Lonmin – Marikana Operations

Prepared for: LONMIN – MARIKANA OPERATIONS

A SURVEY FOR HERITAGE RESOURCES IN THE LONMIN MARIKANA MINE LEASE AREA IN THE BRITS (MADIBENG) AND RUSTENBURG (BAFOKENG) DISTRICTS IN THE NORTH-WEST PROVINCE

Prepared by: Dr Julius CC Pistorius Archaeologist and Heritage Consultant 352 Rosemary Street Lynnwood 0081 PO Box 1522 Bela Bela 0480

Tel and fax 0147362115 Cell 0825545449 October 2012 Member ASAPA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The author was requested to put forward a cultural heritage register for the Lonmin Marikana mine lease area (also referred to as the Lonmin Project Area). The main aim with the cultural heritage register is to identify all possible types and ranges of heritage resources (as outlined in Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act [No 25 of 1999]) that occur in the Lonmin Project Area; to describe the significance of these different types and ranges of heritage resources and to outline mitigation measures that should be followed whenever any of these types and ranges of heritage resources may be affected by new developmental activities. The guidelines on the mitigation of the various types and ranges of heritage resources also serve as management measures that have to be adhered to in order to minimise any possible impact on the different types and ranges of heritage resources that occur in the Lonmin Project Area.

This cultural heritage register also makes provision for heritage work which can be implemented on the short term whilst other proposals can further be developed and considered to be implemented in the longer term. This register should also be considered as a living document that should be expanded in the future as unknown heritage resources will still be uncovered as a result of accidental discoveries or due to new developmental activities that may (accidentally) expose such heritage resources.

The following types and ranges of heritage resources were recorded in the Lonmin Project Area, namely:

• Scatters of stone tools (close to the Lonmin Project Area). • Single and clusters of stone walled settlements which date from the Late Iron Age occur in large numbers in the southern part of the Lonmin Project Area. However, single stone walled sites are also scattered throughout the Lonmin Project Area but not in large numbers. • Historical settlements, houses and graveyards occur throughout the Project Area. Most of these remains date from the more recent past but are older than sixty years and therefore qualify as historical remains.

2 All these heritage resources were geo-referenced and mapped. Their coordinates are not published due to reasons of confidentiality and for the protection of the heritage resources.

It is possible that some of these types and ranges of heritage resources may be affected (impacted) when future development activities are undertaken in the Lonmin Project Area. The significance of the heritage resources therefore is indicated by means of stipulations derived from the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999).

Stone tools qualify as artefacts or are part of archaeological sites. All archaeological and paleontological sites are protected by Section 35 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). These site may not be affected (demolished, altered, removed) before SAHRA has approved such alterations.

Late Iron Age (stone walled and non-stone walled) sites qualify as archaeological sites, some of which may date from the Historical Period. All archaeological (historical) and paleontological sites are protected by Section 35 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). These site may not be affected (demolished, altered, renovated, removed) before SAHRA has approved such alterations.

Historical settlements as well as individual historical houses older than sixty years or structures which approach this age are protected by Section 34 and Section 35 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). Historical settlements and houses may not be affected (demolished, altered, removed) before SAHRA has approved such alterations.

All graveyards and graves can be considered to be of high significance and are protected by various laws. Legislation with regard to graves includes Section 36 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) whenever graves are older than sixty years.

Heritage resources are non-renewal and once affected (altered, demolished, removed) can never be restored. The results of impacts on heritage resources therefore are permanent and any impacts on heritage resources, whether it was legally sanctioned by the authorities, must be avoided at all costs.

3 It is possible that heritage resources may be impacted or affected (altered, destroyed, removed) in the Lonmin Project Area as a result of the following consequences:

• Accidental damage that may occur to heritage resources in close proximity of new developments or existing project activities. • Deliberate damaged that may occur to heritage resources in close proximity of new developments as the heritage resources have to be affected (altered, removed destroyed) in order to obtain satisfactory developmental results.

Deliberate (but unplanned) damage to heritage resources can only occur after the impact has legally been sanctioned by the authorities and after the initial heritage impact assessment studies have been done. These studies will determine what appropriate mitigation measures have to be applied to the heritage resources, prior to the development activities being undertaken.

The following guidelines are recommended in order to minimise any possible impact on heritage resources in the Lonmin Project Area. These mitigation measures are divided into:

• General mitigation guidelines which must continuously be applied throughout the Lonmin Project Area. • Specialised mitigation measures that must be applied to specific sites where possible clashes between heritage resources and development activities may occur in the Lonmin Project Area.

4 CONTENTS

Executive summary

1 BACKGROUND 8

2 THE LONMIN PROJECT AREA 9 2.1 Location 9 2.2 Within a cultural landscape 10

3 THE NATIONAL ESTATE 13 3.1 The National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) 13 3.2 A cultural heritage management program 15

4 METHODOLOGY 17 4.1 Desktop study 17 4.2 Fieldwork 17 4.3 Geo-referencing heritage resources 18 4.4 Proposals for a cultural heritage management program 19 4.5 Limitations and assumptions 29

5 CONTEXTUALISING THE LONMIN PROJECT AREA 20 5.1 Brief background to the Central Bankeveld 20 5.2 The Lonmin Project Area 22 5.2.1 Brief history of the Bakwena Bamôgôpa 22 5.2.2 Brief history of the Bapô 24 5.3 Historical context 27 5.4 Platinum mining 29 5.4.1 Brief history in South Africa 30 5.4.2 Platinum’s uses and strategic importance 31

5 6 RESULTS OF THE HERITAGE SURVEY 32 6.1 Stone Age sites 36 6.2 Late Iron Age sites 39 6.2.1 Stone walled sites in the north-west 40 6.2.2 Stone walled sites in the north 52 6.2.3 Stone walled sites in the north-east 62 6.2.4 Scattered stone walled settlements 75 6.4.1 Middelkraal 466JQ 75 6.4.2 Turffontein 466JQ 80 6.4.3 Schaapkraal 292JQ 81 6.5 Historical settlements, remains from the recent past and graveyards 83 6.5.1 Historical settlements and remains from the recent past 83 6.5.1.1 Turffontein 466JQ 83 6.5.1.2 Schaapkraal 292JQ 86 6.5.3 Historical houses 87 6.5.4 Graveyards 88 6.5.4.1 Middelkraal 466JQ 89 6.5.4.2 Turffontein 462JQ 95 6.5.4.3 Schaapkraal 292JQ 97 6.5.4.5 Swartkoppies 296JQ 98 6.5.4.6 Rooikoppies 297JQ 100

7 THE SIGNIFICANCE, POSSIBLE IMPACT ON AND MITIGATION OF HERITAGE RESOURCES 101 7.1 Types and ranges of heritage resources 101 7.1.1 Stone Age sites 101 7.1.2 Iron Age sites 102 7.1.3 Historical remains 102 7.1.4 Graveyards and graves 102 7.2 Possible impact on heritage resources 103

6 7.3 Mitigation and management of the heritage resources 103 7.3.1 General mitigation (management) guidelines 104 7.3.1.1 Heritage awareness 104 7.3.1.2 Project activities (areas) 105 7.3.1.3 Communities 105 7.3.1.4 Graves and graveyards 105 7.3.1.5 Cultural landscapes 106 7.3.2 Specific or specialised mitigation (management) guidelines 106 7.3.2.1 Stone Age sites 106 7.3.2.2 Late Iron Age sites 107 7.3.2.3 Historical remains 107 7.3.2.4 Graveyards and graves 108

8 LONG TERM HERITAGE PROGRAMME 109

9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 111

10 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 114

1 BACKGROUND

This cultural heritage register also makes provision for heritage work which can be implemented on the short term whilst other proposals can further be developed and considered to be implemented in the longer term. This register should also be considered as a living document as ‘new’ heritage resources may still be uncovered in the future due to natural events or the result of new developmental activities that may accidentally expose such heritage resources.

This heritage register and the proposals that are put forward towards the protection and management of heritage resources are in accordance with guidelines as outlined in the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). The inherent qualities of cultural heritage resources make it useful in the fields of education and the enrichment of individuals and communities; it also has value in the field of work-creating; an ability to transcend political injustices of the past, the potential to heal relationships as well as well as the ability to contribute to sustainable economic ventures through partnerships.

2 THE LONMIN PROJECT AREA

2.1 Location

The Lonmin Project Area involves the Karee Mine and Western Platinum Mine which both are located at Marikana in the west as well as the Eastern Platinum Mine near Segwaelane in the east. The mine lease area stretches from the Karee Mine which is west of Marikana to the east across the Central Bankeveld towards the village of Sonop in the east and roughly covers a surface area of approximately 120km². This elongated swath of land runs from the eastern borders of the Rustenburg District across the farms Schaapkraal 292JQ, Zwartkop alias Zwartkoppies 296JQ, Rooikoppies 297JQ, Brakspruit 299JQ (west), Wonderkop 400JQ and Middelkraal 466JQ (centre) and Turffontein 462JQ and Kareepoort 407JQ (east) towards Sonop and Madibeng in the east. The Lonmin Project Area falls under the Madibeng and the Rustenburg Local Municipalities in the Bojanala Platinum District in the North-West Province of South Africa (Figure 1).

Topographically the area can be divided into a mountainous terrain in the north which covers farms such as Schaapkraal 292JQ, Wonderkop 400JQ and Turffontein 462JQ whilst the southern part is marked by a flat, outstretched terrain with smaller kopjes and knolls dotting farms such as Middelkraal 466JQ, Rooikoppies 297JQ and Elandsdrift 467JQ which fall outside the Lonmin Project Area. The northern part of the project area is scarcely populated although the two villages known as Marikana and Segwaelane occur in the Lonmin Project Area. The towns of Maumong, Bapong and Modderspruit occur outside the mine’s borders. The southern part of the project area is flat and developed and contains the bulk of the mine’s infrastructure which is associated with Eastern Platinum Ltd and Western Platinum Ltd (2527CB Rustenburg West and 2527DA Bapong 1:50 000 topographical maps).

9 The Lonmin Project Area is bisected by the Elandsdriftspruit and the Elandskraalspruit who converge in the south before flowing into the Middelkraaldam. The Maretlwane flows from the Middelkraaldam on Schaapkraal 292JQ to the north where it joins the Gwatlhe (Sterkstroom). Smaller streams in the area are the Hoedspruit and Brakspruit in the west and the Modderspruit in the east.

A series of norite hills which run from Onderstepoort in the east to the Pilanesberg in the west runs across the Lonmin Project Area. These hills are associated with the remnants of stone walled sites which were occupied by Tswana and Ndebele speaking communities during the Late Iron Age and Historical Period.

2.2 Within a cultural landscape

The series of norite hills which runs across the Lonmin Project Area is particularly dominant on the farms Leeukop 402JQ, Turffontein 462JQ, Wonderkop 400JQ and Schaapkraal 292JQ. This mountain range is historically known as the Thaba ea Nape range of mountain closer to Rustenburg. In the Lonmin Project Area this series include kopjes and hills such as Mamatshwele, Kaditshwene and Thlatswetsa which serve as historical beacons as these mountains and other hills and knolls are covered with stone walled settlements that date from the Late Iron Age and the Historical Period. These stone walled sites are the remnants of the villages of pre-historical and historical Tswana and Ndebele-speaking communities who occupied these villages for three centuries. Scattered stone walled settlements also occur across a swath of land towards the central and southern part of the Lonmin Project Area in an area which is designated as the Magalies rain shadow. However, the number of sites in this area is not as high as those in the north.

The Lonmin Project Area therefore is part of a regional cultural landscape which warrants a brief description to demonstrate its place in South Africa’s cultural history (see Part 5, ‘Contextualising the Project Area’).

10 2.3 The nature of the Lonmin Project Area

The Lonmin Project Area is not pristine any longer. The north-western which incorporates farms such as Schaapkraal 292JQ and Wonderkop 400JQ are in places obliterated by granite mining while intense irrigation agricultural activities are being practised on Zwartkoppies 296JQ and Rooikoppies 297JQ in the west. Both granite mining and agriculture commenced decades ago and the cumulative effect of these activities have left permanent scars. The central and western parts of the Lonmin Project Area have been disturbed by infrastructure associated with the platinum mining industrial complex whilst the furthest eastern part of the project area is currently intensely being utilized for irrigation agriculture.

The Lonmin Project Area in general has been affected from an early period by numerous development activities and not only by agriculture and mining. These activities, respectively, are older than hundred and fifty and fifty years. Other development activities which have impacted on the area include the construction of roads that have affected and destroyed archaeological sites. Residential developments such as the establishment of Segwaelane along the foot of kopjes and hills have ruined many stone walled sites. Eskom has erected several power lines across stone walled sites with some of the pylons being constructed in the sensitive parts of the sites. Local people have robbed stone walled sites from stone and have converted archaeological sites into homesteads whilst many enclosures in stone walled sites have been readapted to be used as contemporary cattle pens.

Figure 1- The Lonmin Project Area covers a swath of land between Marikana and Madibeng in the North-West Province which incorporates several mining areas. The Central Bankeveld is a sensitive heritage zone which incorporates a wide range of heritage resources which qualifies as part of the ‘national estate’ (above).

12 3 THE NATIONAL ESTATE

3.1 The National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999)

Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) lists a wide range of heritage resources that qualify as part of South Africa’s ‘national estate’. When conducting a Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) study the following types and ranges of heritage resources have to be identified: (a) places, buildings structures and equipment of cultural significance; (b) places to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; (c ) historical settlements and townscapes; (d) landscapes and natural features of cultural significance; (e) geological sites of scientific or cultural importance; (f) archaeological and paleontological sites; (g) graves and burial grounds including- (i) ancestral graves; (ii) royal graves and graves of traditional leaders (iii) graves of victims of conflict (iv) graves of individuals designated by the Minister by notice in the Gazette;

(v) historical graves and cemeteries; and(vi) other human remains which are not covered by in terms of the Human Tissue Act, 1983, Act No. 65 of 1983 (h) sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa; (i) moveable objects, including - (i) objects recovered from the soil or waters of South Africa, including archaeological and paleontological objects and material, meteorites and rare geological specimens;

(ii) objects to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; (iii) ethnographic art and objects;

13 (iv) military objects; (v) objects of decorative or fine art; (vi) objects of scientific or technological interest; and (vii) books, records, documents, photographs, positives and negatives, graphic, film or video material or sound recordings, excluding those that are public records as defined in section 1(xiv) of the National Archives of South Africa Act, 1996, Act No. 43 of 1996.

Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act, Act No. 25 of 1999 also distinguishes nine criteria for places and objects to qualify as ‘part of the national estate if they have cultural significance or other special value …‘. These criteria are the following: (a) its importance in the community, or pattern of South Africa’s history; (b) its possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of South Africa’s natural or cultural heritage; (c) its potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of South Africa’s natural or cultural heritage; (d) its importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of South Africa’s natural or cultural places or objects; (e) its importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group; (f) its importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period; (g) its strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons; (h) its strong or special association with the life or work of a person, group or organisation of importance in the history of South Africa; and (i) sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa.

14 3.2 Cultural heritage

The pre-amble to the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) reflects the influence which heritage has on the lives of all South Africans, namely:

‘Our heritage is unique and precious and it cannot be renewed. It helps us to define our cultural identity and therefore lies at the heart of our spiritual well-being and has the power to build our nation. It has the potential to affirm our diverse cultures and in so doing shape our national identity.

Our heritage celebrates our achievements and contributes to redressing past inequities. It educates, it deepens our understanding of society and encourages us to empathize with the experience of others. It facilitates healing and material and symbolic restitution and it promotes new and previous neglected research into our rich oral traditions and customs’.

The pre-amble to the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) also states the aim with heritage legislation in the country, namely:

‘This legislation aims to promote good management of the national estate, and to enable and encourage communities to nurture and conserve their legacy so that it may be bequeathed to future generations’.

The National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999) therefore makes provision for the use of heritage resources in various ways and for a variety of purposes. These ranges from educating societies about their origins and histories to the creation of work in heritage and heritage related fields such as museums, universities, information centers, tourism destinations, etc.. The act emphasizes the enjoyment and enrichment which heritage can bring to humans as well as the role heritage can play in facilitating reconciliation between communities with different cultural backgrounds. Heritage also offers opportunities to develope

15 partnerships between communities and the government, between business and communities and between communities and private enterprise (such as the mining industry) in order to use heritage in a responsible way ensuring the conservation and sustainable use of heritage resources.

The new National Heritage Resources Act (Act No 25 of 1999) encourages some form of symbiosis between development activities and the conservation of heritage resources. For the mining enterprise, this can best be achieved by implementing cultural heritage management programmes which recognises the following phases of archaeological enquiry, namely: • Phase I archaeological surveys which are done for new development areas (such as mining areas). The results of these surveys are usually included in Environmental Impact Assessment and in Environmental Management Programme reports. • Phase II archaeological investigations which involve archaeological salvage work and therefore detailed archaeological work. These investigations are done with permits from the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) and can be divided into: ○ Pro-active Phase II investigations of heritage resources which may be affected by development activities in the immediate future. ○ Reactive Phase II investigations of heritage resources which have been affected by development activities in the past. • Phase III studies which consist of management plans to ensure the conservation (in situ protection) and/or use of heritage resources to ensure the indefinite survival and sustainable use of these resources in mining areas.

16 4 METHODOLOGY

Preparation of this report was conducted by means of the following activities:

4.1 Desktop study

A desk top study which surveyed literature relating to the pre-historical and historical context of the Lonmin Project Area was undertaken. This contextual evidence illuminates the meaning and significance of the types and ranges of heritage resources that exist in the Lonmin Project Area. The desk top study identified all types and ranges of heritage resources and sites that were discovered during earlier heritage surveys in the Lonmin Project Area as well as during other heritage surveys that were conducted for mines, residential areas, power lines and other types of development projects in the larger area.

The desktop study also involved consulting heritage data banks. Databases kept and maintained at institutions such as the North-West Provincial Heritage Resources Agency (NW PHRA) in Mafekeng and the Archaeological Data Recording Centre at the National Flagship Institute (Museum Africa) in Pretoria were consulted to determine whether any heritage resources had been identified during earlier archaeological surveys in the Lonmin Project Area.

4.2 Fieldwork

The author has conducted numerous surveys and excavations in the larger Lonmin Project Area during the last two decades. The surveys were conducted for granite, platinum and chrome mines. Excavations of approximately twenty settlements were undertaken while conducting research on the origins and history of the Tswana. Experience and information gained from these surveys and excavations contributed to knowledge about the presence of heritage resources in the Lonmin Project Area (see Part 9, ‘Select Bibliography’).

17 A broad sweep of the Lonmin Project Area was also conducted before this report was compiled. This survey was conducted with a vehicle and a pedestrian survey of critical (hot) spots in the Lonmin Project Area in order to geo-reference some heritage resources known to the author but which, however, have not been recorded before.

4.3 Geo-referencing heritage resources

All the information that was obtained from the literature survey, maps, data bases, previous surveys and those heritage resources that were identified and recorded during the recent sweep of the Lonmin Project Area were described and photographed. All these heritage resources are recorded in this report. All these heritage resources were also geo-referenced and they are mapped in this report.

The coordinates of heritage resources outlined in this report is not published here for reasons of safety and for the conservation of these heritage resources.

The significance of the various types and ranges of heritage resources were indicated by means of criteria as set out by the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). It was also pointed out that the significance of each and every heritage resources can also be established according to heritage rating schemes.

The significance of heritage resources determine what kind (or what appropriate) management (or mitigation) measures have to applied to the various types and ranges of heritage resources which may be impacted by future developmental activities in the Lonmin Project Area. These mitigation measures are also outlined in the report.

18 4.4 Limitations and assumptions

The Lonmin Project Area covers an enormous surface area. It is therefore highly likely that heritage resources still exist which has not been recorded previously. This report therefore is considered to be a living document which must be updated as and when new discoveries of heritage resources are made in the Lonmin Project Area.

If any heritage resources is exposed during any development project in the Lonmin Project Area the South African Heritage Resources Authority (SAHRA) should be notified immediately, all activities must be stopped and an archaeologist accredited with the Association for Southern African Professional Archaeologist (ASAPA) should be notify in order to determine appropriate mitigation measures for the discovered finds. This may include obtaining the necessary authorisation (permits) from SAHRA to conduct the mitigation measures

19 5 CONTEXTUALISING THE LONMIN PROJECT AREA

The Lonmin Project Area is located in the Central Bankeveld in close proximity of the Magaliesberg which is an important beacon with heritage significance in the North-West Province. A broad cultural-historical context of the region is provided in order to gain a better understanding of the heritage character of the Lonmin Project Area.

5.1 Brief background to the Central Bankeveld

The Lonmin Project Area falls within the Central Bankeveld which is a narrow strip of land which is situated between the northern bushveldt savannah and the centrally situated Highveld. The Central Bankeveld has its own unique heritage character which is dominated by numerous Tswana spheres of influence which are centuries-old and which is characterised by the remains of extensive stone walled settlements in all of the domains that were controlled by various Tswana chiefs whose origins date back to the seventeenth century.

The older grabbo of the Central Bankeveld was penetrated by younger vulcanic magma which formed the series and chains of pyramid-shaped norite hills which run from the Pilanesberg in the north-west to Brits in the east. These hills in the Magaliesberg Valley presented a unique eco-zone in which humans and communities flourished from an early period. This area is known for its rich and diverse range of heritage resources.

Stone Age sites are scattered along the Magaliesberg and are also found in caves and in rock shelters in the mountain. Rock engravings are located further towards Maanhaarrand and Rustenburg in the west. The most abundant heritage, however, are those that date from the Late Iron Age and which are associated with the numerous Tswana chiefdoms who occupied this region during the last four centuries. The settlements of these early Tswana chiefdoms are characterised by

20 an impressive and elaborate stone-built tradition. Thousands of stone walled sites were built along the bases of the norite hills between the Pilanesberg and Brits (Madibeng). The most formidable of these chiefdoms were the Kwena Môgôpa, Kwena Môgale (Bapô), Bakgatla and Fokeng. Further to the west, closer to Rustenburg was the Fôkeng chiefdom while several Kgatla spheres of influence emerged at the Pilanesberg in the north and further towards Brits in the east.

The Bapô, a people whose earliest ancestors were descended from the Amambô Nguni from Kwa Zulu/Natal, arrived in the Magaliesberg during the 16th or 17th centuries. One of their capitals was Tlhôgôkgôlô at Wolhuterskop. Several of the chiefs of this clan where known by the name of Môgale, from who the Magaliesberg has taken its name.

Numerous difaqane wars were fought during the last quarter of the 18th century and during the first quarter of the 19th century in the Central Bankeveld. These wars led to the displacement of large numbers of Tswana in the Bankeveld. The difaqane wars were caused by the Ndebele (Matabele) of Mzilikazi who arrived from the Vaal River region to occupy the Bankeveld in August 1827. The Ndebele destroyed the Kwena Môgôpa, the Kgatla and what had remained of the Bapô after an earlier defeat by the Pedi of Thulare. These wars exacerbated the havoc started earlier in the Bankeveld and gradually became a characteristic feature of historical events in this region during the early 19th century.

The Ndebele established several settlement complexes in the Central Bankeveld from whence they maintained their grip on the indigenous population. Four of these Zulu/Nguni residences (imisi) and military kraals (amakhanda) have been discovered during the course of archaeological surveys.

Internal strife between the various Tswana chiefdoms also seems to have been on the increase from the latter half of the 18th century onwards. Paternal relatives fought against each other to attain the chieftaincy of the various Tswana chiefdoms.

21 Succession disputes also led to the splintering of the existing chiefdoms into a growing number of independent spheres of influence in the Bankeveld.

Complex causes led to the unfolding of the numerous Tswana chiefdoms and their spheres of influence throughout the Bankeveld during the last decades of the 18th century and during the first decades of the 19th century. These causes were multidimensional and included the ecological potential of the region, the social and political formation and expansion of different spheres of influence, the establishment of short and long distance trade relations and local and regional wars. These causes and historical events were complex and are not fully recorded in oral traditions or in historical records while archaeological research has only yet begun.

A brief outline of the prehistory and history of the main Tswana groups who occupied the Lonmin Project Area is provided.

5.2 The Lonmin Project Area

5.2.1 Brief history of the Bakwena Bamôgôpa

The earliest known place where the Bakwena Bamôgôpa lived around AD1600 was Rathateng, a site located near the junction of the Crocodile River and the Marico River. The first chief of this branch of the Môgôpa was Setlhare who was succeeded by Môgôpa Tskokelele Dimolema who in turn was followed by Modise wa Môgôpa who lived during the middle of the 17th century.

Modise moved from Rathateng to Lokwadi (Zandrivierspoort 747) and from here to the foot of the Phalane mountain during the middle of the 17th century. This mountain was also known as Modise wa Môgôpa. Modise was succeeded by Radiphiri who possibly acted as regent. Sefikile followed Modise but did not live

22 long for his younger brother Ramorola ruled after him as regent for Sefikele’s son, Ditswe.

Ditswe Tlowodi succeeded in the first half of the 18th century when the clan lived in the Mabjanamatshwana hills between the Kgowe River (?) and the Legapane (?) River. Ditswe and members of the tribe were killed by the Bakgatla whilst hunting buffalo. His son More inherited his wives.

Ditswe’s younger brother Mooketsi succeeded him as regent and handed the chieftainship to More because the rightful successor, Tskoku was still too young to rule. During More’s reign which stretched over a long period there was continual fighting with the Bapô and the Bakgatla. More raised Tsoku with his own son, Segwati and provided both with wives.

When Tskoku became old enough to rule More handed him the chief’s spear, axe and horn with the chief’s ointment at a pitso. Tskoku became chief of the Kwena Môgôpa that remained with his uncle Mooketsi. More and his followers settled at Lengwatladi or Mangwatladi, west of the Pienaars River. Tskoku became known as an arrogant, ruthless and cruel ruler. Many of his followers left him to join the Môgôpa of More.

Due to a dwindling in the number of his followers and for greater safety Tsoku went to live with a Kgatla chief known as Mmusi a Tagane. However, this clan eventually burnt his kraal and made him fled with his regiment, Matshetshele (‘the old men’) to sought refuge with More’s section of the Môgôpa. Here, he was eventually killed by More and Segwati as a result of all his misdeeds.

During the last quarter of the 18th century More returned as chief to Mabjanamatswhana. He fought several wars and was feared by many tribes. He was initially on friendly terms with the Kgatla chief Mmusi but later settled at Kwate

23 (Mmamogaleskraal) at the foot of the hill Thaba ya Morena in order to avoid conflict with Mmusi. During his old age he ruled with his son Segwati.

Around AD1820 a horde consisting of Bakgatla, Bawaduba, Bamoletlane, Bathlako and Baseabe came from the east and inflicted heavy losses on the Môgôpa Hereafter Mzilikazi’s Ndebele invaded the country during 1829 to 1837. More fought the Ndebele at Kutata (Silkaatsnek) but suffered heavy losses and eventually succumbed to the Ndebele’s attack together with his son Segwati. The Môgôpa now acknowledged Mzilikazi as chief.

Segwati’s two sons Motsile and Tedie Mmamogale were now in charge of the remnants of the Môgôpa. Motsile resided at Ramotlotlwe near Soutpan and some Môgôpa went to Makapanstad. The Môgôpa that remained under Mzilikazi were under the leadership of Mogajana.

Motsiele died around AD1834-36. Mmamogale was 60 years old and was recognised as supreme chief of the Mogopa. They lived in peace with the Ndebele until Shaka’s (Zulu) impi arrived in the Brits area. In the ensuing battle the Zulu defeated the Ndebele and the Môgôpa.

When the Voortrekkers arrived Mmamogale and his followers left for Bechuanaland in 1840/1845. Shortly afterwards in 1868 they returned to Matlhare and soon afterwards to Makolokwe and Mantabole (Bethanie). Mmamogale probably reached an age of 110 years and died in 1884.

5.2.2 Brief history of the Bapô

The following is a brief outline of the Bapô’s history describing their origins, some of their rulers and division of the Bapô into two tribes. The brief history follows the reigns of some of the most important rulers of the Bapô from AD1760 to AD1900.

24 The Sotho name Bapô is derived from the Nguni equivalent abaMbô. The tribe originated four generations after the first Ndebele chief, Musi, as a junior branch of the Ndebele of Valtyn. There is uncertainty about the identity of the first chief. He may have been Môgale Monyane. Other spokespersons say it was his son, Lotsane who, however, did not rule but Majaka who acted on his behalf.

The Bapô is derived from regiments of the Ndebele (of Mankopane/Makopane) who participated in a war between two Tswana tribes during c. 1670 to 1720. They were sent to assist the Bakwêna Bamôgôpa and after the war refused to return as they have married Tswana women.

At least five chiefs and regents initially lived at Makolokwe (Wolwekraal) where Moerane rose to prominence. He led the group to Thlôgôkgôlô (Wolhuterskop). During the reign of Moerane (c. 1795 to 1815) the Bapô fought various battles such as the following, namely: • Against the Bakwena Bamôgôpa over the possession of Bethanië (Mantabole) at Zandfontein east of the Bapô’s villages. (The Magôpa was defeated and Sekane More was slain). • Against the Bafokeng and killed four of chief Sekete’s sons. (Hostilities between the Bamôgôpa and the Bafokeng continued during Moerane’s reign). • During 1817 to 1823 the Pedi under Malekutu (the eldest brother of Sekwati) raided the Bapô. At the time Moerane hide in the cave known as Phato in the Magaliesberg. Although the Bapô withstood the attack Malekutu’s Pedi routed the women and children at the Bapô’s villages on their return journey while Masite and most of Moerane’s sons at his head wife were killed. His grandson Mogalemogale (born, c. 1810) returned with him. Moerane died in 1821/1822.

Semetsa Botloko acted as regent for the minor Mogalemogale. He fought the Bathlakwana (probably Bataung) of Ramabutsetsa in 1823/1824 at Leeuwkop

25 (Lokwane). After the Bathlakwana events, Botloko formed allies with Sebitwane’s Bafokeng (who arrived from Basotholand) and with Ratsebe (who came from Kroonstad [Mokolamu]) as Mzilikazi was on his way to the Magaliesberg area. However, Botloko deserted his allies when he saw Mzilikazi advanced through Mpame Neck. Botloko fled to Trantsekwane where he was killed by his own people (who believed that he killed his brothers to open the way to the chieftaincy).

Moruri, who had brought up Mogalamogale became regent. During this period the Bapô was disorganized and dispersed and the Matabele seized the opportunity to kidnap Mzilikazi. They pierced his ears according to Zulu custom. The Bapô, however, succeeded in freeing Mogalemogale from the Matabele.

In about 1837/38 Mogalamogale became the 12th Bapô chief. He resided on the Mogale River, near the Ngakotse, a tributary of the Crocodile River. Mogale had twelve wives, three of whom he had married before he escaped from the Matabele.

After 1841 some Matabele lead by Gozane appeared again on their way to Zululand. However, they were slain with the aid of the Voortrekkers who maintained relationships with Mogalamogale.

A man called Rautiegabo Moerane told the Boers that Mogalemogale was hiding rifles in a cave. Before the Voortrekkers could take possession of the fire arms they were sent to chief Makapan/Mankopane in Mokopane. Soon afterwards a farmer was shot in Makapan’s country and Mogalemogale summoned to appear before Veldkormet Gert Kruger and Hans van Aswegen. He did not obey the summons but fled to the mountains with his sons. His son Moruatona sided with the Voortrekkers against Makopane.

26 Mogalemogale fled to Basutoland (Lesotho) with many of his followers who went to work on farms in Kroonstad, Heidelberg and Potchefstroom. He was later joined by his wives and successor (son), Moruatona.

After the Senekal and Seqiti wars in Basotuland Mogale returned and bought the farm Boschfontein from a Mr. Orsmond ‘because the kraals of his ancestors were situated there’. From 1862 Mogale lived at Boschfontein where he died at the age of 70 or 80 in 1869.

Mogalemogale was succeeded by Frederik Maruatona Mogale (born c. 1840/44). During his rule the Hermansburgse Lutheran Mission Station, Ebenezer, was established in 1874. The Bapô regiments Matlakana and Matsie participated with the ZAR in the Sekhukhune War of 1876. Frederik died about 1880.

George Rangane Mogale now acted on behalf of Darius Mogale until 1893. Darius Mogale became chief in 1893 but soon got into trouble with his people and behaved in such a way that the government deposed of him in 1908. He west to live in Heidelberg with his family and was allowed to return to the tribe in 1940.

The Bapô divided into two tribes as a dispute between Darius and his uncle Diederik Mogale in 1896 led to the departure of a part of the Bapô who went to live at Phorotlane (Bultfontein) near the Pilanesberg.

5.3 Historical context

The Historical Period is associated with the arrival of the first Colonist in the Lonmin Project Area and beyond. During the early 19th century travellers, traders and missionaries visited the Rustenburg area where they encountered the numerous devastated Tswana chiefdoms. These visitors who moved from the Cape Colony to the far north-west and the central part of the Bankeveld used the gap between the

27 northern tip of the Magaliesberg and the south-western edges of the Pilanesberg, as a corridor. Wagons passed through this corridor on their way to Rustenburg and further to the east. These early visitors to the region mentioned that numerous Tswana tribes were displaced from the area.

These early travellers included the traders Robert Schoon and William McLuckie in August 1829. They were soon followed by the missionary Robert Moffat who visited Mzilikazi in an umuzi near what is today Pretoria. In June 1835 Charles Bell and other members of Andrew Smith's expedition visited a Ndebele village near Rustenburg which Bell subsequently painted. One year later, in December 1836, Cornwallis Harris also visited the Central Bankeveld where he painted emHlalandlela near Brits. Both these Ndebele village complexes have been identified by means of archaeological research.

The Bankeveld was rich in fauna which attracted the Griqua and the first white hunters to the region. Ivory was plentiful, with herds of elephants roaming the area. Ivory and the skins of the wide variety of fauna were sought after as precious trade commodities. Although the Tswana hunted the fauna of the Bankeveld, they were more renowned as agriculturists and cattle herders than as hunters.

Some of the earliest Voortrekkers who moved across the Magaliesberg established themselves on the farms Kafferskraal and Witpensfontein and Schaapkraal to the north of Marikana. Rustenburg was the first colonial town to be established by Europeans (Voortrekkers) during the first half of the 19th century. Since the second half of the 19th century, farmers and workers have occupied the Rustenburg District (including the Mooinooi, Marikana, Hartebeespoort and Brits areas). Tobacco and citrus farming, together with cattle herding, became a subsistence pattern that has lasted to this day. Old farm homesteads, agricultural implements and other infrastructure such as tobacco drying sheds may still exist on farms adjacent to the study area.

28 During the Anglo Transvaal War (1899-1902) British blockhouses were built along the ridge of the Magaliesburg, from Pretoria in the east to Rustenburg in the west. Several of these structures are located in Kommandonek, Pampoennek and in Olifantsnek in the Magaliesberg, to the south of the Lonmin Project Area.

After the discovery of the Merensky Reef in 1929, the economy of the area was gradually changed from farming into platinum and chrome mining. What started as small scale mining activities north of the Magaliesberg during the 20th century was soon eclipsed by the rise of the platinum mining complex near Rustenburg. The discovery of the Merensky Reef and the accompanying platinum boom was soon followed by the establishment of numerous chrome and norite mines in the North- West Province.

5.4 Platinum mining

The Merensky Reef is part of the crescent-shaped Bushveld Complex that stretches across the central part of South Africa. This Reef is known for its wealth of mineral resources, generally referred to as the platinum-group metals (PGM’s). These two limbs of the Complex are confined to the North-West Province and to the Northern and the Mpumalanga Provinces of South Africa. The eastern limb of the Reef is geologically less well known than the eastern limb, because mining activities in this part of the Reef have been limited (Figure 1).

The first reference to platinum is found in a narrative published in 1748 by Don Antonio de Ullou y Gracia de la Torre, in which he mentioned that a heavy silvery metal occurred together with gold in New Granada (now called Columbia). The metal was described by Sir William Watson, an English physicist, as a semi-metal or metalloid in 1750.

The discovery of platinum in South Africa dates back to the late 19th century. In 1892, William Bettel identified osmium-iridium alloy particles in concentrate from the

29 Witwatersrand gold mines. Bettel (1902) and Hall and Humphrey (1908) also recorded the presence of platinum in the chromatite layers of the Bushveld Complex. Wagner (1924) reported the presence of sperrylite in the ore bodies at Vlakfontein near the Pilanesberg. However, none of these discoveries were considered to be of any economic significance. The first deposits that were economically viable, called the Waterberg Platinum, were found by Adolf Erasmus in the Rooiberg fellsites between Nylstroom and Potgietersrust. These deposits did not prove to be significant. Andries Lombaard’s discovery of platinum nuggets in the Moopetsi River on the farm Maandagshoek in the Steelpoort area in 1924 can be considered the initial discovery of the Merenky Reef.

5.4.1 Brief history in South Africa

During the great platinum boom of 1925 over fifty companies were started in the Union of South Africa to exploit the mineral resources of the Bushveld Complex and the Waterberg district. Oxidized ores were initially taken from the Merensky Reef. When these ores had been exhausted, they were replaced by sulphide ores.

The world’s consumption of platinum and its price became extremely depressed by 1930. This led to the collapse of all the mining companies in the 1930’s. Many of the companies faded from memory. More prosperous companies absorbed others, while some companies transferred their activities from the Lydenburg district to the more favourably circumstanced Rustenburg district, while retaining their Lydenburg properties. Some companies went bankrupt and suspended their operations which they never resumed.

Further fluctuations in the price of platinum during the 1940’s and 1950’s did not encourage an expansion of mining activities. The demand also did not support or necessitate the enormous scale of mining seen around the Bushveld Complex until the early 1970’s.

30 Currently, the platinum mining fraternity in and immediately beyond the Lonmin Project Area is made up by Impala and Anglo Platinum who together with Lonmin act as the biggest producers of platinum in the world.

5.4.2 Platinum’s uses and strategic importance

The platinum-group metals (PGM’s), along with nickel and cobalt, are in high industrial demand in the developed world. The platinum group metals are amongst the least abundant elements on earth. However, their properties (density, strength, catalytic features and high melting temperature) give these elements unique applications in complex technology engineering. Some of these elements are irreplaceable in industrial processes, enhancing their strategic importance.

Due to the unique physical and catalytic properties of platinum, the metal is used in a number of applications. It is used in the industrial, chemical, electrical and electronic industries as well as in the manufacture of jewellery, glass and glass fibre. It is also very important in petroleum refining. In the automobile industry platinum and palladium are used in autocatalysts. This application is expected to increase, due to strict emission control legislation in Europe, North and South America and Japan. A second major (and growing) use of platinum is in stationary phosphoric acid cell (PAFC) and mobile proton exchange membrane (Pem) fuel cells, the latter absorbing hydrogen and converting it into electrical and heat energy. The cell is already being used to power vehicles and this use is expected to grow.

31 6 RESULTS OF THE HERITAGE SURVEY

The following types and ranges of heritage resources were recorded in the Lonmin Project Area, namely: • Scatters of stone tools (close to the Lonmin Project Area). • Single and clusters of stone walled settlements which date from the Late Iron Age occur in large numbers in the southern part of the Lonmin Project Area. However, single stone walled sites are also scattered throughout the Lonmin Project Area but not in large numbers. • Historical settlements, houses and graveyards occur throughout the Project Area. Most of these remains date from the more recent past but are older than sixty years and therefore qualify as historical remains.

All these heritage resources were geo-referenced and mapped. Their coordinates are not published due to reasons of confidentiality and for the protection of the heritage resources.

No Stone Age sites were recorded in the Lonmin Project Area. A site close to the Lonmin Project Area is referred to as the only Stone Age site yet recorded. However, it is expected that a substantial number of Stone Age sites will be discovered in the Lonmin Project Area when the resolution of heritage surveys is intensified.

A clear distinction was not made between all Late Iron Age sites and sites which date from the Historical Period as this distinction is not always clear cut whilst both remains can occur on a single site when a Late Iron Age site has been readapted in the historical past to be used into the more recent past.

The largest number of heritage occurrences consists of single Late Iron Age sites or clusters of these stone walled settlements, some of whom constitute cultural landscapes of some proportions. These sites, clusters of sites and cultural

32 landscapes mostly occur along the base line and some higher plateaux of the series of norite hills in the northern part of the Lonmin Project Area. Scattered stone walled sites also occur on level ground in either the central or the southern part of the Lonmin Project Area.

A relatively large number of graveyards were recorded. These included graveyards with historical significance (older than sixty and even hundred years) and graveyards which date from the recent past.

The number of settlements which date from the recent past is not high. Not all of these remains have been recorded as the majority have low significance. Most of the historical houses Lonmin Project Area have been destroyed. However, the number that still exists may rise if a house to house survey of these structures is made in rural settlements.

All the types and ranges of heritage resources were geo-referenced and mapped. Their levels of significance are indicated and mitigation measures are proposed should any of these heritage resources be affected by future developmental projects.

Figure 2- The Lonmin Project Area stretches from Marikana in the west to Madibeng in the east and incorporates several different mining areas (above).

34 6.1 Stone Age sites

Stone Age sites are marked by stone artefacts that are found scattered on the surface of the earth or as parts of deposits in caves and rock shelters. The Stone Age is divided into the Early Stone Age (ESA) (covers the period from 2.5 million years ago to 250 000 years ago), the Middle Stone Age (MSA) (refers to the period from 250 000 years ago to 22 000 years ago) and the Late Stone Age (LSA) (the period from 22 000 years ago to 200 years ago). The LSA is also associated with rock paintings and engravings which were done by the San, Khoi Khoi and in more recent times by Iron Age farmers.

Hunter-gatherer communities from the Stone Age, including the few who left rock paintings during the last 20 000 years in the Magaliesberg, occurred throughout the larger Rustenburg region from the ESA onwards. Mainly MSA and LSA tools were observed in the Project Area. Those that were observed occurred near the banks of the Elands River and on flats near outcrops in the Project Area.

All the Stone Age sites or scatters of stone tools that were observed in the Project Area can be classified as open (surface) sites which imply that most of the artefacts occur ‘out of context’. (Such assemblages have less significance that artefact types which occur in closed stratigraphic layers).

MSA and LSA collections also occur in rock shelters and caves. Hunter- gatherers preferred caves as settlements from the MSA onwards as these shelters provided warmth and safety. No mountains or ridges with caves are known to exist in the Project Area. Small protrusions or dykes in the Project Area were sometimes utilized by hunter-gatherers to manufacture stone tools from rock with a volcanic nature.

The following Stone Age sites have been recorded near the Lonmin Project Area:

• Numbers of MSA tools which occur in ploughed agricultural fields on Elandsrand 469JQ. These stone tools were mostly manufactured from pebbles.

Figure 3- A few scattered stone tools that include hammer stones and crude scrapers were discovered in a ploughed agricultural field on the farm Elandsrand 469JQ outside the Lonmin Project Area (above).

Figure 4- Rudimentary stone tools dating from the Stone Age that were discovered in a ploughed agricultural field on the farm Elandsrand 469JQ outside the Lonmin Project Area. It seems as if these tools were used as hammer stones (above).

37 6.2 Late Iron Age sites

Hunter-gatherers were followed by the first agro-pastoralists who lived in semi- permanent villages and who practised metal working during the last two millennia, the so-called Iron Age. The Iron Age is usually divided into the Early Iron Age (EIA) (covers the 1st millennium AD) and the Later Iron Age (LIA) (covers the first 880 years of the 2nd millennium AD).

Whilst the EIA is marked by small scattered sites with (elaborately) decorated pottery and in many instances with iron smelting, LIA sites may occur in clusters covering large tracks of land constituting cultural landscapes. These sites are mostly marked by stone walls and (undecorated) pottery. Metal working during the LIA occurs when this activity have attained specialised status. Historical links between LIA complexes and communities close to the sites can usually be pointed out. This provides opportunities for oral traditions, cultural landscapes and aspects of living [tangible and intangible] heritage to be investigated as well.

EIA sites are limited to the northern and eastern parts of the country with at least two finds close to the Magaliesberg, but outside the Project Area.

LIA farmers’ settlements cover a large part of South Africa – except the far western low-summer rainfall region and the southern extreme of the country. The North-West Province abounds in LIA sites which also occur in large numbers in the Project Area. As was noted in Part 5, ‘Contextualising the Project Area’ most of these sites are associated with the Bakwena Bamôgôpa and the Bakwena Bamogale.

The following concentrations of stone walled sites and scatters of sites with stone walls occur throughout the Project Area. In this report they are referred to as:

38 • Stone walled sites in the north-west on Schaapkraal 292JQ and adjacent mountainous areas such as Beestekraal 290JQ and Klipgat 281JQ which fall outside the Lonmin Project Area. • Stone walled sites in the north-east on Wonderkop 400JQ and Turffontein 462JQ and the adjacent mountainous areas such as on Leeuwkop 402JQ and Hartebeesfontein B 410JQ which fall outside the Lonmin Project Area. • Scattered isolated stone walled settlements which occur throughout the Lonmin Project Area but not in high numbers such as those in the north- west, north and north-east.

6.2.1 Stone walled sites in the north-west

The north-western part of the Lonmin Project Area has severely been affected by granite mining. The survey which was done for Schaapkraal 292JQ resulted in the geo-referencing and mapping of the following stone walled sites in the Lonmin Project Area. Some of these settlements include clusters with concentrations of settlements whilst single settlements can also be distinguished, namely:

• Site SC01 is located along the foot of a number of low granite hills which form the western part of the series of hills which traverses Schaapkraal 292JQ from east to west. Only one hill in this group has a historical name, namely Manese. Site SC01 to Site SC06 are located in the north-western corner of Schaapkraal 292JQ and directly east of the dirt road between Marikana and Beestekraal. Mining in this area has destroyed several settlements. However, Site SC01 is still in a good condition. This site comprises of a few stone walls without a clear ground plan.

• Site SC02 is located directly east of the dirt road running between Marikana and Beestekraal. This site was severely damaged by granite mining activities.

• Site SC03 is located directly east of the dirt road running between Marikana and Beestekraal. Sites SC03 and Site SC04 are in pristine condition. These two settlements represent the last record of human occupation on the north- western border of Schaapkraal 292JQ. It seems as if these two settlements represent two dikgoro which occurred along the northern foot of a series of granite hills which were destroyed as a result of granite mining.

Figure 5- Well-preserved stone walls in Site SC03 on Schaapkraal 292JQ represent terraces and an enclosure which are located against the slope of a granite kopje (above).

Figure 6- Site SC04 on Schaapkraal 292JQ observed from a height. Note the main cattle kraal in the central part of this settlement (above).

• Site SC04 is located in the north-western corner of Schaapkraal 292JQ and therefore directly east of the dirt road running between Marikana and Beestekraal.

• Site SC05 comprised a cluster of stone walled sites which was located between kopjes in the most northern and western part of this mountain range on Schaapkraal 292JQ. However, intense granite mining occurred in this part of the mountain range. Consequently, all the settlements which were located in this part of the mountain have been destroyed. Only a part of one of these sites (SC05) can be recognised today. According to the accounts of miners involved in granite mining in this part of the mountain

41 range clay pots were found in the crevices between the granite rocks and stone walls occurred higher up in this range of kopjes.

• Site SC06 comprise a cluster of stone walled sites which is located in the western parts and older granite mining areas of Schaapkraal 292JQ. Nothing has remained of this cluster of sites. The only evidence which indicates that settlements used to exist in these kopjes is a few pieces of stone walls, a lower grinding stone and a large coral tree (Site SC06).

• Site SC07 is located in the central part of Schaapkraal 292JQ. A dirt road has destroyed the northern tip of the site whilst a secondary dirt road was bulldozed through the southern tip of this site. This site which is covered by vegetation appears to be a kgoro.

Figure 7- Site SC07 is located at the foot of a mountain and is covered with bush. It probably represents a settlement such as a kgôrô (above).

• Site SC08 is located in a thicket of sickle bushes between the foot of a mountain and an agricultural field situated further to the north-east of the mountain. It seems as if Site SC08 may represent a single kgoro, given its size and the surface that it covers.

• Site SC09 is located on the highest part of a mountain and is spread over several flat surfaces at various elevations on the mountain. The settlement used to be in an excellent condition when it was observed for the first time. If granite mining expanded further to the south Site SC19 will be destroyed. Site SCH09 represents a type of settlement which differs from the general pattern that is found in the region. This site is similar to those that occur on the Swartkoppe range. These sites are located at high altitudes on large mountains and were probably not refugee settlements (which are normally small and do not have extensive stone walling such as those on the Swartkoppe mountains). These sites are an anomaly when compared with Tswana residential sites which are usually located at the foot of kopjes and normally on flat surfaces due to their large size.

• Site SCH10 is part of a cluster of stone walled sites which is associated with a series of low kopjes but occur on level ground along the northern foot of this range of kopjes. The inner part of the cluster was destroyed during the building of mining offices and when the gardens were laid out next to the offices. Some of the stones from the site's stone walls were used to build footpaths and the garden incorporates some of the site's stone walls. Only a part of the outer scalloped wall of one of the site is still intact (SC10). When the foundations of the offices were dug, human bones were exposed. A closer investigation of the destroyed structures indicated that they included a cattle enclosure.

43 • Features (Site SC11) are located on flat surfaces on high elevations on the kopjes behind mine offices. Both features comprise small circular enclosures which were built with stone walls. These enclosures were probably used to shelter small and even large livestock during times of unrest.

Figure 8- Cluster SC12 is quite inconspicuous as the sites in this complex are situated between low granite knolls which are covered with dense vegetation (above).

• Site SC12 comprises part of a cluster of sites which is located to the north of granite mine offices and it is situated directly to the north of the mine’s workshop. These settlements are quite inconspicuous as they are situated between low granite knolls which are covered by dense vegetation. One settlement in this cluster was investigated (Site SC12). This cluster covers quite a large area of which the southern part was destroyed by mining activities.

• Site SC13 has largely been demolished by granite mining. A few pieces of stone walls which escaped mining are still visible behind granite boulders. The nature, extent and significance of this cluster of sites are unknown.

• Site SC14 is located directly to the south-west of a large rock waste dump. This site clearly represents a kgôrô which is composed of an outer scalloped wall which encircles centrally located kraal complexes. When this site was recorded it was in an excellent condition.

• Site SC15 is located on a flat surface between Rondekop and the Visierskerf range of mountains. The name ‘Visierskerf’ is probably derived from the Afrikaans word ‘versierskerf’ which may refer to decorated pottery found on this mountain by the first surveyors who were compiling government maps. Site SC15 is in pristine condition and is located in a small glen on the northern slope of Rondekop. The site is covered with a thicket of sickle bush.

• Site SC16 is part of a cluster of sites which is located on level surfaces along the southern foot of the Swartkoppe range. At least two different settlements can be distinguished in this group. One of the sites is located on both sides of a fence whilst the second is marked by an area which is marked by a sparse vegetation cover in which several large circular enclosures are located. These enclosures are situated in a more or less straight line and their diameters vary from small, to medium, to large. Very few archaeological remains were noted on this site. Both settlements are well-preserved.

• Site SC17 is located on high above ground level on the eastern extremity of the Swartkoppe range of mountains. The site is located on a level surface and covers an exceptionally large area. The site is covered with tall grass and is in a pristine condition. Little can therefore be said about its spatial

45 composition. The site's high elevation is a feature that is not consistent with Tswana settlement patterns.

Figure 9- Site SCH17 is located on several levels of the Swartberg range of mountains. This site is covered with tall grass and has few conspicuous stone walls. Its settlement style differs from those of other Tswana settlements (above).

• Site SC18 is located adjacent to the dirt road leading to Rondekop and the Swartkoppe range. The site is partly covered by a rock waste dump and few of the structures and features of this settlement have survived.

• Site SC19 is located on the southern foot of a mountain located opposite (to the north-east) of Rondekop. Site SCH19 is in pristine condition.

46 • Site SC20 is part of a cluster of at least three settlements which are located along the southern foot of Ramala. Site SC20 used to be a magnificent settlement which was severely damaged by granite mining activities. This site is characterised by heavy, solid walls and is partly covered with a waste rock dump. Its spatial pattern therefore is unclear.

• Site SC21 is composed of an outer scalloped with a number of centrally located enclosures. This site is partly covered with a waste rock dump.

• Site SC22 used to be a magnificent settlement which is characterised by outer scalloped walls and centrally located enclosures. The site was constructed with massive stone walls and is marked by half-circles with large upright standing stones. The site is also characterised by a number of large middens, some of whom have been excavated by granite miners.

Figure 10- SC23 is located between two ranges of kopjes and have been damaged by granite mining activities (above).

47 • Site SC23 is situated between two ranges of kopjes which are currently mined. It is partly covered with waste rock and very little can be said of its spatial composition.

• Site SC24 with two other stone walled sites may be part of a cluster which is situated along the western foot of a low range of hills. Site SC24 is well preserved and is composed of an outer wall with centrally located enclosures.

• Site SC25 is similar in spatial composition than Site SC24 and is well preserved.

Figure 11- Site SC24 is part of a cluster of three settlements which is located along the western slope of a low range of hills. This site is well preserves and composed of an outer scalloped wall with centrally located enclosures (above).

• Site SC26 resembles the other sites in this cluster (SC24 and SC25) as it is composed of an outer scalloped wall which encircles a number of centrally located enclosures.

Figure 12- Stone walled settlements dating from the Late Iron Age and Historical Period on the farm Schaapkraal 292JQ (above).

50 6.2.2 Stone walled sites in the north

The northern part of the Lonmin Project Area incorporating Wonderkop 400JQ has been severely affected by granite mining in certain parts. However, large tracks of land which have not been affected by granite mining or other development activities still occur. Some well-preserved single but mostly settlements which are clustered in groups of three or more exist in these unaffected areas. The survey which was done for Wonderkop 400JQ resulted in the geo-referencing and mapping of the following stone walled sites, namely:

• Site WO01 is located along the southern foot of the Langrand near the Lonmin Project Area’s eastern boundary. The site is characterised by a long wall running parallel with the randje and contains at least one enclosure. It is unaffected by development.

• Site WO02 is located to the west of Site WO01 and is marked by stone walls which are arranged in a haphazard pattern so that no clear settlement pattern can be distinguished. It may even be part of Site WO01.

• Site WO03 is recognisable due to the presence of large upright stones which were placed in a straight line. No other visible features can be distinguished together with this site.

• Site WO04 is a large well preserved stone walled site located to the north of Kaditshwene. It is constructed with formidable stone walls and an entrance leading to the higher part of the site is fitted with prominent monoliths. Thick deposits of ash and other archaeological material such as pottery occur on the surface of the site.

Figures 13 & 14- Site WO05 is a large settlement near the northern foot of Kaditshwene. It is characterized by massive constructed stone walls and thick, extensive middens. The surface of this site is covered with scattered potsherds and holds a lower grinding stone (above and below).

• Site WO05 is a small but well preserved stone walled site which is located on the northern tip of Kaditshwene. It is constructed with an outer enclosing wall which abuts against the foot of the hill and holds two or more enclosures in its central part.

• Site WO06 is a small stone walled site which is located along the eastern foot of Kaditswene. It is situated directly under Eskom’s power lines. It is well preserved but is currently being dumped with rubbish. The site is composed of an outer circular wall which abuts against the foot of the kopje and which encloses one or more centrally located enclosures.

• Site WO07 is a large stone walled settlement which is located along the north-western foot of Kaditshwene. It is slightly damaged. This settlement’s spatial pattern cannot be distinguished clearly. However, it may be composed of loosely arranged outer scalloped walls which encircle several centrally located enclosures.

• Site WO08 is located to the south of a kopje which is located to the north- western foot of Kaditshwene. This settlement reveals no clear settlement pattern but may be similar in spatial composition than Site WO07.

• Site WO09 is located under Eskom’s power line and was damaged when the power line was constructed. It is an elongated settlement with prominent enclosures which may have been embraced by an outer scalloped wall. It is situated on the southern foot slope of Vaalkop.

• Site WO10 consists of a long terrace wall which is constructed along the south-eastern base of Vaalkop.

Figures 15 & 16- Site WO09 is situated under Eskom’s power line and was damaged during the construction process (above). Site WO10 is composed of long terrace walls which follows the lower foot contour of Vaalkop (below).

• Site WO11 is located under Eskom’s power line and was damaged when the power line was constructed. Site WO11 represents a large stone walled site with no clear settlement pattern.

• Site WO12 is situated to the west of Site WO11 and is located under Eskom’s power line. This site was damaged when the power line was constructed. The settlement’s ground plan appears to be a haphazard arrangement of short stone walls and therefore no clear settlement pattern is distinguishable.

• Site WO13 is located along the southern foot of a low range of hills to the northwest of Langrand. It is situated under Eskom’s 400kV power lines but is in a pristine condition. This settlement is composed of an outer scalloped wall with centrally located enclosures.

• Site WO14 is situated directly to the west of Site WO13 and probably resembles Site WO13 in its spatial composition. This site is in an excellent condition.

• Site WO15 is situated directly to the east of Site WO14. This site is also composed of an outer scalloped wall with centrally situated enclosures. It is an excellent state of preservation.

• Site WO16 is situated, together with Sites WO13, Site WO14 and Site WO15 along the southern foot of a low hill. However, this site is marked by the presence of a limited number of stone walls, most probably small enclosures which appears to have collapsed. Site WO16 therefore lacks the general presence of stone walls which is a characteristic feature of most Late Iron Age sites.

• Site WO17 together with a number of stone walled sites occur on various plateaux on the low range of hills to the north-west of Langrand. This settlement is marked by an outer scalloped wall which encircles a number of central enclosures. Site WO17 is well preserved.

• Site WO18 is situated to the east of Site WO17 and is also characterised by an outer scalloped wall which encircles a number of central enclosures. However, this settlement has features which may resemble the arrangement and building features of dwellings as they appear in Nguni type of settlements. Site WO18 is excellently preserved.

Figure 17- Site WO18 is characterised by an outer scalloped wall which encircles a number of centrally located enclosures. Although this settlement style resembles that of a Tswana village Site WO18 also has features of Nguni settlements (above).

• Site WO19 is a large settlement which is composed of an outer scalloped wall with centrally located enclosures. It is situated to the west of Site WO17 and Site WO18.

• Site WO20 may be part of a large stone walled site which does not represent a single cohesive unit. It is composed of a prominent observable enclosure which is associated with a number of loosely related stone walls which are scattered across a large surface area.

• Site WO21 is a large settlement with a clear outer scalloped wall which surrounds a number of centrally located enclosures.

Figure 18- Site WO19 is a large settlement which is composed of an outer scalloped wall and centrally located enclosures (above).

• Site WO22 is a large settlement with a clear outer scalloped wall which surrounds a number of centrally located enclosures.

• Site WO23 seems to be part of a cluster of four settlements which are located along the western foot of a kopje to the east of Ramala. This cluster of settlements crosses the northern border of Wonderkop 400JQ onto the farm Schaapkraal 292JQ. Site WO23 is a large Late Iron Age site with low stone walls. It seems to be composed of an outer scalloped wall which encircles a number of centrally located enclosures. This site is well preserved.

Figure 19- Site WO24 is part of a cluster of four settlements which are located along the western foot of a kopje to the east of Ramala. This cluster of settlements crosses the northern border of Wonderkop 400JQ onto the farm Schaapkraal 292JQ (above).

• Site WO24 is a well preserved Late Iron Age settlement with an outer scalloped wall and centrally located enclosures.

• Site WO25 is similar in spatial composition than the settlements belonging to this cluster and is well preserved.

• Site WO26 is a large stone walled site and is similar in spatial composition than the other settlements which belong to this cluster. It is well preserved.

Figure 20- Stone walled settlements dating from the Late Iron Age and Historical Period on the farm Wonderkop 400JQ (above).

60 6.2.3 Stone walled sites in the north-east

The survey which was done for Turffontein 462JQ resulted in the geo-referencing and mapping of a considerable number of stone walled sites which are associated with this mountainous part of the Lonmin Project Area. These hills are covered with stone walled settlements dating from the Late Iron Age and the Historical Period. Settlements occur at hills such as Kaditshwene, Thatswetla, Mamatshwele, Ysterkoppies and Wonderkop which culturally and historically constitute a cultural landscape of some proportions. Some of these settlements also fall on the adjacent Middelkraal 466JQ. Historical hills also occur to the north of the Lonmin Project Area whilst the new tar road which runs between Segwaelane and Marikana divides this cultural landscape. Most of the settlements which were documented consist of individual sites some of which may be clustered together to form a concentration (or cluster) of sites.

Many of the stone walled sites on Turffontein 462JQ have been reoccupied in the more recent past and therefore contain in many instances two components, namely stone walls which clearly belonged to the Iron Age and stone walls which were readapted during more recent times in order to be converted into ‘modern’ dwellings. These modern dwellings are recognisable on features such as square foundations and structures as well as the presence of ‘modern’ materials such as glass bottles, ceramics and tin plate.

The historical component within the confines of the stone walled sites is in most instances not substantial. These settlements therefore retain their original dominant Late Iron Age character and features and therefore are classified as such. Historical settlements are only indicated as such whenever no evidence for any Iron Age origins can be observed.

The following Late Iron Age stone walled sites were recorded on Turffontein 462JQ and in the corner of Leeuwkop 402JQ, namely:

61 • Site TU01 is located in an open space between two kopjes. It seems as if this site may represent a combination of an older Late Iron Age stone walled site and walls which were constructed during the more recent past. Lines of stone also occur on the surfaces of some of the norite boulders near this site. These lines with upright stones usually date from the Late Iron Age.

• Site TU02 comprises a stone walled site which dates from the Late Iron Age. This settlement is located next to a quarry but was severely damaged when the quarry was excavated. This settlement is associated with clumps of Euphorbia trees.

• Site TU03 comprises a stone walled site which dates from the Late Iron Age. This site is also associated with a quarry where clay was removed. It is highly likely that the clay was used for the construction of dwellings and pots. This site is still well preserved.

• Site TU04 is a Late Iron Age site which has been readapted to be used in the more recent past. It therefore contains a number of square and elongated structures.

• Site TU05 is a stone walled site which dates from the Late Iron Age. It’s settlement style is unclear as it may have been robbed of stones.

• Site TU06 comprises a dwelling which dates from the recent past. The dwelling was constructed with clay bricks and is totally flattened. A small square feature constructed with clay bricks next to the dilapidated house may possibly be a grave of a child.

• Site TU07 consists of a concentration of clay bricks which belong to dwellings which date from the recent past and which have collapsed. The concentration of bricks is located in a stand with Euphorbia trees.

• Site TU08 consists of older stone walls which date from the Late Iron Age. These walls were readapted in order to accommodate a homestead which dates from the recent past.

• Site TU09 comprises a stone walled site which date from the Late Iron Age and which is in a pristine condition.

• Site TU10 comprises remains from the recent past.

• Site TU11 is a stone walled site which dates from the Late Iron Age. This site was destroyed when granite was sampled from the series of hills on the western outskirts of the village of Segwaelane.

• Site TU12 is an extensive and well preserved Late Iron Age site which is located against the northern slope of a kopje. It is composed of an outer wall which encircles a number of enclosures against the foot of the kopje. A prominent lower grinding stone occurs on the outer perimeter wall of this settlement (Sites TU10 to TU12 represent a single cluster).

• Site TU13 is a Late Iron Age site which is located against the northern and north-eastern slope of a kopje (Sites TU13 to TU15 represent a single cluster).

• Site TU14 is a Late Iron Age site which is located against the eastern slope of a kopje. (Tin plate and bricks indicate intrusive remains from the recent past in this Late Iron Age complex). (Sites TU12 to TUR14 represent a single cluster).

Figure 21- Site TU13 is an extensive and well preserved Late Iron Age site which was constructed with heavy solid walls (above).

• Site TU15 is a Late Iron Age site which is situated between low rising syenite knolls. This site amongst others includes large upright stones that were placed in lines. One of the walls of the site was slightly damaged by a bulldozer. A quarry from where clay was mined occurs in the site.

• Site TU16 resembles Site TU15 in appearance. It is mainly composed of large upright stones that were placed in lines. This settlement is well preserved.

• Site TU17 is a stone walled site which dates from the recent past. It holds several foundations of elongated structures which were constructed with concrete.

• Site TU18 is a Late Iron Age stone walled site which is located on the flats.

• Site TU19 is a Late Iron Age stone walled site which was damaged when a road was constructed through the site.

• Site TU20 is a Late Iron Age stone walled site along the southern foot of kopje and was damaged when exploration workers constructed roads in the area.

• Site TU21 is a Late Iron Age stone walled site which was damaged when roads were constructed for exploration activities. This site is situated along the southern and western foot of a kopje.

• Site TU22 dates from the recent past. It is composed of stone walls with square walls and large upright stones. The upright stones were placed in straight lines.

• Site TU23 is a stone walled site which was damaged by exploration activities. It occurs in association with a cluster of Euphorbia trees.

• Site TU24 is an extensive and impressive Late Iron Age stone walled settlement with high and well preserved walls. It was damaged during earlier exploration activities. Several square foundations of dwellings which were constructed with stone and which date from the recent past occur within the confines of this Late Iron Age site.

• Site TU25 is a well preserved Late Iron Age site with stone walls. However, some damage was caused to its outer wall by earlier exploration activities. It seems as if this site was composed of an outer scalloped wall which encloses centrally located enclosures.

65 • Site TU26 represents a feature which comprises one of several lines of upright stone lines along the foot of a kopje.

• Site TU27 is a well preserved Late Iron Age stone walled site along the eastern foot of Mamatswele. This site is composed of an outer scalloped wall which encloses centrally located enclosures.

Figures 22- Site TU27 is one of several well preserved stone walled sites along the base of Mamatshwele (above). Most of these sites are composed of outer scalloped walls with centrally located enclosures (below).

• Site TU28 is a well preserved Late Iron Age stone walled site along the eastern foot of Mamatswele.

• Site TU29 is a small stone walled site which dates from the Late Iron Age which is located along the western foot of a long, low mountain range.

66 • Site TU30 comprises two circular foundations which were constructed with stone and which possibly served as foundations for dwellings. These dwellings are associated with low stone walls and enclosures which are located on higher levels of the lower slope of the kopje where these remains are located.

• Site TU31 comprises of a line of upright stones which is situated on the flat surface of a rock.

• Site TU32 is a large stone walled site which dates from the Late Iron Age. This site comprises an outer scalloped wall which encircles centrally located enclosures. This site is situated against the lower eastern foot of Mamatswele.

• Site TU33 is a large stone walled site which dates from the Late Iron Age. It consists of an outer scalloped wall with centrally located enclosures. This site is situated near the foot of Mamatswele.

• Site TU34 is a Late Iron Age settlement with an outer scalloped stone wall which encircles centrally located enclosures.

• Site TU35 merely comprises a site with rudimentary stone walls. This site also dates from the Late Iron Age but does not reveal a clear interpretable settlement style.

• Site TU36 is a well preserved Late Iron Age settlement with an outer scalloped stone wall and centrally located enclosures.

Figures 23- Site TU36 reveals a typical Tswana settlement style which comprises an outer scalloped wall with centrally located enclosures (below).

• Site TU37 may represent an extension of Site TUR36.

• Site TU38 dates from the recent past. It is located close to the south-eastern foot of a kopje with a trigonometrically beacon. It is also situated near a dirt road and a power line. Site TUR38 is composed of straight and square walls as well as with square and elongated foundations. Tin plate and glass occur on the surface of the site which indicates that Site TUR44 dates from the more recent past.

• Site TU39 is a well preserved Late Iron Age stone walled settlement. It is characterised by extensive stone walls which occur along the southern foot of a mountain with a trigonometrically beacon.

68 • Site TU40 is a well preserved stone walled site with extensive stone walls.

• Site TU41 is a well preserved Late Iron Age stone walled settlement which is located along the south-western foot of a mountain. Its outer wall is composed of scallops which enclose small centrally located enclosures. The central part of the site holds a few square structures. It is also possible that stone walls were robbed from this site.

• Site TU42 is a large Late Iron Age stone walled settlement with a single enclosure in its centre. This site may be part of Site TUR47.

• Site TU43 is a well preserved Late Iron Age stone walled settlement site. It contains several centrally located enclosures which are linked together. The outer wall of this site is composed of scallops and small enclosures.

• Site TU44 is a Late Iron Age stone walled settlement which is characterised by low inconspicuous stone walls and prominent middens.

• Site TU45 is an exceptionally well preserved Late Iron Age stone walled settlement. It has well developed outer scalloped walls and centrally located enclosures.

• Site TU46 is Late Iron Age stone walled settlement which is composed of large upright stones which are placed in rows. These lines of stone demarcate different spatial units.

• Site TU47 is a Late Iron Age stone walled settlement which is composed of an outer scalloped wall which encircles centrally located enclosures. It is also characterised by extensive middens.

69 • Site TU48 is a Late Iron Age stone walled settlement which is composed of a massive outer wall with a double row of foundation stones. The settlement features of the site are unclear as the site is covered with thick vegetation.

• Site TU49 is a Late Iron Age stone walled settlement which is composed of an outer scalloped wall and centrally located enclosures. It is excellently preserved.

Figure 24- Site TU43 and others in close proximity reveal outer scalloped walls were dwellings were constructed and centrally located enclosures where stock were penned (above).

• Site TU50 is a Late Iron Age stone walled settlement which is composed of an outer scalloped wall and centrally located enclosures. It is excellently preserved.

• Site TU51 is a Late Iron Age stone walled settlement which is composed of a loosely arranged outer scalloped wall and centrally located enclosures. It is characterised by corridors which occur between the various spatial components.

• Site TUR52 is a Late Iron Age stone walled settlement which is closely linked with Site TUR51.

• Site TU53 was probably a Late Iron Age settlement which was readapted in the more recent past. It incorporates enclosures with rectangular ground plan forms. This site is not pristine any longer.

• Site TU54 dates from the Late Iron Age and comprises a few isolated enclosures that occur in thick bush.

• Site TU55 dates from the Late Iron Age and comprises a site with large single rows of upright stones.

• Site TU56 dates from the Late Iron Age but has no clear settlement style. However, a rudimentary outer scalloped wall can be distinguished. This site is also associated with extensive middens.

• Site TU57 dates from the Late Iron Age and comprises stone walls which are covered with sickle bush. No clear settlement style or any other features

• Site TU58 dates from the Late Iron Age and comprises of a number of stone walls. However, no clear settlement style or any other features can be distinguished as this site is covered with vegetation and bush.

71 • Site TU59 dates from the Late Iron Age and is located near a bend in Eskom’s power line.

• Site TU60 dates from the Late Iron Age. It is an extensive site which incorporates sections which are in pristine condition. The site is slightly damaged where dwellings from the recent past were established in a part of the settlement.

• Site TU61 dates from the recent past. It contains several rectangular dwellings and covers a large surface area where rows of sisal were planted.

• Site TU62 dates from the Late Iron Age and is an extensive stone walled site which is located near Eskom’s power line. It occupies an area between two kopjes. Some of the walls were readapted in the more recent past in order to establish rectangular stone walled dwellings in the older part of the settlement.

Figure 25- Stone walled settlements dating from the Late Iron Age and Historical Period on the farm Turffontein 462JQ (above).

73 6.2.4 Scattered stone walled settlements

Scattered stone walled sites occur throughout the Lonmin Project Area. These include the following: • Stone walled sites which occur in the so called Magalies rain shadow area, a long narrow stretch of land that is situated between the norite kopjes to the north and the Magaliesberg in the south. Large stone walled complexes in this area fall on farms such as Buffelfsfontein 465JQ, Kroondal 304JQ and Rietfontein 338JQ outside the Lonmin Project Area. (These sites are not discussed in this report).

The stone walled sites that do occur as scattered occurrences within the Lonmin Project Area are the following, namely:

6.2.4.1 Middelkraal 466JQ

The stone walled sites on Middelkraal 466JQ either occur in association with scattered dolerite kopjes or near dolerite outcrops which occur on the flats towards the central part of this farm. Stone walled sites also occur along the north-eastern corner of Middelkraal 466JQ where this farm meets Turffontein 462JQ at a juncture where a number of prominent kopjes such as Kaditshwene, Thatswetla, Mamatswele, Ysterkoppies and Wonderkop occur. The majority of these single and clusters of sites (cultural landscapes) have been recorded as occurring on Turffontein 462JQ as the majority fall in the boundaries of this farm.

Other stone walled sites on this farm are the following:

• Site MD01 represents an extensive stone walled site which dates from the Late Iron Age. This settlement used to occupy the northern, eastern and southern slopes of Jakkalskop near the informal villages of Nonkeng and Marikana. However, the larger part of this settlement was destroyed as a

74 result of the development of the Lonmin smelter complex. A Phase II investigation of the remains at Jakkalskop was undertaken and the results of the investigation were published (Pistorius & Muller 2011).

Figure 26- Stone walled sites along the eastern slope of Jakkalskop (Site MDL01) which has been damaged extensively by construction activities (above).

• Site MD02 comprises the remains of a few stone walls which are still intact along the northern base line of Vaalkop. However, the larger part of this settlement was destroyed as a result of the construction of infrastructure near the base of this hill.

• Site MD03 to the west of the Lonmin smelter was affected and some of its stone walls were destroyed and damaged when Eskom constructed 275kV power lines across this site.

Figures 27 & 28- Site MD03 and Site MD04 are located to the west of Jakkalskop where Lonmin intends to establish new infrastructure in the future (above and below).

• Site MD04 which is located slightly to the north of Site MD03 is well preserved and seems to be younger than Site MD03. This site is constructed with several structures which have rectangular ground plans whilst most of the other walls are bend with ninety degree angles. This site is also associated with a quarry from where clay was mined.

• Site MD05 is part of a cluster which is located on the shoulder of the road that runs between Marikana and the two Lonmin plants. These sites have been damaged by developmental activities in the past and are probably part of a sphere of influence whose centre is located further south-east outside the Lonmin Project Area.

• Site MD06 is located along the southern foot of a low norite hill which is identified as Rooiheuwel on the outstretched flats in close proximity of Site MD05. This settlement differs in spatial composition from most of the other stone walled sites which resemble dikgôrô as it is characterised by a half- circular outer wall which embraces and joins the settlement with the foot of the norite protrusion.

• Site MD07 is located on the northern shoulder of the tar road that runs between the Marikana dirt road and Lonmin and is composed of two components. This settlement clearly represents a Tswana kgôrô as it comprises of an outer scalloped wall which surrounds centrally located enclosures.

• Site MD08 is situated on a small plateau on a low but extended granite knoll which occurs to the north of the railway. This site is in a pristine condition but is not an extensive settlement.

Figure 29- Site MD07 is located in the midst of agricultural fields on flat, outstretched land and clearly represents a typical Tswana kgôrô (above).

• Several stone walled sites occur along the Elandspruit which flows into the Middelkraaldam. The Maretlwane River again flows out of this dam. Most of these sites have been damaged extensively whilst some have been destroyed due to various developmental activities on both sides of the Elandspruit. Those that have been recorded are the following:

Site MD09 is situated directly on the eastern shoulder of the Marikana dirt road and directly next to a residence which was partly constructed on top of the site. The site is composed of a number of enclosures and other stone walls but a clear settlement pattern cannot be distinguished.

78 Site MD10 is situated on the western shoulder of the dirt road that runs to Marikana. Part of this site was destroyed and only a few enclosures and other stone walls are recognisable.

6.2.4.2 Turffontein 466JQ

Only one stone walled site was recorded on Turffontein 446JQ, namely:

• Site TU01 is located on and along a small norite protrusion (Maroelakop) south of a railway line and north of a tailings dump. Part of the site was readapted in the more recent past in order to be occupied.

Figure 30- An extensive stone walled site to the north of Maroelakop (Site TU01) directly to the south of a railway line (above). This site was readapted in the more recent past to be used as an informal settlement.

79 6.2.4.3 Schaapkraal 292JQ

A number of low kopjes occur near Ongelukskoppie on the southern border of Schaapkraal 292JQ. It seems as if these kopjes were not inhabited on a substantial scale during the Late Iron Age or the Historical Period.

However, a number of single circular foundations occur between some of these kopjes with the majority located along the western foot of the most northern kopje in this series.

Figure 31- Scattered stone walled settlements dating from the Late Iron Age and Historical Period across the Lonmin Project Area (above).

6.5 Historical settlements, remains from the recent past and graveyards

Historical settlements, houses, graveyards and remains from the recent past also occur throughout the Project Area. Remains which are older than sixty years qualify as historical remains whilst remains from the recent past are younger than sixty years. The following settlements, houses and graveyards are listed in this report, namely:

6.5.1 Historical settlements and remains from the recent past

These settlements cannot always be clearly distinguished from each other and in many instances may date from the Historical Period (longer than sixty years ago) into the recent past. Not all remains that qualify as historical remains or remains from the recent past were recorded in the Lonmin Project Area. This is due to the weak state of repair many of these remains experience as a result of severe disturbance or due to the fact that these remains have fallen into total ruin and have disintegrated.

Some historical remains or remains from the recent past may actually have been constructed from older building material such as the stone from Late Iron Age settlements. In some instances Late Iron Age settlements have been adapted in order to be used in the more recent past. Some remains merely date from the more recent past.

The following settlements have been documented, namely:

6.5.1.1 Turffontein 466JQ

Turffontein 266JQ was occupied from the pre-historical past into the more recent past. The following sites were recorded on Turffontein 466JQ, namely:

82 • Site TU01 comprises of the remains dating from the recent past. These remains are located within the confines of older stone walls dating from the Late Iron Age. These remains together with those listed below are located along the foot of a kopje which is situated on the western outskirts of the village of Segwaelane. This settlement is associated with a cluster of Euphorbias.

• Site TU02 is merely noticeable as a low rise on the surface of the ground. It is also associated with an open spot, glass and with tin plate. It is most likely that this site represents remains from the recent past which may have been constructed on top of older remains (possibly dating from the Late Iron Age). These remains are situated along the southern foot of a kopje on the western outskirts of the village of Segwaelane.

Figure 32- Site TU01 consists of historical or remains from the more recent past which are located within the confines of Late Iron Age remains (above).

• Site TU03 comprises the stone foundation of a dwelling along the southern foot of a kopje on the western outskirts of Segwaelane. The dwelling has a square ground plan and therefore dates from the recent past. It is most likely that this site represents remains from the recent past which may have been constructed on top of older remains (possibly dating from the Late Iron Age).

• Site TU04 comprises the stone foundation of an elongated dwelling which was constructed along the southern foot of a kopje on the western outskirts of Segwaelane. It is most likely that this site represents remains from the recent past which may have been constructed on top of older remains (possibly dating from the Late Iron Age).

Figure 33- Stone foundations with square and elongated plan forms represent historical and remains from the recent past. These remains in most instances occur near Late Iron Age settlements (above).

84 • Site TU05 consists of the foundation of a square dwelling. It is most likely that this site represents remains from the recent past.

• Site TU06 comprises the outer square walls of a homestead. It is most likely that this site represents remains from the recent past.

6.5.1.2 Schaapkraal 292JQ

The farm Schaapkraal 292JQ was occupied from the pre-historical past into the more recent past. The following sites were recorded on Schaapkraal 292JQ, namely: • Site SC01 comprises the remains of an extensive settlement that possibly dates from the Historical Period into the more recent past. This settlement is situated along the western banks of the River and is also associated with a large graveyard. Remains of dwellings constructed with stone and with square and elongated ground plans still occur.

Figure 34- Remains from the Historical Period and/or from the recent past comprising of the remains of square dwellings (above).

85 6.5.3 Historical houses

Historical houses are not common in the Lonmin Project Area any longer. Most of the farm houses that used to exist were located to the north and to the south of Marikana where the first colonists established farms such as Schaapkraal 292JQ, Middelkraal 466JQ, Zwartkoppies/Rooikoppies 297JQ and ‘Kafferskraal’ 342JQ.

Most of these residences have been abandoned during the past decades and those that have not been demolished are now in such a state of ruin that they cannot be rescued (renovated) and therefore have no significance any longer. This is also true for historical structures such as tobacco drying shed and other outbuildings (milk sheds, rondavels, etc) that used to be part of historical farmstead complexes.

It is highly likely that a number of houses which are older than sixty years also do occur in villages such as Segwalaene and the two Marikanas.

The exact number of historical houses throughout the Project Area requires an independent survey as such a survey would require that an in-depth house to house survey has to be conducted.

Figure 35- A well preserved historical dwelling on the farm of the Pretorius family on Middelkraal 466JQ (above).

6.5.4 Graveyards

Most of the villages in the Lonmin Project Area are associated with graveyards which are currently still being used. However, many of these graveyards are older than sixty and in some instances some may be older than hundred years. The majority of the graveyards in the Lonmin Project Area therefore have historical significance.

The following graveyards have been documented in the Lonmin Project Area. It is highly likely that a number of graveyards still exist which have not been discovered and recorded as yet.

87 6.5.4.1 Middelkraal 466JQ

The graveyards that are known to exist on Middelkraal 466JQ in the Lonmin Project Area include the following, namely: • GY01 is associated with the ruins of dwellings once occupied by black families. These remains now have disintegrated. According to a spokesperson GY01 and the residential site already existed in 1967. The people left the area and abandoned the graveyard in 1986. No further burials occur here anymore. However, the graveyard is still visited by family members. The graveyard is neatly maintained and contains more than thirty-five graves which consist of heaps of stone.

Figure 36– GY02 on Middelkraal 466JQ holds at least four graves amongst others that of Christopher Parker who died in 1892. The four graves date from the 19th century and are amongst the oldest in the region. The graveyard is located on a bend in the Marikana dirt road (above).

88 • GY02 is a historical graveyard dating from the 19th century. This graveyard is located to the west of the bend in the Middelkraal dirt road. GY02 includes the graves of Christopher Parker (born 25 Dec. 1839 and died 20 Jan 1892) and that of Marthinus Christoffel Barnard (1852 to 1937). At least two other graves can be recognised by the presence of small headstones.

• GY03 is a contemporary graveyard with the graves of a Botha and two members of the Van Rooyen family

• GY04 holds the remains of John Boloyi and several other people. Only the grave of John Baloyi is fitted with a headstone. This graveyard is located to the east of the Middelkraal dirt road directly on the northern perimeter fence of a stock yard. According to a spokesperson, Boloyi was buried here around 1980.

• GY05 is a contemporary graveyard with the graves of white farmers and their families. This graveyard contains the remains of amongst others members of the Nieuwenhuisen, Botha, Visser, Pieterse and Esterhuisen families.

• GY06 may date from the 19th century. It probably holds the remains of farm workers but possibly also of communities who lived in the area considering the size of the graveyard. The graveyard is neglected and overgrown with weed. Merely two of the graves are decorated with granite headstones. The graveyard is situated directly to the south of the railway line.

Figure 37– GY06 on Middelkraal 466JQ holds a large number of graves many of which must be older than hundred years but which are undecorated and marked. Only two graves are fitted with granite headstones. This graveyard is located on the western shoulder of the Marikana dirt road and directly south of the railway line (above).

• GY07 contains a large number of graves most of which are overgrown with weed. Inscriptions on some of the headstones indicate that members of the Botha, Esterhuisen and Van Staden families were buried in this graveyard. Inscriptions on two of the headstones read as follow: ‘In liefdevolle herinnering aan my eggenoot, vader en grootvader Renier Jacobs Botha’. A second read as follows: ‘Tere gedagtenis aan ons seuntjie Charles Johan Sheppard Geb 2 Junie 1842 Oorl 4 Sept 1843 Slaap sag liewe boetie tot Jesus u wek Goeienag’

90 • GY08 holds the remains of at least thirty individuals and is located within the confines of a Late Iron Age stone walled site. Most of the graves are covered with piles of stone or are demarcated with upright stones. At least two of the graves are fitted with cement headstones with no inscriptions.

Figure 38– GY08 on Middelkraal 466JQ falls with the confines of a Late Iron Age stone walled site and holds at least thirty graves of which two are fitted with cement headstones (above).

• GY09 occurs to the west of a proposed new Tailings Dam. It holds approximately twenty graves of which four are fitted with newly decorated granite headstones. Inscriptions on some of these headstones read as follow: ‘Lazarus Ounooi Dire Born 15-10-1948 Sefala 105 Ke nwaana wag ago bitso la gogo a le bokoe robale ka kagiso’ ‘In loving memory of Mmaminyana Elizabeth Dire *31-01-1918 †05- 05-2000 Ps 71’ Sefele modimo wa bolka Rest in peace Ps 71’

Figure 39- GY09 on Middelkraal 466JQ is located in open veld and holds approximately twenty graves of which four are fitted with new granite headstones (above).

• GY10 also occurs to the west of a proposed new Tailings Dam. It contains as many as sixteen graves of amongst others the Botha, Steenkamp and Human families. Most of the graves are decorated. Inscriptions on some of the headstones read as follow: ‘Ter gedagtenis aan ons dierbare moeder en grootmoeder Isabella Elizabeth Steenkamp (voorheen Botha) Gebore 12-12-1894 Oorl 7- 06-1988’ ‘Ter gedagtenis aan ons broer Petrus Gerhardus Human Gebore 7- 04-1913 Oorl 23-08-1918 Rus in vrede’

Figure 40- GY09 on Middelkraal 466JQ holds the remains of the Botha, Steenkamp and the Human families (above).

• GY11 is demarcated with a fence and is located in tall grass. Only three graves are visible on its surface. One of the graves is marked with a small white cross. No headstones with inscriptions are present.

• GY12 is located on a plateau on an extended granite knoll which is situated directly to the north of a railway line. GY12 contains at least twenty five which are all covered and demarcated with stones.

Figure 41- GY10 is barely recognisable in tall grass. It reveals the presence of at least three graves. More graves may exist but may not be visible on the surface. Note the grave that is marked with a white cross (below).

6.5.4.2 Turffontein 462JQ

The following graveyards were recorded on Turffontein 462JQ, namely:

• GY13 is a large formal graveyard which is located in Segwaelane. This graveyard holds hundreds of graves.

• GY14 is a small informal graveyard located to the north of a railway line and next to a dirt road that runs to Segwaelane. This graveyard is located in open veld and holds the remains of approximately seven individuals.

Figure 42- GY14 on Turffontein 462JQ is located in open veld to the north of Maroelakop and holds the remains of seven individuals (above).

• GY15 is located near Eskom’s power lines and is demarcated with a fence. This graveyard holds approximately twelve (?) graves.

• GY16 is situated near the bend in the tar road that runs to the Eastern Platinum Mine. It is situated on the edge of an opencast mine and holds more than a hundred graves.

Figure 43- GY16 on Turffontein 462JQ is located next to an open cast pit and

contains the remains of more than one hundred individuals (above).

6.5.4.3 Schaapkraal 292JQ

At least two graveyards are known to exist on Schaapkraal 292JQ. They are the following: • GY17 is an informal graveyard which is located on level ground between Rondekop and Visierskerf. The graveyard contains approximately six to eight graves. All the graves are covered with piles of stone.

• GY18 is located along the southern foot of the Swartkoppe mountains. The number of graves in the graveyard could not be established due to dense vegetation and the fact that most of the graves are undecorated. However, the graveyard can be classified as a large graveyard.

96 • GY19 is a large informal graveyard which is associated with remains from the recent past. It is located near the western banks of the Sterkstroom and holds approximately fifty graves most of which are covered with piles of stone. At least three of the graves are fitted with cement headstones. Inscriptions on these headstones are the following: ‘In loving memory of Nomgele Cathrine Born 1932-04-05 Died 19761205’. A second inscription read as follows: ‘In loving memory of our beloved father Raselina Jonas Metsweamese 19440818 20050612 RIP’.

6.5.4.4 Swartkoppies 296JQ

Two graveyards were recorded on Swartkoppies 296JQ, namely:

• GY20 served as Marikana’s main graveyard. It is located on the western shoulder of the dirt road that runs northwards across Rooikoppies 297JQ, Swartkoppies 296JQ and Schaapkraal 292JQ. It holds close to a hundred graves most of which are decorated.

Inscriptions on some of the headstones read as follow: ‘My geliefde eggenoot en ons vader Jacobus Frederik Koot Viljoen Geb 26041918 Oorl 07011983’. ‘In liefdevolle herinnering aan Willem Andries Petrus Pretorius Geb 06071968 Oorl 31101991 Sy plek is leeg sy stem is stil ons swyg o Heer dit was U wil’

Figure 44- Marikana’s main graveyard (GY20) is located near the southern banks of the Sterkstroom on Swartkoopies 296JQ (above).

• GY21 belongs to the Steenkamp family and is situated on the farm of the

Barnard family. The graveyard contains three graves which are decorated. Inscriptions on the headstones read as follow: ‘In liefdevolle herinnering aan ons dierbare vader en grootvader Willem Hendrik Steenkamp Geb 8-03- 1896 Oorl 9-08-1961 Ons sal jou altyd bemin’. Another inscription read as follows: ‘Hier rus ons dierbare seuntjie en broertjie JW (Japie) Trout Geb 8 Sep 1963 Oorl 14 Feb 1964 Veilig in Jesus Armen’.

98 6.5.4.5 Rooikoppies 297JQ

Two graveyards were recorded on Rooikoppies 296JQ. Both the graveyards are located near the 132kV Eskom power line which runs from the Big Horn Substation to the Turf Shaft.

• GY22 is located directly under Eskom’s power line and may hold as many as thirty graves. Most of the graves have cement edgings. Some are covered with stones. Only two have funerary goods while at least four have tombstones manufactured from cement. Two of the tombstones have inscriptions, namely: Johanna Ntefo Mokue, Born 26121910, Died 07061979. The inscription on the second reads as follows: ‘In loving memory of our child Alina Serufe Moiponi Masimong Born 220648 Died 310549’. This graveyard is also associated with extensive remains that date from the recent past.

• GY23 is located to the west of GY01 and is situated in close proximity of Eskom’s power line. GY02 may hold as many as ten graves.

Figure 45- Graveyards in the Lonmin Project Area (above).

100

7 THE SIGNIFICANCE, POSSIBLE IMPACT ON AND MITIGATION OF HERITAGE RESOURCES

7.1 Types and ranges of heritage resources

The following types and ranges of heritage resources were discovered in the Lonmin Project Area, namely:

It is possible that some of these types and ranges of heritage resources may be affected (impacted) when future development activities are undertaken in the Lonmin Project Area. The significance of the various types and ranges of heritage resources in the Lonmin Project Area therefore is indicated whilst general mitigation measures are outlined for those heritage resources which may be affected by future development activities.

The significance of the heritage resources in the Lonmin Project Area is indicated by means of stipulations derived from the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999).

7.1.1 Stone Age sites

101 7.1.2 Late Iron Age sites

The significance of each single or cluster of stone walled site (which represent cultural landscapes of some proportions can further be scrutinised according to criteria such as the following: the cultural-historical background of these structures; their scientific or architectural value; their use in the field of tourism, museums or education, their aesthetic appearance; repeatability (scarcity); their emotional (ideological) value or association with any living communities.

7.1.3 Historical remains

The significance of each and every historical settlement or historical house can further be scrutinised according to criteria such as the following: the cultural-historical background of these structures; their scientific or architectural value; their use in the field of tourism, museums or education; their aesthetic appearance; repeatability (scarcity) and their architectural or emotional (ideological) value.

7.1.4 Graveyards and graves

102 The act also distinguishes various categories of graves and burial grounds. Other legislation with regard to graves includes those which apply when graves are exhumed and relocated, namely the Ordinance on Exhumations (No 12 of 1980) and the Human Tissues Act (No 65 of 1983 as amended).

7.2 Possible impact on heritage resources

It is possible that heritage resources may be impacted or affected (altered, destroyed, removed) in the Lonmin Project Area as a result of the following consequences:

7.3 Mitigation and management of the heritage resources

The following guidelines are recommended in order to minimise any possible impact on heritage resources in the Lonmin Project Area. These mitigation measures are divided into:

• General mitigation guidelines which must continuously be applied throughout the Lonmin Project Area.

103 • Specialised mitigation measures that must be applied to specific sites where possible clashes between heritage resources and development activities may occur in the Lonmin Project Area.

7.3.1 General mitigation (management) guidelines

The following general guidelines with regard to the pro-active protection and conservation (management) of heritage resources can be implemented namely:

7.3.1.1 Heritage awareness

• Field personnel should be made aware of the presence of the types and ranges of heritage resources that occur in the Lonmin Project Area. This can amongst others be done during induction courses. • Personnel must be encouraged to avoid all types and ranges of heritage resources (and cultural landscapes) at all costs. • The discovery of any heritage sites (nor recorded in this report) must be reported to an environmental officer who again must rapport these discoveries to the archaeologist. New discoveries must be added to this heritage register. • Personnel and contractors must be informed about the penalties associated with damage to heritage resources as well as the unlawful removal of cultural, historical and archaeological remains and artefacts associated with heritage sites. Artefacts such as stone tools, potsherds, upper and lower grindings stones, etc. must be left un-interfered with (in situ) in its original archaeological context. • If any heritage resources of significance are exposed as a result of project-related activities the environmental officer should be notified. All activities have to be stopped and an archaeologist accredited with the Association for Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA) be notified in order to determine appropriate mitigation measures for the discovered finds. This may include obtaining authorisation (permits) from SAHRA to conduct mitigation measures if any heritage resources have been affected.

7.3.1.2 Project activities (areas)

104 • Development areas should be inspected before any activities commences. If development activities impacts on heritage sites the activities should not take place or must be conducted elsewhere. If this is not possible mitigation measures have to be applied to the heritage site prior to the development activities commencing. An archaeologist registered with ASAPA must be contacted to determine appropriate mitigation measures and to obtain the necessary authorization and permits from the authorities. • ‘Safe distances’ between heritage resources and development activities or new surface infrastructure have to be determined by the archaeologist and SAHRA. Safety measures, such as distances between heritage resources and the footprint of developmental activities are not outlined in the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). • Conspicuous areas in the Lonmin Project Area sensitive to the harbouring of possible heritage resources must be carefully approached: e.g. river banks which may hold stone tools; outer edges of townships which harbour cemeteries; historical houses occur within most of the villages in the Lonmin Project Area; stone walled sites nearly always occur near the base lines of norite hills and mountains; norite protrusions are mostly associated with stone walls; informal graveyards may occur anywhere in the veldt where households were established in the past, etc.

7.3.1.3 Communities

Communities living close to development activities should be consulted as these locations may hold some significance to the local people, e.g. inconspicuous graves known to the community may exist; sites in the veldt may be used for church services or for initiation ceremonies (schools) or sites unknown to outsiders may hold some unknown emotional (ideological) significance, etc.

7.3.1.4 Graves and graveyards

All graves and cemeteries must strictly be avoided. If development activities are conducted near inconspicuous graves they have to be demarcated with red cautionary tape. Burials hold high emotional value. Mitigation measures for graves are time consuming, extensive and expensive, especially when graves have to be relocated.

105 7.3.1.5 Cultural landscapes

The majority of heritage resources that were identified occur in the sensitive northern part of the Lonmin Project Area where single and clusters of stone walled sites which date from the Late Iron Age occur. Stone walled sites which occur in clusters which cover large surface areas constitute cultural landscapes of various proportions.

It is recommended that the following mitigation measures be applied at archaeological zones (cultural landscapes) with high significance, namely:

• Sensitive archaeological zones and sites must be visited before development activities commence in order to determine the perimeter (boundaries) of these sites and landscapes. • Development activities must be planned and adapted around cultural landscapes in such a way that these sites and composition of sites are not affected (e.g. bisected by linear developments) during the implementation of the development activities. • Appropriate mitigation measures must be applied when cultural landscapes could not be avoided as a result of new development activities. • Authorisation must be obtained from the authorities before any mitigation measures are applied.

7.3.2 Specific or specialised mitigation (management) guidelines

The following specialised mitigation (management) measures have to be applied to the various types and ranges of heritage resources which occur in the Lonmin Project Area, namely:

7.3.2.1 Stone Age sites

Stone tools can be collected from the surface of the land and/or Stone Age sites can be excavated. Stone tools are analysed in laboratories and some types may be used in museum collections. The results of these specialised investigations must be published in reports which are kept in SAHRA’s data bank.

Stone Age sites can only be investigated by archaeologists who are accredited with ASAPA and only after the necessary permission has been obtained from SAHRA.

106 7.3.2.2 Late Iron Age sites

Late Iron Age sites are documented by means of surveys and are mapped. Excavations are done in certain spatial units of these complex sites. The archaeological material which is retrieved by means of the excavations are analysed in laboratories and some is used in museum collections. The results of these specialised investigations must be published in reports which are kept in SAHRA’s data bank.

Late Iron Age sites can only be investigated by archaeologists who are accredited with ASAPA and only after the necessary permission has been obtained from SAHRA.

7.3.2.3 Historical remains

Historical remains are documented by means of surveys and are mapped. Excavations are done in certain spatial units of these complex sites. The archaeological material which is retrieved by means of the excavations are analysed in laboratories and some is used in museum collections. The results of these specialised investigations must be published in reports which are kept in SAHRA’s data bank.

Historical remains and sites can only be investigated by archaeologists who are accredited with ASAPA and only after the necessary permission has been obtained from SAHRA.

Historical houses must be documented before they are demolished or renovated (changed). This implies that plan and profile drawings of the houses have to done and that they must be fully documented by means of drawings and a photographic record.

Historical houses can only be investigated by historical architects who are accredited with ASAPA and only after the necessary permission has been obtained from SAHRA.

7.3.2.4 Graveyards and graves

If any of the graves in the Lonmin Project Area may be affected by future projects the following mitigation measures can be applied, namely:

• Graveyards can be demarcated with brick walls or with fences. Conserving graveyards in situ in mining areas create the risk and responsibility that they may

107 be damaged, accidentally, that the mine remains responsible for their future unaffected existence, maintenance and that controlled access must exist for any relatives or friends who wish to visit the deceased. • Graveyards can also be exhumed and relocated. The exhumation of human remains and the relocation of graveyards are regulated by various laws, regulations and administrative procedures. This task is undertaken by forensic archaeologists or by reputed undertakers who are acquainted with all the administrative procedures and relevant legislation that have to be adhered to whenever human remains are exhumed and relocated. This process also includes social consultation with a 60 days statutory notice period for graves older than sixty years. Permission for the exhumation and relocation of human remains have to be obtained from the descendants of the deceased (if known), the National Department of Health, the Provincial Department of Health, the Premier of the Province and the local police.

The relocation of graves and graveyards are done by forensic archaeologists or any reputed funeral undertaker.

108 8 LONG TERM HERITAGE PROGRAMME

The Bankeveld is known for its rich cultural heritage ranging from the Stone Age through the Iron Age. This was followed by the Colonial (historical) Period which was marked by the settlement of Voortrekker families in the Magaliesberg practicing big game hunting, trading and mixed farming. During the early 20th century prospecting for minerals was followed by increasing mining and industrialization which dramatically changed the original features and character of the region. Types and ranges of heritage resources that are associated with this chronological development still occur throughout the region and are outlined in Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999). These heritage resources are part of South Africa’s ‘national estate’ which should be conserved and protected.

It is important to realize that cultural heritage management work can be done in symbiosis with other ventures ensuring greater benefits for stakeholders, the natural and cultural heritage and Lonmin itself. The cultural and natural heritage within the Lonmin Project Area (and in the wider region) can be utilized in a sustainable way to contribute to various long term venture(s) which could be beneficial to the region if Lonmin implements closure plans for some of its mining operations in the future.

Various long-term activities can be considered in order to utilize the heritage resources of Lonmin in a sustainable way. A Planning Group can discuss, consider and implement activities such as those which are listed below. The long term incorporation of Lonmin’s heritage in the context of the cultural-history of the wider region should be an important future focus. Considering the heritage resources in the Lonmin Project Area in a holistic nature will add value to these heritage resources as well as to those outside the mining area. Activities which can be considered as part of a proposed Cultural Heritage Management Program for Lonmin are briefly outlined below

• A continuation of the mapping and documentation of all heritage resources in the Lonmin Project Area as all the heritage resources have not yet been discovered and mapped. When these remains are discovered by means of planned surveys or purely by change they must be accessed in the heritage register as well as an electronic heritage register that may be part of Lonmin’s Heritage Webpage.

109 • The development of a series of pamphlets on heritage topics such as the histories of local communities, significant heritage sites in the Lonmin Project Area, outstanding historical events in the area, e.g. the difaqane, Anglo Boer War, missionary period, the history of exploration on the western Merensky Reef and the development of the local platinum industry, etc. These pamphlets will be educational and can be used for guide training as well as for tourists when they visit important heritage sites and destinations. • Developing historical trails that run across the Lonmin Project Area which link significant heritage sites with each other or with heritage sites outside the Lonmin Project Area. One or more of the outstanding heritage sites may be developed into an archaeological site museum complex. • Discussions with stakeholders to seek greater synergy between existing heritage sites and remains in the wider region. The aim will be to enhance the potential of existing heritage facilities by means of upgrading some of these facilities or by creating meaningful synergies between these establishments. • Developing site seeing trails within the ‘modern’ Lonmin Platinum Mine complex. These trails can be aimed at specialist groups, e.g. those interested in the mining and processing of platinum, the manufacturing of by-products, visits to shafts and open pit, etc. Is it possible that some of these trails may be linked with visits to related activities conducted at neighboring mines and industries. • Updating Lonmin’s Webpage with a chapter dealing with heritage matters in the Lonmin Project Area.

9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

110 The following types and ranges of heritage resources were recorded in the Lonmin Project Area, namely:

All these heritage resources were geo-referenced and mapped. Their coordinates are not published due to reasons of confidentiality and for the protection of the heritage resources.

It is possible that some of these types and ranges of heritage resources may be affected (impacted) when future development activities are undertaken in the Lonmin Project Area. The significance of the heritage resources therfore is indicated by means of stipulations derived from the National Heritage Resources Act (No 25 of 1999).

111 not be affected (demolished, altered, removed) before SAHRA has approved such alterations.

It is possible that heritage resources may be impacted or affected (altered, destroyed, removed) in the Lonmin Project Area as a result of the following consequences:

The following guidelines are recommended in order to minimise any possible impact on heritage resources in the Lonmin Project Area. These mitigation measures are divided into:

112

Dr Julius CC Pistorius Archaeologist & Heritage Consultant Member ASAPA

113 9 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

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114 Pistorius, J.C.C. 2000. Archaeological survey and assessment of granite mining areas on the farms Tweedepoort 283JQ, Boschpoort 284JQ, Beestkraal 290JQ, Elandsheuvel 282JQ, Nooitgedacht 287JQ, Nooitgedacht 289JQ and Schaapkraal 292JQ in the Rustenburg district of the Central Bankeveld. Addendum to the Environmental Management Programme Reports done for Kudu Granite and for Rustenburg Quarries.

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Pistorius, J.C.C. & Miller, S. 2011. A Phase 2 Archaeological study of a Late Iron Age stone walled site on Middelkraal 466JQ near Marikana in the North-West Province. Unpublished report for Lonmin and the South African Heritage Resources Agency.

115 Pretorius, Z.L. 1967. Die Geskiedenis van Rustenburg, 1851-1918. MA verhandeling. Potchefstroom: PU vir CHO.

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Pistorius, J.C.C. 2002. A Heritage Impact Assessment for Eskom’s deviation of a 88kV power line for Lonmin’s proposed open-cast mine on the farm Elandsdrift 467JQ near Marikana and Mooinooi in the North-West Province of South Africa Unpublished report prepared for Eskom.

Pistorius, J.C.C. 2002. A cultural Heritage Assessment for Eskom’s proposed power supply for the Anglo Platinum Western Limb Tailings Retreatment Project between the Bighorn Power Station and the Turf Shaft Substation in the Rustenburg District of the North-West. Unpublished report prepared for Eskom.

116 Pistorius, J.C.C. 2002. Heritage Impact Assessment for Eskom’s new proposed 88kV power line from the Middelkraal Substation to the Big Horn/Wonderkoppies power stations on the farm Elandsdrift 467JQ and Middelkraal 466JQ near Marikana and Mooinooi in the North-West Province of South Africa. Unpublished report prepared for Eskom.

Pistorius, J.C.C. 2003. Preliminary results on Phase II investigations of one of three Late Iron Age sites or complexes of sites in granite mining areas in the Central Bankeveld: the Maumong complex of sites on Schaapkraal 292JQ within the mining boundaries of Kelgran and Kudu granite. Unpublished report prepared for Kelgran and Kudu granite.

Pistorius, J.C.C. 2003. A report on the investigation of a Late Iron Age complex in the Mallaphiri hills on the farm Roodekopjes or Zwartjkopjes 427JQ near Brits in the North West Province. Unpublished report prepared for Kelgran granite.

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Pistorius, J.C.C. 2003. A Heritage Impact Assessment for Eskom’s new power line from the Middelkraal Substation to the proposed new Spruitfontein Substation in the North-West Province of South Africa.

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117 Pistorius, J.C.C. 2004. Preliminary results on Phase II investigations of one of three Late Iron Age sites in granite mining areas in the Central Bankeveld: Site BKL018 on Beestkraal 290JQ within the mining boundaries of Kelgran Granite. Unpublished report prepared for Kelgran Granite.

Pistorius, J.C.C. 2005. A Phase I Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) study for the proposed new 2X88kV power lines to be established between the Big Horn Power Station and the Transvaal Ferrochrome Smelter near Mooinooi and Marikana in the North-West Province of South Africa. Unpublished report prepared for Eskom.

118