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An Examination of Indonesian Prison Officers' Experiences on Deradicalisation

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An Examination of Indonesian Prison Officers' Experiences on Deradicalisation AN EXAMINATION OF INDONESIAN PRISON OFFICERS’ EXPERIENCES ON DERADICALISATION: TOWARDS BETTER PRACTICE I Gede Widhiana Suarda Bachelor of Law (Udayana University, Bali) Master of Law (Diponegoro University, Central Java) Principal Supervisor: Professor Reece Walters Associate Supervisor: Associate Professor Mark Lauchs Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Justice, Faculty of Law Queensland University of Technology 2018 Keywords Challenges, Collaboration, Counterterrorism, Corrections, Deradicalisation, Disengagement, Experiences, Extremist, Directorate General of Corrections (DGC), Implementer, Indonesian Prison Officers, Indonesia’s Prison-based Deradicalisation Program, Jihadist, National Counter Terrorism Agency (BNPT), Partnership, Prison, Prison-based Deradicalisation Program, Radicalisation, Reform, Rehabilitation, Role of Indonesian Prison Officers on Terrorist Rehabilitation, Special Prison for Convicted Terrorist, Strategy, Terrorism, Terrorist Convicts, Terrorist Inmates, Terrorist Prisoners, Terrorist Rehabilitation. An Examination of Indonesian Prison Officers’ Experiences on Deradicalisation: Towards Better Practice i Abstract In dealing with convicted terrorists throughout prisons, prison-based deradicalisation programs have been instituted by many states. Generally, the programs have two objectives: preventing radicalisation in the prisons, and reducing violent behaviour of the convicted terrorists. For the implementation of such programs, terrorist inmates are the participants, while one arm of the implementers is the prison officers. Following this issue, many studies around terrorist inmates and deradicalisation programs have been conducted. In the Indonesian context, although an emerging body of literature is available that focuses on terrorist inmates and deradicalisation programs, less attention has been paid to the Indonesian prison officers who are implementing the program at the coalface. This study addresses this research gap, and focuses on the experiences of Indonesian prison officers implementing prison-based deradicalisation programs. To achieve these goals, focus group discussions with Indonesian prison officers were conducted in three Indonesian prisons, namely Cipinang, Pasir Putih Nusakambangan, and Surabaya Prisons. To analyse the data, a thematic qualitative analysis was employed. The study also applied legal research to formulate strategies to improve the role of Indonesian prison officers in the implementation of deradicalisation programs. The findings demonstrate five challenges faced by Indonesian prison officers implementing such programs: terrorist inmates’ personalities, the readiness of Indonesian prison officers, the sustainability of Indonesia’s prison-based deradicalisation program, institutional infrastructure problems, and unavailability of collaborative mechanisms. Further, the study specifically considered the establishment of a special prison for convicted terrorists in Indonesia. Although various advantages, disadvantages, and policy recommendations related to the establishment of this prison were identified, there was absolute agreement among the prison officers for this initiative. An evaluation of the needs of Indonesian prison officers in implementing terrorist rehabilitation programs found that appropriate training and good partnerships are essential. Moreover, the thesis presents policy recommendations and identifies regulation reform to improve Indonesian prison officers’ role in terrorist rehabilitation. These findings extend the body of knowledge on prison-based deradicalisation programs from the perspective of prison officers. ii An Examination of Indonesian Prison Officers’ Experiences on Deradicalisation: Towards Better Practice Table of Contents Keywords .................................................................................................................................. i Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ viii List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. ix Statement of Original Authorship ........................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ xii Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Contextual Background ..................................................................................................3 1.2 Research Questions .........................................................................................................6 1.3 Objectives of the Research .............................................................................................7 1.4 Significance of the Research ..........................................................................................7 1.5 Conceptual Frameworks .................................................................................................8 1.6 Terrorist Prisoners: A Working Definition ...................................................................11 1.7 Publications ..................................................................................................................14 1.8 Thesis Structure and Chapter Outline ...........................................................................14 Literature Review ........................................................................... 17 2.1 Terrorism in Indonesia: Incidents, Networks, and Future Threats ...............................17 2.2 Terrorist Inmates in Indonesian Prisons: Facts and Figures .........................................21 2.3 The Nature of Indonesia’s De-radicalisation Program for Terrorist Prisoners .............25 2.4 Reported Outcomes of Indonesia’s Deradicalisation Program for Terrorist Inmates ...30 2.5 Limitations in the Current Literature ............................................................................34 2.6 Summary and Implications ...........................................................................................43 Research Design .............................................................................. 45 3.1 Overview of the Research Design and Methodology ...................................................45 3.1.1 The Methodology and Research Questions ........................................................46 3.1.2 Qualitative Social Research Methodology: Empirical Legal Research ..............47 3.1.3 Legal Research: Policy and Law Reform Research ...........................................48 3.2 Research Site ................................................................................................................49 3.3 Participants and Their Recruitment ..............................................................................51 An Examination of Indonesian Prison Officers’ Experiences on Deradicalisation: Towards Better Practice iii 3.4 Data and Legal Materials ............................................................................................. 53 3.5 Data Collection Methods ............................................................................................. 55 3.5.1 Primary Data ...................................................................................................... 55 3.5.2 Secondary Data .................................................................................................. 58 3.6 Legal and Non-Legal Materials Collection Methods ................................................... 58 3.6.1 Primary Legal Materials .................................................................................... 59 3.6.2 Secondary Legal Materials ................................................................................ 59 3.6.3 Non-Legal Materials .......................................................................................... 60 3.7 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................... 60 3.7.1 Familiarisation with the Data ............................................................................. 61 3.7.2 Generating Initial Codes .................................................................................... 61 3.7.3 Searching for Themes ........................................................................................ 62 3.7.4 Reviewing Themes ............................................................................................ 62 3.7.5 Defining and Naming Themes ........................................................................... 63 3.7.6 Producing the Report ......................................................................................... 63 3.8 Ethical Considerations ................................................................................................. 64 3.9 Scope and Limitations .................................................................................................
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