Notes to Chapter 1: the Resistance in the Panthéon Notes to Chapter 2: A
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Notes Notes to Chapter 1: The Resistance in the Panthéon 1. The events are described in Rousso (1991), 82ff, and discussed in context in Chapter 12 below. 2. The full text of the speech is in Laure Moulin (1969), 9–16. A recording by French radio is available on audiotape. 3. Peyrefitte (1997) II, 566. 4. For full details see below, Chapters 9–12. 5. The only accounts in English are Piquet-Wicks (1957), describing his own contact with Moulin, and Foot (1978), giving a good account of his role and the atmosphere of the time. The recent book by Marnham (2000) contains much unsubstantiated speculation, most of it reverting to the discredited ‘crypto-Communist’ view. 6. The history of this tradition is best described in Pilbeam (1995), or almost any of the books of Maurice Agulhon. There is a summary of some issues on republican continuity in my 1994 article. 7. This speculation is systematically collected in Péan (1998), and reproduced in Marnham (2000). 8. These issues are covered below in Chapter 12. 9. See Chapter 5 below. 10. See Chapter 7 below. 11. Cordier (1983), 11. Notes to Chapter 2: A Republican Upbringing, 1899–1919 1. Speech of 16 October 1932 in Finistère, in FLM 17864, 94; speech at Chartres of 3 April 1939, in Jean Moulin (1947), 120. The statement to the British is in PRO FO/898/198 – ‘Interview with M Moulins [sic] Most Secret 4.11.41’. 2. A detailed account of Moulin’s ancestry and early life is in CI, 307–425, which can be supplemented from the dissertation of Pascal Simon (1987), and Laure Moulin (1969) (hereafter LM). 3. LM, 164; Simon (1987), 29f. 4. Bernstein (1982) I, 38; Headings (1949), 82. 5. CI, 341–2. 6. Napo (1971), 55–7, 203–4; Stone (1996), 184, 325; Warner (1960), 21–3; Loubère (1974), 191; Judt (1979), 49f. 7. Henri Michel (1971), 35. 8. LM, 50; Storck-Cerruti (1976), 57–8; Williams (1980), 33. 9. Full details of the early years of Moulin are in CI, and quotations are from there, unless stated. 10. Michel (1971), 24. Marnham (2000), 34f gives other examples of the impact of attending a parental school. 213 214 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943 11. Lugand (1993), 43; Association Nationale des Amis de Jean Moulin (1967), 11. 12. CI, 384–7; LM, 6, 26, 62. 13. According to Cordier, the private letters in the Archives de la famille Escoffier-Dubois reveal very little. 14. Quoted in CI, 792. See also ibid., 398, and Dallas (1993), 501–2. 15. CI, 792–3, 400. 16. Ibid., 672; Lugand (1993), plate 71. Notes to Chapter 3: A Jacobin in the Prefectures, 1919–34 1. Jackson (1998 article), 222. 2. For a full description see Soucy (1995). 3. See Bernstein (1982), 94f; Nordmann (1974), 236f; and du Réau (1993), 68f. 4. Quoted in Nordmann (1974), 240. 5. CI, 448; on this and more generally on the events described. 6. Campbell (1958), 90–6. 7. Simon (dissertation, 1987), 35. 8. There is a reasonable English account in Chapman (1955) as well as some good points in Zeldin (1973), 530–4 and 601–4. For a fuller version see Siwek- Pouydesseau (1969), and for biographies, Bargeton (1994). 9. Quoted in CI, 391–2. 10. LM, 81. 11. Ibid., 90. 12. For examples see Institut Jean Moulin (1994), 24f, and Lugand (1993). 13. LM, 97. 14. See Storck-Cerruti (1976), and, for another view, LM. 15. Storck-Cerruti (1976), 112. 16. Ibid., 101–2, Péan (1998), 35. 17. See especially Péan (1998), summarised in L’Express, 19 November 1998, 90–2; and CC, 43–5. Péan describes other relationships, but with little evidence. His account is summarised in Marnham (2000). Antoinette Sachs (later known as Sasse) recently deposited papers in the Musée Jean Moulin in Paris. 18. Milliat (article, 1977). 19. LM, 127. Many of his speeches are kept at FLM 17864, 1–76. Early speeches are scribbled on the backs of office memos and leaflets, but increasingly they are carefully constructed, eventually typed and even printed. 20. The details are set out in Siân Reynolds (1996), 18f, with references to the extensive literature. 21. FLM 17864, 36–7, 40, 158. CI, 510–11. (Cordier gives a different date for the ‘mothers’ speech, citing another source.) 22. Leger (1934), 127–8; and letter of 2 April 1928 to Antonin Moulin quoted in CI, 811. 23. Letter from Pierre Cot to Henri Michel of 23 October 1963, in AJ 72/233. 24. The fullest source is the anonymous Hommage à Pierre Cot (1979), and the Briand statement is quoted there (p. 30) by Phillip Noel Baker. Péan (1998), 31f. adds more, based on a then uncompleted thèse d’état by Sabine Jansen Notes 215 entitled Pierre Cot, un itinéraire politique (1895–1977). Mlle Jansen, who tells me that she does not agree with Péan’s argument of a later break between Cot and Moulin, has published some relevant articles, detailed in the bibliography. 25. The statements are quoted from Nordmann (1974), 230; Ingram (1991), 38–9; and Cot (1944), 27. 26. Calef (1980), 28. 27. Ibid., 30; and Ford (1993), 164–9. 28. CI, 831, 577. 29. Speech in Géroudet (1990), 537–8. 30. Given at Châteaulin on 11 November 1927: the quoted passage is in FLM 17864, 78. Moulin is said to have joined a ‘Friends of Aristide Briand’ organisation. 31. FLM 17864, 172, has a press cutting with this headline. 32. On this see below, p. 45. 33. For an interesting account, see Binion (1960), 310f. 34. The speech is in FLM 17864, 97, quoted CI, 826–7, 564–5. 35. This is explained in Paul-Boncour (1945) II, 267, and was an early indication of a movement on the left away from pacifist attitudes, soon followed by Moulin and others. 36. Ibid., 272; Larmour (1964), 125; Jackson (1985), 65–6; Binion (1960). 37. CI, 575. 38. Ibid., 830. 39. Péan (1998), 44f; 191f speculates on what might have happened. 40. These details can be traced in the Documents Diplomatiques Français 1932–1939, 1st Series, vol. IV, 308, 569–72; and Cot (1944) I, 66. For an account of the trip by a sympathetic journalist, see Tabouis (1942), 175–7. 41. Calef (1980), 43–4; Louis Joxe (1981), 197. 42. For an interesting account of some of these issues see Siân Reynolds (1996), 65ff. 43. This is best outlined in Chapman (1991), 31–5. See also Pascal Vennesson, ‘Institutions and Airpower: The Making of the French Air Force’, in John Gooch (1995). Notes to Chapter 4: Fascism and Anti-Fascism, 1934–6 1. The main accounts used here are Bernstein (1975) and Le Clère (1967), both drawing heavily on the National Assembly Committee of Enquiry later in the year. There was also a post-war enquiry covering the period from 1933 to 1945. Good accounts in English, though dated, remain the articles by Warner (1958) and Beloff (article, 1950). There is more in Bankwitz (1967), 181–96, and du Réau (1993), 116–35. 2. CI, 751–4; Paul-Boncour (1945) II, 307; du Réau (1993), 129. 3. This account was given to Daladier by de La Roque ten years later in a German concentration camp – see Daladier (1995), 260. 4. LM, 137. See also Le Clère (1967), 146f; and Bernstein (1975), 159–63. 5. Bankwitz (1967), 188, quoting the 1934 National Assembly Report. See also statements made by Daladier and Lebrun to the post-war enquiry in the Pro- ceedings I, 12–13 (21 mai 1947) and IV, 950–1 (27 mai 1948). 216 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943 6. Letter to his parents of 12 February 1934, quoted in CI, 616. A similar view is argued in Larmour (1964), 143–5, that ‘Daladier was afraid’, but also mis- takenly arguing that his resignation was against the advice of Cot and others. 7. Louis Joxe (1981), 197. 8. A. E. Moulin (1937). 9. CI, 627–9; CII, 78–80, 520–41; LM, 129. 10. Tristan Corbière (1935), Armor avec Huit Eaux-Fortes de Romanin. See also CI, 581, 672, with some examples in Lugand (1993), 68, 69, and Institut Jean Moulin (1994), 29–31. 11. CI, 636 and 754–7, for this, which in context indicates abiding fear of military intervention after 6 February. 12. CI, 639–42, 849. 13. See also Jackson (1988), 22f. Notes to Chapter 5: The Popular Front, 1936–8 1. Calef (1980), 94. The photograph is reproduced in Zeitonu (1993), 15, and there is a profuse letter of thanks to Moulin from the Generalitat de Catalunya in FLM 17863, 106. 2. Quoted in Institut Jean Moulin (1994), 40, from Moulin’s Riom tribunal statement on 5 May 1941. 3. Elly Herman in Vaïsse (1993), 193f. In that volume, see also the article by Martin Caedel, especially 182–3. For Moulin’s involvement see Calef (1980), 106f. 4. See the discussion on Wolton (1993), and associated literature below in Chapter 12. 5. CII, 509–15. For a full and reasonably objective account of the life and activities of Dolivet, see Péan (1998). 6. Calef (1980), 110. 7. Much of this is well described in Julian Jackson (1988). Also valuable are Renouvin and Rémond (1981); Lefranc (1974); Kergoat (1986); Bayac (1972); and Bodin and Touchard (1972). Older sources in English include James Joll’s article (1966) and Joel Colton’s biography of Blum, largely reissued in 1987. 8. Quotations in Simone Weil (1951), 169–70; and Jackson (1988), 92. 9. Vinen (1991), 37. Statements to the Riom court are quoted in CII, 24–6, and 653.