DOCSLIB.ORG

UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC MODELING and SIMULATION

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC MODELING and SIMULATION UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC MODELING and SIMULATION Paul C. Etter CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business Contents Preface xv Preface to the Third Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xix Preface to the First Edition xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Author xxv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 Setting 1 1.1.2 Framework 2 1.2 Measurements and Prediction 4 1.3 Developments in Modeling 8 1.4 Advances in Simulation 10 1.5 Operational Challenges 11 1.5.1 Naval Operations 12 1.5.2 Offshore Industries 14 1.5.3 Operational Oceanography 16 1.6 Inverse Acoustic Sensing of the Oceans 16 1.7 Standard Definitions 19 Chapter 2 Acoustical Oceanography 21 2.1 Background 21 2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties 21 2.2.1 Temperature Distribution 23 2.2.2 Salinity Distribution 23 2.2.3 Water Masses... 25 2.3 Sound Speed 27 2.3.1 Calculation and Measurements 27 2.3.2 Sound-Speed Distribution 30 2.4 Boundaries 35 2.4.1 Sea Surface 35 2.4.2 Ice Cover 41 2.4.3 Sea Floor 42 2.5 Dynamic Features 45 2.5.1 Large-Scale Features 45 2.5.2 Mesoscale Features 46 2.5.2.1 Fronts and Eddies 47 2.5.2.2 Internal Waves 54 vii irfji Contents 2.5.3 Fine-Scale Features 56 2.5.3.1 Thermohaline Staircases 56 2.5.3.2 Langmuir Circulation 58 2.6 Biologies 60 Chapter 3 Propagation I: Observations and Physical Models 61 3.1 Background 61 3.2 Nature of Measurements 62 3.3 Basic Concepts 63 3.4 Sea-Surface Boundary 69 3.4.1 Forward Scattering and Reflection Loss 69 3.4.2 Image Interference and Frequency Effects 70 3.4.3 Turbidity and Bubbles 72 3.4.3.1 Open Ocean 72 3.4.3.2 Coastal Ocean 73 3.4.4 Ice Interaction 74 3.4.5 Measurements 75 3.5 Sea-Floor Boundary 76 3.5.1 Forward Scattering and Reflection Loss 77 3.5.1.1 Acoustic Interaction with the Sea Floor 77 3.5.1.2 Boundary Conditions and Modeling 77 3.5.1.3 Geoacoustic Models 79 3.5.2 Interference and Frequency Effects 81 3.5.3 Attenuation by Sediments 81 3.5.4 Measurements 82 3.6 Attenuation and Absorption in Sea Water 83 3.7 Surface Ducts 86 3.7.1 Mixed-Layer Distribution 86 3.7.2 General Propagation Features 90 3.7.3 Low-Frequency Cutoff 95 3.8 Deep Sound Channel 96 3.9 Convergence Zones 97 3.10 Reliable Acoustic Path 98 3.11 Shallow-Water Ducts 98 3.12 Arctic Half-Channel 100 3.13 Coherence 102 Chapter 4 Propagation II: Mathematical Models (Part One) 103 4.1 Background 103 4.2 Theoretical Basis for Propagation Modeling 104 4.2.1 Wave Equation 104 4.2.2 Classification of Modeling Techniques 106 4.3 Ray-Theory Models 107 4.3.1 Basic Theory 107 4.3.2 Caustics 110 Contents * 4.3.3 Gaussian Beam Tracing Ill 4.3.4 Range Dependence 111 4.3.5 Arrival Structure 114 4.3.6 Beam Displacement 115 4.3.7 Waveguide Invariant 117 4.3.8 Energy-Flux Models 118 4.3.9 Advanced Algorithms 119 4.4 Normal-Mode Models 120 4.4.1 Basic Theory 120 4.4.2 Normal-Mode Solution 121 4.4.3 Dispersion Effects 123 4.4.4 Experimental Measurements 123 4.4.5 Range Dependence 124 4.4.6 High-Frequency Adaptations 126 4.4.7 Wedge Modes 127 4.5 Multipath Expansion Models 127 4.6 Fast-Field Models 129 4.7 Parabolic Equation Models 130 4.7.1 Basic Theory 130 4.7.2 Numerical Techniques.... 134 4.7.3 Wide-Angle and 3D Adaptations 136 4.7.4 Range-Refraction Corrections 137 4.7.5 High-Frequency Adaptations 138 4.7.6 Time-Domain Applications 138 4.8 RAYMODE Model: A Specific Example 138 4.9 Numerical Model Summaries 145 Chapter 5 Propagation II: Mathematical Models (Part Two) 163 5.1 Background 163 5.2 Surface Duct Models 163 5.2.1 Ray-Theory Models 163 5.2.2 Wave-Theory Models 165 5.2.3 Oceanographic Mixed-Layer Models 166 5.3 Shallow-Water Duct Models 168 5.3.1 Shallow-Water Propagation Characteristics 168 5.3.2 Optimum Frequency of Propagation 172 5.3.3 Numerical Models 172 5.3.3.1 Upslope Propagation 177 5.3.3.2 Downslope Propagation 178 5.3.4 Empirical Models 178 5.3.4.1 Rogers Model 179 5.3.4.2 Marsh-Schulkin Model 180 5.3.5 Field Experiments 183 5.3.5.1 SWAT Experiments in the South China Sea 183 X Contents 5.3.5.2 SWARM Experiment in the Atlantic Ocean 184 5.3.5.3 Littoral Acoustic Demonstration Center.... 184 5.3.5.4 Shallow Water '06 184 5.4 Arctic Models 184 5.4.1 Arctic Environmental Models 184 5.4.2 Arctic Propagation Models 185 5.4.3 Numerical Models 185 5.4.4 Empirical Models 187 5.4.4.1 Marsh-Mellen Model 187 5.4.4.2 Buck Model 187 5.5 Data Support Requirements 188 5.5.1 Sound-Speed Profile Synthesis 189 5.5.1.1 Segmented Constant Gradient 190 5.5.1.2 Curvilinear or Continuous Gradient 190 5.5.2 Earth Curvature Corrections 192 5.5.3 Merging Techniques 193 Chapter 6 Special Applications and Inverse Techniques 195 6.1 Background 195 6.2 Stochastic Modeling 196 6.3 Broadband Modeling 197 6.4 Matched-Field Processing 199 6.5 Transmutation Approaches 201 6.6 Nonlinear Acoustics and Chaos 201 6.7 Three-Dimensional Modeling 203 6.8 Ocean Fronts, Eddies, and Internal Waves 204 6.8.1 Fronts and Eddies 205 6.8.2 Internal Waves 206 6.9 Coupled Ocean-Acoustic Modeling 210 6.10 Acoustic Tomography 211 6.11 Phase Conjugation and Time-Reversal Mirrors 216 6.12 Deductive Geoacoustic Inversion 217 6.12.1 Navigating Parameter Landscapes 220 6.12.2 Tabu Search 221 6.13 Prediction Uncertainties in Complex Environments 221 6.14 Rapid Environmental Assessments 223 6.15 Underwater Acoustic Networks and Vehicles 223 6.15.1 Channel Models 223 6.15.2 Localization Methods 227 6.15.2.1 Range-Based Schemes 227 6.15.2.2 Range-Free Schemes 228 6.15.3 Vehicles 228 6.16 Marine-Mammal Protection 229 6.16.1 Regulatory Initiatives and Measurement Programs....230 Contents xi 6.16.2 Rising Levels of Underwater Noise 231 6.16.2.1 Increased Shipping Levels 231 6.16.2.2 Ocean Acidification 231 6.16.2.3 Windfarm Development 232 6.16.3 Seismic Operations and Protection of Whales 233 6.16.4 Modeling Efforts 234 6.16.4.1 Acoustic Integration Model 234 6.16.4.2 Effects of Sound on the Marine Environment 235 6.16.4.3 Marine-Mammal Movement Models 235 6.16.4.4 Collision Avoidance 236 6.16.5 ASW Training Ranges and Mitigation Techniques.... 236 6.16.5.1 Environmentally Adaptive Sonars 237 6.16.5.2 Frequency Diversity 237 6.17 Through-the-Sensor Parameter Estimation 237 6.18 Seismo-Acoustic Inversion 238 Chapter 7 Noise I: Observations and Physical Models 239 7.1 Background 239 7.2 Noise Sources and Spectra 239 7.2.1 Seismo-Acoustic Noise 241 7.2.2 Shipping Noise 242 7.2.3 Bioacoustic Noise 243 7.2.4 Wind and Rain Noise 244 7.3 Depth Dependence 247 7.4 Directionality 247 7.5 Surf Noise 249 7.6 Arctic Ambient Noise 250 7.7 Acoustic Daylight 252 7.8 Geoacoustic Inversion 253 7.9 Acoustic Rain Gauges 254 Chapter 8 Noise II: Mathematical Models 255 8.1 Background 255 8.2 Theoretical Basis for Noise Modeling 255 8.3 Ambient-Noise Models 257 8.4 RANDI Model: A Specific Example 259 8.4.1 Transmission Loss 260 8.4.2 Noise Sources and Spectra 260 8.4.3 Directionality 260 8.4.4 Recent Developments 261 8.5 Noise Notch 262 8.6 Beam-Noise Statistics Models 266 8.7 Data Support Requirements 267 8.8 Numerical Model Summaries 267 xj; Contents Chapter 9 Reverberation I: Observations and Physical Models 275 9.1 Background 275 9.2 Volume Reverberation 276 9.2.1 Deep Scattering Layer 277 9.2.2 Column or Integrated Scattering Strength 278 9.2.3 Vertical-Scattering Plumes 279 9.3 Boundary Reverberation 279 9.3.1 Sea-Surface Reverberation 279 9.3.2 Under-Ice Reverberation 284 9.3.3 Sea-Floor Reverberation 284 9.4 Inversion Techniques 288 Chapter 10 Reverberation II: Mathematical Models 291 10.1 Background 291 10.2 Theoretical Basis for Reverberation Modeling 291 10.2.1 Basic Approaches 291 10.2.2 Advanced Developments 293 10.3 Cell-Scattering Models 296 10.3.1 Volume-Reverberation Theory 297 10.3.2 Boundary-Reverberation Theory 298 10.4 REVMOD Model: A Specific Example 299 10.5 Bistatic Reverberation 304 10.5.1 Computational Considerations 304 10.5.2 Bistatic Acoustic Model: A Specific Example 305 10.6 Point-Scattering Models 307 10.6.1 Computational Considerations 307 10.6.2 Under-Ice Reverberation Simulation Model: A Specific Example 307 10.7 Numerical Model Summaries 309 Chapter 11 Sonar Performance Models 315 11.1 Background 315 11.2 Sonar Equations 316 11.2.1 Monostatic Sonars 316 11.2.2 Bistatic Sonars 319 11.2.3 Multistatic Sonars 321 11.3 NISSM Model: A Specific Example 322 11.3.1 Propagation 322 11.3.2 Reverberation 325 11.3.3 Target Echo 327 11.3.4 Noise 327 11.3.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 327 11.3.6 Probability of Detection 329 11.3.7 Model Outputs 329 Contents xiii 11.4 Model Operating Systems 331 11.4.1 System Architecture 332 11.4.2 Sonar Modeling Functions 334 11.4.3 System Usage 337 11.4.4 Generic Sonar Model: A Specific Example 338 11.4.5 Comprehensive Acoustic System Simulation: A Specific Example 338 11.5 Advanced Signal Processing Issues 339 11.5.1 Background 339 11.5.2 Adjoint Methods 340 11.5.3 Stochastic Resonance 341 11.5.4 Pulse Propagation 341 11.5.5 Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output 342 11.5.6 Clutter Environments 343 11.5.7 Vectors and Clusters 343 11.5.7.1 Replica Vectors 343 11.5.7.2 Ray Clusters 344 11.5.8 High-Frequency Acoustics 345 11.6 Data Sources and Availability 345 11.7 Numerical Model Summaries 350 Chapter 12 Model Evaluation 359 12.1 Background 359 12.2 Past Evaluation Efforts 360 12.3 Analytical Benchmark Solutions 362 12.4 Quantitative Accuracy Assessments 364 12.5 POSSM Experience: A Specific Example 368 12.6 Evaluation Guidelines 372 12.6.1 Documentation 372 12.6.2 Verification 372 12.6.3 Validity 373 12.6.4 Maintainability....
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Single Particle Analysis of Particulate Pollutants in Yellowstone National Park During the Winter Snowmobile Season
    SINGLE PARTICLE ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK DURING THE WINTER SNOWMOBILE SEASON. Richard E. Peterson* and Bonnie J. Tyler** * Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry **Dept. of Chemical Engineering Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA [email protected] Introduction: Particulate, or aerosol, pollution is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds which includes a wide range of sizes and whose composition can vary widely depending on the time of year, geographical location, and both local and long range sources. Aerosol are important because of participation in atmospheric electricity, absorption and scattering of radiation (i.e. sunlight and thus affecting climate and visibility), their role as condensation nuclei for water vapor (and thus affecting precipitation chemistry and pH), and health effects. Particles greater than 2 micrometers in diameter (coarse) are generally formed by mechanical processes while smaller particles (fine) are formed by gas to particle conversion and accumulation/coagulation of these smallest aerosol. Because particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers (USEPA PM2.5) can become trapped deep in the lungs, it is of particular interest to identify toxic substances, such as heavy metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, that may be present in particles of this size range. Epidemiological studies have typically used particle size as the metric for identifying adverse health effects of particulate matter (PM), largely because data on PM size is available. Data on particle composition or other characteristics are less well known, if known at all in many cases. We are evaluating the potential for using Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) to study the composition of single particles from atmospheric aerosol.
    [Show full text]
  • Linking Mesopelagic Prey Abundance and Distribution to the Foraging
    Deep–Sea Research Part II 140 (2017) 163–170 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep–Sea Research II journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 Linking mesopelagic prey abundance and distribution to the foraging MARK behavior of a deep-diving predator, the northern elephant seal ⁎ Daisuke Saijoa,1, Yoko Mitanib,1, , Takuzo Abec,2, Hiroko Sasakid, Chandra Goetsche, Daniel P. Costae, Kazushi Miyashitab a Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, 20-5 Bentencho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 040-0051, Japan b Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 20-5 Bentencho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 040-0051, Japan c School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan d Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan e Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The Transition Zone in the eastern North Pacific is important foraging habitat for many marine predators. Deep-scattering layer Further, the mesopelagic depths (200–1000 m) host an abundant prey resource known as the deep scattering Transition Zone layer that supports deep diving predators, such as northern elephant seals, beaked whales, and sperm whales. fi mesopelagic sh Female northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) undertake biannual foraging migrations to this myctophid region where they feed on mesopelagic fish and squid; however, in situ measurements of prey distribution and subsurface chlorophyll abundance, as well as the subsurface oceanographic features in the mesopelagic Transition Zone are limited. While concurrently tracking female elephant seals during their post-molt migration, we conducted a ship-based oceanographic and hydroacoustic survey and used mesopelagic mid-water trawls to sample the deep scattering layer.
    [Show full text]
  • Censusing Non-Fish Nekton
    WORKSHOP SYNOPSIS Censusing Non-Fish Nekton Carohln Levi, Gregory Stone and Jerry R. Schubel New England Aquarium ° Boston, Massachusetts USA his is a brief summary of a "Non-Fish SUMMARIES OF WORKING GROUPS Nekton" workshop held on 10-11 December 1997 at the New England Aquarium. The overall goals Cephalopods were: (1) to assess the feasibility of conducting a census New higher-level taxa are yet to be discovered, of life in the sea, (2) to identify the strategies and especially among coleoid cephalopods, which are components of such a census, (3) to assess whether a undergoing rapid evolutionary radiation. There are periodic census would generate scientifically worth- great gaps in natural history and ecosystem function- while results, and (4) to determine the level of interest ing, with even major commercial species largely of the scientific community in participating in the unknown. This is particularly, complex, since these design and conduct of a census of life in the sea. short-lived, rapidly growing animals move up through This workshop focused on "non-fish nekton," which trophic levels in a single season. were defined to include: marine mammals, marine reptiles, cephalopods and "other invertebrates." During . Early consolidation of existing cephalopod data is the course of the workshop, it was suggested that a needed, including the vast literatures in Japanese more appropriate phase for "other invertebrates" is and Russian. Access to and evaluation of historical invertebrate micronekton. Throughout the report we survey, catch, biological and video image data sets have used the latter terminology. and collections is needed. An Internet-based reposi- Birds were omitted only because of lack of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance for Using Continuous Monitors in Pm Monitoring
    United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-98-012 Environmental Protection Planning and Standards May 1998 Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Air GUIDANCE FOR USING CONTINUOUS MONITORS IN PM2.5 MONITORING NETWORKS GUIDANCE FOR USING CONTINUOUS MONITORS IN PM2.5 MONITORING NETWORKS May 29, 1998 PREPARED BY John G. Watson1 Judith C. Chow1 Hans Moosmüller1 Mark Green1 Neil Frank2 Marc Pitchford3 PREPARED FOR Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 1Desert Research Institute, University and Community College System of Nevada, PO Box 60220, Reno, NV 89506 2U.S. EPA/OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711 3National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 755 E. Flamingo, Las Vegas, NV 89119 DISCLAIMER The development of this document has been funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, under cooperative agreement CX824291-01-1, and by the Desert Research Institute of the University and Community College System of Nevada. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This draft has not been subject to the Agency’s peer and administrative review, and does not necessarily represent Agency policy or guidance. ii ABSTRACT This guidance provides a survey of alternatives for continuous in-situ measurements of suspended particles, their chemical components, and their gaseous precursors. Recent and anticipated advances in measurement technology provide reliable and practical instruments for particle quantification over averaging times ranging from minutes to hours. These devices provide instantaneous, telemetered results and can use limited manpower more efficiently than manual, filter-based methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Meridional Patterns in the Deep Scattering Layers and Top Predator Distribution in the Central Equatorial Pacific
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce 2010 Meridional patterns in the deep scattering layers and top predator distribution in the central equatorial Pacific Elliott L. Hazen NOAA SWFSC Pacific Fisheries Environmental Lab, [email protected] David W. Johnston Duke University Marine Lab, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Hazen, Elliott L. and Johnston, David W., "Meridional patterns in the deep scattering layers and top predator distribution in the central equatorial Pacific" (2010). Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce. 275. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/275 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Commerce at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY Fish. Oceanogr. 19:6, 427–433, 2010 SHORT COMMUNICATION Meridional patterns in the deep scattering layers and top predator distribution in the central equatorial Pacific ELLIOTT L. HAZEN1,2,* AND DAVID W. component towards understanding the behavior and JOHNSTON1 distribution of highly migratory predator species. 1 Division of Marine
    [Show full text]
  • Blue-Sea Thinking
    TECHNOLOGY QUARTERLY March 10th 2018 OCEAN TECHNOLOGY Blue-sea thinking 20180310_TQOceanTechnology.indd 1 28/02/2018 14:26 TECHNOLOGY QUARTERLY Ocean technology Listening underwater Sing a song of sonar Technology is transforming the relationship between people and the oceans, says Hal Hodson N THE summer of 1942, as America’s Pacific has always been. The subsurface ocean is inhospitable fleet was sluggingit out at the battle ofMidway, to humans and their machines. Salt water corrodes ex- the USS Jasper, a coastal patrol boat, was float- posed mechanisms and absorbs both visible light and ALSO IN THIS TQ ing 130 nautical miles (240km) off the west radio waves—thus ruling out radar and long-distance UNDERSEA MINING coast of Mexico, listening to the sea below. It communication. The lack of breathable oxygen se- Race to the bottom was alive with sound: “Some fish grunt, others verely curtails human visits. The brutal pressure Iwhistle or sing, and some just grind their teeth,” reads makes its depths hard to access at all. FISH FARMING the ship’s log. The discovery of the deep scattering layer was a Net gains The Jasper did not just listen. She sang her own landmark in the use of technology to get around these song to the sea—a song of sonar. Experimental equip- problems. It was also a by-blow. The Jasperwas not out MILITARY ment on board beamed chirrups of sound into the there looking for deepwater plankton; it was working APPLICATIONS depths and listened for their return. When they came out how to use sonar (which stands forSound Naviga- Mutually assured back, they gave those on board a shock.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of SONAR As a Tool in Marine Biological Research in the Twentieth Century
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Oceanography Volume 2013, Article ID 678621, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/678621 Review Article The Development of SONAR as a Tool in Marine Biological Research in the Twentieth Century John A. Fornshell1 and Alessandra Tesei2 1 National Museum of Natural History, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA 2 AGUAtech, Via delle Pianazze 74, 19136 La Spezia, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to John A. Fornshell; [email protected] Received 3 June 2013; Revised 16 September 2013; Accepted 25 September 2013 Academic Editor: Emilio Fernandez´ Copyright © 2013 J. A. Fornshell and A. Tesei. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The development of acoustic methods for measuring depths and ranges in the ocean environment began in the second decade of the twentieth century. The two world wars and the “Cold War” produced three eras of rapid technological development in the field of acoustic oceanography. By the mid-1920s, researchers had identified echoes from fish, Gadus morhua, in the traces from their echo sounders. The first tank experiments establishing the basics for detection of fish were performed in 1928. Through the 1930s, the use of SONAR as a means of locating schools of fish was developed. The end of World War II was quickly followed by the advent of using SONAR to track and hunt whales in the Southern Ocean and the marketing of commercial fish finding SONARs for use by commercial fisherman.
    [Show full text]
  • Acoustics Today, July 2012 V8i3p5 ECHOES Fall 04 Final 8/14/12 11:17 AM Page 27
    v8i3p5_ECHOES fall 04 final 8/14/12 11:17 AM Page 25 COUNTING CRITTERS IN THE SEA USING ACTIVE ACOUSTICS Joseph D. Warren Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Southampton, New York 11968 Introduction “Alex Trebek asked me a “fancy fish-finder.” While this is true in few years after I finished gradu- a very broad sense, there are significant ate school, I was a contestant on simple question. How many differences between scientific Athe TV game show “Jeopardy,” echosounders and the fish-finders on where my performance could gener- krill does a whale eat when it most fishing boats. ously be described as terrible. During The first recorded incident (that I the between-rounds Question and opens its mouth and takes a am aware of) of active acoustic detec- Answer (Q&A) segment with host Alex tion of biological organisms was in the Trebek, we talked about my research on gulp? I froze and realized I “deep scattering layer” (DSL) (Dietz, Antarctic krill and he asked me a sim- 1948; Johnson, 1948). Early depth- ple question. “How many krill does a had no idea what the answer measuring systems used paper-charts to whale eat when it opens its mouth and record the strength of the echoes that takes a gulp?” I froze and realized I had was to his question.” were detected. The seafloor produced a no idea what the answer was to his very strong echo, however the chart- question. Having attended a few scientific conferences at recorder also showed weaker reflections occurring several this point in my career, I knew how to respond to a question hundred meters deep in the ocean that were definitely not the like this: sound knowledgeable, speak confidently, and seafloor.
    [Show full text]
  • Acoustic Data from Vessels of Opportunity
    MESOPP Acoustic data from vessels of opportunity Deliverable Lead: CSIRO Reference: MESOPP-18-0009 Dissemination Level: Public Issue: 1. 0 Date: 2018, Dec. 03 Horizon 2020. Grant agreement No 692173 Public Acoustic data from vessels of opportunity MESOPP-18-0009 Public V1.0 2018,Dec.03 Chronology Issues Issue Date Reason for change Author 1.0 21/11/2018 First version of the document K. Haris R. Kloser 23/11/2018 Second version of the document P. Lehodey (comments on first version) 27/11/2018 Third version of the document S. Fielding (comments on first version) 30/11/2018 Fourth version of the document P. Lehodey (comments on second version) 30/11/2018 Finalized issue 1.0 K. Haris R. Kloser Distribution Company Means of distribution Names CLS Notification Citation This report can be cited as follow: Haris K., Kloser R. (2018). Acoustic data from vessels of opportunity. Report from the EU-H2020 MESOPP project, MESOPP-18-0009: 39 pp. www.mesopp.eu/documents/ 1 - 10 - GB - NT - www.mesopp.eu Copyright © MESOPP Project Consortium i.1 FORM Acoustic data from vessels of opportunity MESOPP-18-0009 Public V1.0 2018,Dec.03 List of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Acoustic data to biomass .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Ecosystem models ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • METEOR-Berichte Mid-Atlantic Expedition 2003-2004 Cruise No
    METEOR-Berichte Mid-Atlantic Expedition 2003-2004 Cruise No. 60, Leg 1 – 5 November 11., 2003 – April 15., 2004 Kiel (Germany) –Funchal - Fort-de-France - Lisbon (Portugal) Autoren: D. Wallace, B. Christansen, J. Phipps-Morgan, Th. Kuhn, U. Send, Editorial Assistance: Senatskommission für Ozeanographie der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft MARUM – Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften der Universität Bremen Leitstelle Deutsche Forschungsschiffe Institut für Meereskunde der Universität Hamburg 2011 The METEOR-Berichte are published at irregular intervals. They are working papers for people who are occupied with the respective expedition and are intended as reports for the funding institutions. The opinions expressed in the METEOR-Berichte are only those of the authors. The METEOR expeditions are funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF). The reports are available in PDF format from http://www.dfg-ozean.de/. Editor: DFG Senatskommission für Ozeanographie c/o MARUM – Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften Universität Bremen Leobener Strasse 28359 Bremen Authors: Dr. Bernd Christiansen Universität Hamburg Telefon: +49(0)40-42838-6670 Institut für Hydrobiologie und Telefax: +49(0)40-42838-6696 Fischereiwissenschaft e-mail: [email protected] Zeiseweg 9, D-22765 Hamburg / Germany Prof. Dr. Jason Phipps Morgan GEOMAR Telefon: +49(0)431-600 2272 Forschungszentrum für Telefax: +49(0)431-600 2922 Marine Geowissenschaften e-mail: [email protected] Abt. Marine Umweltgeologie Wischhofstr. 1-3 24148 Kiel / Germany Dr. Thomas Kuhn Telefon: +49/(0)3731-393398 Department of Economic Geology and Telefax: +49/(0)3731-392610 Leibniz Lab. for Applied Marine Research e-mail: [email protected] Institute of Mineralogy Freiberg University of Mining and Technology Brennhausgasse 14 D-09596 Freiberg / Germany Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Sciences Meeting 2020
    Thursday: Ocean Sciences Meeting 2020 Session Information Moderators: Damien Josset, US Naval Research Laboratory; David Ortiz-Suslow, Naval Postgraduate Oral Sessions School; Helen Czerski, University College London Sessions are being held in the Convention Center (CC) Poster Sessions The eLightning Theater is located in Hall C-D (Poster Hall). 0800h AI41A-01 Meridional contrasts of the Southern Ocean Posters are on display in the following venue throughout the week: Hall C-D (Poster Hall) mixed layer in response to summer forcing: M du Plessis, S Swart, A F Thompson, P M S Monteiro, L C Biddle, S Session & Paper Numbering A Nicholson Paper Numbers - A paper number designates the section, or other 0815h AI41A-02 Laboratory measurements of ocean surface sponsoring group, and chronology of the presentation. drag in extreme wind and wave conditions: B K Haus, M Example: AI21A-01 = Air-Sea Interactions, Tuesday, AM, concurrent Curcic session AI, first paper in that session. 0830h AI41A-03 Noble Gas Fluxes Reveal Links Between Air- AI 2 1 A - 01 sea Gas Exchange, Bubbles, and the Structure of the Air- sea Interface at High Wind Speeds: R H Stanley, L Kinjo, A W Smith, H R Alt, C F N Krevanko, D Aldrett, Day Time E B Kopp, B K Haus 0845h AI41A-04 Wave-generated Turbulence in the Coastal 1 = Monday 1 = AM 0800–1000 Ocean During Passage of a Tropical Cyclone: A Gargett, 2 = Tuesday 2 = AM 1030–1230 D K Savidge 0900h AI41A-05 Modeling whitecaps on global scale: A 3 = Wednesday 3 = PM 1245–1345 / 1400–1600 Raman, A Darmenov 4 = Thursday 4 = PM 1600–1800 0915h AI41A-06 A two-layer model of whitecap spectral reectance: R J Frouin, B Fougnie, J Tan 5 = Friday 5 = PM 1830–2030 0930h AI41A-07 Spectral Energy Budget Analysis in the The program is current as of 04 February 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Oceanography and Marine Biology an Annual Review Volume 58
    Oceanography and Marine Biology An Annual Review Volume 58 Edited by S. J. Hawkins, A. L. Allcock, A. E. Bates, A. J. Evans, L. B. Firth, C. D. McQuaid, B. D. Russell, I. P. Smith, S. E. Swearer, P. A. Todd First edition published 2021 ISBN: 978-0-367-36794-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-35149-5 (ebk) Chapter 2 Towards an Optimal Design for Ecosystem-Level Ocean Observatories Rodney A. Rountree, Jacopo Aguzzi, Simone Marini, Emanuela Fanelli, Fabio C. De Leo, Joaquin Del Rio & Francis Juanes (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 2020, 58, 79–106 © S. J. Hawkins, A. L. Allcock, A. E. Bates, A. J. Evans, L. B. Firth, C. D. McQuaid, B. D. Russell, I. P. Smith, S. E. Swearer, P. A. Todd, Editors Taylor & Francis TOWARDS AN OPTIMAL DESIGN FOR ECOSYSTEM- LEVEL OCEAN OBSERVATORIES RODNEY A. ROUNTREE1,2, JACOPO AGUZZI3, SIMONE MARINI4, EMANUELA FANELLI5, FABIO C. DE LEO6,2, JOAQUIN DEL RIO7 & FRANCIS JUANES2 1The Fish Listener, 23 Joshua Lane, Waquoit, Massachusetts, USA 2Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada 3Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain 4National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Marine Sciences, La Spezia, Italy 5Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy 6Ocean Networks Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada 7OBSEA, SARTI, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain Abstract Four operational factors, together with high development cost, currently limit the use of ocean observatories in ecological and fisheries applications: 1) limited spatial coverage, 2) limited integration of multiple types of technologies, 3) limitations in the experimental design for in situ studies, and 4) potential unpredicted bias in monitoring outcomes due to the infrastructure’s presence and functioning footprint.
    [Show full text]