport. Travel with an embassy-vetted local guide is strongly recommended.

When exiting local businesses, regardless of type, do not flash large amounts of currency and be on the lookout for individuals who might be following you. When travelling in your vehicle, keep the windows up, doors locked and leave space between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you. If you believe that you are being followed proceed to the nearest police station or public building.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 20 High-crime zones in Port-au-Prince include Carrefour, the port road (Boulevard La Saline), urban route Nationale No 1, the airport road (Boulevard Toussaint L'Ouverture) and its adjoining connectors to the New ("American") Road via Route Nationale No 1. Avoid the shantytowns, especially La Saline, Cite Soleil, Bel Air and Martissant, where gun crime is prevalent. Other areas of concern include Fort National, Simon-Pelé and Grand Ravine. Delmas 105, between Delmas 95 and Rue Jacob, is another well-known hotspot for crime. The Delmas road area and Petion- ville have been the scenes of an increasing number of violent crimes. The security situation tends to be better in the cities outside the capital with the exception of Gonaives, and to a lesser extent, Cap Haitien. Efforts by the National Police and United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) to disband criminal gangs in the capital has led to increasing insecurity throughout the country as criminals displaced from Port-au-Prince have sought refuge elsewhere. When travelling in Haiti, it is good practice to advise someone of your travel plans. If arriving at the airport, arrange to be met by a trustworthy local, as those new to the country are often targeted.

Petty Crime: Across Haiti, pickpockets and theft of valuables are common. Visitors can guard against petty crime by carrying only essential amounts of cash and credit cards in a difficult to reach pocket or pouch rather than in a handbag or a backpack. Keep a photocopy of your passport and do not leave valuables in hotel rooms. Do not wear expensive jewellery or watches and be wary of strangers attempting to distract you for any reason. Do not confront a thief if you catch them in the act, and do not resist; it could turn a pickpocketing or mugging into an assault. Be vigilant at or around banks for anyone watching your movements. Local transport (tap-taps) is prone to petty crime and foreign nationals are therefore advised against using such services.

Kidnapping: Threat of kidnapping is a significant and increasing concern for locals, expatriates and visitors to Haiti. Perpetrators often operate in groups of two to four and may beat victims to impair their ability to resist. While most incidents are resolved with a simple ransom payment, others may result in injury, rape or death. Kidnappers target wealth and make no distinctions of nationality, race, gender or age. Locals with ties to Western countries are also at an increased risk due to their perceived connection to wealth. The threat is considerable in Port-au-Prince, where criminals have placed heavy emphasis on performing home-invasion kidnappings in the middle- class neighbourhoods of Vivy Mitchell, Pelerin, Laboule, Thomassin, and Kenscoff, situated on the mountainside south of Petionville.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 21 Visitors are advised to employ private transport, vary travel routes, avoid travelling at night and keep doors and windows of vehicles and residences locked at all times. Arrange to have a contact point at the airport and always comply without resistance to the demands of armed individuals.

Gangs and Organised Crime: Organised crime and violence associated with it remains rampant in the country despite a de facto cease-fire between gangs and policing forces. Armed gangs operate throughout Port-au-Prince and surrounding regions, where turf battles are a common occurrence. In April 2021, at least 13 people were killed and at least 22 houses were destroyed in clashes initiated by the "G9 en Famille et Alliés" gang in Bél'Air district of Port-au-Prince. Earlier, on 16 March then President Jovenel Moïse declared a 30-day state of emergency in Village-de-Dieu, Grand-Ravine and Delmas 2 in Port-au-Prince, Savien of Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite and other red zones identified by the National Police, to fight armed gangs and violent crime in these areas, after at least four police officers were killed in clashes in Village-de-Dieu days earlier. In April 2019, at least five people were killed and seven others were injured when gang members seemingly opened indiscriminate fire on passers-by in the Carrefour-Feuilles area of Port-au-Prince after failing to track down a police officer they were looking for. The incident came days after the Haitian National Police (PNH) vowed to increase deployments in areas occupied by armed gangs in Port-au-Prince, including La Saline, Martissant and Cité Soleil, after already reinforcing security in Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite, Artibonite department, following an armed attack on a police station on 19 April.

Vigilante justice is performed as a response to gang activity in some neighbourhoods with citizens being known to lynch gang members suspected of rapes and murders. Government efforts to implement a disarmament program (DDR) to reintegrate rank and file gang members was met with limited success. Areas including Cite Soleil, Route National #1 and #9 in Port-au-Prince, Carrefour and Bel Air remain of a concern due to gang activity. Martissant is Haiti's epicentre of gang-related violence and criminal activity against people travelling through the area which lies on Route National #2.

Home Invasions: Recent trends suggest that most home invasions are conducted for the dual purpose of kidnapping as well as traditional theft. This is particularly the case in Port-au-Prince, while simple home burglaries remain a regular occurrence in the rest of the country. Break-ins involving a large number of masked, heavily armed men

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 22 in the middle of the night are not uncommon. Evidence suggests that, in some cases, the houses targeted were selected for lacking security, and that victims were studied prior to the invasion. In some instances, domestic staff were paid to aid in the facilitation of break-ins.

Vehicle Theft and Carjacking: Vehicle thefts in Haiti are commonly committed alongside other crimes such as kidnapping or carjacking. Such crimes have become increasingly aggressive in recent years, in part as criminals have become more brazen given the lack of law enforcement personnel operating in the country. Travel outside of Port-au-Prince should be conducted only during daylight and in convoy with other vehicles. Route National #1 (toward the north), Route National #2 (toward the south) and rural roads along the Dominican Republic border are particularly prone to such attacks. To deter vehicle theft, avoid parking vehicles on the street. Doors and windows should be kept locked during travel. Foreign nationals have also reported the theft of yachts and sailboats in Haiti.

Weapons Possession: The prevalence of guns in Haiti remains a key security concern, as disarmament efforts have yielded only modest results over the past few years. Random gunfire is reported on an almost daily basis around Port-au-Prince, with sporadic reports of injury or death resulting from stray bullets. Petty crimes, robbery and kidnapping can result in gunfire if resistance is shown by the victim.

Drug-related Crime: Haiti is a hub for drug trafficking in the Caribbean. Up to eight percent of the cocaine that enters the US is transported through Haiti. Crimes associated with drug trafficking and gangs are therefore a major problem for the security services.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 23 Law

Overview

Haiti's legal system is based on civil law and inspired by the French Napoleonic Civil Code. Both Creole and French are used for jurisdictions. The system is plagued by corruption, inefficiency and inconsistency. Alongside the ineffectiveness of security services in Haiti, the weaknesses of the judiciary can be incredibly frustrating for victims of crime. Foreign nationals involved in business and property disputes have been known to be arrested and detained without charge only to be released after high level intervention from their own government. Haiti's judicial process can be extremely drawn out. Detainees may wait months or even years for their case to be heard by a judge and bond is not usually available to those arrested for serious crimes. Legal fees can also be very expensive. Persons violating Haiti's laws even unintentionally may be expelled, arrested or imprisoned. The death penalty was abolished in Haiti as a clause of the 1987 Constitution.

Drugs: Penalties for possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs are severe. If you are caught in possession of drugs or suspected of drugs-trafficking you may be arrested and jailed for months before being tried. In the past, foreign nationals have been detained without charge and released only after intervention from high level government officials. Always pack your own luggage and do not carry anything out of the country for anyone else.

Traffic Infractions and Speeding: There is a general disregard or ignorance of traffic laws in Haiti making for dangerous driving conditions. Accidents tend to draw an audience of potentially violent crowds and so it is advised to proceed directly to a safe place such as a police station if involved in an accident. Staying at the scene of an accident is considered dangerous for this reason. Drivers should carry the number of someone to contact for assistance as the authorities are unlikely to respond to requests for help. Drinking and driving is illegal in Haiti but the law is often broken by Haitians, especially at night. Speed limits are likewise generally ignored and are seldom even posted.

Identification: You should always carry proof of your identity. Photocopies of your passport and visa stamps should be taken in case of theft.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 24 Photography: It is important to respect cultural sensitivities. Photography, cameras, and video cameras should only be used with the permission of the subjects and shantytowns should not be photographed. Foreigners taking photographs are often viewed with suspicion and have been assaulted in rural areas.

Homosexuality: Homosexuality is legal but not widely accepted.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 25 Corruption

Overview

Embezzlement, bribery and other fraudulent activities are common and there is little recourse since the judiciary and the police are also affected.

Civil society has little confidence in the country's law enforcement ability. Corruption remains a significant problem in the security forces and anti-drug organisations, hampering efforts to bring the violent crime problem under control. In 2005, the interim administration filed a case against ousted president Jean Bertrand Aristide for corruption and involvement in the illegal drugs trade, which he allegedly nurtured.

Travellers: Visitors to Haiti are most likely to be affected by low-level bribery, particularly by security officials or other authorities who expect to be paid a bribe for their services. Despite numerous attempts by the government, HNP and MINUSTAH, corruption continues to plague the security services. Bribes should not be directly offered to an official, as it is illegal and could result in more trouble. Some visitors, however, find it more convenient to spend a small sum if alluded to rather than be harassed by the police.

Residents: Residents are likely to be affected by the same low-level bribery as travelling foreign nationals. This may include the same fictitious violations of traffic rules. Residents of Haiti, however, are more likely to experience corruption in bureaucratic processes.

Business: Corruption is an ongoing problem in Haiti's business sector. There are widespread allegations of corruption affecting a broad range of public and private sector organisations. Such incidences have long prevented local and foreign businesses from wanting to do business in the country.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 26 Security Services

Overview

The Haitian National Police (HNP) is the only security force in the country following the disbandment of the Haitian military in 1995. The United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) was in operation since 2004; however, following the United Nations Security Council unanimously vote in April 2017 to end the mission, the roughly 2,370 soldiers gradually withdrew until October 2017. Seven UN police units of the UN Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH) remained to train Haitian police officers. Peacekeepers were mandated by the UN to concentrate the use of resources, including civilian police, on increasing security and protection during electoral periods and to assist with the restoration and maintenance of the rule of law, public safety and public order in Haiti until their withdrawal in October 2019. CIVPOL is the UN established civilian police element of MINUSTAH which supplemented the national police force and was intended to improve the capacity to maintain order and security. UN police units are to be replaced by a scaled down political mission as of October 2019. Political instability in recent decades has inhibited the development of an efficient security services capable of dealing with the startling rates of crime in Haiti which are likewise a by-product of political instability and unrest.

Efficiency: While the capacity and capabilities of the Haitian National Police have improved since 2006, the presence of UN stabilisation force (MINUSTAH) peacekeeping troops and UN-formed police units remained critical to maintaining an adequate level of security throughout the country. The lack of civil protections in Haiti, as well as the limited capability of local law enforcement to resolve crime, further compounds the security threat to foreign nationals.

Professionalism and Abuses: Since 2004, efforts have been made by both the Haitian government and UN programs to reform and professionalise the security forces by providing training, technical assistance, vehicles, equipment and upgraded police stations and prisons. Nevertheless, efforts to reform the HNP remain incomplete with some officers still implicated in crimes including kidnapping, drug trafficking as well as more general corruption.

Force Strength and Funding: As a country of approximately 10.9 million people, the HNP currently has roughly 11,228 officers total, approximately two-thirds of whom are

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 27 deployed in the capital. The continuing support of the international community is vital for the government of Haiti as the force is under budgeted.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 28 Natural Risks : High Risk

Being situated in an active seismic zone, the country may occasionally experience shallow earthquakes which can cause significant, widespread damage to the country’s poorly developed infrastructure. Flooding and landslides are common during the rainy season from May to July – partially coinciding with the Caribbean hurricane season from June to November – and tend to have a significant impact on the country’s road and building infrastructure. Emergency preparedness and response are inadequate.

Hurricanes/Typhoons/Tropical Cyclones

A cyclone/typhoon/hurricane is essentially a large mass of air that spirals around a low-pressure centre. It is an organised collection of thunderstorms embedded in a swirling mass of air. This mass of air is called a cyclone if it forms in the Indian or South Pacific oceans, a typhoon if formed in the West Pacific Ocean and a hurricane if formed in the East Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Cyclones/typhoons/hurricanes normally bring gale-force winds, heavy rainfall and high tides, with the potential of causing significant or destructive damage and widespread travel disruptions.

The Caribbean hurricane season runs from June to November and can bring excessive rain and flash flooding. Such warnings are broadcast over the national radio, although the systems are of very poor quality. Category 4 Hurricane Matthew in October 2016 led to extensive flooding, infrastructure damage and left an estimated 1,600 dead.

Follow local radio or television broadcasts for information and evacuation instructions. If not under an area with mandatory evacuation orders, remain indoors. Locate and secure important documentation, including passports, photo identification, travel permits and any indispensable personal effects. Be advised that the calm 'eye' is deceptive and should by no means be interpreted as a sign that the storm has passed. The second winds are likely to be worse and may destroy trees and buildings damaged in the first pass. If caught in a region hit by a cyclone/typhoon/hurricane, remain indoors until the storm passes. If there is a need to move to an evacuation centre, evacuate in a calm manner and ensure you carry important personal identification. Avoid all low-lying coastal areas due to storm surges. Confirm the viability of overland

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 29 travel routes due to the risk of flooding. Air and sea travel are also likely to be impacted. Anticipate disruptions to power, communications and other essential services.

Flooding

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. It is normally triggered by an extended period of heavy rainfall and can be exarcebated by poor drainage systems in the affected area.

All low-lying and underdeveloped areas in Haiti are vulnerable to floods during the rainy and hurricane seasons due to poor drainage systems and the presence of shanty towns near river beds, particularly in Nord-Quest, Grand-Anse and Sud departments. Flood surge can occur without warning, particularly in areas adjacent to saturated hillsides and drainage canals.

If instructed of the possibility that flash-flooding may affect the area you are in, monitor local updates and move immediately to higher ground away from rivers, streams, creeks and storm drains. Though flash-flooding is commonly attributable to excess upstream precipitation, be aware that flooding can occur without typical warning signs of rain clouds or heavy rain. This is especially true near streams, drainage channels, canyons and other areas known to flood suddenly. If you happen across a flooded road in your car, turn around and drive in the opposite direction. When trapped on a flooded road, vacate your vehicle immediately and climb to higher ground.

Landslides/Mudslides

Sometimes referred to as debris flows, mudflows, lahars or debris avalanches, landslides/mudslides are a form of mass soil movement that tends to flow in channels in a surge of water-saturated rock, earth and debris, typically following heavy rainfall.

Haiti's weak infrastructure, widespread deforestation, and hilly terrain pose an increased risk for landslides, especially following periods of heavy rainfall. Chronic poverty and the lack of adequate housing mean that locals resort to building their own

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 30 homes in hilly terrains, often ignoring building codes and safety standards, including in the capital Port-au-Prince. Landslides in Haiti tend to cause significant roadblocks for prolonged periods. The country does not have an efficient landslide warning system.

Follow local news updates in landslide prone areas for warnings about intense storms and rainfall. If landslide or debris flow danger is imminent, quickly move away from the path of the slide. Seek shelter on the nearest high ground in a direction away from the path. If rocks and debris are approaching, run for the nearest shelter and take cover (if possible, under a desk, table or other piece of sturdy furniture that can provide you with air space if the building collapses). Anticipate disruptions to overland travel in areas affected by landslides. Confirm the viability of intented overland travel routes before departure and remain alert for landslide warning signs including cracks in the soil or the faint rumbling sound of an approaching landslide or debris flow.

Earthquakes

An earthquake is the sudden, rapid shaking of the earth, caused by the breaking and shifting of subterranean rock as it releases strain that has accumulated over a long period. Initial mild shaking may worsen and become extremely violent within a matter of seconds. Additional earthquakes, called aftershocks, may follow the initial earthquake.

Shallow earthquakes near Haiti can cause significant widespread damage to the country’s poorly developed critical infrastructure, particularly power transmission lines, roads and buildings. Haiti’s emergency personnel are not well-equipped to deal with earthquakes which can cause widespread casualties and disruptions. On 12 January 2010, a catastrophic 7.0-magnitude earthquake which hit near Léogâne, Ouest department, left 230,000 people dead and 1.3 million homeless in Port-au-Prince and surrounding cities.

When shaking begins, drop to the ground and take cover under, and hold on to, a sturdy piece of furniture, such as a heavy desk or table that can provide you with air space if the building collapses. If you're not near a strong piece of furniture, crouch down and protect your head and face in an inner corner of a building; only stand in a doorway if you know it is strongly supported. Stay away from windows or glass panels. Most deaths and injuries in an earthquake are caused by collapsing building materials

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 31 and heavy falling objects. Stay indoors until the tremors stop and you are sure it is safe to exit. Avoid all areas in the vicinity of outer walls and doorways, as these are most prone to falling debris. In a high-rise building, the electricity may go out and the sprinkler systems may come on. Do not use the elevators. If the lights go out, avoid using candles, matches or lighters during or after the earthquake; if there is a gas leak, an explosion could result. If outdoors, move to an open space away from buildings, electric poles and street lights which are prone to collapse. Do not travel on roads and bridges which may have been damaged by the earthquake. Be prepared for secondary earth movements that follow the initial earthquake; some of these may be large enough to cause additional damage or bring down weakened structures.

Tsunami

Tsunamis are commonly generated by an earthquake-induced movement of the ocean floor. A strong earthquake lasting 20 seconds or more near the coast is likely to generate a tsunami and imminent coastal impact, possibly before warnings can be issued. However, all offshore or coastal earthquakes carry the potential of generating tsunamis. Warning signs of a tsunami include a sudden rise and fall in coastal sea levels.

Strong and shallow offshore and coastal earthquakes have the potential to trigger tsunamis in coastal areas. While warnings are normally issued by the US Tsunami Warning Centre, the territory has not been hit by any hazardous tsunamis in recent years.

In areas at risk of tsunamis, know the height of your street above sea level and the distance of your street from the coast or other at-risk waters. Areas which are less than 7.5 metres (25 feet) above sea level and/or within 1.5 kilometres (one mile) of the coastline are perceived to be the most at risk. Evacuation orders may be based on these numbers. Immediately move inland or to higher ground in the event of a tsunami alert/warning; stay away from the beach. In the absence of an official warning, if you are on the coast and feel an earthquake, or if there is a noticeable recession in water away from the shoreline this is a natural warning of a possible tsunami and should be heeded; move away immediately. Remain out of the tsunami hazard zone until local officials advise otherwise.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 32 Recent incidents

17 August 2021 - 18 August 2021 Moderate risk: Flooding reported in parts of Haiti as TS Grace moves near Jamaica - Update Updated reports indicated that heavy rainfall from Tropical Storm (TS) Grace triggered flooding in parts of Haiti as the storm moved westward near the northern coastline of Jamaica. All of Jamaica is under a tropical storm warning during morning hours local time.

17 August 2021 - 18 August 2021 Extreme risk: Death toll mounts following strong earthquake near Saint-Louis du Sud – Update Updated reports indicated that at least 1,941 people died and some 6,900 others were injured, with over 37,300 structures destroyed in the Grande-Anse, Nippes, Sud and Nord-Ouest departments, including in Les Cayes, Les Anglais, Jeremie, Maniche and Arniquet, following a 7.2-magnitude earthquake near Saint-Louis du Sud on 14 August. Rescue operations were hindered by flooding caused by Tropical Storm Grace.

16 August 2021 - 17 August 2021 Moderate risk: Authorities on alert for Tropical Depression Grace Authorities issued a tropical storm watch for the entire coast of Haiti, as Tropical Depression Grace, churning 140km (85 miles) southeast of Port-au-Prince as of late morning hours local time, is forecast to bring heavy rainfall and possible flooding and landslides as it moves over Hispaniola through the end of the day.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 33 14 August 2021 - 15 August 2021 Medium risk: Strong earthquake strikes north of Petit Trou de Nippes A 7.0-magnitude earthquake struck 8km (5 miles) north of Petit Trou de Nippes, Nippes department, at a depth of 10km (6.2 miles) at around 08:29 local time (12:29 GMT). There were no immediate reports of casualties or damage, and a tsunami warning was not issued.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 34 Health and Medical: High Risk

Overview

Medical facilities and services are extremely limited and substandard, even in Port-au- Prince. Emergency response cannot be guaranteed and hospitals are under-staffed and under-equipped with poor sanitation levels; serious conditions will require evacuation outside of the country. There is a high incidence of HIV/AIDS, and mosquito- and insect-transmitted diseases are endemic. Hepatitis, leptospirosis and other water- and food-borne diseases carry a significant risk, with access to high- quality prescription medication and over-the-counter drugs very limited.

Before you travel

Consult your doctor or a healthcare provider who specialises in travel medicine at least six weeks before your departure. If you have a medical condition, you should also share your travel plans with your doctor.

Note: Requirements and recommendations for vaccines and other medicines are based on guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Documentation requirements are based on World Health Organisation guidelines.

Outbreaks

Malaria

Areas with Malaria: All (including Port Labadee).

Recommended chemoprophylaxis: Atovaquone-proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine, or tafenoquine.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 35 Yellow Fever

There is no risk of Yellow Fever infection.

Vaccine requirement: Required if traveling from a country with risk of YF virus transmission and ≥1 year of age.

Vaccine recommendation: None

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Recommended for all travellers

Measles

Infants (6 through 11 months old): 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel. This dose does not count as the first dose in the routine childhood vaccination series. People 12 months old or older, with no evidence of immunity or no written documentation of any doses: 2 doses of MMR vaccine before travel. The 2 doses must be given 28 days apart. People 12 months old or older who have written documentation of 1 dose and no other evidence of immunity: 1 additional dose before travel, at least 28 days after the previous dose.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 36 Recommended for most travellers

Hepatitis A

CDC recommends this vaccine because you can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in Haiti, regardless of where you are eating or staying.

Recommended for some travellers

Cholera

Vaccination may be considered for adults who are traveling to areas of active cholera transmission. Active cholera transmission is widespread in Haiti. Cholera is rare in travelers but can be severe. Certain factors may increase the risk of getting cholera or having severe disease. Avoiding unsafe food and water and washing your hands can also help prevent cholera.

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 37 Required documentation

Yellow Fever entry requirement: No

Other entry requirements: None

Note: Documentation requirements are subject to change. Consult your destination embassy or consulate prior to departure for confirmation.

While you are there

Emergency Numbers

Medical: 116

Emergency services

Although limited emergency services exist within Port-au-Prince, they are virtually nonexistent outside the capital. Some hospitals and clinics have access to private ambulances, but they may not be available in an emergency.

Evacuation

In the event of severe or life-threatening injury or illness, medical evacuation will be required at the expense of the patient.

Routine care

Throughout the country medical facilities are scarce and substandard, even in the capital, Port-au-Prince. The public healthcare system is ineffective, with the country relying on non-governmental organisations for medical aid. Since 1991, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, Doctors Without Borders) has operated in Haiti; currently the non- government organisation runs some six hospitals in the metropolitan area of Port-au-

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 38 Prince where basic medical services are provided. In general, where clinics and hospitals are present, levels of sanitation are generally poor. Facilities often lack basic supplies, are understaffed and operate with antiquated technology.

Medicine

Access to high-quality prescription medication and over-the-counter drugs is very limited. Medicine that is sold is highly inferior to international standards and often expired. Visitors should bring an adequate supply of all their medications. While travellers are unlikely to experience any difficulties in entering the country with their own prescription medicine it is advisable that all prescription drugs are kept in their original container noting the patient’s name.

Payment

Payment: Doctors and hospitals generally expect immediate cash payment for health services, and foreign medical insurance is not always valid on the island.

Ailments

Chikungunya Fever

Chikungunya fever is a viral infection, transmitted via mosquito bite. Generally non- fatal, the symptoms of Chikungunya fever include a high fever, joint pain and headaches. In most cases those infected recover after seven to ten days. There are no vaccines or treatments for chikungunya.

Cholera

After decades with virtually no reported cases of cholera, an outbreak in October

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 39 2010 reintroduced the disease in areas of central Haiti in what the United Nations claimed was then the worst cholera epidemic in the world. The initial epidemic was concentrated in the Artibonite and Central Plateau regions, where hundreds succumbed to the effects of dehydration brought on by acute diarrhoea, many within hours of displaying symptoms. The disease has since killed more than 9,700 Haitians and infected some 700,000 others. While a fresh outbreak remerged following the passage of Hurricane Matthew in October 2015, leaving dozens dead, health officials reported a significant drop in the number of cases in 2018 in comparison to 2017.

Cholera is a bacterial infection transmitted through contact with infected food or water – usually by infected faeces – and is most prevalent in areas with poor sanitary standards. Symptoms include heavy, watery diarrhoea, vomiting and muscle cramps. If left untreated, cholera can rapidly become fatal. Cholera can be treated with a course of rehydration and antibiotics.

Ciguatera

Ciguatera is a marine toxin transmitted by the consumption of infected fish, particularly those that live or feed near reefs. Symptoms include vomiting, nausea and a reversal of the infected person's perception of hot and cold. While not fatal, symptoms may last for a number of years; there is no treatment for ciguatera.

Cyclosporiasis

Cyclosporiasis is a parasitic intestinal illness and transmitted by consuming food or water contaminated with the parasite. Symptoms may include diarrhea, loss of appetite, cramping, bloating, nausea and fatigue. Cyclosporiasis can be treated with a course of antiparasitics.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 40 Dengue Fever

In Haiti, the risk of dengue fever is greatest along coastal urban areas.

Dengue fever is a viral infection, transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and is commonly found in urban areas. Symptoms include a high fever, joint pain and headaches, although severe cases may cause significant falls in blood pressure and/or haemorrhaging, which can be fatal. There are no vaccines or treatments for dengue fever.

Diphtheria

An outbreak of diphtheria caused 11 cases and five deaths in October 2009.

Diphtheria is a bacterial infection transmitted by the coughing and sneezing of infected persons. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, fever and swollen throat and neck glands. Left untreated, diphtheria has a fatality rate of 50 percent; with treatment patients remain at risk of death or serious complications, including paralysis, damage to the nervous system, heart or lungs and long-term difficulty breathing. Diphtheria can be treated with a course of antitoxins and antibiotics.

Filariasis

Bancroftian filariasis occurs in coastal areas, primarily in the north and around the Gulf of La Gonave. Another focus is reported near Leogane.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 41 Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection transmitted by mosquitos. Most of those infected by lymphatic filariasis are asymptomatic; in some cases lymphedema may develop, which can cause damage to lymph nodes and trigger major swelling in limbs in the long-term. Lymphatic filariasis can be treated with a course of antiparasitics.

Hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E)

Hepatitis A, B and C are endemic in Haiti.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. The three main variations (A, B and C) are caused by infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses, but are transmitted by different means.

HIV/AIDS

Haiti has the highest HIV/AIDS infection rate in the entire western hemisphere at 3.8 percent.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that induces Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and is transmitted through contact with the blood, sexual and rectal fluids of an infected person, usually via sexual intercourse. AIDS weakens the body's immune system, making the body susceptible to numerous other diseases and ailments. There is no cure for AIDS or HIV.

Leishmaniasis

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 42 Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection transmitted by the bite of sand flies, which are most active during early morning and late evening hours. Symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis include swollen glands and sores; symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis include fever, swelling of the liver or spleen and weight loss. Leishmaniasis can be treated with a course of Amphotericin B, an antifungal.

Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection transmitted through contact with (or consumption of) soil, water or food contaminated by infected animal urine. Symptoms can occur in two phases: first stage symptoms include fever, diarrhoea, vomiting, jaundice, headaches and muscle and stomach aches; second stage – also known as Weil's disease – symptoms are more severe and may include meningitis and kidney or liver failure. Leptospirosis can be treated with a course of antibiotics.

Malaria

Cases of malaria are reported throughout the country.

Malaria is a serious parasitic infection, transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms can be flu-like and include a high fever, joint pain, anaemia, chills and headaches; if left untreated, symptoms can quickly complicate and become life-threatening. While pre-departure courses of anti-malarial prophylactics are available, these do not guarantee immunity to malaria. Caught early, malaria can be treated easily with a range of anti-malarial medications.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 43 Rabies

An increase of animal and human rabies cases has been reported over the last several years in Haiti.

Rabies is a serious viral infection, transmitted through close contact with saliva from infected animals (i.e. bites, scratches or licks on broken skin and mucous membranes). Travellers who suspect they may have come into contact with a rabies- infected animal should seek immediate emergency attention: post-exposure treatment has a high success rate if administered early. Late-stage rabies (when symptoms begin to occur) is untreatable and fatal.

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD)

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD) is a catch-all term for a number of minor or moderate bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, generally transmitted through infected food or water. In the majority of cases antibiotics or anti-diarrhoeal medication is unnecessary; travellers experiencing TD should ensure that they remain hydrated and well rested until their symptoms dissipate. Most cases of TD last less than three days; if diarrhoea continues for longer periods, travellers should consider consulting a medical professional.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis is highly endemic in Haiti with an annual occurrence was greater than or equal to 40 cases per 100,000 population.

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection transmitted via the coughing and sneezing of

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 44 infected persons. Symptoms – which may take years to develop if a person has latent TB – include fever, night sweats, chest pain, coughing up blood, weight loss and fatigue. TB can be treated with a course of antibiotics; the length of treatment is significantly longer once the disease becomes active and is no longer latent.

Typhoid

In 2003, the WHO Regional Office for the Americas reported 200 cases of typhoid and 40 deaths affecting remote villages in the Grand Bois Area, bordering the Dominican Republic.

Typhoid is a highly contagious bacterial infection, transmitted by the ingestion of food and water contaminated with infected faeces. Symptoms include a high temperature, a rash made up of small red spots, headaches, stomach pain and diarrhoea; serious complications, including internal bleeding and becoming comatose, are possible. While a typhoid vaccine is available, it does not guarantee immunity.

Zika Virus

Hundreds of cases of Zika virus have been reported across the country since December 2015. The majority of cases were recorded in Petion-ville (Ouest department), Verettes (Artibonite department) and Mirebalais (Centre department).

Zika virus is a viral infection transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and commonly found in urban areas, as well as through sexual contact with an infected person. Most cases of zika virus are asymptomatic; where symptoms occur they are usually mild and include fever, headaches, conjunctivitis, rash and joint and muscle pain. Zika has been linked to microcephaly in unborn children. There is no treatment for Zika virus,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 45 beyond rehydration and bed rest.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 46 Covid-19: Medium Risk

Summary

Authorities have been successful in keeping the infection rate considerably lower than neighbouring Dominican Republic. Case figures could be under- reported, as testing capacity is limited, particularly in the countryside. Then President Jovenel Moïse approved a state of health emergency and a nightly curfew in May, due to increasing COVID-19 infection rates. International flights were temporarily banned and borders closed as part of a state of siege imposed following the assassination of President Moïse on 7 July; international travel has resumed since.

What is the current nationwide Policy?: Curfew

Policy starts: 24 May 2021 Policy ends: indef

Policy explanation:

A nightly curfew is in place nationwide. Face masks and social distancing measures remain mandatory in public and gatherings of over 50 people remain banned.

Policy source: https://ht.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/

Last update: 17 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 47 Infection

Infection Level: Moderate Infection rate: 2.89 cases per 100k in the last 14 days As of date: 22 August 2021 Ouest, including Delmas, Port-au-Prince and Petión- Hotspots: Ville

Domestic Infection https://twitter.com/MsppOfficiel Map:

International Travel

International Flights

Is there a ban on international commercial flights? Partial Through what date? indef

Flight Ban Explanation:

Limited flights resumed through Toussaint Louverture (PAP/MTPP) from 8 July, after airports were temporarily closed from 7 July due to the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse.

Toussaint Louverture (PAP/MTPP) and Cap-Haitien (CAP/MTCH) airports earlier opened to international flights. Face masks must be worn inflight and at airports.

Last Update: 17 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 48 Entry and Borders

Is there a ban on entry for any travellers? No Through what date?

Travellers from where are banned?

Land border: Open Maritime border: Closed

Entry Rules Explanation:

Borders were temporarily closed from 7-13 July due to the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse; limited international flights resumed from 11 July with regular passenger flights allowed from 21 July.

Haitian authorities have reopened all four land border crossings with Dominican Republic, including Anse-a-Pitres/Pedernales, Malpasse/Jimaní, Belladere/Comendador and Ouanaminthe/Dajabon. The Dominican Republic, however, maintains border closures with Haiti, except for commercial traffic including through the Ouanaminthe/Dajabon crossing. All other ports of entry have been reopened.

Entry Rules: https://ht.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ Last Update:

Testing

Do travellers need to take a COVID-19 test Yes When? Before travel Is it mandatory or optional? Mandatory Test Type: PCR, Antigen

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 49 Minimum age requirement: Pre-travel test validity, in hours: 72 before Departure After arrival test days:

Testing Explanation:

Authorities require all inbound travellers to present a negative COVID-19 antigen rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) or rt-PCR test not older than 72 hours; travellers will need to present their negative test results to airline officials prior to boarding. Recovered COVID-19 patients are exempt with documentation from their physician.

Testing https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/haiti/entry- Rules: requirements Last Update: 17 August 2021

Health and Travel Documentations

Do arriving travellers need any health and/or travel documentation? Yes

Documentation Explanation:

Travellers are required to complete a health declaration form distributed by airlines, and present it to immigration authorities upon arrival and then retain the form while in Haiti. Temperature screenings are mandatory upon arrival and visitors must provide local address while in the country.

Last Update: 17 August 2021

Tracing App

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 50 Do travellers need to use a contact tracing app after arriving? No

Tracing App Explanation:

There is no national contact tracing app.

Last Update: 17 August 2021

Quarantine on Arrival

Who needs to quarantine on arrival None

Travellers from where need to quarantine?

How many days is quarantine? Is it self-quarantine or operated by the government?

Quarantine Explanation:

Travellers are not generally required to quarantine upon arrival. However, health authorities may request travellers, particularly from high-risk areas, as well as those who do not present a valid negative PCR test or who present symptoms of COVID-19, to undergo a 14-day self-quarantine at a declared address upon arrival. Others may also be required to self-quarantine.

Quarantine https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/haiti/entry- Rules: requirements Last Update: 2021-08-17

Exit

Is there a ban on exit for any travellers? No

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 51 Are there special requirements to exit the country? No

Exit Requirements Explanation:

There are no special requirements to exit the country.

Exit Requirements https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/haiti/entry- (URL): requirements Last Update: 17 August 2021

Vaccination

Percent vaccinated with at least one dose: 0.209 as of 20 Aug 2021 Percent fully vaccinated: 0.02 as of 23 Aug 2021 Is vaccination mandatory for entry? No Are vaccinated travellers exempt from any policies or requirements? No Qualified vaccines and timeline: Certificates accepted:

Explanation:

Source: https://ht.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ Last Update: 17 August 2021

Other International Travel Restrictions

Exit Requirements Explanation:

Last Update:

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 52 Domestic Situation

Areas on Lockdown

Last Update:

Areas under Curfew

A nightly 22:00-05:00 local time curfew is in effect. During this time, public offices must work at half capacity.

Last Update: 17 August 2021

Domestic Travel

Domistic Travel Explanation:

Last Update:

Other Domestic Restrictions

A renewed state of emergency was imposed on 24 May-15 July; it was not immediately clear if the measure was extended, as of 21 July.

Gatherings of over 50 people remain banned and the wearing of face masks and social distancing measures remain mandatory in public.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 53 Last Update: 17 August 2021

Demonstrations and Unrest

Demonstrations have been held in response to government restrictions aimed at curbing the outbreak. On 6 May 2020, police deployed tear gas to disperse dozens of students who rallied outside the residence of Prime Minister Joseph Jouthe on Delmas 60 in Port-au-Prince, to demand more transparency on the expenses associated with the handling of the COVID-19 outbreak. Traffic was disrupted in the area. Further related protests are likely across the country, during, and beyond the restrictions, amid the country's ongoing political crisis.

Last update: 04 August 2021

Resources

Government COVID Site: https://www.mspp.gouv.ht/

Health Dept COVID Site:

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 54 Local Travel : High Risk

Travel Safety

Personal safety in Haiti cannot be guaranteed. All but essential travel to Haiti should be avoided due to the island nation's current security situation. Further, local police are understaffed and unable to respond to the majority of calls for assistance.

Air Travel and Airports: Flights are readily available from various departure cities around the world, with many major carriers offering service to Toussaint L'Ouverture Airport, located roughly eight miles northeast of Port-au-Prince. On the northern coast is the smaller Cap Haïtien Airport in the city of Cap Haïtien.

Travelers arriving in Haiti should have a known individual meet them at the airport as criminals target arriving visitors. While public transportation is readily available at PAP, it should be avoided.

In September 2007, there were two separate emergency landings performed by Caribintair Airlines. Due to these incidents, the Haitian Office of Civil Aviation (OFNAC) has grounded all of the airline's national flights. The international route between Port- au-Prince and Santo Domingo is still in operation, but under examination.

Road Travel: The transportation infrastructure is substandard with roadways in need of overdue repairs. In addition to deteriorating road conditions, a number of hazards exist including carts, animals, abandoned vehicles, and people in the road. Drivers should also take note of added safety risks during the rainy season (May to July), when roadways can become impassable quickly, thus creating a hazardous driving conditions for travellers.

Local driving techniques tend to be dangerous as drivers often ignore the rules of the road. According to law, traffic flows on the right-hand side of the road. Typically, local drivers will drive on whichever side is available if not in the middles of the road. Rules of the road are not readily followed and you should always be defensively aware of other drivers.

Carjackings, armed robbery and murder are common on the road from Toussaint L'Ouverture Airport to downtown Port-au-Prince, in particular along the Boulevard Toussaint L'Ouverture. Other roads that should where security should be taken

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 55 under advisement are Route Nationale 2 from Petit-Goave (Ouest department) to Miragoane (Nippes department), where criminal gangs have committed robberies by setting up roadblocks, as well as Route Nationale 1 and Boulevard la Saline - the main port road.

Public Transport

Buses: Buses in Haiti are not the typical type of public transportation expected. They are unreliable, and occasionally follow regular routes. Buses are commonly referred to as 'tap-taps', which are modified vans or trucks. They are noticed by their bright colors. You can flag one down much like a cab, and are able to get off at any point. However, due to overcrowding and the poor condition of mountainous roads 'tap taps' are considered an unsafe means of transportation.

Taxis: Most taxis traveling between towns are sports utility vehicles (SUVs) or station wagons, reflecting the rough-shod nature of the terrain involved when driving in Haiti. You can be spot taxis by the 'P' at the beginning of their license plates. Fares are non- metered with either fixed rates between locations or an agreed upon fare in advance. Drivers can be hired for tours. Tips are not expected.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 56 Country Hotspots

General Areas: Haiti remains in a state of instability, and considered one of the least developed nations in the western hemisphere. There is a chronic danger of violent crime throughout the country, but especially in the capital of Port au Prince. A lack of civil protection coupled with the limited capability of local law enforcement places the burden of personal security upon the traveler.

Kidnapping is commonplace in the capital of Port-au-Prince, and criminal in nature as it is run by various criminal enterprises. Targeting is indiscriminate with past incidents marked by death, physical or sexual abuse, and armed violence.

Banks can be risky, in particular ATMs located outside. When withdrawing cash in a public place be aware of your surroundings and look for suspicious onlookers as they may be potential robbers. Avoid withdrawing large sums of cash at one time.

In addition there are increasing incidents of death threats, rape, murder, armed robbery including car jacking, and gang or drug-related shootouts - it is estimated that eight percent of the cocaine originating in Colombia destined for North America passes through Haiti. The majority of the violence perpetrated is directed at other Haitians. There are recorded incidents where random shootings of civilians have occurred during street robberies.

Carjackings, armed robbery and murder are common on the road from Toussaint L'Ouverture Airport to downtown Port-au-Prince, in particular along the Boulevard Toussaint L'Ouverture. Other roads that should where security should be taken under advisement are Route Nationale 2 from Petit-Goave (Ouest department) to Miragoane (Nippes department), where criminal gangs have committed robberies by setting up roadblocks, as well as Route Nationale 1 and Boulevard la Saline - the main port road.

Cities, Towns, Villages: Riskline advises against all travel at night while in Port-au- Prince. Main areas of the capital that should be avoided include Downtown, Bel Air, Croix des Bouquets, Carrefour, Martissant, Cite Soleil, and La Saline. Even neighbourhoods once considered safe including the Delmas Road area and Perionville are no longer crime free.

The threat of kidnapping is considerable in Port-au-Prince, where criminals have

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 57 placed heavy emphasis on performing home-invasion kidnappings in the middle-class neighbourhoods of Vivy Mitchell, Pelerin, Laboule, Thomassin, and Kenscoff, situated on the mountainside south of Petionville.

Martissant has reported an increase in kidnapping and murder, potentially due to criminal organisations' efforts to reorganise. Security in the area is unstable, and will require an increased police presence to maintain order.

The mob mentality plays a big part in civil unrest throughout Port-au-Prince. Any gathering of people for a political protest or a holiday celebration tends to turn violent [see Protests].

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 58 Safety

Health: Health services in Haiti are substandard and hard to come by, with the quality deteriorating further outside Port-au-Prince. Emergencies requiring evacuation to major hospital facilities in other countries are available through air ambulances, but at the traveller's expense. You should check that your insurance covers emergency repatriation.

Vaccinations that you should have before traveling to Haiti include Hepatitis A and B, and Typhoid in addition to recommendations for Tetanus and Diphtheria. Malaria and Dengue Fever outbreaks have occurred in Port-au-Prince and the Cotes des Arcadins area. Although Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) officials report an overall decrease in the number of cholera cases in Haiti during 2013 and the beginning months of 2014, the United Nations still considers the disease the worst cholera epidemic in the world.

Food and Drink: Water in Haiti should be considered contaminated, and should be boiled before use. Milk is not pasteurised, and should be boiled as well. Due to this, you should avoid dairy products from un-boiled milk. Avoid undercooked meat and fish, and raw vegetables.

Kidnapping: Threat of kidnapping is a significant concern for locals, expatriates and visitors to Haiti. Perpetrators often operate in groups of two to four and may beat victims to impair their ability to resist. While most incidents are resolved with a simple ransom payment, others may result in injury, rape or death. Kidnappers target wealth and make no distinctions of nationality, race, gender or age. Locals with ties to Western countries are also at an increased risk due to their perceived connection to wealth. The threat is considerable in Port-au-Prince, where criminals have placed heavy emphasis on performing home-invasion kidnappings in the middle-class neighbourhoods of Vivy Mitchell, Pelerin, Laboule, Thomassin and Kenscoff, situated on the mountainside south of Petionville.

Visitors are advised to employ private transport, vary travel routes, avoid travelling at night and keep doors and windows of vehicles and residences locked at all times. Arrange to have a contact point at the airport and always comply without resistance to the demands of armed individuals.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 59 Natural Hazards: Hurricane season in the Caribbean lasts from 1 June until 30 November, with the later months being the worst. Travel to Haiti during hurricane season should be treated as travel during any other time of the year - only go if necessary. Emergency services are highly inadequate when dealing with major disasters.

The Caribbean tectonic plate runs along the north coast of Haiti and can cause small tremors. Due to a lack of development in the country, however, even moderate earthquakes can cause infrastructural damage and casualties. On 12 January 2010, a powerful 7.0-magnitude earthquake left 230,000 people dead and 1.3 million homeless when it struck along the boundary where the Caribbean and North American tectonic plates slide past each other. Scientists have since suggested that the January quake may not have released all of the accumulated seismic strain, leaving Haitians at risk from a future earthquake that might also cause local tsunamis.

Police: The police in Haiti should be considered unreliable due to lack in staff, training, and equipment. Allegations exist that some may collude with criminals in the country. In emergency situations police cannot be relied on to aid you, nor does the presence of UN forces guarantee personal safety.

Protests: Spontaneous protests and public demonstrations can occur day or night around Port-au-Prince, particularly around the National Palace, the Champ de Mars and the State University campuses, and travellers should avoid events where large crowds can gather. There is a high potential for looting to occur along with riots.

National holidays can lead to further violence due to mob mentalities - there is an increase in reported violence, particularly during Christmas and Carnival. Carnival, while typically beginning as a jovial celebration, can lead to civil disturbances, altercations, severe traffic disruptions, and random stabbings. As with any other time of year, Riskline suggests that you avoid areas that create congestion of movement.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 60 Culture

Cultural/Political Sensitivities: Haitians are very prideful despite the current situation that faces their country. Be respectful of this by not focusing on the negative aspects of the country. It is best to avoid conversations about the country's politics without having a good understanding of the issues as well as the people with whom you are discussing it. Look individuals in the eye when speaking to them, and treat them with the respect you wish to have returned in kind.

Photography of locals is considered unwelcome and can lead to violence if you do not ask permission beforehand. You may be asked for money to do take their picture.

Religious Sensitivities: The majority of the Haitian people are Roman Catholic. Contrary to popular misconceptions of Voodou, the local religion is practiced alongside their Christianity as the religion is rooted in a domestic cult of family spirits. While the Catholic Church may turn an eye and tolerate the practice, most Evangelical Christians (who make up a smaller percentage of the population) consider Voodou incompatible with Christianity.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 61 Specific Traveller Advice

Female Travellers Local Customs and Laws: There are some local customs or laws that a female traveller should take into consideration in Haiti. Be aware that local women generally wear a headscarf and modest dresses or skirts worn well below the knee and sleeves below the shoulder in public. Although it is acceptable for foreign female travellers not to do so, refrain from wearing clothing that could be considered too tight or revealing, especially in conservative areas, including beaches. Familiarise yourself with your destination prior to travel, and be respectful and mindful of any possible cultural sensitivities, which may include dress, behaviour and topics of discussions. Dress according to the country’s culture, especially when visiting places of cultural and religious importance. Blend in and try not to draw attention to yourself.

Safety: There are many safety concerns female travellers should take into consideration in Haiti. There are high rates of sexual assault and rape across the country. Female travellers may receive unwanted attention from men, ranging from open displays of catcalling and staring to physical groping, including during the daytime. It is best to ignore these advances or confrontations and walk away. In the event that harassment escalates, draw attention to what is happening and locals will likely come to your aid. Taxis and public transport are among the most common places for harassment in Haiti. Only use official and registered taxis, reputed radio cabs or official chauffeur-driven taxis arranged by a reputed hotel and avoid hailing taxis off the street or use of public transport, especially at night, to limit exposure to possible cases of harassment. Consider having a hotel shuttle or registered corporate chauffeur meet you at the airport upon arrival, particularly if arriving after dark. Do not walk alone at night, especially through desolate areas, beaches or unfamiliar neighbourhoods due to the persisting risk of violent crimes, including sexual assault targeting foreign female nationals. When possible stay only in lodgings that have 24- hour onsite security and ensure that they are not situated in an isolated location. Let a trusted person know your whereabouts. Harassment and abuse are seldom taken seriously by the law enforcement and may be downplayed by the community. Female travellers should exercise caution when reporting crimes to local police as there have been reports of law enforcement undermining incidents of harassment and assault. Consider consulting your home consulate/embassy for legal advice and ensure you

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 62 receive a copy of the police report.

Health and Wellness: Women have access to very limited gynaecological and reproductive health services, medicines and products in Haiti. Abortion is illegal in Haiti in all circumstances. Prescription emergency contraceptives are rarely available even in Port-au-Prince; specialised clinics, prescription contraceptives and feminine hygiene products are scarce, especially outside the metropolitan area of Port-au- Prince. Due to the prevalence of high rates of HIV/AIDS, any victims of sexual assaults should immediately seek medical assistance outside the country. Consider bringing an adequate supply of female-specific OTC drugs, feminine hygiene products and oral contraceptive pills, which may not be available locally. Consult a health professional prior to travel, especially if pregnant or planning to become pregnant, due to a potential risk of Zika virus.

LGBT+ Homosexuality is legal in Haiti. There are no legal protections for LGBT+ persons in the country. Same-sex marriage is illegal. LGBT+ activity and persons are not socially accepted. Protests against homosexuality have occurred periodically in Port-au- Prince; while the government has allowed a LGBT+ rights movement to exist, public support is almost nonexistent. LGBT+ travellers are advised to keep their sexual orientation and gender identities private. Prior to travel, review your privacy settings on social media platforms and reconsider the use of dating applications due to the risk of harassment and possible entrapment by local authorities. Refrain from engaging in any conversations about sexuality or LGBT+ issues. Avoid all public displays of affection, including hand-holding. Book separate hotel rooms. Transgender travellers are advised to have a passport and identification changed to reflect their new gender before travelling.

Technology & Communication Risk Travellers are unlikely to face risks related to information and communication technology (ICT) in Haiti.

Internet access and social media have no restrictions. Travellers should be aware that journalists have been intimidated and attacked for posting content critical of the government. There are no concerns related to device searches or sensitive technology. Device searches and inspections at the border are unlikely. There are no restrictions in relation to bringing or operating sensitive equipment, which may include photo cameras, satellite phones, drones, and other GPS systems, in the country. State or

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 63 criminal penetration of private data is unlikely. Authorities implement minimal state surveillance of ICT networks in the country.

Travellers should exercise basic ICT safety precautions. However, travellers should note that ICT laws and practices are subject to change on short notice, and travellers are recommended to confirm the legality/appropriateness of their specific ICT needs prior to departure.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 64 Legal notice

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Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Haiti 65