DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Subdivision of the Intertidal Snail Littorinidae) Varies with Habitat

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic Subdivision of the Intertidal Snail Littorinidae) Varies with Habitat Heredity 67 (1991) 205-213 Received 6 November 7991 OThe Genetical Society of Great Britain Genetic subdivision of the intertidal snail Bembiciurn vitta turn (Ga stro pod a: Littorinidae) varies with habitat in the Houtman Abroihos Islands, Western Australia M. S. JOHNSON & R. BLACK Departmentof Zoology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia Thelittorine gastropod Bembicium vittatum has benthic egg masses and is thought to have little or no period of planktomc development. A study of allozyme polymorphisms in populations from the Houtman Abroihos Islands, Western Australia, permitted examination of genetic subdivision within and among island groups, and among populations from contrasting habitats which occur through- out the Abroihos archipelago. Across all populations, the average FST for five polymorphic loci was 0.163, which is very large for a marine species but similar to values found for other gastropods that lack planktonic development. The level of genetic subdivision varied dramatically with habitat. Over similar distances, the average FST among lake populations was 0.277, compared with 0.138 among populations from protected lagoonal shores, and only 0.022 among populations from relatively exposed shores. This variation emphasizes the need to consider local conditions when attempting to determine the genetic structure of a species. Keywords:geneflow, genetic subdivision, FST, littorine snail. ledge of the extent of such connectedness is important Introduction both for the management of populations and for an Theamount of genetic subdivision within a species understanding of evolutionary processes in the marine depends upon the interactions among natural selection, environment. Direct measurements of gene flow, how- genetic drift, and gene flow. Gene flow among popula- ever, are especially difficult to obtain for marine tions decreases the potential for genetic divergence due species. The extent of genetic connectedness depends to either selection or drift. By retarding the accumula- upon the characteristics of the species and the environ- tion of genetic differences, gene flow disrupts the mental conditions. The duration of larval life has development of localized adaptation. Similarly, by received much attention as a predictor of gene flow, increasing effective population size, genetic connec- and hence retardation of geneticdivergence tions among populations reduce both random fluctua- (Scheltema, 1971, 1978; Crisp, 1978). Studies of tions in allelic frequencies and the rate of loss of allozyme polymorphisms have generally confirmed the genetic variation due to sampling within finite local expected inverse relationship between genetic differen- populations. Although it is fundamentally important, tiation and the probable length of larval life (e.g. gene flow is not easily studied in natural populations. Berger, 1973; Janson, 1987; Waples, 1987), although Measures of genetic subdivision are much easier to some species with apparently a great potential for gene obtain. In addition to their descriptive value, such flow have a surprisingly large genetic subdivision measures are being used increasingly to make infer- (Burton, 1983; Hedgecock, 1986). Littorinid snails ences about the level of gene flow (Slatkin, 1985, have provided some of the clearest examples of the 1987). greater localized genetic differentiation and adaptation Questions about gene flow are particularly impor- in species which lack a planktonic phase of develop- tant in the marine enviromnent, because the potential ment (Berger, 1973; Janson, 1987; Knight et al., 1987; for connectedness among populations is great. Know- Behrens Yamada, 1989). 206 M. S. JOHNSON & R. BLACK Although the relationship between planktonic Wallabi group dispersal and reduced genetic differentiation has received much attention, less work has examined environmental effects on gene flow. As measures of genetic subdivision, such as Wright's (1978) FST, are increasingly used to characterize species, it is especially important to take into account environmental effects on the potential for gene flow. For marine species, this includes the strength and direction of water currents, as well as potential barriers to movements of animals. The littorimd snail Bembiciurn vittatum (formerly Easter group :.::...: Bembicium melanostoma; see Reid, 1988) provides a good opportunity to examine the extent of genetic sub- division in the context of both life history and contrast- ing environmental conditions. This species lives on 7'5 sheltered intertidal rocky shores and mangrove roots in South Australia and southern Western Australia. It lays egg masses on the shore, and has little or no planktonic development (Reid, 1988). Because of this mode of development, there is the potential for substantial genetic subdivision over relatively short distances. At the northern end of its range in Western Pelsoert group Australia, B. vittatum is widespread in the Houtman 14 Abrlhos Islands. This archipelago includes a series of I separate island groups, within each of which B. 15 vittatum is found in contrasting areas of relatively exposed reef flats, calm lagoonal shores, and isolated lakes, which could be expected to affect the amount of 5 km gene flow. Because each of these habitats is found over the same distances, we have been able to use this -4— 29°20S 12 heterogeneity to examine the spatial scale of genetic 140 E subdivision in B. vittatum associated with different Fig.1Mapshowing collecting sites of Bembicium vittatum environmental constraints to gene flow. in the Houtman Abrothos Islands, Western Australia. (I) Eastern shore sites; (0)pairedlake sites; (0) western shore sites. Stippled areas are reef flats. Names of the numbered Materials and methods locations are given in Table 1. Samples the Easter and Pelsaert groups (Fig. 1). Although the Samples of B. vittatum were collected from rocky inter- reefs protect the island shores occupied by B. vittatum tidal shores in the Houtman Abrolhos Islands in May, from deep ocean waves, these western populations are 1987 (Fig. 1). These islands cap the southernmost exposed to local wind waves and substantial wind and coral reef structures in the Indian Ocean, and are wave-driven water currents from the western reef 70—100 km off the Western Australian coast. The margins. In contrast, the eastern edge of each platform Abroihos archipelago consists of three carbonate plat- is lined with long, narrow islands, which have calm forms supporting groups of many low islands, each lagoonal environments on their western shores. Sites platform being 20-30 km in extent, and separated by numbered 2, 7, and 14 to 17 (Fig. 1) were from the deep channels 10-20 km wide (for a summary of the more exposed western portions of the archipelago, characteristics of the Abrolhos Islands, see Hatcher, whereas the remaining shore sites were from the 1985). Between two and 10 samples from intertidal eastern lagoonal areas. shores were collected from each of the three major Another contrasting set of habitats is provided by island groups, thus allowing assessment of genetic lakes found on several of the islands, most of which divergence within and among groups. Within each have large populations of B. vittatum. A parallel sample island group, the southwestern portion is most was collected from a lake less than 100 m distant for 8 exposed, with broad reef flats being well developed in of the 17 shore sites, making a total of 25 samples. HABITAT AND GENETIC SUBDIVISION OF AN INTERTIDAL SNAIL 207 These lakes are actually sinkholes or dolines (Teichert, among populations (Wright, 1978). FST was calculated 1947), which differ in their exchange of water with the by the method of Weir & Cockerham(1984). The jack- sea. The lakes on Long Island (site 1), Suomi Island knife procedure was used to obtain a mean and (site 4), and Pelsaert Island (site 12) are shallow, with variance of F1 over the five loci, allowing comparison silty bottoms, and an impeded connection with the sea, of values obtained for different sets of samples as evidenced by their altered salinities and lag in tidal (Reynolds ci' a!., 1983). To test the significance of FST, phase. Similarly, the lake on Serventy Island (site 3), contingency chi-squared values were calculated, using although having a relatively solid bottom, has altered the method of Workman & Niswander (1970), in which salinities and tidal lags. In contrast, the lakes on Keru =2NFST(k —1),where N is the total sample size, and — Island (site 5) and Wooded Island (site 6) are separated k is the number of alleles; d.f. =(k—1)(m1),where m from the sea by only a narrow cobble berm, and appear is the number of samples. To ensure that the expected to experience fairly free subterranean tidal exchange, values were 4, rare alleles were pooled; if as a group as evidenced by their near-ambient salinities and tidal the pooled expected values were <4, the rare alleles oscillations. The exchange of water with the lakes on were excluded from the test. In order to determine the Post Office Island (site 8) and Arthur Island (site 9) is apportionment of geographical variation within and not as clear, but appears to be intermediate to the two among island groups, a hierarchical analysis of FST groups classified above. Thus, the lake samples as a (Wright, 1978) was conducted, using the rnosys-1 group provide a comparison of relatively isolated computer package. Only the shore samples were habitats, while differences among the lakes in their included in this hierarchical analysis. isolation allow a further test of subdivision. Pairwise comparisons between populations were made with Nei's (1978) unbiased genetic identity, calculated with niosys- 1. Because these genetic identi- Electrophoresis ties were calculated for this selected set of polymorphic Thesnails in each sample were frozen in the field in loci, they should not be compared directly with values liquid nitrogen, and were later transferred to —70°C from other studies. pending electrophoresis. Enzymes were extracted by Variation within populations was expressed as grinding 1 vol. hepatopancreas in 2 vol. of 10 per cent observed heterozygosity, H.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What Can We Learn from Confusing Olivella Columellaris and O
    Biota Neotrop., vol. 12, no. 2 What can we learn from confusing Olivella columellaris and O. semistriata (Olivellidae, Gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems? Alison I. Troost1, Samantha D. Rupert1, Ariel Z. Cyrus1,. Frank V Paladino1,2, Benjamin F. Dattilo3 & Winfried S. Peters1,2,4 1Department of Biology, Indiana/Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 East Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, IN 46805‑1499, USA 2Goldring Marine Biology Station, Playa Grande, Santa Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica 3Department of Geosciences, Indiana/Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 East Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, IN 46805‑1499, USA 4Corresponding author: Winfried S. Peters, e‑mail: [email protected] TROOST, A.I., RUPERT, S.D., CYRUS, A.Z., PALADINO, F.V., DATTILO, B.F. & PETERS, W.S. What can we learn from confusing Olivella columellaris and O. semistriata (Olivellidae, Gastropoda), two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems? Biota Neotrop. 12(2): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n2/ en/abstract?article+bn02112022012 Abstract: Olivella columellaris (Sowerby 1825) and O. semistriata (Gray 1839) are suspension‑feeding, swash‑surfing snails on tropical sandy beaches of the east Pacific. While they often are the numerically dominant macrofaunal element in their habitats, their biology is poorly understood; the two species actually have been confused in all of the few publications that address their ecology. Frequent misidentifications in publications and collections contributed also to an overestimation of the geographic overlap of the two species. To provide a sound taxonomic basis for further functional, ecological, and evolutionary investigations, we evaluated the validity of diagnostic traits in wild populations and museum collections, and defined workable identification criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • WA999 Wallabi Group
    999 WA HOUTMAN ABROLHOS - WALLABI GROUP WALLABI - ABROLHOS HOUTMAN SEE RELATED PUBLICATIONS: Notice to Mariners (http://www.transport.wa.gov.au/imarine/coastaldata/), Symbols, Abbreviations DEPTHS IN METRES and Terms (INT 1), Tide Tables, Sailing Directions. For surveys beyond this chart refer to RAN Charts AUS 83 and AUS 751. E= 7 52 000 E= 7 60 000 E= 7 68 000 E= 7 76 000 34' 35' 36' 37' 38' 39' 113°40' E 41' 42' 43' 44' 45' 46' 47' 48' 49' 52 46 44 43 42 44 28° 13' 24" S 51 49 113° 40' E Zone of Confidence (ZOC) Diagram 28° 13' 24" S 28° 13' 24" S HOUTMAN ABROLHOS AUSTRALIA - WEST COAST 50 48 43 CHART LAYOUT WESTERN AUSTRALIA 113° 49' 48" E 14’ 14’ 113° 49' 48" E 46 46 113° 49' 48" E 52 HOUTMAN ABROLHOS C 46 WALLABI GROUP 41 36 SCALE 1 : 50 000 000 44 72 44 46 68 DEPTHS 41 N= 23 44 Depths are shown in metres and decimetres, reduced to Sounding Datum, which is 15’ 35 approximately lowest water level. 15’ 21 B HEIGHTS Heights are shown in metres. Underlined figures are drying heights above Sounding 11 30 13 Datum. Overhead clearance heights are above Highest Astronomical Tide. All other 000 16 8 8 2 29 heights are above Mean Higher High Water. 72 128 C 68 62 POSITIONS 24 6 41 N= 6 Positions on this chart are referenced to the Map Grid of Australia, Zone 50, 18 43 Wallabi Group WA 999 Side A based on the Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94).
    [Show full text]
  • E Urban Sanctuary Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary
    !e Urban Sanctuary Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary Jessica Reeves & John Buckeridge Published by: Greypath Productions Marine Care Ricketts Point PO Box 7356, Beaumaris 3193 Copyright © 2012 Marine Care Ricketts Point !is work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission of the publisher. Photographs remain copyright of the individual photographers listed. ISBN 978-0-9804483-5-1 Designed and typeset by Anthony Bright Edited by Alison Vaughan Printed by Hawker Brownlow Education Cheltenham, Victoria Cover photo: Rocky reef habitat at Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary, David Reinhard Contents Introduction v Visiting the Sanctuary vii How to use this book viii Warning viii Habitat ix Depth x Distribution x Abundance xi Reference xi A note on nomenclature xii Acknowledgements xii Species descriptions 1 Algal key 116 Marine invertebrate key 116 Glossary 118 Further reading 120 Index 122 iii Figure 1: Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary. !e intertidal zone rocky shore platform dominated by the brown alga Hormosira banksii. Photograph: John Buckeridge. iv Introduction Most Australians live near the sea – it is part of our national psyche. We exercise in it, explore it, relax by it, "sh in it – some even paint it – but most of us simply enjoy its changing modes and its fascinating beauty. Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary comprises 115 hectares of protected marine environment, located o# Beaumaris in Melbourne’s southeast ("gs 1–2). !e sanctuary includes the coastal waters from Table Rock Point to Quiet Corner, from the high tide mark to approximately 400 metres o#shore.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue3.7 MB
    Volume Eleven Conservation Science 2016 Western Australia Review and synthesis of knowledge of insular ecology, with emphasis on the islands of Western Australia IAN ABBOTT and ALLAN WILLS i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 METHODS 17 Data sources 17 Personal knowledge 17 Assumptions 17 Nomenclatural conventions 17 PRELIMINARY 18 Concepts and definitions 18 Island nomenclature 18 Scope 20 INSULAR FEATURES AND THE ISLAND SYNDROME 20 Physical description 20 Biological description 23 Reduced species richness 23 Occurrence of endemic species or subspecies 23 Occurrence of unique ecosystems 27 Species characteristic of WA islands 27 Hyperabundance 30 Habitat changes 31 Behavioural changes 32 Morphological changes 33 Changes in niches 35 Genetic changes 35 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 36 Degree of exposure to wave action and salt spray 36 Normal exposure 36 Extreme exposure and tidal surge 40 Substrate 41 Topographic variation 42 Maximum elevation 43 Climate 44 Number and extent of vegetation and other types of habitat present 45 Degree of isolation from the nearest source area 49 History: Time since separation (or formation) 52 Planar area 54 Presence of breeding seals, seabirds, and turtles 59 Presence of Indigenous people 60 Activities of Europeans 63 Sampling completeness and comparability 81 Ecological interactions 83 Coups de foudres 94 LINKAGES BETWEEN THE 15 FACTORS 94 ii THE TRANSITION FROM MAINLAND TO ISLAND: KNOWNS; KNOWN UNKNOWNS; AND UNKNOWN UNKNOWNS 96 SPECIES TURNOVER 99 Landbird species 100 Seabird species 108 Waterbird
    [Show full text]
  • Australia's National Heritage
    AUSTRALIA’S australia’s national heritage © Commonwealth of Australia, 2010 Published by the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts ISBN: 978-1-921733-02-4 Information in this document may be copied for personal use or published for educational purposes, provided that any extracts are fully acknowledged. Heritage Division Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia Email [email protected] Phone 1800 803 772 Images used throughout are © Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts and associated photographers unless otherwise noted. Front cover images courtesy: Botanic Gardens Trust, Joe Shemesh, Brickendon Estate, Stuart Cohen, iStockphoto Back cover: AGAD, GBRMPA, iStockphoto “Our heritage provides an enduring golden thread that binds our diverse past with our life today and the stories of tomorrow.” Anonymous Willandra Lakes Region II AUSTRALIA’S NATIONAL HERITAGE A message from the Minister Welcome to the second edition of Australia’s National Heritage celebrating the 87 special places on Australia’s National Heritage List. Australia’s heritage places are a source of great national pride. Each and every site tells a unique Australian story. These places and stories have laid the foundations of our shared national identity upon which our communities are built. The treasured places and their stories featured throughout this book represent Australia’s remarkably diverse natural environment. Places such as the Glass House Mountains and the picturesque Australian Alps. Other places celebrate Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture—the world’s oldest continuous culture on earth—through places such as the Brewarrina Fish Traps and Mount William Stone Hatchet Quarry.
    [Show full text]
  • WA998 Houtman Abrolhos Easter Group
    998 WA HOUTMAN ABROLHOS - EASTER GROUP EASTER - ABROLHOS HOUTMAN SEE RELATED PUBLICATIONS: Notice to Mariners (http://www.transport.wa.gov.au/imarine/coastaldata/), Symbols, Abbreviations DEPTHS IN METRES and Terms (INT 1), Tide Tables, Sailing Directions. For surveys beyond this chart refer to RAN Charts AUS 332 and AUS 751. E= 7 60 000 E= 7 68 000 E= 7 76 000 38' 39' 40' 41' 42' 43' 44' 113° E45' 46' 47' 48' 49' 50' 51' 52' 53' 54' 9 10 2 10 31 27 32 32 7 1 8 6 36 97 44 42 43 28° 30' 06" S 29 26 27 63 46 32 12 3 18 97 4 18 32 28 2 21 113° 45' E THE HOUTMAN ABROLHOS 9 3 21 39 1 5 6 37 5 6 5 40 28° 30' 06" S HOUTMAN ABROLHOS The Houtman Abrolhos and it's surrounding coral reef 32 4 4 175 38 20 2 22 communities form one of Western Australia's most unique marine 26 2 33 18 18 114 113° 54' 12" E areas. The islands' environments - both marine and terrestrial - 19 5 15 CHART LAYOUT are very fragile, and need the protection of residents and visitors 62 41 29 29 37 alike. 68 18 113° 54' 12" E 29 32 93 18 22 41 The Abrolhos is part of the aquatic heritage of all West Australians 4 34 29 24 17 40 -itis our task to ensure that we hand the islands, their fish stocks 8 99 31’ 94 124 8 12 43 31’ 39 4 32 42 and their wildlife onto future generations, undamaged and still 30 27 productive.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoology Honours 2009: Research Projects
    Zoology Honours 2009: Research Projects Below are a number of research projects suggested by Animal Biology staff members. This is not the definitive list, and students are encouraged to approach appropriate academic staff within the School of Animal Biology if they have ideas for a research project, or if they want to discuss the possibility of a project within a particular subject area. Staff interests and contact links can be found on the web site [http://www.animals.uwa.edu.au/home/research]. Interested students should contact the Zoology Hons Coordinator [[email protected]] for more details. Conservation genetics: measuring genetic mixing in a translocated population of marine snail Jason Kennington & Mike Johnson [contact [email protected]] Translocation is a management tool that is often used to combat the loss of genetic diversity within small and fragmented populations of rare species (Allendorf & Luikart 2006; Frankham et al. 2002). It involves the movement of individuals between populations with the aim of increasing genetic variation within populations by artificially enhancing gene flow (Storfer 1999; Frankham et al. 2002). In support of this concept, several studies have shown that genetic diversity within small and inbred populations can be restored by natural migration and intentional translocation programs (see Frankham 2005). However, relatively few studies have undertaken post-release monitoring of translocated populations to see if the variation introduced by translocation is maintained over many generations. The aim of this project is to examine the extent of genetic mixing in artificial hybrid populations of the intertidal snail Bembicium vittatum, established in 1993 (Parsons 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Houtman Abrolhos Islands National Park Draft Management Plan 2021
    Houtman Abrolhos Islands National Park draft management plan 2021 Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Conservation and Parks Commission Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions 17 Dick Perry Avenue KENSINGTON WA 6151 Phone: (08) 9219 9000 Fax: (08) 9334 0498 dbca.wa.gov.au © State of Western Australia 2021 2021 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA). ISBN 978-1-925978-16-2 (online) ISBN 978-1-925978-15-5 (print) This management plan was prepared by the Conservation and Parks Commission through the agency of the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. Questions regarding this management plan should be directed to: Aboriginal Engagement, Planning and Lands Branch Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Locked Bag 104 Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983 Phone: (08) 9219 9000 The recommended reference for this publication is: Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (2021) Houtman Abrolhos Islands National Park draft management plan, 2021. Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth. This document is available in alternative formats on request. Front
    [Show full text]
  • Caenogastropoda
    13 Caenogastropoda Winston F. Ponder, Donald J. Colgan, John M. Healy, Alexander Nützel, Luiz R. L. Simone, and Ellen E. Strong Caenogastropods comprise about 60% of living Many caenogastropods are well-known gastropod species and include a large number marine snails and include the Littorinidae (peri- of ecologically and commercially important winkles), Cypraeidae (cowries), Cerithiidae (creep- marine families. They have undergone an ers), Calyptraeidae (slipper limpets), Tonnidae extraordinary adaptive radiation, resulting in (tuns), Cassidae (helmet shells), Ranellidae (tri- considerable morphological, ecological, physi- tons), Strombidae (strombs), Naticidae (moon ological, and behavioral diversity. There is a snails), Muricidae (rock shells, oyster drills, etc.), wide array of often convergent shell morpholo- Volutidae (balers, etc.), Mitridae (miters), Buccin- gies (Figure 13.1), with the typically coiled shell idae (whelks), Terebridae (augers), and Conidae being tall-spired to globose or fl attened, with (cones). There are also well-known freshwater some uncoiled or limpet-like and others with families such as the Viviparidae, Thiaridae, and the shells reduced or, rarely, lost. There are Hydrobiidae and a few terrestrial groups, nota- also considerable modifi cations to the head- bly the Cyclophoroidea. foot and mantle through the group (Figure 13.2) Although there are no reliable estimates and major dietary specializations. It is our aim of named species, living caenogastropods are in this chapter to review the phylogeny of this one of the most diverse metazoan clades. Most group, with emphasis on the areas of expertise families are marine, and many (e.g., Strombidae, of the authors. Cypraeidae, Ovulidae, Cerithiopsidae, Triphori- The fi rst records of undisputed caenogastro- dae, Olividae, Mitridae, Costellariidae, Tereb- pods are from the middle and upper Paleozoic, ridae, Turridae, Conidae) have large numbers and there were signifi cant radiations during the of tropical taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Genomics Meets Ecology: Diversity and Divergence in South
    Marine genomics meets ecology: Diversity and divergence in South African sea stars of the genus Parvulastra Katherine Dunbar Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Biodiversity and Ecological Processes Research Group School of Biosciences Cardiff University December 2006 UMI Number: U584961 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U584961 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DECLARATION This work has not previously been substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in c y degree. Signed ................................(candidate) Date.... 3 l . ™ MW. ... ..... STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own M ent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other source* edged by footnotes giving explicit references. Signed (candidate) S.**: Q tife : ...... STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the tJfJSJa^^prrmqary to be made available to outside organisations Signed ................................................................... (candidate) Date............................. Abstract The coast of South Africa is situated between the warm Indian and the cold Atlantic Oceans, resulting in an extreme intertidal temperature gradient and potentially strong opposing selection pressures between the east and west coasts.
    [Show full text]
  • An Integrative Approach Using Biochemical, Life History and Transcriptomic Markers to Develop a Mechanistic Understanding of Response
    The response of Isidorella newcombi to copper exposure: An integrative approach using biochemical, life history and transcriptomic markers to develop a mechanistic understanding of response Rodney P. Ubrihien This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2018 Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Australia Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Bill Maher, Anne Taylor, Tariq Ezaz and Mark Stevens for their guidance through this project. Throughout the process they have provided support, inspiration, knowledge and experience. To other people who have helped me with academic, administrative and technical assistance throughout the project thank you. These include; Simon Foster for advice and analysis of samples, Frank Krikowa for analysis of samples, the ESTeM faculty technical staff who have always gone out of their way to help (especially Pat Ceeney and Tom Long), and the IAE admin team for excellent support (especially Barbara Harriss). The Institute for Applied Ecology supported me through a top-up scholarship during my candidature making it possible for me to undertake the project. For assistance with maintaining of my sanity through the PhD process I would like to thank the Dungeon crew, current and past, including Teresa, Yaz, Jill, Eman, Chamani and Rajani as well as other PhD students including Jonas, Margi, Al, Sal, Adrian and Andrew. To Jen, my partner in life, I thank you for persisting and supporting me through the PhD journey. Without your support in so many ways this project would not have been possible. iii Abstract Abstract The widespread extraction, processing and use of Cu in modern society has caused Cu concentrations to become elevated in the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Revision of Palaeocene Brackish Water Gastropoda from Mons, Belgium, Based on Their Early Ontogenetic Shells
    BULLETIN DE L’INSTITUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES DE BELGIQUE SCIENCES DE LA TERRE. 72: 111-134, 2002 BULLETIN VAN HET KONINKLIJK BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AARDWETENSCHAPPEN, 72: 111-134, 2002 Systematic revision of Palaeocene brackish water Gastropoda from Mons, Belgium, based on their early ontogenetic shells by Thorsten KOWALKE Kowalke, T.. 2002. - Systematic revision of Palaeocene brackish Introduction water Gastropoda from Mons, Belgium, based on their early ontoge­ netic shells. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre, 72: 111-134, 4 pis., Bruxelles-Brussel, The Early Mid-Palaeocene sediments of Mons, Southeast March 31, 2002. - ISSN 0374-6291 Belgium, were brought to the attention of geologists, when the mining engineers F.L. Cornet and A. Briart recognised a section within a domestic well on the Gof- fint property in 1865. In 1874, the Geological Society of Abstract France initiated a second pit a few metres to the west on The systematic position of Early Mid-Palaeocene brackish water Gas­ the Coppée estate. These original sinkings were termi­ tropoda from the Dano-Montian of Mons, South-east Belgium, is nated at a depth of about 20 m, when the ground water revised. Representatives of the subclasses Neritimorpha (with the floor was reached. In 1969 another boring was initiated new genus Monsneritina- Neritoidea, Neritidae), Caenogastropoda (with the new genus Monspotamides - Cerithioidea, Potamididae) by the Belgian Geological Survey, located 10 m south of and Heterostropha are characterised with regard to their paleoecology. the Gofflnt pit. The sections - detailed descriptions of the Three different modes of early ontogenetic development are recognised stratigraphy and sketches of the locality were given by and paleoecological inferences are discussed.
    [Show full text]