Notes to Chapter 1: the Resistance in the Panthéon Notes to Chapter 2: A

Notes

Notes to Chapter 1: The Resistance in the Panthéon

1. The events are described in Rousso (1991), 82ff, and discussed in context in Chapter 12 below. 2. The full text of the speech is in Laure Moulin (1969), 9–16. A recording by French radio is available on audiotape. 3. Peyreﬁtte (1997) II, 566. 4. For full details see below, Chapters 9–12. 5. The only accounts in English are Piquet-Wicks (1957), describing his own contact with Moulin, and Foot (1978), giving a good account of his role and the atmosphere of the time. The recent book by Marnham (2000) contains much unsubstantiated speculation, most of it reverting to the discredited ‘crypto-Communist’ view. 6. The history of this tradition is best described in Pilbeam (1995), or almost any of the books of Maurice Agulhon. There is a summary of some issues on republican continuity in my 1994 article. 7. This speculation is systematically collected in Péan (1998), and reproduced in Marnham (2000). 8. These issues are covered below in Chapter 12. 9. See Chapter 5 below. 10. See Chapter 7 below. 11. Cordier (1983), 11.

Notes to Chapter 2: A Republican Upbringing, 1899–1919

1. Speech of 16 October 1932 in Finistère, in FLM 17864, 94; speech at Chartres of 3 April 1939, in Jean Moulin (1947), 120. The statement to the British is in PRO FO/898/198 – ‘Interview with M Moulins [sic] Most Secret 4.11.41’. 2. A detailed account of Moulin’s ancestry and early life is in CI, 307–425, which can be supplemented from the dissertation of Pascal Simon (1987), and Laure Moulin (1969) (hereafter LM). 3. LM, 164; Simon (1987), 29f. 4. Bernstein (1982) I, 38; Headings (1949), 82. 5. CI, 341–2. 6. Napo (1971), 55–7, 203–4; Stone (1996), 184, 325; Warner (1960), 21–3; Loubère (1974), 191; Judt (1979), 49f. 7. Henri Michel (1971), 35. 8. LM, 50; Storck-Cerruti (1976), 57–8; Williams (1980), 33. 9. Full details of the early years of Moulin are in CI, and quotations are from there, unless stated. 10. Michel (1971), 24. Marnham (2000), 34f gives other examples of the impact of attending a parental school.

213 214 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

11. Lugand (1993), 43; Association Nationale des Amis de Jean Moulin (1967), 11. 12. CI, 384–7; LM, 6, 26, 62. 13. According to Cordier, the private letters in the Archives de la famille Escofﬁer-Dubois reveal very little. 14. Quoted in CI, 792. See also ibid., 398, and Dallas (1993), 501–2. 15. CI, 792–3, 400. 16. Ibid., 672; Lugand (1993), plate 71.

Notes to Chapter 3: A Jacobin in the Prefectures, 1919–34

1. Jackson (1998 article), 222. 2. For a full description see Soucy (1995). 3. See Bernstein (1982), 94f; Nordmann (1974), 236f; and du Réau (1993), 68f. 4. Quoted in Nordmann (1974), 240. 5. CI, 448; on this and more generally on the events described. 6. Campbell (1958), 90–6. 7. Simon (dissertation, 1987), 35. 8. There is a reasonable English account in Chapman (1955) as well as some good points in Zeldin (1973), 530–4 and 601–4. For a fuller version see Siwek- Pouydesseau (1969), and for biographies, Bargeton (1994). 9. Quoted in CI, 391–2. 10. LM, 81. 11. Ibid., 90. 12. For examples see Institut Jean Moulin (1994), 24f, and Lugand (1993). 13. LM, 97. 14. See Storck-Cerruti (1976), and, for another view, LM. 15. Storck-Cerruti (1976), 112. 16. Ibid., 101–2, Péan (1998), 35. 17. See especially Péan (1998), summarised in L’Express, 19 November 1998, 90–2; and CC, 43–5. Péan describes other relationships, but with little evidence. His account is summarised in Marnham (2000). Antoinette Sachs (later known as Sasse) recently deposited papers in the Musée Jean Moulin in Paris. 18. Milliat (article, 1977). 19. LM, 127. Many of his speeches are kept at FLM 17864, 1–76. Early speeches are scribbled on the backs of ofﬁce memos and leaﬂets, but increasingly they are carefully constructed, eventually typed and even printed. 20. The details are set out in Siân Reynolds (1996), 18f, with references to the extensive literature. 21. FLM 17864, 36–7, 40, 158. CI, 510–11. (Cordier gives a different date for the ‘mothers’ speech, citing another source.) 22. Leger (1934), 127–8; and letter of 2 April 1928 to Antonin Moulin quoted in CI, 811. 23. Letter from Pierre Cot to Henri Michel of 23 October 1963, in AJ 72/233. 24. The fullest source is the anonymous Hommage à Pierre Cot (1979), and the Briand statement is quoted there (p. 30) by Phillip Noel Baker. Péan (1998), 31f. adds more, based on a then uncompleted thèse d’état by Sabine Jansen Notes 215

entitled Pierre Cot, un itinéraire politique (1895–1977). Mlle Jansen, who tells me that she does not agree with Péan’s argument of a later break between Cot and Moulin, has published some relevant articles, detailed in the bibliography. 25. The statements are quoted from Nordmann (1974), 230; Ingram (1991), 38–9; and Cot (1944), 27. 26. Calef (1980), 28. 27. Ibid., 30; and Ford (1993), 164–9. 28. CI, 831, 577. 29. Speech in Géroudet (1990), 537–8. 30. Given at Châteaulin on 11 November 1927: the quoted passage is in FLM 17864, 78. Moulin is said to have joined a ‘Friends of Aristide Briand’ organisation. 31. FLM 17864, 172, has a press cutting with this headline. 32. On this see below, p. 45. 33. For an interesting account, see Binion (1960), 310f. 34. The speech is in FLM 17864, 97, quoted CI, 826–7, 564–5. 35. This is explained in Paul-Boncour (1945) II, 267, and was an early indication of a movement on the left away from paciﬁst attitudes, soon followed by Moulin and others. 36. Ibid., 272; Larmour (1964), 125; Jackson (1985), 65–6; Binion (1960). 37. CI, 575. 38. Ibid., 830. 39. Péan (1998), 44f; 191f speculates on what might have happened. 40. These details can be traced in the Documents Diplomatiques Français 1932–1939, 1st Series, vol. IV, 308, 569–72; and Cot (1944) I, 66. For an account of the trip by a sympathetic journalist, see Tabouis (1942), 175–7. 41. Calef (1980), 43–4; Louis Joxe (1981), 197. 42. For an interesting account of some of these issues see Siân Reynolds (1996), 65ff. 43. This is best outlined in Chapman (1991), 31–5. See also Pascal Vennesson, ‘Institutions and Airpower: The Making of the French Air Force’, in John Gooch (1995).

Notes to Chapter 4: Fascism and Anti-Fascism, 1934–6

1. The main accounts used here are Bernstein (1975) and Le Clère (1967), both drawing heavily on the National Assembly Committee of Enquiry later in the year. There was also a post-war enquiry covering the period from 1933 to 1945. Good accounts in English, though dated, remain the articles by Warner (1958) and Beloff (article, 1950). There is more in Bankwitz (1967), 181–96, and du Réau (1993), 116–35. 2. CI, 751–4; Paul-Boncour (1945) II, 307; du Réau (1993), 129. 3. This account was given to Daladier by de La Roque ten years later in a German concentration camp – see Daladier (1995), 260. 4. LM, 137. See also Le Clère (1967), 146f; and Bernstein (1975), 159–63. 5. Bankwitz (1967), 188, quoting the 1934 National Assembly Report. See also statements made by Daladier and Lebrun to the post-war enquiry in the Pro- ceedings I, 12–13 (21 mai 1947) and IV, 950–1 (27 mai 1948). 216 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

6. Letter to his parents of 12 February 1934, quoted in CI, 616. A similar view is argued in Larmour (1964), 143–5, that ‘Daladier was afraid’, but also mis- takenly arguing that his resignation was against the advice of Cot and others. 7. Louis Joxe (1981), 197. 8. A. E. Moulin (1937). 9. CI, 627–9; CII, 78–80, 520–41; LM, 129. 10. Tristan Corbière (1935), Armor avec Huit Eaux-Fortes de Romanin. See also CI, 581, 672, with some examples in Lugand (1993), 68, 69, and Institut Jean Moulin (1994), 29–31. 11. CI, 636 and 754–7, for this, which in context indicates abiding fear of military intervention after 6 February. 12. CI, 639–42, 849. 13. See also Jackson (1988), 22f.

Notes to Chapter 5: The Popular Front, 1936–8

1. Calef (1980), 94. The photograph is reproduced in Zeitonu (1993), 15, and there is a profuse letter of thanks to Moulin from the Generalitat de Catalunya in FLM 17863, 106. 2. Quoted in Institut Jean Moulin (1994), 40, from Moulin’s Riom tribunal statement on 5 May 1941. 3. Elly Herman in Vaïsse (1993), 193f. In that volume, see also the article by Martin Caedel, especially 182–3. For Moulin’s involvement see Calef (1980), 106f. 4. See the discussion on Wolton (1993), and associated literature below in Chapter 12. 5. CII, 509–15. For a full and reasonably objective account of the life and activities of Dolivet, see Péan (1998). 6. Calef (1980), 110. 7. Much of this is well described in Julian Jackson (1988). Also valuable are Renouvin and Rémond (1981); Lefranc (1974); Kergoat (1986); Bayac (1972); and Bodin and Touchard (1972). Older sources in English include James Joll’s article (1966) and Joel Colton’s biography of Blum, largely reissued in 1987. 8. Quotations in Simone Weil (1951), 169–70; and Jackson (1988), 92. 9. Vinen (1991), 37. Statements to the Riom court are quoted in CII, 24–6, and 653. 10. Chapman (1991), 37, 66–9, 78–84, 93, including earlier concessions by Déat and others. Moulin’s own later account given to the conseil général at Rodez is quoted in CII, 21. Marnham (2000), 77, repeats the show-trial version. 11. The vast literature on French involvement in the Spanish Civil War is con- veniently summarised in Jackson (1988), 203f. There are useful accounts in Hunt’s article in Alexander and Graham (1989), 38–49; Glyn Stone’s in Richardson and Stone (1994), 203f; and that of Thomas (1996), 89f. Further detail is in Colton (1987), 234f, much of it based on the very clear 1947 account by Blum in Assemblée Nationale (1951) I, 215f. There is an older account arguing for an active British role in Thomas (1965). 12. Hunt, in Alexander and Graham (1989), 47; Sharrock (1988), 168–9. Notes 217

13. Colton (1987), 234–5. 14. Péan (1998), 133f; Moch (1976), 132; Cot (1944), 350–1; Calef (1980), 107; Howson (1998), 50. There is an account by Cusin in Anon. (1979), Hommage à Pierre Cot. 15. Bayac (1972), 287. 16. Cot (1944), 351–6; Pierre Cot, ‘Ce que fut la non-intervention relâchée’, in Le Monde, 21 November 1975. 17. On Moulin as recruiter see Gisclon (1986), 59–61. See also Cate (1995), 234–5; and Schiff (1994), 276–85. Most recently, Howson (1998), 257–9 con- cludes that, despite later exaggerations, Malraux played a role in supplying planes. 18. Some historians minimise the material impact of the policy and understate the difficulty of carrying it out in the teeth of opposition, including direct sabotage from the extreme right. See Kergoat (1986), 198; M. Thomas (1996), 95. Cot (1944), 355–6 tells the moving story of Spanish anti-fascist soldiers in wartime exile in the USA who walked ten miles in the snow to shake his hand. 19. Letter from Cot to Laure Moulin of 19 June 1945, quoted in CII, 655, also quoting Pierre Cot on ‘Jean Moulin, patriote et républicain’, in Action, 15 June 1945. 20. Péan (1998), 141f; LM, 157. 21. These issues are extensively discussed, for example in Young’s article (1974) and his book (1978); together with Chapman (1991); Alexander (1992); Thomas (article, 1996); and Blatt (1998). Recent French work includes Vivier (1997), and Chadeau (1987). 22. Chapman (1991), 39f; Cointet (1998), 128. 23. Ducloux (1958), 51. 24. Lacaze (1992), 130, 279. 25. Bankwitz (1967), 249f; Alexander (1992), 296–9; Jordan (1992), 3, 145–52, 263–6; Thomas (1995), 59, 150. See also Buffotot’s article (1982), 547–51. 26. Cot (1939), 237–8; CII, 13, 653–4. 27. See Chapman (1991), 101–48; Alexander in Vaïsse (1993), 286–300; and Lis- sarrague (article, 1977), 100. On Moulin’s personal role see Calef (1980), 98. 28. This is the general conclusion of the definitive Frank (1982), summarised in his article (1983) in L’Histoire. 29. Cot (1944), 403; Thomas (1996), 152–3. 30. Cot (1939), 267–8; CII, 114–15, 541–7, printing the Memorandum of General Vuillemin. 31. Cot (1944), 399f; Assemblée Nationale (1951) Enquiry II, 300–2; Alexander (1992), 162f; Chapman (1991), 231–2. 32. There are many such to be found in FLM 17863, at 49, 113, 130, 176, 187, often about Moulin’s aviation populaire efforts. See also LM, 147f. 33. Thomas (1996), 148–53, etc., Cot (1941), ‘The Defeat of the French Air Force’, in Foreign Affairs, XIX, 798; Alexander (1992), 156–7. Moulin’s full deposition is in CIII, 1199–202. 34. The best account in English is Reynolds (1996), 65–82 including references. See also Fanon (article, 1982). For British aviation and the far right, see Griffiths (1983), 137–41. 218 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

35. Cointet (1998), 129, on the contribution of Déat, which is implausibly linked to fascist inspiration. CII, 66–72, 672 and 519–20 reproduces the article by Moulin entitled ‘L’Aviation Populaire, Comment elle est organisée’, which appeared in Vu, 1 November 1936, 32. Other points are covered in LM, 154; Cot (1939), and (1944) II, 269–71. 36. Quotations from Renouvin and Rémond (1981), 369; Chapman (1991), 129–30. See also Facon (1997), 163. 37. LM, 151. 38. FLM 17863, 38, 53; CII, 101. 39. This is brilliantly captured in Azéma (1984), 1–28. 40. Details can be found in Soucy (1995), 104f. 41. This is the description in the Dépêche de l’Aveyron of 24 March 1937, in FLM 17864, 192. 42. There is a printed version of his speech in ibid., 124–5. 43. This may well be the occasion of ‘most sincere thanks’ hand-written by Inte- rior Minister Dormoy in ibid., 17863, 104. 44. This was asserted in a letter written by Cot to Henri Michel, which is in AJ 72/233. See also Calef (1980), 118.

Notes to Chapter 6: The Youngest Prefect, 1938–9

1. Much of this is in FLM 17864, 149f. 2. Addressing the conseil général of Eure et Loire, CII, 60. 3. Alexandre Adler (1998) ‘Le vrai enigme Jean Moulin’, Le Monde, 11 December makes this point decisively in rejecting the ‘communist agent’ myths. 4. CII, 125f, covers all this, and all the quotations are from there unless stated. See also Calef (1980), 125. 5. Levisse-Touzé (1999), 27. 6. See Dubreuil in Rémond and Bourdin (1978), 77–94. 7. Meunier (1998), 40, says he denounced Munich, but Meunier was writing more than ﬁfty years later. However, Moulin did not in any way dissent from the opinions of Pierre Cot. 8. CII, 125f. All quotations are translated from there unless stated. 9. One might have expected more, but he sent picture postcards of the Cathe- dral – FLM 17863, 30. 10. Gabory (1989), 314; Lord Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, chapter 3, stanza 57. 11. For example, in PC, 119–20. 12. Marceau commemoration in September 1946 – FLM 17863, 166. 13. Ory, in Rémond et Bourdin (1978). Zay wanted to revive the Popular Front spirit, but it was too late for that. 14. These reports of 4 and 27 May in the Departmental Archives are quoted in CII, 203, 210, 674. 15. Levisse-Touzé (1999), 16; LM, 179–81. 16. Rossi-Landi (1971), 164; and Le Populaire, of 24 August 1939, for the two latter statements. 17. Zay (1942), 69; for Cot and others, CII, 228, and CI, 18. Notes 219

Notes to Chapter 7: War and the First Resistance, 1939–40

1. Karel Bartosek et al. (1969), 20, 36; Vicki Caron, in Blatt (1998), 126–70. 2. See CII, 234f, for these quotations and others below unless stated. Moulin’s letter is quoted from the Charente Archives Départementales (M1/242) by Émile Témaine, in Milza and Peschanski (1994), 26, and more fully in Geneviève Dreyfus-Armand (1999), 117–18. 3. Apart from CII, see the statements in PC, 23–6. Relevant letters are in FLM 17864, 230–305. 4. FLM 17864, 233. 5. Levisse-Touzé (1999), 27. 6. Pomaret (1968), 130–1; Bargeton (1994). 7. LM, 217, and many others date the photo to the following winter but Cordier (CII, 242) is certain that it was before he needed to cover the scars inﬂicted on his neck in June 1940. 8. The memorandum is quoted in C II, 243, 683, which then covers the subsequent actions. See also Calef (1980), 148; and more generally, Rioux et al. (1987). 9. CII, 249, 291. 10. The same General Weiss told the Riom tribunal that Cot was a ‘super- dictator’ and Jauneaud a ‘pretentious megalomaniac’. CII, 686, gives this and much more. 11. A photograph of a reception, in LM after p. 197, is vaguely dated 1940. Churchill’s aide Desmond Morton referred in October 1941 (PREM 3/184/9, 154) to a lunch with Gamelin attended by Moulin, which seems to have been on 4 November 1939. See Gilbert (1983), 73, and below. 12. A number of the general issues can be followed in Blatt (1998), and details on French reaction in Crémieux-Brilhac (1990). The most vivid account remains Bloch (1968). 13. Lacouture (1990) I, 184. 14. The manuscript, hidden by Laure Moulin during the war, is in three small writing pads at FLM 17865–7. Some sharp expressions and personal remarks were omitted from the published version, but the indefatigable Daniel Cordier reprints the full version in CII, 585ff. He also gives an interesting parallel account of some of the same events by the acting Mayor Maurice Vidon, from FLM 17868, 34–40. 15. For another view of the term, see Gallo (1980). 16. LM, 188f, includes an unreliable later account; CII, 278. 17. These events are recounted in Péan (1998), 227–8, 245–6, and are said to be based on the papers of Antionette Sachs. On the episode more generally, see Rimbaud (1984) and Azéma (1990). 18. The original is reproduced in Institut Jean Moulin (1994), 44. See also LM, 192. 19. The convoluted text of the letter is in FLM 17868, 25. Moulin’s account, in PC, begins at this point. 20. Paul Reynaud (1963), 410. 21. This statement was thought unpublishable even in 1947. It is not in PC, but is in CII, 599. There is more detail of the bombing in Vidon’s account, at FLM 17868, 34. 220 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

22. PC, 28. 23. CII, 560. 24. LM, 195. 25. Michel (1971), 44; CII, 298. 26. This can be seen in later references to Moulin in Vidon’s account. See also PC, 52, 38, which is the source for the following quotations unless stated. 27. Meunier (1998), 52. 28. CII, 919–20; and PC, passim. 29. LM, 200, quoting de Torquat. 30. PC, 77; and CII, 585–7, which gives five other accounts of the famous scene, including two German accounts and Vidon’s version in FLM, NAF 17868, 39. The variations are of little significance, though there may have been two different meetings with German officers. 31. This incident is in the original manuscript of PC, given in CII, 575, but not in the printed edition. 32. CII, 575–6; and PC, 81–3. 33. The only detailed account of what followed, including reported conversa- tions, is by Moulin himself in PC. The main outlines are, however, confirmed by other sources given in CII, 695–6. 34. LM, 210. 35. CII, 330–1, 696, and the sources cited there. 36. FLM 17868, 53; and CII, 693, 695, 717. On first resisters, Nougères I (2nd edn, 1982), 33. 37. CII, 418, 606. 38. LM, 212–13; and also CII, 481–2, 722. 39. Institut Jean Moulin (1994), 51; Baruch (1997), 225–7. Moulin’s account is in FO 898/198. 40. All quotations are in CII, 593–4, etc. 41. FLM 17868, 1; Roger Langeron (1946), 109–11; LM, 212. There is some speculation that he might have begun his efforts to reach London during this trip. 42. FLM 17868, 4–15, reprinted in CII, 598f. 43. FLM 17868, 22–52, covers ‘Exactions and Violence committed by the Germans against the civilian population of Eure-et-Loir’, and more incidents are cited from Departmental Archives in CII, 357ff, and 701–2. Moulin’s analysis of the Hague Convention is in CII 594–8. 44. These are outlined in PC, 148–9, omitting names and locations to be found in FLM, 17868, 30. There appears to have been no effort to punish the culprits. 45. CII, 703. 46. CII, 405–10; FLM 17868, 127. 47. CII, 613–21, 432–3, 713–14. 48. CII, 440f, covers all this. The reports in the Archives Nationales at FIC, III, 1135–98 rarely fail to make some such statement at least in the early period. See also Laborie (1990) on the nature of these reports. 49. CII, 448–53, 710, citing German archives. 50. CII, 458, 716–17. 51. Maurice Schumann (1946) I, 30, 124 and de Gaulle D&M I, 34–5. 52. CII, 467–9; Pétain (1989), 549–50; FLM 17868, 99. Notes 221

53. CII, 470–2, 717–18; AN F16 I 816, 48. 54. CII, 640; FLM 17868, 21; PC, 114. 55. CII, 478; FLM 17868, 66, 68, 154; LM, 214; PC, 165, and more on the same lines in all these sources. The quotation is in the 1950 edition, 1595, and there is some interesting background in Sirinelli (1988), 121–2, 201. 56. 3 AG2 400/16; FLM 17868, 184, 189; CII, 721; Aron (1958), 395f; Clermont (1949), 106–7.

Notes to Chapter 8: From Resister to Resistance, 1940–1

1. These are later recollections of Meunier, in CIII, 74, 1345; and Dolivet, in Péan (1998), 302. 2. Calef (1980), 186, on the broadcast. Harold Nicolson (1970), 196, initially thought Labarthe ‘a more representative Frenchman than de Gaulle’. Péan (1998), 128, says he was a Soviet spy, though his errant eccentricity hardly made him much good. 3. The Cot story was apparently first told in Weil-Curie (1945). De Gaulle soon changed his mind, well before he met Moulin. Despite protests and resig- nations, he accepted Cot on American Gaullist bodies in July 1941, and in May 1942 in association with the French National Committee – De Gaulle, LNC IV, 272; and CIII, 817–19. 4. LM, 217f, and Calef (1980), 179f, on this period, with CIII, 73f. See also Péan (1998), 275f, which is frustratingly poorly documented. 5. Azéma (1990), 335–43; Langeron (1946), 192; Josse (1962 article). 6. Azéma (1990), 75, 79; Texcier (1945), 15; Blumenson (1977); Noguères et al. (1967–81), II, 222–3, 553; Bédarida and Veillon (1988). 7. CII, 99; Bourdet (1998), 12; Boursier (1997), 16–19. 8. Aglan (1999), 63f, Pineau (1983), 89; CIII, 99, 1347–8; LM, 216; Calef (1980), 191; Meunier (1998), 46, 63. HS6/421, 43, confirms that the contact was through Manhès while Moulin was in London. 9. Levy (1998), 45. The following account concentrates on the groups covered in Moulin’s October 1941 report and another that soon became important. The best general account in any language is Kedward (1978). I have added a little from AJ 72. 10. The manifesto was given enormous significance in the Cordier/Frenay dispute outlined below in Chapter 12, and discussed at inordinate length in CIII, 266–8, 944–1067, and 1286–335. Other issues are covered in Venner (1995), 157–60; AJ 72/46–8; CIII, 269; Frenay (1973), 32; and Granet and Michel (1957). 11. AJ 72/46, 48, 60, 64; Granet and Michel (1957); Douzou (1995); Veillon (1977); Levy (1998). There is an archive-based account in CIII, 1230–9. 12. Zeitoun (1993), 32. 13. CIII, 102, 1347; Calef (1980), 195. 14. CIII, 102, 874; Calef (1980), 190. On Krebs, see LM, 222; and Moulinas et al. (1993), 255. 15. Calef (1980), 192; LM, 234; Meunier (1998), 64; HS6/309, memo of 17 October 1941 on British contacts; FLM 17863, and Anon, 143, for the letters. 16. CIII (1979), 1199–202. 222 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

17. This world is described in Bénédite (1984); Fry (1997); and Calef (1980), 183f. For SOE contacts see Foot (1968), 180; CIII, 1385; and Piquet-Wicks (1957), 36–41. 18. Foot (1968), 2, 25, 120, including the assessment and quotation from Michel. See also LM; Péan (1998); and Piquet-Wicks (1957), 32–5. 19. The date is controversial because Frenay, in pursuit of his ‘crypto- Communist’ theory, later claimed it followed the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union (see CII, 111–13 and 1349, for another view). A vivid, if one-sided description is in Frenay (1973), 88–90. See also Chavance-Bertin (1990), 67–8, Noguères et al. (1967–81), II, 99; and Calef (1980), 191. 20. Péan (1998), 296f; Calef (1980), 184–5. 21. There are outlines in HS6/345 and 322, from which the quotations come. See also HS7/123 and CAB 102/650, 349f, summarised in Marcel Ruby (1990), 26f. On the miners, Taylor (2000), and her article (1997). 22. Pétain (1989), 164. 23. Noguères et al. (1967–81), II, 140. See CIII, 467–78, for what follows, including quotes unless stated. 24. Beevor (1981), 154–5; LM, 260; HS6/602. 25. De Gaulle (1955), 272. René Cassin took a similar view thirty years later (1975), 417, as did Meunier (1998), 67. Marks (1998), 328, and Calef (1980), 192, repeat this, though their chronology is clearly at fault. In fact the SOE was pressing from early October for his journey to be expedited (Passy I, 225). De Gaulle is vague on dates, and probably confused these events with the delays in returning Moulin in November and December. These certainly occurred, and due apology was offered, though Eden said they also were ‘only due to transport difﬁculties’: PRO HS6/311, memo of 22 December 1941 and letter of 20 January 1942, in de Gaulle (1955), 651. See also Foot (1978), 37. 26. I have used the version in Foot (1968), 489–98, translated back into French in LM, 244–56; and CIII, 1210–30, giving various French versions, showing changes from the original, such as the addition of the word ‘eventual’ to the title. I have incorporated these and other corrections, and added further points made in London in November (in PRO FO 898/198). CIII, 1230–9, reviews the historiography of the document, and there is a full contemporary summary in the SOE RF history at HS7/123/32–35. Marnham (2000), 133, espousing the ‘Communist agent’ myth, missed the circumstances and attitudes behind the report so he is alone, and quite misguided, in describing the report as ‘a masterpiece of imprecision, overstatement, approxima- tions and bluff’. 27. A well-informed Polish account is quoted in CIII, 780–2, 1208–10. Differing resistance views from Forman from Liberté and d’Astier on behalf of Libéra- tion are discussed below. 28. Calef (1980), 193; Kedward (1978), 41–3. 29. Meunier (1998), 66. Péan (1998), 322, asserts that Antionette Sachs per- suaded him to change his plans because he had been ‘too long in the shadow of Pierre Cot’. 30. The main authority is now Crémieux-Brilhac (1996). Also useful are Gillois (1973) and Cointet (1990), with Kersaudy (1990) on Franco-British relations. There are various alternative viewpoints, such as Mengin (1966). Notes 223

31. Kersaudy (1990), 73; Gilbert (1983), 535, 551. 32. See Rimbaud (1984); and Azéma (1990), 179–86. See also above. 33. PRO PREM 7/9, 13 July 1940; CIII, 1169–71. 34. PRO HS6/318, 29 May 1941. 35. CB (1996), 133f; and CIII, 525f, 1171–7, for Cassin on the sovereignty arguments. 36. Gaunson (1987), 184; Kersaudy (1990), 154. See also Thomas (1998). 37. CIII, 580–2; PRO PREM 3 18419, 211. 38. PRO PREM 3, 120/2, partly quoted in Kersaudy (1990), 157f. There is more detail in FO 371/285845, which confirms that the Free French had already given much thought to the proposal. 39. This point was constantly emphasised by the British in the discussions in PRO FO 371/28584–5. 40. PRO FO 371/28214 gives the quoted memo dated 24 October 1941, just after Moulin’s release. See also Passy I, 218. In HS6/311 there is a bad-tempered debate on these matters. Buckmaster argues his case in HS7/121, 72. 41. Dalton (1957), 367, reflected in the founding statements in Stafford (1983), 215f, and West (1992), 20–1. 42. On this see, for example, Stafford (1997), 268; and Lord Gladwyn (1972), 103. 43. The quotes are from CAB 102/650/341 (29 August), and HS7/123, 6, and there is a similar statement on 15 April 1941 by Churchill’s factotum Desmond Morton in PRO HS6/325. See also Stafford (1983), 40, 77. 44. The head of the ‘F’ section, in Maurice Buckmaster (1958), 21, praised wartime co-operation, though he is more critical in HS7/121, from which the quote is taken. See also the history of ‘RF’ section in HS/7/123, Foot (1968), and Marcel Ruby (1990), 290. For a discussion of joint operations, see 3AG 2/375. 45. Martin Thomas (article, 2000), 64. 46. Morton is quoted from Cassin’s papers in CIII, 1396. On Cambon, CB, 190. The September quotations are in PRO FO 371/28214. 47. The quotations in HS6/311 give Dalton’s comments of October 1941. See HS6/316 for the memo of 31 July 1942 on ‘The Position of General de Gaulle and “Fighting France” vis-à-vis Resistance in France To-day’. 48. The first statement is in the Sutton interview in FO 898/198, and the other quotes are in CB, 247. For Cordier’s unsuccessful efforts to view the origi- nals, see CIII, 430–1, 934–42; and CC, 154, 895. 49. According to CB, 244, Moulin’s arrival ‘bouscule tout’. For a similar view, see the thesis of Charmley (1982), 3. 50. I am grateful to Wandsworth Local History Library and some current inhabi- tants for this information. 51. Ruby (1990), 74–9; CIII, 479. PRO HS6/318 says that 359 Frenchmen passed through between February and May 1941, 31.7% of the total. HS6/421 reports the March 1944 responses of Lucie Aubrac, who greatly impressed her interrogators. For a rejected protest, see Eden’s letter of 10 November 1941, in de Gaulle (1954), 627–8. 52. CIII, 770f, 1412, and the note to Captain Bienvenue of 21 October, in 3AG 2/172. See also Cornick (article, 1994), 335. 53. For French versions, see LM, 261–3; CIII, 480; and Calef (1980), 203. 224 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

54. Piquet-Wicks (1957), 41–2. The resident permit for ‘Joseph Mercier’ dated 25 October, in the Musée Jean Moulin in Paris, gives the hotel address. 55. Pineau (1960), 156–60; Lacouture (1984), 138–9; Mayer (1968), 87. 56. Lacouture (1990) I, 379. 57. De Gaulle (1955), 272; LM, 264–7. The fictional account of the interview in Decaux and Peyrefitte (1999), 71–80, plausibly has Moulin persuading the General. 58. Some of these meetings are described in Péan (1998), 384–9; but Passy I, 224f; Piquet-Wicks (1957), 42; and CIII, 841f, are more reliable. 59. CB, 249–50, citing AN AJ 72/220, which is reproduced in CIII, 1247–61. For Moulin’s view see CIII, 841f. 60. This is a contemporary quotation from Piquet-Wicks, given in CIII, 1420. 61. PREM3/184/9. See also CC, 134, 893. 62. HS6/602 for this, including the quotes. CIII, 1420, mentions the ‘brief’ meeting with Buckmaster. 63. FO898/198, reprinted, translated into French, and subject to critical scrutiny in CIII, 1267–72. 64. LM, 273; Passy I, 226; and a later statement in CC, 139. 65. Calef (1980), 210–11, 223; Passy I, 225–6. 66. The original is reproduced in Calef (1980), 409. CIII, 857–9, 1261–2; and CC, 142f, give successive drafts. HS7/123, 1941, 36 gives a detailed summary. 67. CIII, 1263–6; CC, 144–6; Frenay (1976b), 124; Bourdet (1998), 185. See also Foot (1968), 181. 68. HS6/311 and 328 both contain copies in French; it is reproduced in CIII, 858, 1266–7. These files and HS6/602 cover the subsequent discussion and quotes. 69. The Eden letter, dated 22 January 1942, is in de Gaulle (1954), 651–2. 70. CIII, 888, 1279–85; and Noguères et al. (1967–81), II, 295. See 3AG 2/175 for the BCRA Report, cited in CIII, 1426. HS6/311 contains a letter from de Gaulle to Eden of 22 December, which is also in de Gaulle (1954), 646–7. This may be the letter de Gaulle thought he sent in October (see note 25 above). 71. Frenay (1973), 122. LM, 268, on Labarthe. Frenay (1977), 63, maintains the opposite without any evidence. Péan (1998), 322f, makes much of Dolivet’s contact with SOE in April 1941 and his rejection because of Comintern links. However, he provides nothing in the way of documented sources involving Moulin. See also Chapter 12 below. 72. FLM 17863, 89f; LM, 269; CIII 904, 1427. 73. 3AG 2/178, cited in CIII, 899, 1426. 74. CIII, 892–4; de Gaulle D&M, 134; CB, 248. PRO PREM 3/184/9 records a similar debate in the British Cabinet where the Foreign and Intelligence Services argued that individual assassinations could be justified. 75. CIII 899–900, 906–13, 1426–8; 3AG 2/378 includes d’Astier’s memorandum. 76. De Gaulle (1955), 633–4; CB, 253. 77. Kersaudy (1990), ch. 7. 78. CIII, 889f, on all this. 79. De Gaulle (1955), 647–8. There is some doubt about the authenticity of the wording, especially because of the use of Moulin’s actual name, which does not accord with Laure’s recollection: LM, 267, and CIII, 915f. However, Moulin certainly made use of some such document in 1942. Notes 225

80. Henri Michel (1971), 49; CIII, 1429. 81. Claude Bourdet (1998), 183. 82. De Gaulle gave some emphasis to this in all versions of his memoirs. These quotes are from the English edition (1955), 281. 83. Péan (1998), 363f. 84. This issue is bedevilled by the disappearance of any Cot/Moulin correspondence that might exist from this period. However, Sabine Jansen, who has studied Cot more than anybody, sees no reason to dispute the view expressed here. See also CIII, 932f. 85. This term is from Guichard (1980), 129.

Notes to Chapter 9: Mission Rex, 1942–3

1. Marc Olivier Baruch, at the Colloque Jean Moulin on 11 June 1999; Soustelle (1947), 386; AJ 72/49. 2. The ﬁrst statement, in 3AG 2/1, xv, and later accounts, was later attacked by anti-Gaullists like Laurent (1965), 33. The second statement is in Closon (1998), 62. There is a good scholarly account of ‘relations between interior and exterior resistances’ by Douzou and Veillon in Sainclivier and Bougeard (1995), 13–27. 3. Bidault (1967), 23; Michel (1971), 127. On the slow break from Pétain by Frenay, Mitterand and others, see Veillon on ‘The Resistance and Vichy’, in Fishman et al. (2000), 161–80. 4. The main source is Monjaret’s account in 3 AJ 72/233, largely repeated in his article (1964). There is more in 3AJ 72/178; Michel (1971), 17f; and in Zeitoun (1993), 42. There are some slight variations in the account in PF, seen from the pilot’s viewpoint. For accounts in English see Schoenbrun (1981), 171–2, with detail on RAF landings in Verity (1998). 5. Bouveret et al. (1999), 96–7. 6. LM 270f. Some accounts say he saw his family in Montpellier. 7. Ibid., 278ff, is the best source on this and much of what follows. The messages are mostly in 3AG 2/277, and some are in HS7. Continuing problems, in PF, 63, 67, 72, talking of ‘considerable delay in Berne bags’ in May; 81–2, on their being sent in the wrong order in June; 97, on partial transmission; 101, on delays by the Foreign Ofﬁce. 8. The obituary of Rivière in Le Monde on 19 December 1998 noted the impor- tance of this meeting. 9. AJ 72/564. 10. See 3AG 2/400 and CC 162f, on what follows, including quotations unless stated. The developments in Combat are covered in detail in Granet and Michel (1957) and Ajchenbaum (1995). 11. 3AG 2/400, 5; PF, 74, 78. Frenay (1976b), 99–104, is a later account, implausibly claiming he was deceived. 12. The account in Veillon (1977) is supplemented in Levy (1998). 13. Passy III, 391–2; Frenay (1976b), 122–6; Bénouville (1945); CC, 142. Chevence-Bertin (1990), 70; Bourdet (1998), 126; Bénouville (1949), 105–6; Amoretti (1964), 88; CB, 73. 14. Chevance-Bertin (1990), 69; Bourdet (1998), 129; Frenay (1976b), 128. 15. Aubrac (1996), 71; LM, 281–3. 226 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

16. HS6/322, 7 April 1942. 17. See 3AG 2/178 and 377 for these messages, and the following. 18. CC, 170–4, quoting statements written soon after by Frenay, which vary little from the account in his book (1976), pp. 130–49. See also Bénouville (1949), 110–16; Chevence-Bertin (1990), 75f, and Granet and Michel (1957), 191–4. 19. Venner (1995), 173–6. 20. Dominique Veillon, in Fishman et al. (2000), 169–70; Douzou (1994), 78; D’Astier (1958), 37; 3AG 2/43, June 1942; CC, 173; Péan (1998), 408–10. 21. The statement is in 3AG 2/377, 6, a much-quoted file, though the close coin- cidence of date should be noted. Frenay (1976b), 135, says that Moulin ‘had to be notified’, but not whether it happened. 22. PF, 78. 23. 3AG 2/1, xv. 24. 3AG 2/400, 22 April 1942; Frenay (1976b), 160–4. There was SOE resentment that ‘the famous Mercier’ had not arranged the journey through them (HS 6/319), and a view that ‘the Free French did not want him to come’ (PF, 70). 25. Frenay (1976b), 221, 162; Schoenbrun (1981), 207. 26. Michel (1971), 114–15; Bellanger (1961), 115–16. 27. 3AG 2/1 xvi, 6 and 400, 6–8; Bellanger et al. (1975), 134; Vistel (1970), 261–85. 28. 3AG 2/400 28; Michel (1971), 115–19; Bellescize (1979), 51f; Teitgen (1988), 52f. There is an account by Bastid in AJ 72/45. 29. Bellanger et al. (1975), 122; Passy II, 130–1. 30. Bell et al. (1990), 321–2. 31. Bellescize (1979), 58, and passim for what follows, plus Ducerf, in Sainclivier and Bougeard (1995), 259–71. Moulin describes the initial steps in 3AG 2/34. 32. Teitgen (1988), 86; Ducerf (1932), 260; René Hostache, in Cordier (1983), 58. 33. 3AG 2/277, 6; Closon (1998 edn), 55–8; Michel (1971), 115–19; Hostache (1958), 100; Soustelle (1947), 386; Debré (1984) I, 189–90; Passy III, 226– 9. 34. Soustelle (1947), 382–4; Bourdet (1998), 108–9; Bénouville (1949), 180; Vistel (1970), 209–43; Villon (1983), 75. 35. HS 6/319; CC 182f; Zeitoun (1993), 47–60; Passy II, 109–14. 36. 3AG 2/181. For SOE control see HS 6/312. SOE historical advisor Duncan Stuart assures me that all the telegrams were destroyed, though many are referred to in internal accounts of SOE activities in HS7. 37. HS 7/124, 24; 6/421, 21 July 1943. 38. CC, 176f. Péan (1998), 395ff, on much of what follows. 39. Bidault (1967), 23; CC, 177; LM, 293–4. 40. AJ 72/35; Baumel (1999), 177; Footitt and Simmonds (1988), 51. 41. Michel (1971), 69–70; Weitz (1995), 247–8; Levy (1988), 85–8. 42. Zeitoun, 43–5; LM, 293, 357–60. Péan (1998), 400–5, adds more from later interviews, claiming that Moulin had an affair with Colette Pons. Calef (1980) reproduces the letter to the prefect, and Bouveret et al. (1999), 124–5, Moulin’s final letter of 17 June 1943 to his family, which is mostly about the gallery. 43. Flonneau in Azéma and Bédarida (1992), 508; Bidault (1967), 21; CB, 211f. 44. Kedward (1978), 215–18 for this quote from a participant and the later demonstrations. See also Vistel (1970), 108–11. Notes 227

45. 3AG 2/1, xvi; Crémieux-Brilhac (1998), ‘Jean Moulin et le commissariat à l’Intérieur’, in www.paru.com/redac 46. LM, 332–6, quoting ‘unedited documents’; 3AG 2/300, 15; Bénouville (1949), 117. 47. 3AG 2/401, 82; CB 366; Soustelle (1947), 294–300. 48. Schumann (1946) II, 151; de Gaulle (1970) D&M, 205–7; CB, 335–8, 369f; Pineau (1961), 167–75. 49. Warner (1968), 301. 50. 3AG2 400/31, 399/48. 51. Schoenbrun (1981), 194; Vistel (1970), 113–16. The high level of co- ordinated preparation is evident from 3AG 2/401, 85, 93. 52. Ruby (1977), 84; Vistel (1970), 353. 53. 3AG 2/399, 29 July; CC, 196; Laborie (1990), 344; 3AG 2, 400 and 401. 54. Blum (1955), 350; HS 6/316 for Gouin; CB, 378; Passy II, 227–42; Philip (1988), 53–5; W. J. M. MacKenzie on the History of SOE in CAB 102/650, 439; LM, 413. 55. HS7/245, 176–8. 56. 3AG 2/377, 10; HS7/245, 179; de Gaulle LNC 1941–3, 405. 57. Rieber (1962), 7f; Michel and Mirkine-Guetzévitch (1954), 26–9; Soustelle (1947), 359; Sweets (1976) 124. See also CC, 267f, and CB, 310f. 58. D’Astier (1958), 59. 59. These matters are clearly described by Cordier on ‘La France libre, Jean Moulin et les communistes’ in Courtois and Lazare (1991), 29–37. Unfortu- nately the later charges of Frenay against Moulin and the later political stance of Manhès and others have clouded much later discussion. 60. 3AG 2 /401, 76–88; /377, 15. 61. 3AG 2/377, 10; De Gaulle LNC 1941–3, 405; de Gaulle, War Memoirs, vol. 2: Documents, 163; CB, 249, 334–5; Prenant (1971), 385; Rémy (1959 edn) I, 493. On the Communists more generally, see Azéma (1984), 146; CB, 319–31; CI, 170f; and Tillon (1991). 62. Meunier (1998), 75; HS 7/247, 167; 3AG 2/400, 142, 377; 401, 106, 181, 377. 63. HS 6/312, 7/123, 24; 3 AG 2 401, 112–13; 3AG2 2, 1, Annexes. Some is in PF, 89–90. 64. This is covered in Cables de Rex for 28 August, in 2 AG3/400, 62–70, summarised in Passy II, 128; and CC, 194. See also CI, 87f, and Guillin (1995), 84f. 65. 3AG 2/400, 69. 66. Lacouture (1990), 383; CB, 419. 67. De Gaulle (1956), 43; Perrier (1997), 111; Frenay (1976b), 201. There are near- contemporary accounts in Soustelle (1947), 395f; and Passy II, 246f. 68. CC, 200; Guillin (1995), 86–91; CI, 91–2. 69. Frenay (1976), 217–18, records this much-quoted exchange, which is also given in 3 AG 2 1/19. 70. CB, 417; Passy II, 264–7; Sweets (1976), 55; Jean-Pierre Azéma at the Colloque Jean Moulin, 11 June 1999. 71. Message of 16 November 1942, quoted in d’Astier (1965), 271–2. 72. Soustelle (1947), 463–70; De Gaulle D&M I, 233–40. 73. There is a good account of the consequent ‘coupure décisive pour Vichy (novembre 1942)’, see Azéma and Bédarida (1993) II, 7–29. 228 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

74. The general reaction and other issues are well set out in Maguire (1995), 63–74; CB, 425f; and Phillip Bell’s article (1982). See also Foot (1968), 221; and Kersaudy (1990), 214f. 75. Kersaudy (1990), 208; de Gaulle (1956), 38; Soustelle (1950), 32. 76. In a Stalinist touch, this part of the speech was cut from later records – Gilbert (1986), 276–7. 77. HS 6/316, 5 November; 6/321, 21 November 1942; Buckmaster, in HS 7/121, 4. 78. Parliamentary Debates V, 385, 1942–3. 79. Frenay (1976b), 213–14; de Gaulle, LNC 1941–3, 432. 80. Maguire (1995), 63–74; Funk (1974), 260; Verrier (1990); Soustelle (1950), 89–95. 81. CC, 207–9; Bourdet (1998), 137–42; LM, 371. 82. HS 7/243, 229; Soustelle (1950), 9; Kupferman (1987), 400–1. 83. This phase is well outlined in the article by Martin Thomas (1996), and quotes are all from there. See also his book (1998), 165–77. 84. Ravanel (1995), 84; Crémieux-Brilhac, in Azéma and Bédarida (1993) II, 187. 85. De Gaulle’s message is in 3AG 2/401, 179, and his broadcast in L’Unité (1959a), 48. The joint statement is in 3AG 2/400, 108, with extracts in Noguères et al. (1967–81), III, 56. The story of how it got to London is in Verity (1998), 54. See also Schoenbrun (1981), 227; and Michel (1962), 248. 86. 3AG 2/400/152. Sweets (1976), 69; Ravanel (1995), 90. 87. There is a vivid account of the 27 November meeting in Baumel (1999), 217–22. On other issues, see Soustelle (1950), 142ff; Sweets (1976), 58; Schoenbrun, 245; Frenay (1973), 237. 88. 3AG 2401, 181; Frenay (1973), 212; Péan (1994), 266, 309; Dainville (1974), 167; CC, 204–7. 89. 3AG 2/1, 1, xvii, 400, 67; Passy II, 132–9; Aglan (1999), 195f, on the difﬁ- culties of making these links. 90. Vistel (1970), 371f; Sweets (1975), 60f; Passy II, 308–9. 91. Chevance-Bertin (1990), 106; Vistel, quoted in Sweets (1976), 61. The Man- ifesto and constitution are in Passy III, 308–92. 92. HS 6/322, 28 January 1943; HS7/124, 170.

Notes to Chapter 10: The National Resistance Council, May 1943

1. Moulin eschewed the word ‘national’ to avoid confusion with the French National Committee, but it was added after his death (CC, 313). 2. Baumel (1999), 171. 3. CC, 270–85; Rémy (1950), 204f; Passy III; Grenier (1970), 178–80. 4. CC, 279f; Grenier’s account is in Cordier (1983), 46–9. 5. De Gaulle LNC 1943, 511–12; Sweets (1976), 125. 6. This was done in particular through Philippe Roques, Mandel’s former press ofﬁcer (CB, 342–5). 7. Despite the claims reproduced in Sherwood (1970), 281, there are many discussions about feasibility in HS6. See also Reynaud (1963), 454–5; and Daladier (1995). Notes 229

8. Queuille experienced delays like Moulin, and it took SOE agent Forest Yeo- Thomas much effort to contact the other Radical leaders – 3AG 2/400, 42; HS7/242. 9. Bidault (1967), 176; 3 AG 2/401/9. 10. Daladier (1995), 160; Piketty (1998). 11. See 3AG 2/400, 223, 401, 23. For more see CC, 908. 12. Marc Sadoun (1982), 145f. See also Mayer (1968), 82; CC, 197–9, 246f. 13. Andrieu (1984), 31f. 14. Debû-Bridel (1948a), 37; 3 AG 2/377, 7; Bourdet (1998), 217; Closon (1998), 83. 15. CC, 224–42. See also Piketty (1998), 211f. 16. Rémy (1948), 238; Passy II, 74. 17. 3AG 2/377, 7; quotation in Sweets (1976), 154–5. 18. 3AG 2/401, 1; HS 7/123, 24. See also Michel (1971), 187–8. 19. Soustelle (1950), 150. 20. 3AG 2/181, 14 December 1942, quoted in CC, 219, 296–7. 21. 3AG 2/401, 223, and Soustelle (1950), 151, are clear on this point, despite the unsubstantiated claim in Marnham (2000), 177, that the delay was con- trived by Moulin. There is more in PF, 128, and it is clear from HS 7/124, 12, that there was ‘a passage of telegrams which, owing to delay and mutilation, must have been confusing to all parties’, as detailed in PF, 129. 22. 3AG 2/318; de Gaulle LNC 1943, 511–14; CC, 311–12. 23. HS 7/124 18, 36, 179–80, 7/247, 179; Morgan (1954), 63; d’Astier (1965), 97; Michel (1971), 152–3; LM, 405–6. 24. Verity (1998), 194; Meunier (1998), 96. 25. PF, and Verity (1998), 64–5. Frenay (1973), 246, dates a directing committee meeting to 21 February, which cannot be accurate. 26. Passy III, 62. 27. There are detailed reports by Moulin on wireless communication matters dated 19 February, and accounts of meetings held on 16 and 22 February, all in PF. 28. Closon (1998), 38; de Gaulle, Memoirs (1955) II, 95, document 134. I have retranslated this text from the French edition, 445–6. There is a slightly longer version given in other places, such as d’Astier (1965), 282–3. The only signiﬁcant addition concerns the Arquebuse mission, discussed below. 29. Lacouture (1990) I, 438. CC, 308f, describes how the document was drafted, attributing considerable signiﬁcance to Moulin’s own role. CC, 328–9, gives the evidence, and 3AG 2/1, 18 March 1943, contains the quoted letter. 30. 3AG 401 235f. Péan (1998), 457, on the other hand, claims that Moulin did not hear the news until his return to France. He also says that Manhès revealed his contacts, though that is not the view of Yeo-Thomas, despite his disagreements – Seaman (1997), 78. 31. Pineau (1961), 288–9. 32. Sweets (1976), 124; Passy III, 300–1. Henri Rousso, in Azéma and Bédarida (1993). 33. These developments in general are covered in H. R. Kedward (1993), 1–43. Opposition to the Relève is described in Soustelle (1950), 140–1, and the Montluçon events in Schoenbrun (1981), 246–7. See also Vistel (1970). 230 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

Frenay (1973), 237f, says he first heard of what became the maquis on New Year’s Eve. 34. D’Aragon (1977), 110. 35. HS 6/322, 329 and 316; HS 7/247176–8, 272; 7/124, 29. 36. Frenay (1973), 246f, which seems to give the wrong date. See also LM, 369; Bourdet (1998), 162; 3AG 2/401, 260, 22 March 1943; Vistel (1970), 608; Michel (1971), 176–9. 37. Passy III, 341–5; and Veillon and Wieviorka on ‘La Résistance’, in Azéma and Bédarida (1993), 65–90, give summaries. There is more in Calmette (1961) on OCM, Mutter (1944) and Granet (1964) on CDR, Wievorka (1995) on Défense de la France. There is a good subjective contemporary account by SOE agent Forest Yeo-Thomas in HS 6/614 and HS 7/247, 249–50, from which the quotes are taken. 38. Baumel (1999), 292; Calmette (1961), 67. 39. Soustelle (1947), 312. 40. This account is based on 3AG 2/42 and HS 5/614 and 7/245. There is much more in Passy III, Seaman (1997), Rémy (1948), 238f, and Hostache (1989), 19f. 41. This is suggested by Passy, developed by Péan (1998), 449f, and embellished in Marnham (2000), 175f. 42. This is essentially the view presented by Cordier in CC 365f, though he adds a surfeit of Machiavellian intrigue. He rather undermines his theory by providing a detailed summary of messages and responses, which indicate limitless scope for honest confusion and misunderstanding. The quote is in Baumel (1999), 296. 43. Villon (1989), 71. 44. Passy III, 230f; Michel (1971), 129. Frenay (1973), 203, says he agreed with Brossolette, but this was not a view that was widely shared. It is also interesting to notice that Passy took a less hostile view to Moulin in an interview in 1998 – Benamov (1999), 144–7. 45. CC, 303–5. Much of Brossolette’s report is in LM, 474–5. 46. Passy III, and Meunier (1998); Seaman (1997), 78, gives the view of Yeo- Thomas, reflecting Brossolette. 47. HS 7/124, 13, 247, 170. 48. Wieviorka (1995), 208f. 49. Passy III, 179–80; Calmette (1961), 148–52; LM, 384. 50. Passy III, 179–82, for one account, and Meunier (1998), 99, for another, much later but from a participant. Péan (1998), 466–7 repeats the third-hand allegation that Moulin dropped his trousers to display contempt for Brossolette. 51. Yeo-Thomas, in HS7/247, 248, and on the executive, ibid., 19. 52. HS7/247, 236. 53. There are vivid descriptions by Yeo-Thomas of these meetings, in HS6/14 and 7/124, briefly summarised in Chapman (1966), 39–40. Passy’s report of the 12 April meeting is in AG 3 2/42, largely reproduced in Passy III, and summarised in CC, 334f. See also LM, 404. 54. HS 7/247, 242. 55. Piketty, at the Colloque Jean Moulin on 11 June 1999; Ravanel (1995), 93. 56. Quoted in CB, 481–2. Notes 231

57. Michel (1971), 134. 58. Bidault (1967), 24, says that on his return from London, Moulin told him that he now had information that the invasion would not take place in 1943. Neither of them dared pass on this most unwelcome news. 59. Closon (1998), 80. 60. Levy (1998), 100, conﬁrmed in HS7/124, 19; Vistel (1970), 83; Crémieux (1966), 108–9. 61. HS 7/124, 18, 36; 121. 62. The 8 April meeting is also described in Frenay (1973), 254–6. The texts are in Frenay (1990), 305–24. Closon (1998), 59f, describes the meeting and gives Moulin’s response, which he brought to London. See also Hostache (1958), 100–1, and Granet and Michel (1957), 87. 63. HS 7/247, 260–4; Closon (1998), 59; Seamen (1997), 87. 64. The letter is in Closon (1998), 78–91; and Passy III, 229–36, 364–9. The quotations are from Azéma, in Azéma and Bédarida (1993) II, 259; and Soustelle (1950), 168. 65. 3AG 2/303. 66. Passy III, 373–6; LM, 390f. 67. Hostache (1958), 101f; Passy III, 210f; Sweets (1976), 95f. Péan (1998), 429–45, adds from American archives. 68. Frenay (1973), 255; Soustelle (1950), 165. 69. AJ 72/564; HS 7/124, 19. 70. Bénouville (1949), 204–9; HS7/124, 16, 19; /247, 252; 3AG 2/295. 71. Cordier, in Courtois and Lazare (1991), 35; Villon (1989), 72; D’Astier (1965), 86; Closon (1998), 79; Azéma, in Azéma and Bédarida (1993) II, 253. 72. HS7/124, 18. Jean-Pierre Azéma, at the Colloque Jean Moulin, made the latter point on 11 June 1999. 73. The telegrams are in 3AG 2/400, partly reprinted in CB, 541. 74. HS 7/247, 253. 75. Philip (1988), 60; Soustelle (1947), 170; 3 3AG 2/400, 7 June 1943, in de Gaulle, War Memoirs (1959a) II, documents, 165–6. 76. Debû-Bridel (1978), 29. 77. 3AG 2/181, 912, frequently reproduced, for example in Hostache (1956 article), 154f. 78. The reaction is described in Granet (1964), 70, and the rest is in 3AG 2/409, quoted in CC, 388f. 79. The sources for these exchanges are the diary of CDR representative Lecompte-Boinet, in 72 AJ/542, 174–5, and Villon (1989), 73, quoted in CC, 388f, and CB, 534–9. 80. Philippe Burrin, at the Colloque Jean Moulin on 11 June 1999. 81. Quoted in CC, 390–1.

Notes to Chapter 11: The Tragedy of Caluire – and After

1. Dominique Veillon on ‘Caluire’, at the Colloque Jean Moulin on 11 June 1999. She has also produced an excellent summary of the issues jointly with Jean-Pierre Azéma, in Azéma et al. (1994), 127–44. 232 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

2. Daniel Cordier, in CC, 433; Raymond Aubrac, in 72 AG/233, 20 October 1963; Garçon (1950), 86. 3. Baumel (1999), 313. 4. Azéma (1984), 143. 5. A more or less accurate chart of the ‘secret army’, said to have been shown personally to Hitler, is much reprinted, for example Bénouville (1949), 349. 6. A scribbled note to Lily Manhès is reproduced in Bouverel (1999), 118. See also LM, 431. Péan (1998), 471–4, interviewed Colette Pons in 1996, and adds more. 7. 3AG 2/401, 170f. 8. 3AG 2/377, 7; Mireille Albrecht (1986), 337. 9. Meunier (1998), 110; Closon (1998), 91. 10. LM, 381f, gives the message of 7 May from which the quote is taken. The SOE response is in PF, 5 June 1943, summarised in HS 7/247, 260–4. CC, 446–7, gives more of the French side of the discussion. 11. LM, 407–8; HS 7/124, 21. 12. From the numerous accounts of the following events I have generally followed CC, 430ff, and Noguères et al. (1967–81), III, 413ff, supplemented from LM except where stated. See also Dreyfus (1999). 13. To further complicate matters, Hardy claimed that he did not pick up the message, but was travelling to Paris for quite other reasons. 14. Caviglioni (article, 1989), 34. 15. Reproduced in CC, 444–5. 16. 3AG 2/181. 17. Benamou (1999), 29–30, from interviews of 1997 and 1999. Earlier interviews are reported in Noguères et al. (1967–81), III, and Schoenbrun (1981), 308. 18. Péan (1998), 546–9. 19. Lucie Aubrac (1997), 85; Raymond Aubrac (1996), 95. 20. Péan (1998), 552, for example. This evidence was dismissed by some because it came from a Gestapo agent. 21. They are exhaustively recorded in CC, and a few more can be found in LM, 476–83. 22. Bidault (1967), 24. 23. Doubt is cast on this much-repeated story (in Pineau (1961), 122–4) by Cordier, in CC, 471. Aglan (1999), 7, provides thin supporting evidence. 24. Guillin (1995), 272. 25. This is reproduced in Institut Jean Moulin (1994), 106. 26. LM, 14. 27. Noguères (1985), 225–31. The view that Aubrac was engaged in a triple bluff, acting on behalf of the Russians to get the Gestapo to kill their former agent Moulin, suggested in Marnham (2000), 246f, is, like all such diabolical con- spiracy theories, hard to disprove, and even harder to take seriously. More serious issues about the actions of the Aubracs are considered in Chapter 12. 28. Péan (1998), 539; Dreyfus (1996), 262–3; H6/421, 28 July 1943. 29. Noguères et al. (1967–81), III, 478; de Gaulle, Memoirs (1959a), II, 167 (retranslated). 30. HS 6/421; HS 7/249, 349. On this phase more generally, see CC, 485ff, and CB, 745f. 31. 3AG 2/400, 227f. Notes 233

32. 3AG 2/181. 33. The obituary of Jarrot in The Times of 25 April 2000 mentions this, but see CI, 260–2. 34. CI, 264–8. 35. De Gaulle (1959a), 168; telegrams in 3AG 2/401 and 397, partly quoted in CB, 750. Passy III, 265, for his view. 36. This is covered in CB 751f. The view of Serreulles on the ‘affair of the rue de la Pompe’ is in AJ 72/45. He rather downplays its signiﬁcance. The SOE assessment of Serreulles was ‘that his presence on the ﬁeld was a menace to his unfortunate comrades’ (HS 7/124, 23). Ibid., 52, describes Bingen as ‘deplorable’, ‘however brave his death’. This is repeated in Marshall (1966), 53f, and Seaman (1997), 93f. CB, 761, gives a more positive (French) assessment. 37. LM, 411; Mengin (1966), 211. 38. Louis Joxe (1981), 197; Frenay (1976b), 201. 39. Piquet-Wicks (1957), 62. 40. Quote in CIII, 937; Michel (1971), 174–5. 41. Michel (1971), 134.

Notes to Chapter 12: A Contested Legacy, 1943–2000

1. Message of Laurent Fabius to the Colloque Jean Moulin, 10 June 1999. 2. For a brilliant description, see Pierre Nora (1996), 205–40. 3. On the freemasons, see Headings (1949) and Nordmann (1974), 336–7, Faucher (1986), 236–7, argues for his membership on the basis of attendance at one meeting in 1937. For the Radicals, Nicolet (1957), 101. Moulin’s name ﬁgured prominently on the web site of the Radical Socialist Party when it was celebrating its centenary in 1999. 4. De Gaulle, LNC VI, 200, 223, and PC, 13. 5. Levisse-Touzé (1999), 62; and FLM, 17868, 190–210. 6. Dalloz (1992), 88; Bidault (1950 article), 1–5; Calef (1960), 8; Farge (1946), 14–15. There is more from Bidault in 72 AJ/49, as also in Resistance (1967). 7. PC, 166–9; Le Monde, 20 August, 17 December 1946; Antoinette Sachs (published under her later name, Saxe) Le Monde Ilustré, 1 February 1947. 8. Le Monde, 23 January 1998, 14, on the ENA; and Bercellini and Wieviorkal (1995), 203–37, on the plaque at the Interior Ministry. 9. Pierre Cot, ‘Jean Moulin, patriote et républicain’, Action, 15 June 1945, partly reprinted in Benfredj (1990); and Passy’s volumes of 1947 and 1951, here referred to as Passy I, II and III. 3G 2/1–3 clearly shows that this is not the work of Passy alone. 10. For details see Mossuz (1970); Touchard (1977), 319–23; and Moreau (1998), 192f. 11. Alphandery (1999), 65–8. See also Hessel (1997), 152, and an interesting interview with him in Benamou (1999), 275–302. 12. For a list of these publications, see ‘Club Jean Moulin’ in the bibliography. 13. Peyreﬁtte (1997) II, 109. Georges Bidault was just as indignant, but from an anti-de Gaulle viewpoint. 234 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

14. For a full account see Rousso (1991), 82–97. There is more in Malraux (1968), 381–7. 15. Nora (1996), 565. Laure Moulin in Le Monde, 12 December 1964, gives her view. See above, Chapter 1, for more detail. 16. One lavishly illustrated account is to be found in Insitut Jean Moulin (1994). 17. Le Monde, 22 May 1981. 18. The catalogue for Lyons is Zeitoun (1993), and material available at Béziers can be seen in Lugand (1993). 19. This is covered in Chapter 10 above, and in Frenay’s publications discussed below. 20. Such a view is presented in Dreyfus (1990), 698–9. 21. The 1950 letter is in Passy III, 389–415, developed in Frenay (1976b), xii, 444–8. 22. Claude Bourdet, Le Monde, 26 April 1973. The historian Jean-Pierre Azéma (1983), in L’Histoire, April 1983, 102, concluded that ‘there is no Moulin affair’. 23. Johnson’s article (1999), 11. 24. Le Monde, 7 November 1989, has an indignant response from Chillina Frenay on behalf of her late husband, and a piece by Jean-Pierre Azéma pointing to the a-historical character of charges about early Pétainism. See also Figaro, 23 and 31 October 1989, and Henri Noguères in Le Monde, 15 November 1989, on the issue of length. Most of these articles are reprinted in CIII, 1312f. 25. This was the title of the paper given by Mme Vergez at the Colloque Jean Moulin on 11 June 1999. The Cordier volumes are referred to in this book as CI, CII, CIII and CC. 26. Bowyer (1985) and (1995) gives the background and Rousso (1991), 199–216, provides a somewhat heterodox account. There are fair narratives in de Hoyos (1984), Paris (1985), and Mérindol (1987); much of the balanced jour- nalism is reproduced in Gauthier (1988), and a lot more is collected at the IHTP. There is also a film of the trial, which can be seen at the Resistance Museum in Lyons. 27. Le Monde, 4 May 1987. 28. For a summary, see Faligot and Kauffer (1989), 496–507. Corgi Books published an example of Hardy’s fiction in 1958 as Bitter Victory. See also Hardy (1984), and CC, 717–85. A recent reiteration of the general view by a resistance leader very close to the event is given in Benamou (1999), 31, and the case for other possibilities is given in Marnham (2000), 233f. There is more detailed discussion on the events above in Chapter 11. 29. For this see Rousso (1991), 208–9, and Henri Noguères (1985), 20f. The view of Jean-Pierre Azéma is in L’Histoire, 55 April 1983, 98–102. 30. Wright (1987), 239–40. These opinions are essentially repeated in Andrew and Gordievsky (1990), 370–1, without any verifiable evidence. For one of many protests about this from a serious historian, see Crémieux-Brilhac (1996), 176. 31. Wolton (1998) contains more of this, as does Haynes and Klehr (1999), where lists of Venona transcripts about Cot are given, but only assertions that they went beyond publicly stated positions. Notes 235

32. Nicolson (1970), 196. Much of this is in Wolton (1993), embroidered by Péan (1998) and repeated in Marnham (2000). Straight (1983), 253–8, covers Dolivet’s extraordinary American career. 33. Giraud (1988), 108–44, 154–8, 267–8; (1989), 284ff; and Courtois (1998), 373. See also Vidal-Naquet (1993), 20–3. 34. Benfredj (1990), 108–44, 154–8, 267–8, crushingly refuted in Vidal-Naquet (1993), 18–19. 35. Thierry Wolton (1993) provoked numerous articles and a few books. A passionate and elegant refutation of Wolton’s augments and method is in Vidal-Naquet (1993), and another trenchant attack is in Conan and Rousso (1994), 209–36. Some support is in Figaro-Magazine, 6 February 1993, where Henri-Christian Giraud teamed up with the reformed Stalinist Annie Kriegel. Issues of the Nouvel Observateur of 17 and 25 February 1993 include contributions from François Furet as well as from historians with knowledge of the period including Jean-Pierre Azéma, François Bédarida, and the biographer Jean Lacouture. See also the Stéphane Courtois article (1993). 36. Vidal-Naquet (1993), 20, on the ‘homosexual link’, and 59f, on the ‘Spanish smoke screen’. 37. On the source, see Wolton in Figaro-Magazine, 6 February 1993, and Wolton (1993), 329, for the limited news from Chartres. For a historian’s counter- view see François Bédarida, ‘L’Histoire de la Résistance et l’affaire Jean Moulin’, in Cahiers de l’Institut de l’Histoire du Temps Présent, 27, June 1994, 160. Courtois (1993 article) comes to the same conclusion. 38. On this, see Stéphane Courtois (1993 article), 12, and Gilles Perrault, ‘Quand Trepper Mentait’, in Nouvel Observateur, 25 February 1993, 91. For a French translation of the full text, see Wolton (1993), 353–7. 39. There is a devastating critique in Conan and Rousso (1994), 222f. 40. In his debate with Vidal-Naquet in Le Monde, 26 November 1993. Marnham (2000), 246, has revived this now unsupported theory and asserts that it will one day be proved from unrevealed and unspeciﬁed documents. 41. On Kriegel, see Delwit and Dewael (1984). For Furet, see his article in Nouvel Observateur, 18 February 1973, and Vidal-Naquet (1998), 345. 42. Conan and Rousso (1994), 227; François Bédarida, ‘L’Histoire de la Résistance et l’affaire Jean Moulin’, in Cahiers de l’Institut de l’Histoire du Temps Présent, 27 June 1994, 158; and Crémieux-Brilhac, in Vidal Naquet (1993), 155–60, and in his book (1996), 244. 43. Bernstein et al. (1995), 70. 44. The earlier events are covered in Conan and Rousso (1994), and Froment (1994), 121f. For the background on Papon, see Poiret-Delpech (1998), and for his trial, see the reports of Jean-Michel Dumay in Le Monde, extensively detailed in his book (1998). The best summary in English is Nancy Wood’s 1999 article, reprinted in her book (1999), 113–42. 45. Libération published a supplement on 9 November 1997 giving an account of the ‘table ronde’. Measured accounts are given by the historian Antoine Prost (writing also ‘as a man and a citizen’) in Le Monde, 12 May 1997, on ‘Les historiens et les Aubrac: une question de trop’, and by Gilles Perrault on ‘Barbie, son Tartuffe et les Aubrac’, in Le Monde, 23 May 1997. 236 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

46. The controversy is well summarised in an article as yet unpublished, by Hanna Diamond and Claire Gorrara, ‘Occupation Memories: French history and the Aubrac Affair in the 1990s’, kindly supplied by the authors. There is another summary in Guillon’s article (1999), and a rather less balanced account by Paul Webster on ‘Resistance Heroes tarnished by time’, in the Guardian, 10 July. For a spirited defence of the Aubracs, see Delpla (1998), expanding on his article ‘Quelle affaire Aubrac?’ in Le Monde of 9th May. 47. Le Monde, 4 April 1998. Chauvy continues to publish his views on an Inter- net site, www.csonline.net/moulince/moul-g.htm 48. Guillon article (1999), 92; Marnham (2000), 218f. 49. Johnson’s article (1999), 10. 50. Jacques Baynac (1998) and Pierre Péan (1998). There is a journalistic account of all this in L’Express, 19 November 1998, and a review displaying sympa- thy with the views of Baynac, by François-Georges Dreyfus (article, 1999). Cordier’s response is in CC, 860–74. 51. Péan (1999). The phrase appears as the heading of a review of the book in Le Figaro. Péan undermines his perceived veracity on p. 253 by attacking ‘punctilious historians’ who demand proof for every statement. 52. Alexandre Adler, ‘La vraie énigme Jean Moulin’, in Le Monde, 11 December 1998. There is also a good summary in Douglas Johnson’s article (1999). 53. Levisse-Touzé (1999). 54. For a review, see Marion Van Renterghem in Le Monde, 11 September 1999. 55. Decaux and Peyreﬁtte (1999), and Bouveret et al. (1999). 56. On a day just as cold, but with many fewer histrionics from President Chirac than Malraux had bestowed on Moulin. See Harris (article, 1998), 53–5. Bibliography

Primary sources (archival)

Archives Nationales (Paris) 3AG 2 (Archives de BCRA) Especially 1–3, Livre Blanc du BCRA; 172–5, Liaison avec SOE; 178, Premiers missions; 181, Courriers de Rex; 277, Finances de Rex; 376–9, Mouvements de résistance; 397, Missions; 398–9, Courriers pour Rex etc.; 400, Télégrammes de Rex etc.; 401, Télégrammes pour Rex et Sophie; 407, Télégrammes de et à Bip; 409, Organisations centrales de la résistance.

AJ 72 (Seconde Guerre Mondiale) Especially 39–40, Réseaux Buckmaster; 45, COMAC, CGC, CNC; 46–8, Combat; and 49, CNR etc.; 55, Franc-Tireurs; 220–1, La France Libre à Londres; 233, Jean Moulin; 409, Organes centrales de la résistance; 535–50, Papiers de Général Cochet; 564, Rapports de Rex etc.

F1 BI 816 Dossier de la carrière de Jean Moulin.

FIC III, 1135–1139 Reports of Prefects.

Bibliothèque Nationale de France (Paris) Manuscripts, Division Orientale (Richelieu) France: Nouvelles Acquisitions (NAF) Volumes 17,863 to 17,869. Fonds Laure Moulin (FLM).

Public Record Ofﬁce (London) Foreign Ofﬁce (FO) FO 371, General Correspondence, including French Department. FO 898, Political Warfare Executive.

Prime Ministers papers (PREM) PREM 3 and 7.

Cabinet papers (CAB) CAB 102/649–52, ‘The History of SOE’ by W. J. M. Mackenzie.

237 238 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

Special Operations Executive (HS) HS6 Operations in Western Europe, 308–616, Files on France. HS7 SOE Headquarters papers, especially 121–37 and 244–52 on France.

By courtesy of the SOE advisor to the Foreign and Comonwealth Ofﬁce Jean Moulin’s SOE Personal File.

Printed primary sources

Assemblée Nationale (1934, no. 3383) Rapport général fait au nom de la commission chargé de rechercher les causes et les origines des événements du 6 février 1934 et les jours suivants par M. Marc Rucart, 2 vols. Assemblée Nationale (1951, no. 2344) Rapport fait au nom de la commission chargée d’enquêter sur les événements survenus en France de 1933 à 1945 par M. Charles Serre, 9 vols. Blum, Léon (1955) L’Oeuvre, 1940–1943 (Albin Michel). Brossolette, Pierre (1998) Résistance (1927–1943). Textes rassemblés par Guillaume Piketty (Odile Jacob). Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis (ed.) (1975–7) Ici Londres . . . Les Voix de la Liberté, 1940–1944, 5 vols (La Documentation française). Daladier, Édouard (1995) Prison Journals, 1940–1945, ed. Jean Daladier and Jean Davidan, translated by Arthur D. Greenspan (Westview Press, Boulder, Col.). Dalton, Hugh (1986) The Second World War: Diary, 1940–1945, ed. Ben Pimlott (Jonathan Cape). de Gaulle, Charles (1954) Mémoires de Guerre: L’Appel, 1940–42 (Plon). de Gaulle, Charles (1956) Mémoires de Guerre: L’Unité, 1942–44 (Plon). de Gaulle, Charles (1959) Mémoires de Guerre: Le Salut, 1944–46 (Plon). de Gaulle, Charles (1955) War Memoirs, vol. 1: The Call to Honour, 1940–1942 (Collins). de Gaulle, Charles (1959a) War Memoirs, vol. 2: Unity, 1942–1944 (Weidenfeld and Nicolson). de Gaulle, Charles (1959b) War Memoirs, vol. 3: Salvation, 1944–1946 (Weiden- feld and Nicolson). (Each of the above six volumes is accompanied by a volume of documents.) de Gaulle, Charles (1970) Discours et Messages, 1940–1949, 5 vols (Plon) (herein D&M). de Gaulle, Charles (1970–71) Mémoires d’Espoir, 1958–71, 2 vols (Plon). de Gaulle, Charles (1980–87) Lettres, Notes et Carnets, 1905–1970, 12 vols (Plon) (herein LNC). Documents Diplomatiques Français, 1932–1939: Première Série, 1932–35, 6 vols; Deuxième Série, 7 vols (Ministère des Affaires Étrangères). Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, ed. W. N. Meddlicott, Douglas Dakin, Gillian Bennett, 2nd Series, vol. xvii (HMSO). House of Commons Parliamentary Debates Fifth Series, 1942–3 (HMSO). Nicolson, Harold (1970) Diaries and Letters, 1939–1945 (Collins Fontana). Pétain, Philippe (1989) Discours aux Français, 17 juin 1940–20 août 1944, ed. Jean- Claude Burbas (Albin Michel). Bibliography 239

Schumann, Maurice (1946) Honneur et Patrie (Livres Français). Schumann, Maurice (1964) La Voix du Couvre Feu (Plon).

Unpublished dissertations

Charmley, John (1982) ‘British Policy towards De Gaulle, 1942–4’ (Oxford University D.Phil. thesis). Simon, Pascal (1987) ‘La Vie de Jean Moulin: Avant son entrée dans la Résistance [1899–1936]’ (Mémoire de Maîtresse, Université Paris VII).

Books

(French books are published in Paris and English books in London unless stated. English-language versions have generally been listed where they exist.) Anon. (1979) Hommage à Pierre Cot avec les témoignages de ses collaborateurs et amis (Publié par sa famille). Aglan, Alya (1999) La Résistance sacriﬁée. Le mouvement ‘Libération-Nord’ (Flammarion). Agulhon, Maurice (1993) The French Republic, 1878–1992 (Oxford: Blackwell). Agulhon, Maurice (2000) De Gaulle. Histoire, symbole, mythe (Plon). Ajchenbaum, Yves-Marc (1995) À la vie, à la mort. Histoire du journal ‘Combat’, 1941–1974 (Le Monde Éditions). Albrecht, Mireille (1986) Berty (Laffont). Alexander, Martin S. (1992) The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933–1940 (Cambridge University Press). Alexander, Martin S., and Helen Graham (eds) (1989) The French and Spanish Popular Fronts (Cambridge University Press). Alphandery, Claude (1999) Vivre et résister (Décarte et Cie). Amoretti, Henri (1964) Lyon capitale: 1940–44 (Éditions France-Empire). Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky (1990) KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachov (Hodder and Stoughton). Andrieu, Claire (1984) Le Programme Commun de la Résistance: Des idées dans la Guerre (Erudit). Andrieu, Claire, Lucette Le Van and Antoine Prost (1987) Les Nationalisations de la Libération: De l’utopie au compromis (Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques). d’Aragon, Charles (1977) La Résistance sans heroïsme (Seuil). Aron, Raymond (1983) Mémoires (Juillard). Aron, Robert (1958) The Vichy Régime, 1940–1944 (Putnam). Association Nationale des Amis de Jean Moulin (1967) Jean Moulin (loose leaf) (Centre National Jean Moulin, Bordeaux). d’Astier, Emmanuel (1958) Seven Times Seven Days (McGibbon and Kee). d’Astier, Emmanuel (1965) De la chute à la libération de Paris (Gallimard). Aubrac, Lucie (1945) La Résistance (Naissance et Organisation) (Robert Lang). Aubrac, Lucie (1984) Ils partiront dans l’ivresse (Seuil). Aubrac, Lucie (1994) Outwitting the Gestapo, translation by Konrad Bieber of the above (University of Nebraska Press). 240 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

Aubrac, Lucie (1997) Cette Exigeante Liberté (L’Archipel). Aubrac, Raymond (1996) Où la mémoire s’attarde (Éditions Odile Jacob). Azéma, Jean-Pierre (1984) From Munich to the Liberation, 1938–44 (Cambridge University Press). Azéma, Jean-Pierre (1990) 1940: L’Année Terrible (Seuil). Azéma, Jean-Pierre, Antoine Prost and Jean-Pierre Rioux (1986) Le Parti commu- niste français des années sombres (1938–1941) (Seuil). Azéma, Jean-Pierre, and François Bédarida (1992) La Régime de Vichy et les Français (Fayard). Azéma, Jean-Pierre, and François Bédarida (1993) La France des années noirs, 2 vols (Seuil). Azéma, Jean-Pierre, François Bédarida and Robert Franc (1994) Jean Moulin et la Résistance en 1943 (Institut d’Histoire du Temps Présent). Bankwitz, Phillip (1967) Maxime Weygand and Civil–Military Relations in Modern France (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.). Barcellini, Serge, and Annette Wieviorka (1995) Passant, souviens-toi! Les lieux du souvenir de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale en France (Plon). Bargeton, René (1994) Dictionnaire Biographique des Préfets: Septembre 1870–mai 1982 (Archives Nationales). Bartosek, Karel, René Gallissot and Denis Peschanski (1969) De l’exil à la résis- tance: Réfugiés et immigrés d’Europe Centrale en France, 1933–1935 (Presses Uni- versitaires de Vincennes). Baruch, Marc Olivier (1997) Servir l’État Français: L’administration en France de 1940 à 1944 (Fayard). Baudoin, Madeleine (1962) Histoire des Groupes Francs (MUR) de Bouches-du-Rhône de septembre 1943 à la Libération (Presses Universitaires de France). Baumel, Jacques (1999) Résister: Histoire secrète des années d’Occupation (Albin Michel). Baverez, Nicolas (1993) Raymond Aron: Un Moraliste au temps des Idéologies (Flammarion). Bayac, Jacques (1972) Histoire du Front Populaire (Fayard). Baynac, Jacques (1998) Les Secrètes de l’affaire Jean Moulin: Contexte, causes et circonstances (Seuil). Bédarida, François, and Dominique Veillon (1988) Boris Vildé: Journals et lettres de prison, 1941–2 (Cahiers de l’IHTP, 7). Beevor, J. G. (1981) SOE: Recollections and Reﬂections, 1940–1945 (Bodley Head). Bell, David S., Douglas Johnson and Peter Morris (1990) Biographical Dictionary of French Political Leaders since 1870 (Harvester, Hemel Hempstead). Bellanger, Claude (1961) Presse Clandestine, 1940–44 (Armand Colin). Bellanger, Claude et al. (1975) Histoire Générale de la Presse Française, vol. IV: De 1940 à 1958 (Presses Universitaires de France). de Bellescize, Diane (1979) Les Neufs Sages de la Résistance: Le Comité General d’Études dans la clandestinité (Plon). Belot, Robert (1998) Aux frontières de la liberté Vichy–Madrid–Alger–Londres: S’évader de la France d’occupation (Fayard). Benamou, Georges-Marc (1999) C’était un temps déraisonnable: Les premiers résistants racontent (Laffont). Bénédite, Daniel (1984) La Filière Marseillaise: Un chemin vers la Liberté sous l’occupation (Éditions Clancier-Guénaud). Bibliography 241

Benfredj, Charles (1990) L’Affaire Jean Moulin: Le contre-enquête (Albin Michel). de Bénouville, Pierre Guillain (1949) The Unknown Warriors: A Personal Account of the French Resistance (Simon and Schuster, New York). de Bénouville, Pierre Guillain (1945) Le Sacriﬁce de matin (La Palatine, Geneva). Bernstein, Serge (1975) Le 6 février 1934 (Julliard). Bernstein, Serge (1982) Histoire du Parti Radical, 2 vols (Presses de la Fondation Nationale de Sciences Politiques). Bernstein, Serge, Robert Frank, Sabine Jansen and Nicolas Werth (1995) Rapport de la commission d’historiens constituée pour examiner la nature des relations de Pierre Cot avec les autorités Soviétiques (B & Cie). Beteille, P., and Christine Rimbal (1977) Le Procès de Riom (Plon). Bidault, Georges (1967) Resistance: The Political Autobiography, translated by Marianne Sinclair (Weidenfeld and Nicolson). Binion, Rudolph (1960) Defeated Leaders: The Political Fate of Caillaux, Jouvenel, and Tardieu (Columbia University Press). Blatt, Joel (ed.) (1998) The French Defeat of 1940: Reassessments (Berghahn, Oxford). Bloch, Marc (1968) Strange Defeat: A Statement Written in 1940 (W. W. Norton, New York). Blocq-Mascart, Maxime (1945) Chroniques de la Résistance (Corrêa). Blumenson, Martin (1978) The Vildé Affair: Beginnings of the French Resistance (Robert Hale). Bodin, Louis, and Jean Touchard (1972 edn) Front Populaire, 1936 (Armand Colin). Bourdé, Guy (1977) La Défaite du Front Populaire (Maspero). Bourdet, Claude (1998, new edn) L’Aventure incertaine: De la Résistance á la Restau- ration (Félin). Boursier, Jean-Yves (ed.) (1997) Résistants et Résistance (L’Harmattan). Boussard, Dominique (1983) Un Problème de Défense Nationale: L’Aéronautique Militaire au Parlement (1928–40) (Service Historique de l’Armée de l’Air, Vincennes). Bouveret, Nelly, Francis Zamponi and Daniel Allary (1999) Jean Moulin: Mémoires d’un homme sans voix (Éditions de Chêne). Bowyer, Tom (1985) Klaus Barbie, Butcher of Lyons (Corgi Books). Bowyer, Tom (1995) Blind Eye to Murder: Britain, America and the Purging of Nazi Germany – A Pledge Betrayed (Little Brown, New York). Boyce, Robert, and Esmond Robertson (1989) Paths to War: New Essays on the Origins of the Second World War (Macmillan – now Palgrave). Buckmaster, Maurice (1952) Specially Employed: The Story of the British Aid to French Patriots of the Resistance (Batchworth). Buckmaster, Maurice (1958) They Fought Alone (W. W. Norton). Calef, Henri (1980) Jean Moulin: Une Vie, 20 juin 1899–21 juin 1943 (Plon). Calmette, Arthur (1961) L’‘OCM’. Organisation Civile et Militaire: Histoire d’un Mouvement de Résistance de 1940 à 1946 (Presses Universitaires de France). Calvi, Fabrizio (1990) OSS. La Guerre en France, 1942–1945: Les services spéciaux américains, la Résistance et la Gestapo (Hachette). Campbell, Peter (1958) French Electoral Systems and Elections, 1789–1957 (Faber). Cassin, René (1975) Les hommes Partis de rien, le réveil de la France abaltue (1940–41) (Plon). 242 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

Castre, ville de (Tarn) (1974) Jean Moulin (Musée Goya). Cate, Curtis (1995) André Malraux: A Biography (Hutchinson). Chadeau, Emmanuel (1987) L’Industrie aéronautique en France (1935–1950) (Fayard). Chapman, Brian (1955) The Prefects of Provincial France (George Allen and Unwin). Chapman, Herrick (1991) State Capitalism and Working-Class Radicalism in the French Aircraft Industry (University of California Press). Chevance-Bertin, Maurice (1990) Vingt Mille Heures d’Angoisse, 1940–1945 (Laffont). Clermont, Julien (pseudonym of Georges Hilaire) (1949) L’Homme qu’il fallait tuer: Pierre Laval (Éditions des Actes des Apôtres). Closon, Francis Louis (1974) Le Temps des passions: De Jean Moulin à la Libération, 1943–1944 (Presses de la Cité). Closin, Francis Louis (1998, 2nd edn) Le Temps des Passions de Jean Moulin à la Liberation, 1943–44 (Felin). Club Jean Moulin (1961) L’État et le citoyen (Seuil). Club Jean Moulin (1962) Deux Pièces du Dossier Algérie (Seuil). Club Jean Moulin (1963) La Force de frappe et le citoyen (Seuil). Club Jean Moulin (1965) Un Parti pour la Gauche (Seuil). Club Jean Moulin (1966) Pour une politique étrangère de l’Europe (Seuil). Club Jean Moulin (1968a) Que faire de la Révolution de mai? (Seuil). Club Jean Moulin (1968b) Le Citoyen au pouvoir: 12 régions, 2000 communes (Seuil). Club Jean Moulin (1969) Quelle réforme? Quelles régions? (Seuil). du Coeurjoy, Marius Chaillon (1913) Souvenirs d’un Attaché de Cabinet (Perrin). Cointet, Jean-Paul (1998) Marcel Déat: Du socialisme au national-socialisme (Perrin). Cointet, Michèle and Jean-Paul (1990) La France à Londres, 1940–1943 (Éditions Complexe, Brussels). Colton, Joel (1987 edn) Léon Blum: Humanist in Politics (Duke University Press). Conan, Eric, and Henry Rousso (1994) Vichy, Un passé qui ne passe pas (Fayard). Cookridge, E. H. (i.e. Edward Spiro) (1968) Inside SOE: The Story of Special Opera- tions in Western Europe, 1900–1945 (Arthur Baker). Corbière, Tristan (1935) Armor: Avec huit eaux-fortes de Romanin (René Helleri). Cordier, Daniel (ed.) (1983) Jean Moulin et le Conseil National de la Résistance (IHTP, Éditions du Centre de la Recherche Scientiﬁque). Cordier, Daniel (1989) Jean Moulin. L’inconnu du Panthéon, vol. 1: Une Ambition pour la République, juin 1899–juin 1936 (J. C. Lattès) (herein CI). Cordier, Daniel (1989) Jean Moulin. L’inconnu du Panthéon, vol. 2: Le Choix d’un destin, juin 1936–novembre 1940 (J. C. Lattès) (herein CII). Cordier, Daniel (1993) Jean Moulin. L’inconnu du Panthéon, vol. 3: De Gaulle, capitale de la Résistance, novembre 1940–décembre 1941 (J. C. Lattès) (herein CIII). Cordier, Daniel (1999) Jean Moulin: La République des Catacombes (Gallimard) (herein CC). Cot, Pierre (1939) L’Armée de l’Air, 1936–1938 (Grasset). Cot, Pierre (1944) The Triumph of Treason, translated by Sybille and Milton Crane (Ziff Davies, Chicago). Courtois, Stéphane (1980) Le PCF dans la Guerre: De Gaulle, La Résistance, Staline (Ramsay). Bibliography 243

Courtois, Stéphane, and Marc Lazare (eds) (1991) Cinquante ans d’une passion française: De Gaulle et les communistes (Ballard). Crémieux, Francis (1966) Entretiens avec Emmanuel d’Astier (Éditions Pierre Belfond). Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis (1990) Les Français de l’an 40, 2 vols (Gallimard). Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis (1996) La France Libre, de l’appel du 18 juin à la Libération (Gallimard) (herein CB). Cuny, Michel J., and Françoise Petitdemange (1995) Fallait-il laisser mourir Jean Moulin? (Éditions Cuny-Petitdemange, Lyons). de Dainville, Augustin (1974) L’ORA: La Résistance de l’Armée (Guerre 1939–1945) (Lavauzelle). Dallas, Gregor (1993) At the Heart of a Tiger: Clemenceau and his World, 1841–1929 (Macmillan – now Palgrave). Dalloz, Jacques (1992) Georges Bidault: Biographie Politique (L’Harmattan). Dalton, Hugh (1957) The Fateful Years: Memoirs, 1931–1945 (Muller). Debré, Michel (1984) Trois Républiques pour une France, Mémoires I (Albin Michel). Debû-Bridel, Jacques (1948a) Les Partis contre de Gaulle (Somagy). Debû-Bridel, Jacques (1948b) L’Agonie de la Troisième République (Bateau Ivre). Debû-Bridel, Jacques (1978) De Gaulle et le CNR (Éditions France Empire). Decaux, Alain, and Alain Peyreﬁtte (1999) 1940–1945: De Gaulle, Celui qui a dit Non (TFI/Perrin). Delpla, François (1998) Aubrac: Les faits et la calomnie (Le Temps des Cerises). Douzou, Laurent (1994) Souvenirs inédits d’Yvon Mordat (Cahiers de l’IHTP, 29, Centre National de la Recherche Scientiﬁque). Douzou, Laurent (1995) La Désobéissance: Histoire d’un mouvement et d’un journal clandestin: Libération-Sud (Éditions Odile Jacob). Dreyfus, François-Georges (1990) Histoire de Vichy (Perrin). Dreyfus, François-Georges (1996) Histoire de la Résistance, 1940–1945 (Fallois). Dreyfus, Paul (1977) Histoires extraordinaires de la Résistance (Fayard). Dreyfus, Paul (1999) Le guetapens de Caluise (Stock). Dreyfus-Armand, Geneviève (1999) L’Exil des Républicains espagnols en France: De la Guerre à la mort de Franco (Albin Michel). Ducloux, Louis (1958) From Blackmail to Treason: Political Crime and Corruption in France, 1920–40 (André Deutsch). Dumay, Jean-Michel (1998) Le Procès de Maurice Papon (Fayard). Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste (1979) La Décadence, 1932–1939 (Politique Étrangère de la France). Étèvenaux, Jean (1994) Jean Moulin (1899–1943) et l’organisation de la Résistance (Éditions LUGD, Lyons). Facon, Patrick (1997) L’Armée de l’Air dans le tournement: La Bataille de France, 1939–40 (Economica). Faligot, Roger, and Rémi Kauffer (1989) Les Résistants: De la guerre de l’ombre aux allées du pouvoir, 1944–1989 (Fayard). Farge, Yves (1946) Rebelles, Soldats et Citoyens: Carnet d’un Commissaire de la République (Grasset). Faucher, Jean André (1986) Les Francs-Maçons et le pouvoir: de la Révolution à nos jours (Perrin). Fink, Carole (1989) Marc Bloch: A Life in History (Cambridge University Press). Fishman, Sarah et al. (2000) France at War: Vichy and the Historians (Berg, Oxford). 244 Jean Moulin, 1899–1943

Fondation Charles de Gaulle (1996) Le Rétablissement de la Légalité Républicaine (1944) (Éditions Complexe). Foot, M. R. D. (1968) SOE in France: An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations Executive in France, 1940–1944 (HMSO; ﬁrst impression, 1966). Foot, M. R. D. (1976) Resistance: European Resistance to Nazism, 1940–1945 (Eyre Methuen). Foot, M. R. D. (1978) Six Faces of Courage (Eyre Methuen). Foot, M. R. D. (1999) SOE: An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive (Pimlico; original, 1984). Ford, Caroline (1993) Creating a Nation in Provincial France: Religion and Political Ideology in Brittany (Princeton University Press). Fotitt, Hilary, and John Simmonds (1988) France, 1943–1945 (Leicester Univer- sity Press). Frank, Robert (1982) Le Prix du réarmement, 1935–1939 (Publications de la Sorbonne). Frenay, Henri (1973; 2nd edn, 1983) La Nuit ﬁnira: Mémoires de la Résistance, 1940–1945 (R. Laffont). Frenay, Henri (1976a) Volontaires de la Nuit (R. Laffont). Frenay, Henri (1976b) The Night Will End: Memoirs of a Revolutionary, translated by Dan Hofstadter (McGraw Hill, New York). Frenay, Henri (1977; 2nd edn, 1990) L’Énigme Jean Moulin (Robert Laffont). Froment, René (1994) Bosquet (Stock). Fry, Varien (1997) Surrender on Demand (Johnson Books, Colorado). Funk, Arthur Layton (1974) The Politics of Torch: The Allied Landings and the Algiers Putsch, 1942 (University of Kansas Press). Gabory, Émile (1989) Les Guerres des Vendées (Laffont). Gallo, Max (1980) Et ce fut la défaite de 40. La Cinquième Colonne (Perrin). Garçon, Maurice (1950) Plaidoyer pour René Hardy (Fayard). Gaujac, Paul (1999) Special Forces in the Invasion of France (Histoire and Collec- tions). Gaunson, A. B. (1987) The Anglo-French Clashes in Lebanon and Syria, 1940–45 (Macmillan). Gauthier, Paul (ed.) (1988) Chronique du Procès Barbie (Cerf). Gay, Pierre (1954) Le Sous Préfet (Berger-Levrault). Géroudet, Patrick (1990) Mémoire de Gaston Doumergue: Premiére Partie: L’Homme politique, vol. II, 1902–34 (Géroudet). Gilbert, Martin (1983) Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill, 1939–1941 (Heinemann). Gilbert, Martin (1986) Road to Victory: Winston S. Churchill, 1941–45 (Heinemann). Gillois, André (1973) Histoire secrète des Français à Londres de 1940 à 1944 (Hachette). Giraud, Henri-Christian (1988) De Gaulle et les communistes: L’Alliance, juin 1941–mai 1943 (Albin Michel). Giraud, Henri-Christian (1989) De Gaulle et les communistes: Le Piège, mai 1943–janvier 1946 (Albin Michel). Gisclon, Jean (1986) La Désillusion: Espagne 1936 (Éditions France-Empire). Gladwyn, Lord (1972) Memoirs (Weidenfeld and Nicolson). Gooch, John (ed.) (1995) Airpower: Theory and Practice (Frank Cass). Gough, Hugh, and John Horne (1994) De Gaulle and Twentieth-Century France (Edward Arnold).