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A Spirituality of the Heart in the Context of the Franciscan Eremitical Tradition

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A Spirituality of the Heart in the Context of the Franciscan Eremitical Tradition POTCHEFSTROOMSE UNlVERSlTElT VIR CHRlSTELlKE HOER ONDERWYS in association with Greenwich School of Theology U.K. A spirituality of the heart in the context of the Franciscan eremitical tradition. A scriptural understanding of "heart", "desert", and "conversion" as the basis of this, both historically and in the present day. by Sr. Patricia Jordan B Ed. MA Thesis submitted for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in Dogmatics of the Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoer Ondews Promoter G.S.T.: Dr. Joseph Rhymer Co-Promoter P.U. for C.H.E.: Prof. Amie van Wyk 2003 Potchefstroom Dedication To Our Lady of the Angels of The Portiuncula ABSTRACT To speak of the heart is to speak a universal language. Afler a brief examination of poetry, prose, art and music, we discuss and analyse the word heart in its universal applicability within different religions, eras, cultures and creeds. Our particular focus is then centred in Sacred Scripture where we find the most comprehensive understanding of the word heart. Tracing the depth and richness of its meaning throughout the Scripture texts, we are faced with the human paradox of good and evil, both of which proceed from the mysterious realm of the heart where freedom and grace engage us in ways that are at times beyond our comprehension. Examining the place of the desert in the process of forming the heart - which we understand to be the vital, inner core of a person - we highlight the struggle involved in this process, suggesting as the desert Fathers have before us, that the heart itself is at times a battlefield. Rooting ourselves in the Sacred Scriptures and in continuity with the Christian tradition, we introduce St. Francis of Assisi. Analysing and interpreting St. Francis' journey into his own heart and to the heart of others, leads us to a consideration of the part the desert plays in this journey. This analysis is directly related to the active-contemplative question that has been the subject of debate ever since the time of Jesus in his encounter with Martha and Mary. Dualistic language and thinking suggests that the different dimensions of life stand in opposition, leading to an eitherlor situation rather than an acceptance of a more integrated bothland approach. In an effort to avoid dualism and embrace paradox, we facilitate the journey of the heart towards wholeness and integration, combining theory and practice by bringing the fruit of this research to completion in The Portiuncula, a centre for Franciscan prayer and solitude, a new expression of our Third Order Regular Franciscan charism. Developing an innovative approach to St. Francis Rule for Hermitages, we discuss the significance of this, not only for members of the Franciscan family but for every person on the spiritual quest and the journey of the heart. Afler the example of St. Francis of Assisi, we have tried to capture the spirit of his following in the footsteps of the Word made flesh, Jesus Christ. In grappling with the implications of a literal following of Jesus Christ, and the challenges this poses for every individual in his or her uniqueness, we enter the realm of mystery, paradox, freedom and grace: the heart. Presenting a spirituality of the heart in the context of the biblical understanding of "heart", "desert", and "conversion", in the context of the Franciscan eremitical tradition, we continue the universal quest for the fullness of love which is mysteriously contained in the twofold but unified experience of contemplation and compassion. PREFACE St. Francis lefl each of his followers a perennial challenge: I have done what is mine; may Christ teach you what is yours! (20.214) This thesis and the new building project and ministry involved are both personal and Congregational responses to this challenge. The research, in its written and architectural expression, emerged as a reflection on the active-contemplative tension that seems to surface in the lives of individuals, communities and societies, regardless of age, creed or culture. Rooting my study within the Biblical and Franciscan eremitical tradition led me to focus particularly on the "heart" which is central to our Third Order Regular charism. For me, this research had an added dimension because of my responsibility and ministry as Formation Director within my Congregation. I am deeply indebted to a great number of people for contributing to this venture of faith and the completion of this research. Without the inspiration and empowerment of the Holy Spirit of God, and the prayer, help, encouragement, skill and expertise of so many people, the faith-filled vision could not have become the reality it has become today. Heartfelt gratitude and appreciation fall neatly into two parts: the written research and the practical implementation in the beautiful building of The Portiuncula. In both areas I am deeply grateful to Sister Columba, my Superior General and my Congregation for supporting this venture throughout. My own community of sisters here at St. Clare's deserve a special "Thank You" for their on-going prayer, support, help and encouragement. This has truly been a community and congregational adventure in faith. To Dr. Joseph Rhymer, friend and mentor, who willingly accepted to be my promotor. His unfailing encouragement from the very beginning of this project and his shared love of the living Word of God has sustained and supported me throughout. To him I owe a particular "Thank you". To Fr. Regis Armstrong, OFMCap. whose love of all things Franciscan inspired this journey of the heart. I am deeply indebted to him for his encouragement to pursue this line of discovery by delving more deeply into the heart of Francis and making it a living message for the 21" century. To Fr. Andre Cirino OFM and to Fr. Michael Higgins, OFM for leading our Sisters in Days and Weeks of Franciscan Solitude in a deepening understanding of the Franciscan call to the hermitage of the heart. To Sr. Elizabeth Mary Imler, OSF and to Sr. Kathleen Anne Copp, OSF for facilitating 40 Days of Franciscan Solitude in preparation for undertaking this thesis and building project. To Prof. Van Wyk, for sound advice and on-going support as my Co-Promoter, I owe my debt of gratitude. To Fr. James Kinane for introducing me to the Greenwich School of Theology and Potchefstroome University, especially for introducing me to Prof. Byron Evans and his wife Peg. Peg's proofreading and grammatical skills were always generously shared with infinite patience and the warmth of friendship. To all those in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France, Hungary and America who opened their homes and their hearts in sharing their experience of living the eremitical life. Many other people have assisted in offering library facilities and translation expertise, I am deeply grateful and appreciative: to Fr. Rufus, OSCO and Dom Ambrose, OSCO at Mount St, Bernard Abbey. Leicestershire; to the Library Staff at The Franciscan Study Centre in Canterbury; to Francoise Boardman for time given to French translations; to Margaret O'Beirne for Italian translations; to Fr. Ivo, OFM at the Antonianum in Rome and to Sr. Maria, Sr. Anthony, Sr. Carol and Sr. Shirley for countless hours of library assistance; to Sister Marianne and Anne Marie O'Flynn for valuable Internet advice and assistance; to Sister Bonaventure for generously giving her time to drive me to the many places connected with this research both in its written and building expression; and to all my Sisters for giving me the time and opportunity to complete this thesis and project, I thank them from my heart. The written research is expressed in the building of The Portiuncula. Special thanks are due to Dominic Williams from Ellis-Williams Architects and to his design team, especially Marhami Arifin and Steve Fitch, for their sensitive, skilful and empathetic interpretation of our vision for The Portiuncula. Thanks go too to Bosw Construction, especially the Directors, Bruno Quiligotti and Paul Marsh, for accepting this contract with great confidence and optimism. We extend our special thanks and appreciation to Mike Murray and all those too numerous to mention, but all appreciated, who have worked with him on site. To Alan Arnott of Studio Nine for Lighting; to Scobie Alvis of Faber Maunsell for Structural Engineering; to David Hibbert and Richard Trench of Goth Hibbert for Quantity Suweying; to Cate Watkinson for her original and inspirational interpretation of the Canticle of St. Francis in stained glass; to Ram Roof for supplying a beautiful and ecologically friendly "Green Roof'; to Real Stone for their donation of a stone fountain and their expertise in creating a real "hermitage" expression, modelled on the Portiuncula hermitage in Assisi: thank you to them all. To so many people, named and unnamed, I commend each and all to the heart of God in deep gratitude and appreciation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction - Chapter 1. A Spirituality Of The Heart Within The Franciscan Eremitical Tradition. Page Background and problem Statement 1 1 .I .2 The Franciscan Minoress General Chapter 1997 1 1.I .3 The charism of the Third Order Regular 1 1 .I .4 Contemplation and Action 2 1 .I .5 The heart as a universal symbol 3 1 .I.6 St. Francis and the heart 3 Aims and Objectives 3 Central Theoretical Argument 4 Methodology 4 Classification of Chapters 5 Conclusion and Findings 7 Chapter 2: The Heart As A Universal Symbol Introduction Symbol and symbolism The symbol of the heart Symbolic heart language in art The heart and music The heart and literature and poetry
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