Quantum Mechanics in the Negative Mass Reference Frame E

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Quantum mechanics in the negative mass reference frame E. S. Polzik Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark It has been proposed theoretically [1, 2] that a measurement of motion with precision beyond the vacuum state uncertainty in both position and momentum is possible if it is carried out in a quantum reference frame with an effective negative mass. In such a measurement, the quantum back action of the measurement is evaded. This happens due to the destructive interference of the back action terms for the moving object and the reference frame. This approach has been put in a broad quantum information perspective of “quantum mechanics free subspaces” in [3]. A negative mass reference frame can be implemented with an oscillator which has its first excited state energy below the ground state energy. This is the case for an atomic spin oscillator oriented along the magnetic field [4]. We will report on the experiment where the quantum back action of the measurement of the motion of a mechanical oscillator is evaded using the negative mass reference principle [5]. We track the motion of the oscillator in the reference frame of the spin oscillator by probing this hybrid quantum system with light. The mechanical oscillator is a macroscopic object, a membrane of a millimeter size, with an exceptionally high quality factor achieved by phononic bandgap engineering [6]. The atomic oscillator is a long lived collective spin of an atomic ensemble in a spin protecting microcell [4]. We demonstrate the evasion of the quantum back action of the measurement on the two systems and study an intricate interplay between quantum back action and opto-mechanical cooling forces. The negative mass reference frame physics opens the way towards generation of entanglement between the mechanical oscillator and an atomic spin, which allows for practically unlimited measurement precision of the disturbance on two non-commuting variables of the mechanical system. Applications include fundamental physics of entangled macroscopic objects, force, gravitation and acceleration measurements, and clock synchronization beyond the projection noise limit [7]. References [1] K. Hammerer, M. Aspelmeyer, E.S. Polzik, P. Zoller. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 020501 (2009). [2] E.S. Polzik and K.Hammerer. Annalen der Physyk. 527, No. 1–2, A15–A20 (2015). [3] M. Tsang and C. Caves, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(12), (2010). [4] G. Vasilakis, H. Shen, K. Jensen, M. Balabas, D. Salart, B. Chen, and E. S. Polzik. Nature Physics, doi:10.1038/nphys3280 (2015). [5] C. Møller, R. Thomas, G. Vasilakis, E. Zeuthen, Y. Tsaturyan, K. Jensen, A. Schliesser, K. Hammerer and E.S. Polzik. Manuscript in preparation. [6] Y. Tsaturyan, A. Barg, A. Simonsen, L. G. Villanueva, S. Schmid, A. Schliesser, and E. S. Polzik. Optics Express, Vol. 22, Issue 6, pp. 6810-6821 (2014). [7] E. S. Polzik and J. Ye. Phys. RevA.93.021404 (2016). .

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