History KS3 Lesson Plans History KS3

Introduction • This activity is designed to cover at least two lessons. It is most suitable for Year 9 students. • The skills developed are in line with the National Curriculum for History. See ‘Curriculum Links’ for more details. THE ACTIVITY INCLUDES: • Lesson 1: The Origins of Real . • Lesson 2: Developments in the sport of tennis over the last 100 years. AIMS: • Pupils will have the opportunity to develop the following knowledge and skills. KNOWLEDGE: • Chronological understanding. • Change and continuity. • Analysis, comparison and interpretation of sources. • Cultural diversity. SKILLS: The topic also gives pupils the opportunity to: • Explore the ways in which the past has helped shape identities, shared cultures, values and attitudes today. • Use ICT to research information about the past, process historical data and select, categorise, organize and present their fi ndings. • Make links between history and other subject areas of the curriculum.

2 Secondary Schools Tennis - Cross Curricular Secondary Schools Tennis - History KS3 3 Lesson Plan 1 Lesson Plan 1 The Origins and Growth of Tennis The Origins and Growth of Tennis

Starter Activity 1 Overview: 5-10 minutes 15 minutes • Pupils discuss in small groups: • This lesson introduces students to family • Introduce popularity of tennis particularly • Explain that tennis evolved from a very old indoor • Which explanation do you fi nd more convincing? of sports which developed in the middle during Wimbledon fortnight. game called ‘Real Tennis’ which is still played • What evidence can you fi nd to support ages, from which modern tennis developed. today, though only a few courts remain – only 45 • Tennis Stats – over 450,000 spectators visit your answer? • It allows pupils to investigate a range Wimbledon each year with TV audiences for the left in the whole world, 25 of which are in Britain. of historical evidence including textual, 2008 fi nal peaking at 14.1 million viewers in G.B. • However, our fi rst lesson, looks further back in oral and visual, answer specifi c historical For more statistics, see Resource 8. time at the origins of ‘Real Tennis’ and during the questions, and reach reasoned conclusions. • Explain to the class that they are going to course of this study, you will learn more about the game of ‘Real Tennis’. • It will allow pupils to work in groups investigate the origins and growth of tennis. and communicate their knowledge and • Pupils read Resource 1 – fi rst paragraph, which understanding to report back to the gives one account of the origins of Real Tennis whole class. and compare it with the explanation given in Resource 3, the video clip Real tennis at Fontainbleau with Anthony Scratchley. Resources 2, 3 4 and 5 are video clips and can be viewed at: www.schoolstennis.org. Alternatively, use Resource 1 – second paragraph which is a transcript of key points in the video clip. • Hand out Resource 6 - activity sheet.

4 SecondarySecondary SSchoolschools Tennis - CrossCross CCurricularurricular SecSecondaryondaryy ScSchoolshhoolls TenTennisnis - HisHistoryttory KKS3S3 5 Lesson Plan 1 Lesson Plan 1 The Origins and Growth of Tennis The Origins and Growth of Tennis

Activity 2 EXTENSION TASK Plenary LEARNING OUTCOMES, ASSESSMENT AND PREPARATION: 20 minutes 1. Visit the website: 15 minutes www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_tennis Learning Outcomes: • Watch the other videos as a class activity – Groups report back their fi ndings and teacher Resources 3, 4 and 5. These videos show other 2. And then answer the following questions: led discussion on main points learnt, which All pupils: games which also developed at the same time as • Why does Real Tennis claim to be the oldest should be noted by pupils. Suggested answers • Will know that there are two explanations Real Tennis in the middle ages. championship sport? are available for teachers on Resource 7. for the origins of real tennis. • In small groups, pupils make a list of the main • There are several explanations for the name • Will be able to recognise major differences similarities and differences between Real Tennis, Real Tennis. What are they? Which do you between the games such as there are no nets Jai Alai, Racquets and the modern sport of tennis. think is the most likely and why? Homework separating the players in two games. • The literature section of the Wikipedia page on • Teacher to explain that the modern game Most pupils: Real tennis refers to William Shakespeare’s play of tennis came as result of the wish of Henry V as evidence that King Henry played the • Will be able to fi nd evidence for choosing ‘Real Tennis’ players to play outside and game. Shakespeare was writing around 1600 one of the explanations. avoid the diffi culties resulting from the high (when Real Tennis was popular in England) and • Will be able to identify more specifi c details cost of indoor ‘Real Tennis’ courts which King Henry V died in 1422. How reliable is this such as that most of the games are played required very specifi c features. as evidence that the game was played 100 years indoors on a court of a particular shape. before the fi rst known courts in England? • Homework - see Resource 8: The Transition Some pupils: • Explain your answer. from Real Tennis to the Modern Sport. • Will be able to explain that either explanation • See Teacher’s Sheet for suggested answers could be correct and more evidence is needed - Resource 7. before a decision is made. • Will be able to draw specifi c conclusions such as some games are more complex than others judging by the markings on the court.

6 SecondarySecondary SSchoolschools Tennis - CrossCross CCurricularurricular SecSecondaryondaryy ScSchoolshhoolls TenTennisnis - HisHistoryttory KKS3S3 7 Lesson Plan 1 Lesson Plan 2 The Origins and Growth of Tennis Developments in the sport of tennis over the last 100 years

Assessment: 8 - Homework - ‘The Transition to the Starter modern sport.’ Overview: • Oral assessment arising from answers to teacher 10 minutes lead discussion. 9 - Homework - suggested answers This lesson develops the story of tennis for teachers. Discuss the homework given at the end of the • See resource 8 - sheet of suggested answers. over the last century and is a follow on previous lesson - what can the class remember – a list of points which might be drawn from Preparation: lesson to the previous lessons which about the statistics presented. discussion. examined the origins of tennis. • Download resources from – this sheet is for teachers only. www.schoolstennis.org Introduction Resources: • Read through resources. Tennis is now one of the major world sports • Resource 1 - Document - • Check IT – Viewing as a whole class on a played by many thousands of players of ‘The Origins of Real Tennis’ and transcript of main whiteboard/screen is ideal. all ages and levels of ability and, at the top points from Resource 3, a video clip in case video • Video clips can be viewed through website tournaments, tennis attracts millions of not available. available at www.schoolstennis.org spectators who follow the matches either • Resources 2, 3, 4, 5 - Video clips. To view, in the stadium or via television. visit our website: www.schoolstennis.org 2 - Real tennis at Fontainbleau with Anthony Scratchley. 3 - Great Jai Alai from the Basque Country. 4 - Racquetball. 5 - Clip of a Wimbledon point. 6 - Activity Sheet. 7 - Suggested answers.

8 SecondarySecondary SSchoolschools Tennis - CrossCross CCurricularurricular SecSecondaryondaryy ScSchoolshhoolls TenTennisnis - HisHistoryttory KKS3S3 9 Lesson Plan 2 Lesson Plan 2 Developments in the sport of tennis over the last 100 years Developments in the sport of tennis over the last 100 years

Activity 1 • Working in small groups, Activity 2 • They should use the internet to fi nd using Resource B: action photos of famous men and women 20 minutes 30 minutes 1. How do the dates of the postmarks players in: • Working in small groups, using Resource C: • Working in small groups, help identify when the photos were taken? 1. The -30s (e.g. Rene Lacoste, Jean Barotra, using Resource A and B: Look at the painting of the 1887 match. 2. What are the limitations of this? , Suzanne Lenglen, Moody). 1. What can you tell of the growth in popularity • Describe the costumes worn by men 3. What other clues are there on the cards 2. The 1940s-50s (e.g. , of tennis as a spectator sport by comparing and women players. , Gussie Moran, ). the painting of the 1887 match and the photo that would help identify their date(s)? • Divide the class into 4 groups and give each of the Stadium? Give examples. 3. The 1970s (e.g. Bjorn Borg, John McEnroe, group one of the below, again using Resource C. , ). 2. Study the three postcards featuring 4. What might make you think that the Priory tennis being played in various parks. Park photo was of a Tennis tournament and 4. The present time (e.g. Roger Federer, The postmarks (franking dates) are as follows: not just general play? Andy Murray, Rafael Nadal, , ). • Finsbury Park, London – 1909. • Describe the changes in tennis clothing you see • Priory Park, Chichester – 1919. for men and for women. • The Green, Silloth (Cumbria) – 1937.

10 SecondarySecondary SSchoolschools Tennis - CrossCross CCurricularurricular SecSecondaryondaryy ScSchoolshhoolls TenTennisnis - HisHistoryttory KKS3S3 11 Lesson Plan 2 Lesson Plan 2 Developments in the sport of tennis over the last 100 years Developments in the sport of tennis over the last 100 years

Plenary LEARNING OUTCOMES, Assessment: ASSESSMENT AND PREPARATION: 10 minutes • Oral assessment arising from answers to Learning Outcomes: teacher-led discussion. Each group reports back. Teacher and class draw conclusions together about tennis All pupils: Resources: clothing and how it has evolved over time. • Will understand that tennis has grown to be a • Resource A – Activity sheet. Pupils should record what their peers say. major spectator sport and that tennis clothing • Resource B – Activity sheet. has become more adapted to an energetic sport over the years. • Resource C – Activity sheet. • Resource D – Homework. Homework Most pupils: • Resource E – Teacher’s Sheet. Suggested Answers. • Read Resource D ‘Growing up in the 1950s’. • Will be able to suggest the main reasons Talk to your parents and grandparents to fi nd for these developments and provide evidence. Preparation: out how the provision for sport (particularly • Download resources from: www.schoolstennis.org tennis) was different when they were Some pupils: growing up. • Will make links with similar developments in • Read through resources. other sports and the growth of a fashion link to • Check IT – Viewing photos as a whole class on a sports clothing. whiteboard/screen is ideal. • Internet access required for second part of this lesson. • Full-size photos can be viewed through website available at www.schoolstennis.org • Read through the list of additional resources that you can use within the lesson.

12 SecondarySecondary SSchoolschools Tennis - CrossCross CCurricularurricular SecSecondaryondaryy ScSchoolshhoolls TenTennisnis - HisHistoryttory KKS3S3 1313 Curriculum Links - England

SUBJECT KEY STAGE 3 History 1.1 Chronological Understanding A. Developing a sense of period through describing and analysing the History KS3 relationships between the characteristic features of periods and the passing of time. 1.3 Change and continuity A. Identifying and explaining change and continuity within and across periods of history. 2.1 Historical enquiry Pupils should be able to: A. Identify and investigate, individually and as part of a team, specifi c historical questions or issues, making and testing hypotheses. B. Refl ect critically on historical questions or issues. 2.2 Using evidence Pupils should be able to: A. Identify and investigate, individually and as part of a team, specifi c historical questions or issues, making and testing hypotheses. B. Refl ect critically on historical questions or issues. 2.3 Communicating about the past Pupils should be able to: A. Present and organise accounts and explanations about the past that are coherent, structured and substantiated, using chronological conventions and historical vocabulary. B. Communicate their knowledge and understanding of history in a variety of ways, using chronological conventions and historical vocabulary.

ICT 2.2 Developing ideas F. Bring together, draft and refi ne information, including through the combination of text, sound and image. 2.3 Communicating information A. Use a range of ICT tools to present information in forms that are fi t for purpose, meet audience needs and suit the content. C. Use technical terms appropriately and correctly.

14 Secondary Schools Tennis - Cross Curricular Secondary Schools Tennis - History KS3 15 History - Lesson 1 - Resource 1 History - Lesson 1 - Resource 1 The Origins and Growth of Tennis The Origins and Growth of Tennis

1. “If you were a child in the Christian part of See photos of Cloisters at Lanercost Priory: 2. [Adapted from the soundtrack of Real tennis western Europe in the middle ages, your only at Fontainbleau with Anthony Scratchley] route to a good education was via the church. “Fontainbleau is the largest Real Tennis Court in The church, mainly through its monasteries and , built in 1601 and in use ever since. The court abbeys, took on much of the function of today’s is a reconstruction of the market place in the sense departments of state. It had a monopoly of that the big wall [at one side] represents the outside of education; it provided the local and national civil the City Wall - the market was always held just outside service; the legal service; it ran hospitals and the walls. The roofs on the other side of the court took on the responsibility for poor relief. For the represent the arcades [stalls] of the market place. young and ambitious it was a good career path The game started in the southern half of France when to success. With diligence, hard work and a little people used to meet for the market which was held good luck even a young man from a humble family very early in the morning, as there were no fridges in could rise in the world – possibly even to be Lord those days. The market would fi nish at 6 or 7 in the Chancellor of England (like Becket and Wolsey) or morning so afterwards one of the things they did was First Minister of France (like Richelieu or Mazarin). play with a ball, hitting it with their palm and attaching “The rectangular Cloisters (a covered walkway) was bits of wood to their fi ngers with stringing put round central to the monastic routine. Here the monks it to make a sort of net to catch the ball and quickly did most of their daily work - writing, studying, throw it again. This became a small frame with a very teaching, etc. It was also the only place where short handle – the handles got longer until in the 16th some recreation was allowed. Monks were allowed or 17th century they were making rackets similar to a little free time after the Chapter House meeting those used today.” each morning and also after lunch. Younger canons were allowed to play games in the central square (Cloister Garth) for one hour after lunch - often batting a soft ball around the cloister roofs - the ancestor of real tennis, rackets, fi ves and, in the south-west of France, Pelota with all its variations, including Jai Alai, the world’s fastest ball game.” [Adapted from Visit Cumbria’s Past, a FE Course by John Higham]

16 Secondary Schools Tennis - Cross Curricular Secondary Schools Tennis - History KS3 17 History - Lesson 1 - Resource 1 History - Lesson 1 - Resource 6 - Activity Sheet The Origins and Growth of Tennis The Origins and Growth of Tennis

3. In the early 16th century ‘Real Tennis’ became The game was of course adapted to be played the fashionable game, played throughout Europe outside in the late nineteenth century, creating the NAME: by Kings and their courtiers in specially-built courts modern game of tennis and there are now 2264 • Read Resource 1 - the passage from ‘Visit Cumbria’s Past’ which gives in castles and palaces, particularly in France [see tennis clubs in England alone, each with multiple one account of the origins of Real Tennis and compare it with explanation picture – Jeu de Paume]. They used long handled tennis courts. given in the video Real tennis at Fontainbleau with Anthony Scratchley. rackets with a lopsided head. In England King Henry • Which explanation do you fi nd more convincing? VIII was a very keen Real Tennis player and built a What evidence can you fi nd to support your answer? court at Hampton Court Palace and other courts at some of his other royal palaces. Henry was keen to outshine his great rival the king of France, he liked to be in the forefront of fashion and, above all, he liked to show-off his physical strength and agility at all sports in front of his courtiers. By the end of the century (when the game was at its peak of popularity), there were 250 courts in and 14 in London. In the following centuries, the game lost its popularity but there was renewed interest in the Real Tennis Court, Jesmond Dene, Newcastle 19th century but the diffi culty of building new courts, purpose-built halls larger than a modern tennis • Watch the other videos. court, restricted its spread. A few new courts were • Make a list of the main similarities and differences between built, including one at Jesmond Dene in Newcastle Real Tennis, Raquets, Jai Alai and the modern sport of tennis. (see photo) in the 1890s. There are still 45 real tennis courts world-wide, of which 25 are in Britain.

18 Secondary Schools Tennis - Cross Curricular Secondary Schools Tennis - History KS3 19 History - Lesson 1 - Resource 7 - Teacher’s Sheet History - Lesson 1 - Resource 7 - Teacher’s Sheet The Origins and Growth of Tennis – suggested answers The Origins and Growth of Tennis – suggested answers

1. Read the passage from ‘Visit Cumbria’s Past’ 2. Watch the other videos. Make a list of the main 3. Can you answer the following questions? 4. Extension task - The ‘Literature’ section of the which gives one account of the origins of Real similarities and differences between Real Tennis, Wikipedia page on Real Tennis refers to William Tennis and compare it with explanation given Raquets, Jai Alai and the modern sport of tennis. a. Why does real tennis claim to be the oldest Shakespeare’s play Henry V as evidence that in the video Real tennis at Fontainbleau with championship sport? King Henry V played the game. Shakespeare Anthony Scratchley. Which explanation do you Rackets and Jai Alai do not have a net and both was writing around 1600 (when Real Tennis players (singles) and both teams (doubles) occupy King Charles IX of France granted a constitution to fi nd more convincing? What evidence can you the Corporation of Tennis Professionals in 1571, was popular in England) and King Henry V died fi nd to support your answer? the same court space, causing problems. Jai Alai in 1422. How reliable is this as evidence that does not use a conventional racket but a sort of creating the fi rst pro tennis ‘tour’, establishing three levels of professionals—apprentice, associate, and the game was played 100 years before the fi rst Both answers are plausible and account for the basket strapped to the hand (a Xistera - Chistera). known courts in England? Explain your answer. shape of the ‘real tennis’ court. There is no reason to Real tennis and modern tennis use a net to separate master. The list of world champions dates suppose that one is more reliable and it is quite likely the players. All three games play in an enclosed arena back to 1740. Shakespeare was probably using ‘dramatic licence’. that real tennis developed from both of these games. (court) of a very specifi c shape and use the court’s b. There are several explanations for the It suited his purpose in the play to make a dramatic walls as part of the court but if modern tennis is played name ‘Real’ Tennis. What are they? scene where tennis balls could be contrasted with indoors, it is still confi ned to the court marked on the Which do you think is most likely and why? cannon balls – and Shakespeare’s audience would fl oor as it is when played outdoors. be familiar with both. 1. A corruption of Royal Tennis because it was played by the kings of France and England - unlikely as “réal tenis” would be Spanish and there is no suggestion that the game had Spanish origins. In any case the French called it “jeu de paume”, not tennis. 2. An invention of 1920s journalists to distinguish between it and Lawn Tennis, which was increasingly called just ‘tennis’. Players of Real Tennis in Britain call their game just ‘tennis’ and continue to use the term ‘lawn tennis’ for the more modern game even though it is rarely played on grass nowadays.

20 Secondary Schools Tennis - Cross Curricular Secondary Schools Tennis - History KS3 21 History - Resource 8 - Homework History - Lesson 1 - Resource 9 The transition to the modern sport Teacher’s Sheet - suggested answers

Read the following passage: The equivalent attendance for the Wimbledon Find reasons why tennis has had massive 3. For these reasons, only modern tennis is suitable fortnight is just under 500,000 spectators. success when the other similar sports from for television coverage. Indeed it is ideal for TV Tennis is now one of the major world sports played In 2009, apart from those who visited Wimbledon lesson 1 only attract a small number of players – the whole court is in view of the camera, the by many thousands of players of all ages and levels itself (35-42,000 per day) or watched the tennis on and spectators. nature of the game gives it a dramatic element of ability and, at the top tournaments, tennis attracts TV (peaking at over 18 million for a men’s quarter similar to a mediaeval tournament, the scoring millions of spectators who follow the matches either fi nal match), over 19 million viewers visited the BBC 1. Complex rules and multiple markings on the system keeps the eventual outcome uncertain in the stadium or via television. website to watch live tennis (over 2 million for one courts make it diffi cult for the spectator to follow and keeps the viewer engaged. In return, TV the games in real tennis and Jai Alai especially. In 2007, record numbers of fans attended the semi-fi nal match) which is more than for the 2008 commentators explain the game (its basics and Olympic Games. The world-wide TV audience for Jai Alai and Raquets are probably too fast to its subtleties) to viewers and increasing media U.S. Open - over 715,000, far more than the follow unless you concentrate really hard. previous record set in 2005 of about 660,000. Wimbledon in 2008 was c.350 million. coverage makes stars out of top players. Between 2003 and 2007, the number of television Think back to the sports you studied today, 2. All these games, except modern tennis, 4. TV coverage generates income, which can be viewers doubled, and about 121 million viewers fi nd reasons why tennis has had massive are played in complicated indoor arenas where used to build more courts, train more players, etc. tuned in for the U.S. Open and Open Series in 2007. success when these other similar sports the walls are part of the game so there is little This was not just a record number of spectators. US only attract a small number of players and room for spectators. The modern game of tennis has seen the fastest-growing participation of spectators. tennis is played on a rectangular court any major sport this century: More than 25 million (whether indoors or out) where spectators Americans are actively playing tennis and the USTA can be placed on all four sides. has more than 720,000 members.

22 Secondary Schools Tennis - Cross Curricular Secondary Schools Tennis - History KS3 23 History - Lesson 1 - Additional Resources History - Lesson 2 - Resource A The – Internet Resources Developments in the sport over the last 50 years

Teachers may prefer to download and edit these texts to shorten them. NAME(S): History of Tennis: 1. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/tennis/rules/history/newsid_3575000/3575083.stm What can you tell of the growth in popularity of tennis as a spectator sport by comparing the painting of the 1887 match and the photo of the Arthur Ashe Stadium? An excellent overview from mediaeval times to the present, occupying several screen pages Real Tennis – Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_tennis Lawn Tennis – Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis#History Pelota – Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_alai Rackets – Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racquets_(sport) Tennis Court History: http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/courts/history.asp Tennis Ball History: http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp Tennis Racket History: http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/rackets/history.asp Wimbledon TV Coverage 2008: http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/infosheets/television.html

24 Secondary Schools Tennis - Cross Curricular Secondary Schools Tennis - History KS3 25 History - Lesson 2 - Resource B History - Lesson 2 - Resource C Developments in the sport over the last 50 years Developments in the sport over the last 50 years

NAME(S): NAME(S): 1. Study the three postcards featuring tennis being played in various parks. 1. Look at the painting of the 1887 match. The postmarks (franking dates) on the back of the postcards are as follows: Describe the costumes worn by men and women players. Finsbury Park, London - 1909 Priory Park, Chichester - 1919 The Green, Silloth (Cumbria) - 1937 a. How would the dates of the postmarks help identify when the photos were taken? b. What are the limitations of this? c. What other clues are there on the cards which would help identify their date(s)? Give examples. d. What might make you think that the Priory Park photo was of a tennis tournament and not just general play?

2. Use the internet to fi nd action photos of famous men and women players in: • The 1920s - 30s (e.g. Rene Lacoste, Jean Barotra, Fred Perry, Suzanne Lenglen, Helen Wills Moody). • The 1940s - 50s (e.g. Pancho Gonzales, Jack Kramer, Gussie Moran, Althea Gibson). Finsbury Park, London Priory Park, Chichester The Green, Silloth • The 1970s (e.g. Bjorn Borg, John McEnroe, Martina Navratilova, Virginia Wade). • And the present time (e.g. Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Maria Sharapova, Serena Williams). Describe the changes in tennis clothing you see for men and for women.

26 Secondary Schools Tennis - Cross Curricular Secondary Schools Tennis - History KS3 27 History - Lesson 2 - Resource D - Homework History - Lesson 2 - Resource D - Homework The transition from real tennis to the modern sport of tennis The transition from real tennis to the modern sport of tennis

Read the witness statement below. When my own children were growing up in the group, several went on to play for the county men’s coaching provided and the secondary school now 1970s and 80s, we lived in a small town (where a team and one has made his career in tennis. shares six modern all-weather fl oodlit tennis courts 1. Is this a primary source or a secondary source? large chemical factory and a clothing factory were with the town’s tennis club which continues to run By the mid 1980s, the County Tennis Association 2. Talk to your parents and grandparents to fi nd the main employers) and provision for sport at junior its own junior coaching scheme. Tennis is played all level was still in its infancy. The town had sports had appointed a full-time professional tennis coach year round by boys as well as girls and promising out if sport facilities (and tennis in particular) and a county-wide scheme of subsidised coaching were different where they grew up or whether clubs, some thriving but mostly struggling both for young tennis players are selected for professional money and for members, but they did not offer for promising juniors had been set up. Shortly coaching at county and, for some, at regional and this account is typical. Make notes on points of afterwards, the national body (the Lawn Tennis similarity and difference in their answers. much support to youngsters. The most successful national level. There is an active circuit of ‘Junior club was the Rugby Club, which ‘inherited’ its Association) set up a regional system for coaching Ranking Tournaments’ – a scheme where young The growth of tennis in society new players from the teams of the local secondary the best juniors. They also introduced a ‘ratings’ players compete against others of similar ability to – a personal view. school but did nothing to provide coaching for scheme where all players (of any age) who joined the improve their ranking in the national lists." scheme were given a rating according to their ability "I grew up in a large village in south Lancashire youngsters. Tennis at the secondary school was and a series of tournaments where players could [From the unwritten memoirs of an during and after the Second World War. Most of the still a summer term activity for girls only, though the compete against other of a similar standard. anonymous grandfather] men worked down the coal mines and most of the PE staff did provide basic coaching. However, in This still exists - visit www.lta.org.uk women worked in the local cotton mill. There was 1977 the town’s Tennis Club moved from the Public no provision for any type of sport in my village or at Park (where it had had the use of 3 courts for two There was no social or racial snobbery at the indeed at my junior school. My friends and I played evenings a week) to its own new all-weather courts. town’s tennis club. One President was a racing football and cricket (according to season) on waste Shortly after this, a junior section was introduced tipster, the next a solicitor. There was an assistant land. I did not see a tennis court until I went to the for boys and girls, with regular coaching and a club bank manager and a couple of teachers but the core grammar school at the age of 11. Even so, it was ‘ladder’ to encourage competition and improvement. members of the club were blue-collar workers from hardly ever used except, in the summer term, for Soon promising juniors were playing for the club’s the local factory. There were several unemployed sixth form games’ afternoons - and for girls only. I adult teams in the county tennis league and several single mums. The courts were kept tidy and the remember asking the head teacher why boys could of them were invited to junior county coaching surroundings generally managed by an unemployed not use the courts – the answer was that football which was still in its infancy. They also played in window cleaner whose club fees were waived in or cricket allowed 22 boys to be supervised by one Junior County Closed Tournaments (competing for consideration. teacher but tennis only occupied 8 pupils (on 2 the title of County Champion) and in Junior Open courts) and would still need a teacher to supervise Tournaments where they competed for the coveted I still live in the same small town but the provision them. The emphasis was purely on supervision – BP Shield badge which only tournament winners for sport in 2009 could hardly be more different. there was no coaching offered in any sport! There were allowed to wear. When the secondary school There are thriving rugby, football, hockey, cricket, was of course a shortage of young, active male did a ‘total fi tness’ survey across one year-group, badminton, squash and tennis clubs in the town, teachers because of the Second World War. the tennis players came out on top! From that many with provision for coaching junior members. All children at primary school play mini tennis with

28 Secondary Schools Tennis - Cross Curricular Secondary Schools Tennis - History KS3 29 History - Lesson 2 - Resource E - Teacher’s Sheet History - Lesson 2 - Resource E - Teacher’s Sheet The Origins and Growth of Tennis – suggested answers The Origins and Growth of Tennis – suggested answers

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SPORTS How do the dates of the postmarks help What might make you think that the Priory Men still in long whites, ladies in OVER THE LAST 50 YEARS identify when the photos were taken? Park photo was of a tennis tournament and mid-length skirts, both sexes with hats. not just general play? What can you tell of the growth in popularity The photos on the cards must date from before the • The 1940s-50s (e.g. Pancho Gonzales, of tennis as a spectator sport by comparing the date of the postmark (when the card was posted) There are umpire’s chairs on many courts, several Jack Kramer, Gussie Moran, Althea Gibson). painting of the 1887 match and the photo of the so this gives us a ‘not later than’ date. large tents or marquees have been set up and there Shorts for men, shorter skirts for ladies Arthur Ashe Stadium? What other evidence can seems to be a lot of spectators. What are the limitations of this? [cf. Gorgeous Gussie]. you fi nd to support this? [N.B. Picture Postcards were only authorised by We do not have a precise ‘not earlier than’ date as • The 1970s (e.g. Bjorn Borg, John McEnroe, The painting of the match of 1887 does have the GPO in Britain from 1894 and the message the publisher could have used an old photo or the Martina Navratilova, Virginia Wade). spectators but these are probably relatives of the had to be written on the front, where a little white sender might have used an old card, e.g. the Priory players or people waiting to play. The postcards of space was usually left, the whole of the back Park postcard was posted in 1919 but this was just Very short shorts for men and shorts or tennis in the parks also show groups of spectators being reserved for the address. In 1902 the GPO after the First World War when the costumes would mini skirts/dresses for ladies. but not large numbers like the Arthur Ashe Stadium authorised a divided back which gave space for have been different – and people might not have felt which must hold many thousands [holding about a longer message on the left and the address • And the present time (e.g. Roger Federer, Rafael like playing tennis. 23,000 spectators it is the biggest tennis arena in and postage stamp on the right. Of course not all Nadal, Maria Sharapova, Serena Williams). publishers immediately took advantage of this.] the world]. This is backed up by the statistics of What other clues are there on the cards Individual, stylish and colourful for both sexes. spectators attending the US Open and Wimbledon which would help identify their date(s)? Look at the painting of the 1887 match. [given as part of a question below]. • Describe the changes in tennis clothing Give examples. Describe the costumes worn by men and you see for men and for women. Study the three postcards featuring tennis being Costume worn by the players and spectators women players. played in various parks. The postmarks (franking [Some might have picked up on the brand names e.g. The people shown on the postcards posted The women are wearing everyday clothes including dates) on the back of the postcards are as follows: of Lacoste and Fred Perry and know about Serena in 1909 and 1919 look to be dressed in a typical hats and long skirts with bustles. However the men Edwardian costume but the people on the card Williams’ interest in fashion. Teachers may wish to Finsbury Park, London - 1909 are wearing the sort of costume they might have posted in 1937 look to be wearing much later styles extend this to see if there have been comparable Priory Park, Chichester - 1919 worn for cricket, long white or cream trousers, shirts e.g. the women spectators are wearing cloche hats trends in other sports.] The Green, Silloth (Cumbria) – 1937 (with sleeves rolled up) but also caps. and calf-length skirts. Use the internet to fi nd action photos of famous men and women players in - • The 1920s-30s (e.g. Rene Lacoste, Jean Barotra, Fred Perry, Suzanne Lenglen, Helen Wills Moody).

30 Secondary Schools Tennis - Cross Curricular Secondary Schools Tennis - History KS3 31 Produced by The Tennis Foundation | Charity No. 298175 For more information visit: www.schoolstennis.org