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Download File Are Today's Inequalities Limiting Tomorrow's Opportunities?
Equitable GrowthWashington Center forEquitable Growth ILLUSTRATION BY AUSTIN CLEMENS Are today’s inequalities limiting tomorrow’s opportunities? A review of the social sciences literature on economic inequality and intergenerational mobility October 2018 By Elisabeth Jacobs and Liz Hipple www.equitablegrowth.org Equitable Growth Are today’s inequalities limiting tomorrow’s opportunities? A review of the social sciences literature on economic inequality and intergenerational mobility October 2018 By Elisabeth Jacobs and Liz Hipple Contents 6 Fast facts 8 Overview 13 Definitions and metrics 14 Absolute or relative? 15 What does “high“ mobility look like? 24 Which resources should we measure? 26 Does high inequality today mean low mobility tomorrow? 32 How does economic inequality limit the development of human potential? 34 Health inequalities 38 Parental investment 44 Education 52 Conclusion to “how does economic inequality limit the development of human potential“ 54 How does economic inequality limit the deployment of human potential? 55 Changing structure of the labor market 62 Persistent discrimination 65 Household balance sheets and intergenerational mobility 68 Conclusion to “how does economic inequality limit the deployment of human potential“ 70 Conclusion 72 About the authors 73 Acknowledgements 74 Bibliography 87 Endnotes Fast facts Intergenerational mobility is the technical concept at the heart of the American Dream. An individual’s place on the economic distribution is supposed to reflect individual effort and talent, not parental resources and privilege. Yet this perspec- tive ignores the mounting evidence of the myriad ways that poverty and economic inequality foreclose equality of opportunity for far too many Americans now and in the future. -
Allied Social Science Associations Atlanta, GA January 3–5, 2010
Allied Social Science Associations Atlanta, GA January 3–5, 2010 Contract negotiations, management and meeting arrangements for ASSA meetings are conducted by the American Economic Association. i ASSA_Program.indb 1 11/17/09 7:45 AM Thanks to the 2010 American Economic Association Program Committee Members Robert Hall, Chair Pol Antras Ravi Bansal Christian Broda Charles Calomiris David Card Raj Chetty Jonathan Eaton Jonathan Gruber Eric Hanushek Samuel Kortum Marc Melitz Dale Mortensen Aviv Nevo Valerie Ramey Dani Rodrik David Scharfstein Suzanne Scotchmer Fiona Scott-Morton Christopher Udry Kenneth West Cover Art is by Tracey Ashenfelter, daughter of Orley Ashenfelter, Princeton University, former editor of the American Economic Review and President-elect of the AEA for 2010. ii ASSA_Program.indb 2 11/17/09 7:45 AM Contents General Information . .iv Hotels and Meeting Rooms ......................... ix Listing of Advertisers and Exhibitors ................xxiv Allied Social Science Associations ................. xxvi Summary of Sessions by Organization .............. xxix Daily Program of Events ............................ 1 Program of Sessions Saturday, January 2 ......................... 25 Sunday, January 3 .......................... 26 Monday, January 4 . 122 Tuesday, January 5 . 227 Subject Area Index . 293 Index of Participants . 296 iii ASSA_Program.indb 3 11/17/09 7:45 AM General Information PROGRAM SCHEDULES A listing of sessions where papers will be presented and another covering activities such as business meetings and receptions are provided in this program. Admittance is limited to those wearing badges. Each listing is arranged chronologically by date and time of the activity; the hotel and room location for each session and function are indicated. CONVENTION FACILITIES Eighteen hotels are being used for all housing. -
Prosperity Economics Building an Economy for All
ProsPerity economics Building an economy for All Jacob S. Hacker and Nate Loewentheil ProsPerity economics Building an economy for All Jacob S. Hacker and Nate Loewentheil Creative Commons (cc) 2012 by Jacob S. Hacker and Nate Loewentheil Notice of rights: This book has been published under a Creative Commons license (Attribution-NonCom- mercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported; to view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/3.0/). This work may be copied, redistributed, or displayed by anyone, provided that proper at- tribution is given. ii / prosperity economics About the authors Jacob S. Hacker, Ph.D., is the Director of the Institution for Social and Policy Studies (ISPS), the Stanley B. Resor Professor of Political Science, and Senior Research Fellow in International and Area Studies at the MacMil- lan Center at Yale University. An expert on the politics of U.S. health and social policy, he is author of Winner-Take-All Politics: How Wash- ington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class, with Paul Pierson (September 2010, paperback March 2011); The Great Risk Shift: The New Economic Insecurity and the Decline of the American Dream (2006, paperback 2008); The Divided Welfare State: The Battle Over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States (2002); and The Road to No- where: The Genesis of President Clinton’s Plan for Health Security (1997), co-winner of the Brownlow Book Award of the National Academy of Public Administration. He is also co-author, with Paul Pierson, of Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy (2005), and has edited volumes, most recently, hared Responsibility, Shared Risk: Government, Markets and Social Policy in the Twenty-First Century, with Ann O'Leary (2012). -
Economic Report of the President.” ______
REFERENCES Chapter 1 American Civil Liberties Union. 2013. “The War on Marijuana in Black and White.” Accessed January 31, 2016. Aizer, Anna, Shari Eli, Joseph P. Ferrie, and Adriana Lleras-Muney. 2014. “The Long Term Impact of Cash Transfers to Poor Families.” NBER Working Paper 20103. Autor, David. 2010. “The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U.S. Labor Market.” Center for American Progress, the Hamilton Project. Bakija, Jon, Adam Cole and Bradley T. Heim. 2010. “Jobs and Income Growth of Top Earners and the Causes of Changing Income Inequality: Evidence from U.S. Tax Return Data.” Department of Economics Working Paper 2010–24. Williams College. Boskin, Michael J. 1972. “Unions and Relative Real Wages.” The American Economic Review 62(3): 466-472. Bricker, Jesse, Lisa J. Dettling, Alice Henriques, Joanne W. Hsu, Kevin B. Moore, John Sabelhaus, Jeffrey Thompson, and Richard A. Windle. 2014. “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2010 to 2013: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances.” Federal Reserve Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 4. Brown, David W., Amanda E. Kowalski, and Ithai Z. Lurie. 2015. “Medicaid as an Investment in Children: What is the Long-term Impact on Tax Receipts?” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 20835. Card, David, Thomas Lemieux, and W. Craig Riddell. 2004. “Unions and Wage Inequality.” Journal of Labor Research, 25(4): 519-559. 331 Carson, Ann. 2015. “Prisoners in 2014.” Bureau of Justice Statistics, Depart- ment of Justice. Chetty, Raj, Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline, Emmanuel Saez, and Nich- olas Turner. 2014. “Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility.” NBER Working Paper 19844. -
WHY COMPETITION in the POLITICS INDUSTRY IS FAILING AMERICA a Strategy for Reinvigorating Our Democracy
SEPTEMBER 2017 WHY COMPETITION IN THE POLITICS INDUSTRY IS FAILING AMERICA A strategy for reinvigorating our democracy Katherine M. Gehl and Michael E. Porter ABOUT THE AUTHORS Katherine M. Gehl, a business leader and former CEO with experience in government, began, in the last decade, to participate actively in politics—first in traditional partisan politics. As she deepened her understanding of how politics actually worked—and didn’t work—for the public interest, she realized that even the best candidates and elected officials were severely limited by a dysfunctional system, and that the political system was the single greatest challenge facing our country. She turned her focus to political system reform and innovation and has made this her mission. Michael E. Porter, an expert on competition and strategy in industries and nations, encountered politics in trying to advise governments and advocate sensible and proven reforms. As co-chair of the multiyear, non-partisan U.S. Competitiveness Project at Harvard Business School over the past five years, it became clear to him that the political system was actually the major constraint in America’s inability to restore economic prosperity and address many of the other problems our nation faces. Working with Katherine to understand the root causes of the failure of political competition, and what to do about it, has become an obsession. DISCLOSURE This work was funded by Harvard Business School, including the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness and the Division of Research and Faculty Development. No external funding was received. Katherine and Michael are both involved in supporting the work they advocate in this report. -
The Global Edge: an Agenda for Chicago’S Future Issues Through Contributions to Opinion and Policy Formation, Leadership Dialogue, and Public Learning
The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, founded in 1922 as The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, is a leading independent, nonpartisan organization committed to influencing the discourse on global Future Chicago’s for An Agenda The Global Edge: issues through contributions to opinion and policy formation, leadership dialogue, and public learning. The Global Edge: An Agenda for Chicago’s Future Report of an Independent Study Group Michael H. Moskow, Henry H. Perritt, Jr., and Adele Simmons, Cochairs Sponsored by 332 South Michigan Avenue Suite 1100 Chicago, Illinois 60604 thechicagocouncil.org SPINE The Global Edge: An Agenda for Chicago’s Future RepoRt of an Independent Study GRoup Michael H. Moskow, Henry H. Perritt, Jr., and Adele Simmons, Cochairs SponSoRed by The Chicago Council on Global Affairs is a leading independent, nonpartisan organi- zation committed to influencing the discourse on global issues through contributions Study Group Cochairs to opinion and policy formation, leadership dialogue, and public learning. Michael H. Moskow The Chicago Council provides members, specialized groups, and the general public Senior Fellow for the Global Economy with a forum for the consideration of significant international issues and their bear- ing on American foreign policy. In addition to remaining the premier platform in the The Chicago Council on Global Affairs Midwest for international leaders in foreign policy, The Chicago Council strives to take the lead in gaining recognition for Chicago as an international business center Henry H. Perritt, Jr. for the corporate community and to broaden and deepen the Council’s role in the Professor community. Chicago-Kent College of Law THE CHICAGO COUNCIL TAKES NO INSTITUTIONAL POSITION ON POLICY ISSUES AND HAS NO AFFILIATION WITH THE U.S. -
How Experiments with Children Inform Economics
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES HOW EXPERIMENTS WITH CHILDREN INFORM ECONOMICS John A. List Ragan Petrie Anya Samek Working Paper 28825 http://www.nber.org/papers/w28825 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2021 Corresponding author: John List, University of Chicago, [email protected]. For helpful comments, we thank Steven Durlauf, Isabelle Brocas, Juan Carrillo, Asadul Islam, Justin Holz, Uditi Karna, Ariel Listo, and participants at a variety of seminars/conference presentations and three anonymous referees at the Journal of Economic Literature. For research assistance, we thank Kevin Sokal, Tarush Gupta, Andre Gray, Jessica Lopez, Andrew Yu, Haruka Uchida, Michael Cuna, Shreemayi Samujjwala, Meredith Birdsong, Adam Dessouky and students at the Behavioral and Experimental Economics (BEE) research group. This research was funded by the Kenneth and Anne Griffin Foundation and by NIH grant 1R01DK114238. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2021 by John A. List, Ragan Petrie, and Anya Samek. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. How Experiments with Children Inform Economics John A. List, Ragan Petrie, and Anya Samek NBER Working Paper No. 28825 May 2021 JEL No. C9,D1,J1 ABSTRACT In the past several decades the experimental method has lent deep insights into economics. -
Behavioral Economics of Education: IZA DP No
IZA DP No. 8853 Behavioral Economics of Education: Progress and Possibilities Adam M. Lavecchia Heidi Liu Philip Oreopoulos February 2015 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Behavioral Economics of Education: Progress and Possibilities Adam M. Lavecchia University of Toronto Heidi Liu Harvard University Philip Oreopoulos University of Toronto, NBER, CIFAR and IZA Discussion Paper No. 8853 February 2015 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. -
Risk Preferences Are Not Time Preferences†
American Economic Review 2012, 102(7): 3357–3376 http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.7.3357 Risk Preferences Are Not Time Preferences† By James Andreoni and Charles Sprenger* Risk and time are intertwined. The present is known while the future is inherently risky. This is problematic when studying time prefer- ences since uncontrolled risk can generate apparently present-biased behavior. We systematically manipulate risk in an intertemporal choice experiment. Discounted expected utility performs well with risk, but when certainty is added common ratio predictions fail sharply. The data cannot be explained by prospect theory, hyperbolic discounting, or preferences for resolution of uncertainty, but seem consistent with a direct preference for certainty. The data suggest strongly a difference between risk and time preferences. JEL C91 D81 D91 ( ) Understanding individual decision-making under risk and over time are two foun- dations of economic analysis.1 In both areas there has been research to suggest that standard models of expected utility EU and exponential discounting are flawed ( ) or incomplete. Regarding time, experimental research has uncovered evidence of a present bias, or hyperbolic discounting Frederick, Loewenstein, and O’Donoghue ( 2002 . Regarding risk, there are number of well-documented departures from EU, ) such as the Allais 1953 common consequence and common ratio paradoxes. ( ) An organizing principle behind expected utility violations is that they seem to arise as so-called “boundary effects” where certainty and uncertainty are combined. Camerer 1992 , Harless and Camerer 1994 , and Starmer 2000 indicate that vio- ( ) ( ) ( ) lations of expected utility are notably less prevalent when all choices are uncertain. This observation is especially interesting when considering decisions about risk-tak- ing over time. -
Politics, Policy, and Organizations Politics, Policy, and Organizations
Politics, Policy, and Organizations Politics, Policy, and Organizations Frontiers in the Scientific Study of Bureaucracy Edited by George A. Krause & Kenneth J. Meier Contents Preface vii The Scientific Study of Bureaucracy: An Overview Kenneth J. Meier and George A. Krause 1 Part 1. Theory Why Do Bureaucrats Delay? Lessons from a Stochastic Optimal Stopping Model of Agency Timing, with Applications to the FDA Daniel P. Carpenter 23 Agency Risk Propensities Involving the Demand for Bureaucratic Discretion George A. Krause 41 Veto Points, Policy Preferences, and Bureaucratic Autonomy in Democratic Systems Thomas H. Hammond 73 The Benefits of Agency Policy-making: Perspectives from Positive Theory David B. Spence 104 Part 2. Methodological Technology Donut Shops, Speed Traps, and Paperwork: Supervision and the Allocation of Time to Bureaucratic Tasks John Brehm, Scott Gates, and Brad Gomez 133 vi Contents Adapting Agencies: Competition, Imitation, and Punishment in the Design of Bureaucratic Performance Andrew B. Whitford 160 Part 3. Empirical Studies Consensual Rule Making and the Time It Takes to Develop Rules Steven J. Balla and John R. Wright 187 Why It Matters Whether State Bureaucrats as Opposed to Federal Bureaucrats Administer Federal Programs Lael R. Keiser 207 Structural Choice and Political Control of Bureaucracy: Updating Federal Credit Programs Kevin Corder 233 Administrative Structure and Social Democratic Results: The Case of Education Kevin B. Smith 259 Bureaucratic Discretion and Regulatory Success without Enforcement Michael J. Licari 276 Conclusion: An Agenda for the Scientific Study of Bureaucracy Kenneth J. Meier and George A. Krause 292 References 309 Contributors 341 Author Index 343 Subject Index 349 Preface The genesis for this volume came from the organized workshop The Sci- entific Study of Bureaucracy held at the Fifth Public Management Con- ference, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, December 3–4, 1999. -
Forequitable Growth ASSOCIATED PRESS/ERIC GAY
Washington Center forEquitable Growth ASSOCIATED PRESS/ERIC GAY PRESS/ERIC ASSOCIATED Job Quality Matters How Our Future Economic Competitiveness Hinges on the Quality of Parents’ Jobs Heather Boushey and Alexandra Mitukiewicz June 2014 www.equitablegrowth.org Washington Center forEquitable Growth Job Quality Matters How Our Future Economic Competitiveness Hinges on the Quality of Parents’ Jobs Heather Boushey and Alexandra Mitukiewicz June 2014 Contents 3 Introduction and summary 5 Early childhood: Laying the foundation for future skills 6 Non-cognitive skills are important for human capital 8 Early childhood education and non-cognitive skills 11 Early childhood and non-cognitive skills 15 Children from birth to kindergarten: Who cares? 16 The rise of “breadwinner moms“ and children’s outcomes 20 Money matters for children’s development 24 It’s what happens everyday that matters: Jobs, time, and stress 28 When work affects children 30 Parenting and leaves from work 33 Focusing on the family means focusing on jobs 35 About the authors 36 Acknowledgments 37 Endnotes Introduction and summary Being the parent of young children in the United States today is no easy task. Many have to juggle multiple jobs with unpredictable hours—single-parent and two-income families alike—and whether wealthy or poor, the question of childcare is ever present. Only adding to this stress is the growing evidence of the importance of the years between conception and kindergarten for a child’s devel- opment. No wonder parents, and particularly mothers given their traditional role as the primary caregiver and increasingly as breadwinner, are so concerned about how to balance work and raise their young children. -
Cool Under Fire Five Firefighter Alums Describe What It’S Like to Be in the Heat of the Moment
If life is but a dream, THIS IS LIVING. MARCH | APRIL 2018 COOL UNDER FIRE FIVE FIREFIGHTER ALUMS DESCRIBE WHAT IT’S LIKE TO BE IN THE HEAT OF THE MOMENT. Mother Nature created it. We perfected it. It’s time to pick your place in paradise. TOP 5 PLACES TO BUY A SECOND HOME ~ Barrons, 2017 Kiawahisland.com • 866.312.1791 Obtain the Property Report required by Federal Law and read it before signing anything. No Federal or State agency has endorsed or judged the merits of value, if any, of this property. This is not intended to be an offer to sell nor a solicitation of offer to buy real estate in any jurisdiction where prohibited by law. This offer is made pursuant to the New York State Department of Law’s Simplified Procedure for Homeowners Associations with a De Minimis Cooperative Interest (CPS-7).The CPS-7 application (File No. HO16-0007) and related documents may be obtained from the sponsor. This project is registered with the State of New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance CAITLIN COREY ’06 Real Estate Commission. Obtain and read the NJ Public Offering Statement before signing anything (NJ Reg#16-15-0012). AN AFFILIATE OF KIAWAH PARTNERS. KENT, WASHINGTON FIVE DOLLARS 180301_Kiawah_Ivy.indd 1 1/17/18 1:44 PM 1 firefighter cover 2.indd 2 1/31/18 2:50 PM Hanover & Woodstock’s Premier Boutique Brokerage SOLD SOLD SUNNYSIDE - Woodstock, VT BIRCH FELL - Barnard, VT NEW PRICE ROOTED IN HISTORY NEW PRICE Our Chelsea Storage Chest. A very special piece made from a walnut tree that once stood where our workshop is today.