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The Study of Language George Yule Index More Information Www Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49945-3 — The Study of Language George Yule Index More Information Index AAE see African American English Anglo-Saxons 267 AAVE see African American Vernacular English angma 31 accent 37, 221, 280 animal communication 14–17 acoustic phonetics 29 animate being 130, 314, 316 acquisition 202–203, 208, 220 anomia 191 acquisition barriers 221, 222 antecedent 154, 319 acquisition process 206–207, 212, 224, 225 anterior speech cortex 186 acquisition schedule 203–206 anticipation 189 acronyms 64, 66 antonymy 134, 135 active voice 95 aphasia 190 Adam 2 Arabic 15, 252, 253, 304 Adam’s apple 29 Arbitrariness 14, 15 address terms 318, 319 arcuate fasciculus 187, 191 adjacency pairs 172, 173 Aristotle 187 adjectives 94 arrow 115, 251 adjunct 100 articles 94 adverbs 94 articulatory parameters 238 affect 132, 222 articulatory phonetics 29 affective factors in second language learning 222 ash (æ) 267 affixes 65, 77, 78 Asian American English 303 affricate 33, 34 ASL see American Sign Language African American English (AAE) 303–305 aspiration 47, 48 African American Vernacular English (AAVE) 303, assimilation 50, 51 304, 305 associative meaning 130 age and second language learning 221 audience design see speech accommodation agent 132, 133 audiolingual method 223 agrammatic speech 190 auditory phonetics 29 agreement 93, 95 Australian English see Standard Australian English Akbar the Great 2 auxiliary verb (Aux) 208, 209, 305 “all and only criterion” 113 allomorphs 80 babbling 202, 204 allophones 47, 48, 80 Babel 2 alphabetic writing 46, 253, 254, 255 baby talk 202 alternate sign language 236 back-channels 321 alveolar sounds 31 backformation 62, 66 alveolar ridge 31, 33, 34 background knowledge 176 Alzheimer’s disease 191 back vowels 35 American English 34, 66, 134, 283, 320 beats 236 American Sign Language (Ameslan/ASL) 19, 202, bee communication 15, 17 234, 236–242 bidialectal 284 analogy 66 bilabial consonants 31 analytic processing 193 bilingualism 284–285 anaphora 154 biological classification 315 Angles 267 biological gender 96, 319 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49945-3 — The Study of Language George Yule Index More Information Index 363 bipedal (on two feet) locomotion 5 coarticulation effects 50–51 birds 14 coda 49, 51 Black English see African American English cognates 264, 265, 266 blending 61, 62, 66 cognitive categories 316–317 bonobo 22 coherence 170 borrowing 60, 66 cohesion 169 bound morphemes 77, 78 cohesive ties 169 bound stem 77 co-hyponyms 136 “bow-wow” theory 3 coinage 64 brackets 30, 46, 47, 115 collocation 139 brain 7 colloquial speech 302 brain, language areas in 185–187 color terms 312 brain stem 185 command 157 Brazilian Portuguese 60 communication 14 breathing 5 communication strategy 227 British English 62, 134, 281, 298, 303 communicative approaches 223, 224 British Sign Language (BSL) 236, 238 communicative competence 227 broadening of meaning 272 communicative signals 14, 18 Broca’s aphasia 190 comparative (adjective) 78 Broca’s area 186, 187 comparative reconstruction 265–266 complementary distribution 48 calque 60 complementary pairs 135 Canada 284 completion point 171 Captain Kirk’sinfinitive 97 componential analysis 131 careful style 299 compounding 61, 66 caregiver speech 202, 203 comprehensible input 226 casual style 299, 304 concordance 140 cataphora 154 conditioned response 21 categories 312–313 conduction aphasia 191 category change 63 conjunctions 77, 94 cats 15 connectors 171 cave drawings 248 Conrad, Joseph 221 Caxton, William 222 consonant chart 34 central vowel 37 consonant clusters 49 Chaucer 268 consonantal alphabet 253 Cherokee 252 consonants 29–34 Chicano English 303 constancy under negation 155 child-directed speech 202 constituent analysis 99 chimpanzees 8, 19–20 contact language 287, 288 Chinese 60, 224, 250, 264 context 151 Chinese writing 249, 250 contracted negative 305 cicadas 17 conventional knowledge 176, 177 circumfix65 convergence 300 classifiers 317 conversation analysis 171–173 Clerc, Laurent 238 conversion 63, 64, 66 clipping 62, 66 cooing 202, 204 closed class of words 77 Co-operative Principle 174–175 closed syllables 49 corpus callosum 185 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49945-3 — The Study of Language George Yule Index More Information 364 Index corpus linguistics 139 direct speech act 157, 320 correction 207, 210, 225 discourse 168, 170 co-text 151 discourse analysis 167–177 countable 317 displacement 14, 15 covert prestige 300, 303 distinctive features 46 creativity 17 divergence 301 creoles 287, 288, 304 divine source 2 creolization 288 dogs 14, 15 critical period 193–194, 221 double articulation 18 cross-gender interaction 321 double negative 270, 304, 320 crosslinguistic influence 224 duality 14, 18 cultural transmission 16 Dutch 60, 227, 284 culture 312 cuneiform writing 250 Early Modern English 268 curly brackets 115 Ebonics see African American English Cyrillic alphabet 253 education and dialect 297 Egyptian 2 Dani 312 Egyptian writing 249, 252 Darwin, Charles 4 elicitation procedures 299 Deacon, Terrence 13 elision 51 deaf education 237 emblems 235 deafness 8, 19, 202, 234, 237, emotive meaning 130 238, 242 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) 220 declarative 157 English as a Second Language (ESL) 220, 270 decreolization 288 English creoles 288, 304 deep structure 114, 119 English grammar 93 deictic expressions 152 English orthography 255 deictics 235 English pidgin 287 deixis 152, 153 English vowel sounds 35 dementia 191 epenthesis 270 dental sounds 31, 47 eponyms 64 derivation 65, 66, 80 errors 224, 225 derivational morphemes 78, 79, 81 Eskimo 314, 315 descriptive approach 98–99 eth (ð) 31, 267 determiners 207 etymology 59 diachronic variation 272 exchange 189 diacritics 50 experiencer 133 dialect 280 expletive insertion 65 dialect boundaries 283, 284 expressive aphasia 190 dialect continuum 284 external change 268 dialect surveys 282, 283 dialectology 281–284 face 156 dichotic listening 192–193, 194 face-saving act 156 Dickens, Charles 298 face-threatening act 156 dictionary 58 facial expressions 171, 240 diglossia 285 family trees 262, 263 digraph 255 Fant, Lou 240 diphthongs 36–37, 49 feature analysis 46, 239 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49945-3 — The Study of Language George Yule Index More Information Index 365 feminine 96, 315, 319 glossolalia 14 Filipino 286 glottal stops 34, 47 filled pauses 172 glottis 31, 34 finger-spelling 240 goal (role) 133 first language (L1) 220–227 gradable antonyms 135 first language acquisition 201–212, 219 grammar see traditional grammar first person 95 grammar school 93 fixed reference 17 grammar–translation method 223 flap 34, 47 grammar variation 281 Flemish 255 grammatical competence 227 foreign accent 225 grammatical gender 96 foreigner talk 226 Great Vowel Shift 268 formal style 299, 304 Greek 59, 93, 253, 255, forming negatives 210 263, 264 forming questions 209 Grice, Paul 174 fossilization 225 Gricean maxims 174 FOXP2 gene 8 group solidarity 300 free morphemes 77 Gua 19 French 60, 96, 303, 315 French Creole 288 h-dropping 298 French Sign Language (Langue des Signes Française/ habitual action 305 LSF) 236, 238 Haiti 288 Freud, Sigmund 187 hand orientation (sign language) 239 fricative 33, 60, 92, 266 hand shape (sign language) 239 front vowel 35 Hawai‘i Creole English 288 functional morphemes 77 Hebrew 2, 253, 286 functional shift 63 hedges 175, 320 helping verbs see auxiliary verbs Gaelic 101 Herodotus 2 Gage, Phineas P. 185 hesitation marker 171 Gallaudet, Thomas 238 hierarchical organization 118 Ganda 81 hieroglyphics 249, 253 gender 95, 319–321 high variety 285 gender class 96 high vowel 204 gendered culture 319 Hindi 264, 286 gendered interaction 321 hiragana 252 gendered speech 320, 321 Hispanic Americans 303 gendered structures 320 history of English 267–268 gendered words 319 Hmong 61 generative grammar 113 holistic processing 193 Genesis 2 holophrastic speech 205 genetic source 8 homonyms 137, 138 genetics 8 homophones 137, 138 Genie 2, 194, 202 Hopi 313, 314, 315, 316 German 60, 96, 264, 318 Hungarian 60 Germanic 59, 264, 267 hypercorrection 299 gestures 7, 204, 235–242 hypocorisms 62, 66 glide 33, 36, 49 hyponymy 134, 135–136, 211 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49945-3 — The Study of Language George Yule Index More Information 366 Index iconics 15, 235 Khmu (Kamhmu) 65 ideograms 249, 250, 251 kinship terms 313 idiolect 297 knowledge structure 177 Ilocano 82 implicatures 175, 176 L1 (first language) 220 indirect speech act 157, 320 L2 (second language) 220 Indo-European 263, 264, 266 labiodental consonants 31 inference 153, 154, 176, 193 Labov, William 297, 299 infinitive 97 Lakhota 133 infixes 65 Lana 20, 21 inflectional morphemes (inflections) 78, 79 language disorders 190, 191 informal style 299 language gene 8 information signals 14 language planning 286 -ing pronunciation 298 language typology 101 innateness hypothesis 8 larynx 6, 8, 29, 30, 31, 187 input 193, 225 lateralization 193 insertion sequences 173 Latin 59, 93, 266, 267, 270 instinct 16 Latin grammar 96, 97 instrument 130 learner focus 224–227 instrumental motivation 225 learning 220 integrative motivation 225 learning through correction 207 interdental sounds/consonants 31 learning through imitation 207 interference 224 left brain 193
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