Neoliberalism, Political Action on Climate Change and the Youth of Aotearoa New Zealand: a Space for Radical Activism?
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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington NEOLIBERALISM, POLITICAL ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE YOUTH OF AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND: A SPACE FOR RADICAL ACTIVISM? by Emma Moon Thesis ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 593 [2013] A 90 point thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington, as partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Victoria University of Wellington [May, 2013] 2 NEOLIBERALISM, POLITICAL ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE YOUTH OF AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND: A SPACE FOR RADICAL ACTIVISM? Emma Moon ABSTRACT Climate change exists both as a symptom and as a cause of many social ills. It is as urgent as it is complex. Climate change is being addressed internationally through mechanisms heavily influenced by neoliberal globalisation and based around market mechanisms for the trading of carbon dioxide as a commodity, such as the Kyoto Protocol. This has contributed to increasing de-politicisation of the climate change issue. Contestation of neoliberal solutions to climate change has resulted in the birth of climate justice principles which unite action against the systemic causes of climate change. At the heart of action on climate change are young people- historically active citizens and advocates for radical change. In the context of de-politicisation and a post-political carbon consensus, young activists have been influenced by dominant neoliberal discourse. This research will explore the repercussions of a post-political carbon consensus in producing youth-led spaces of contestation in Aotearoa New Zealand. The case study for this research, youth-driven organisation Generation Zero, advocates for post-political carbon consensus by running campaigns on changes to the national Emissions Trading Scheme and other policy-based work. In this thesis, I will describe the extent to which young people within Generation Zero are influenced by the neoliberal discourse and the implications this has for the role of climate justice and radical activism. This research will contribute to the literature around the de-politicisation of climate change as it describes the impact that this has on youth activism and thus the opportunity for future spaces of dissent. Key words: climate change; neoliberalism; radical activism; post-political consensus; youth; New Zealand; climate justice. 3 4 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my sincerest and most heartfelt thanks to the following people: Mum, Dad, Jonathan and Alex for your loving support, reluctant listening ears and tolerance of my crazy ideas and rants. Sophie Bond for your endless patience, wisdom and impeccable attention to detail. You are a great inspiration to me. Raven Cretney for the distractions, discussions, never ending snacks, laughter and tears. I wouldn’t have made it through without you. Kiri Stevens, Lillian Fougere and Cristian Leaman for being constantly understanding and supportive during the good times and the stressful ones. Jessie Dennis and Gary Cranston for the confusing, enlightening and inspiring conversations that eventually led to this research. I’m looking forward to the many more years of getting stuff done with you guys. Pierre Williams, Chrissy Hamill, Jess Moore, George Brown, Tim Onnes, Ash Stadlin-Robbie, Anne Russell, Brittany Packer, Mike Rawlings and Nick Tapp for being great company after a long day in the office. Members of Generation Zero Wellington for your thoughtful contributions to this research. I hope I have done justice to your wisdom and that we can continue to muddle our way through all of this together. 5 "If you go to one demonstration and then go home, that’s something, but the people in power can live with that. What they can’t live with is sustained pressure that keeps building, organizations that keep doing things, people that keep learning lessons from the last time and doing it better the next time." -Noam Chomsky This research is dedicated to the international youth climate movement 6 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1: Setting the scene ................................................................................................... 11 1.1 What motivated this study? .............................................................................................. 12 1.2 Post-political carbon consensus and the role of the “properly” political moment .............. 14 1.3 The urgency of climate change......................................................................................... 16 1.4 ‘Third way’ politics ......................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Climate justice ................................................................................................................. 18 1.6 Aotearoa New Zealand context and the neoliberal generation........................................... 19 1.7 Research Objectives and contribution to the literature ...................................................... 20 1.7.1 Case study: Generation Zero ...................................................................................... 21 1.8 Thesis structure ................................................................................................................ 23 Chapter 2: A post political carbon consensus? ...................................................................... 25 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 25 2.2 De-politicisation .............................................................................................................. 26 2.3 ‘Third way’ politics ......................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Post-political carbon consensus ........................................................................................ 34 2.4.1 Consensus and conflict .............................................................................................. 37 2.5 The “properly” political and neoliberalism ....................................................................... 38 2.6 The “properly” political and activism ............................................................................... 40 2.7 Climate justice ................................................................................................................. 41 2.7.1 Climate justice and activism ...................................................................................... 44 2.7.2 The growth of the climate justice movement .............................................................. 45 2.7.3 Antagonism, commons and solidarity ........................................................................ 46 7 2. 8 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 48 Chapter 3: Neoliberalism and youth activism ........................................................................ 50 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 50 3.2 Global context: recent social movements and young people ............................................. 50 3.2.1 Youth climate change activism around the world ....................................................... 53 3.3 Environmental and social movements in Aotearoa New Zealand ...................................... 55 3.4 Climate movement in Aotearoa New Zealand .................................................................. 57 3.4.1 Youth climate change activism in Aotearoa New Zealand ......................................... 60 3.5 Neoliberalism in Aotearoa New Zealand .......................................................................... 61 3.6 The Neoliberal Generation ............................................................................................... 65 3.7 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 69 Chapter 4: Research approach and methods ......................................................................... 70 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 70 4.2 Research approach: post-structuralism ............................................................................. 70 4.3 Positionality as a researcher ............................................................................................. 70 4.3.1 Scholar activist .......................................................................................................... 73 4.4 Qualitative Methods ......................................................................................................... 74 4.5 Case study: Generation Zero ............................................................................................ 74 4.6 Interview process ............................................................................................................. 76 4.7 Discourse analysis ........................................................................................................... 78 4.8 Coding ............................................................................................................................