Female Officers, Gender Violence and Human Capital: Evidence from All
Female Officers, Gender Violence and Human Capital: Evidence from All-Women's Justice Centers in Peru∗ Guadalupe Kavanaughy Maria Micaela Sviatschiz Iva Trakox February 5, 2019 Abstract In many developing countries, access to justice remains unequal, especially for women. What are the implications of this inequality for gender-based violence, intra-household bargaining, and investment in children? This paper provides evidence from Peru on all-women's jus- tice centers (WJCs), specialized institutions that mostly employ female officers and provide police and legal services to reduce gender-based violence. Examining the gradual rollout of WJCs across districts/villages, we find that the opening of a center increases reporting of gender-specific crimes by 40% and reduces the incidence of gender-based violence measured by domestic violence, femicides and hospitalizations due to mental health by about 10%. We find, moreover, that a decrease in the exposure of women to violence has intergenerational effects: WJCs substantially increase human capital investments in children, raising enroll- ment, attendance, and test scores. These results are consistent with a bargaining model in which women's access to justice determines the threat point. JEL Classification: J12, J16, I25, K38 Keywords: gender-based violence, access to justice, children, household bargaining ∗We are very grateful for the abundance of support, guidance, and helpful comments from Karen Macours. We also gratefully acknowledge all the helpful comments and suggestions from Oliver Vanden Eynde, Gustavo Bobonis, John Giles, Martin Ravallion, Dominique van de Walle, Denis Cogneau, Sylvie Lambert, Zach Brown, Suresh Naidu, Brendan O' Flaherty, Cristian Pop-Eleches, Miguel Urquiola, Bentley MacLeod, Jonas Hjort, Fabiola Alba, Maria Fernanda Rosales Sofia Amaral, Thomas Fujiwara, Will Dobbie and Ilyana Kuziemko and all the participants of the Development Seminar at Paris School of Economics, Columbia University, Princeton University and IZA Labor and Gender Economics conference.
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