CRUISE REPORT Scientific Activities Miami

'i

CRUISE REPORT

W-63

Scientific Activities

Miami - Little San Salvador - Bermuda - Philadelphia - Woods Hole

8 April 1982 - 19 May 1982

R/V Westward

Sea Education Association

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

SHIPBOARD DRAFT "How or when are we going to get to

a place where it won't be like this

ever again."

--On a stormy night in the Sargasso Sea

Karen Holtz W-63 Preface

This cruise report presents a basic outline of the scientific

research and academic program conducted on board the R/V Westward

during her sixty-third cruise in the spring of 1982. It consists

primarily of the abstracts from the twenty-three student projects

completed during this cruise as well as data which are being incor-

porated into the long-term studies of SEA staff and associated re-

searchers. The bulk of this report was written at sea and is not

intended to represent a final analysis or interpretation of data

generated during W-63.

W-63 was a highly successful and productive cruise characterized

by excellence in sailing, quality research in a wide variety of

marine environments, a PR blitz of the Western North Atlantic, and

the untiring efforts of all aboard. It was a cruise of high spirits

and fair weather from which good friends departed with warm memories.

It was, in the SEA vernacular, "a good one. 11

It was also my first cruise as Chief Scientist, and I could not

have asked for a more helpful and supportive crew. To Captain Paul • DeOrsay, I am forever grateful for his constant support, instruction,

and enthusiastic participation in accomplishing the scientific mis-

sion of W-63. His skill as a skipper was obvious, and his patience

and leadership earned the respect of all aboard. Paul was assisted

by a top-notch nautical staff which not only made the completion of

scientific stations a pleasure but greatly contributed to the spirit

of W-63. The abilities and attitudes of the mates, Phil Sacks,

I -i- I Tim Higbee, and Peg Brandon, was essential to the success of the cruise, and I'm sure we will all remember the skill with which the

"Indians" were shot each night! Our engineer, Jeff Wheeler, motored us through those tiring stretches of light air (not to mention the Delaware River) and was always ready to instruct and assist in a variety of ways. And to Malinda Jones our untiring steward, I can only say--thanks for the poundage. Her skill in the galley and in bringing out the cooking talents of others helped us accomplish at least the second part of our "pale-and-porky" mission.

W-63 was particularly fortunate to have as Assistant Scientists

Hal Rose and Don Levitan. As Chief Scientist, I could not have hoped for a more dynamic duo. Their skill and untiring efforts were a major factor in the success of the scientific mission, and their enthusiasm and humor made them ideal shipmates. It was hard to be down for any period of time around Hal, and his wardrobe was always quite natty. Don worked tirelessly in the lab and was always in a position to answer such basic scientific questions as: "Are the oceans gonna die .•. or what?!"

The visiting scholars on W-63 all contributed a different per­ spective in their areas of expertise, and to them we are all grateful.

John Hunt sailed with us to Little San Salvador and lectured on the principles of benthic ecology and the management of marine tropical fisheries. He assisted with the design and execution of a number of student projects, including the Great Conchette Extravaganza!

-ii- We were all sorry to see him leave on Eleuthera. Amelia Giordano came aboard on Bermuda and crossed with us to Philadelphia. Her enthusiasm for marine mammal research inspired us all, and she ob- viously brought the magic touch along. Who can forget our humpback friend of long acquaintance of whom we must have taken at least

1,000 photos! An ex-Westward student, Laura Herr, sailed with us from Philadelphia to Woods Hole, along with George Woodwell of the

MBL Ecosystems Center. Laura gave a very informative lecture on some of the practical aspects of marine environmental monitoring, and George really expanded our perspective with the "Big Picture of the problem. co 2 In addition to the on-board participants, we are also grateful to the Bahamian Government and Norwegian Cruise Lines for a free hand (and wonder-of-wonders, ICE) on Little San Salvador, the people

and mopeds of Bermuda, the City of Philadelphia, and of course all

the SEA staff at Fisher House.

W-63 was a successful cruise, partially because of the efforts

and contributions of the people mentioned above. But in the final

analysis, the success and spirit of W-63 was most directly a result

of those twenty-three students who sailed the Westward, performed

the research, scraped the mung, and swizzled the swizzle during our

six weeks at sea. This report is truly a product of their cruise

and their accomplishments.

R. Jude Wilber Chief Scientist W-63

-iii-

Table of Contents

Preface i

Contents 1

Introduction 4

A. Research Program 4 B. Academic Program 12

Little San Salvador Island Studies

A geologic interpretation of Little San 18 Salvador Island - Adam Baker, Tom Dunkelman

A sediment analysis of Little San Salvador Island 20 - Karen Holtz

An examination of intertidal bioerosion on the 27 rocky carbonate shores of Little San Salvador - Walter Poleman

The coral reefs of Little San Salvador 31 - Andrew Milleken, Peter Nalen

Red Pond and Yellow Pond: An examination of the 34 variables controlling hypersalinity on Little San Salvador - Michiel Wilhelm

Tracking, tagging, and trailing Strombus gigas 40 juveniles in the flood delta of Little San Salvador lagoon - Betsy Baldwin, Jennifer Canney

Tidal rhythms in snails from Little San Salvador 45 - Beth Jakob

Sargasso Sea Studies

Thermal fronts of the southern Sargasso Sea 49 - Renee French

Distributional patterns of tar balls in the 53 Sargasso Sea - John Durant

-1- A study of the epibionts found on pelagic tar 56 in the Sargasso Sea - Dave McKee

Epifauna on Sargassum species in the Sargasso Sea 61 - Mike Jech c Mesopelagic fish populations in the Sargasso Sea 65 - Jeanne Grasso

A study of Cnidarian and Ctenophoran distribution 68 along the W-63 cruise track - Noy Holland

Vertical and horizontal distribution of Trichodesmium 71 in the Sargasso Sea - Holly Cook

Bacterial densities and chlorophyll ~ concentrations 73 between Bermuda and the Delaware River Estuary - Jeff Pollock

An investigation of factors controlling the diurnal 77 vertical migration of pigmented copepods - Steve Kokkinakis

Daily variations in vertical distribution of phyto­ 81 plankton biomass - Peter M. Broderick

Additional Studies

Pelagic birds and the marine environment 85 - Jill Helterline

Salinity variations from the Sargasso Sea to the 89 Delaware River Estuary - Cassie Mannix

Preliminary Report 92 - John Hunt

Marine mammals sightings, distribution, and 93 behavior - Amelia Giordano

-2- Appendices

Appendix A: Oceanographic stations completed 103 during W-63

Appendix B: Bathythermograph data from W-63 107

Appendix C: Surface salinities from W-63 112

Appendix D: Reference collection from W-63 117

-3- Introduction

A. Research Program

This cruise report· is the written record of the scientific ..

research conducted during the sixty-third cruise of the R/V Westward.

The cruise track (Figs. 1,2) was designed to permit collection of physical, chemical, biological, and geological data from several

distinct oceanographic areas in the Western North Atlantic Ocean.

Stations were made in the Channels and Basins of the Northern

Bahamas, across the Sargasso Sea, around the Bermuda Platform, along

the continental shelf and slope of North America, and throughout the ..

estuarine environment of Delaware Bay. We sampled shelf canyons

(Hudson) and sea caves (LSS and Bermuda) and twice crossed the Gulf

Stream--first as the Florida Current and later as the North Atlantic

Current. We sailed in 100% fresh (if not clean) river water at

Philadelphia and recorded salinities in excess 175% from the hyper­

saline ponds of Little San Salvador. It was an ideal track for con­

sidering "The Big Picture." The ship's itinerary, including ports

of call, is included as Table 1. Cruise participants are listed in

Table 2.

In terms of student projects there were two major areas of re­

search. One involved an all-out scientific assault on Little San

Salvador Island, and the other was a series of studies conducted

across the Sargasso Sea during the spring period of changing thermal

-4- structure. Little San Salvado'r" projects ranged from subtidal coral reef studies through intertidal investigations, up to associated terrestrial environments. The LSS reports are included in pages 18 to 41.

The Sargasso Sea projects consisted of a variety of studies of ambitious scope in the physical, chemical, and biological disci­ plines. These reports are included in pages 44 to 71.

One student performed an extended monitoring of marine bird species throughout the cruise, while another investigated changing water mass characteristics upon our approach to the continental mainland. These reports and the preliminary findings of the visiting scholars are included in pages 74 to 81.

The positions and times for all oceanographic stations and scientific operations are listed in Appendix A, and data from the bathythermographs (a new WW record at 143) are listed in Appendix B.

Research conducted during W-63 represents, in part, the on­ going work of individuals and agencies that have extended their as­ sistance to our students. Material reported herein should not be excerpted or cited without the written permission of the Chief

Scientist.

-5- Figure 1

85" 6o• 1

40"

UNITED STATES

3!5"

4/29 • BERMUDA 4/26-28

20 ~ c:::z:.~ ~-., .. '1-; , s· ~ • • .. .t

10"

Cruise Track of the R/V Westward's cruise W-63

-6- • r I \ I, ... ~-.- ,.._ I •'· ":' 'I .. . ·'.,., 270. ' ., ·-:: ...... ,

..... ' ).J( 26° , I I .. '-- -,~,, 4 I II I 'i' I "'-.1 ...... ' '·~-.~ I . ' I I '4/10 )'···; I I ,·\ '~'I .. . I I \ \ ' ..... _. ~ I ·'' ~...... P. . .,, ~', .. , , ..... ' \ ., ... I • SAN 24°-lQ , , "' ,.' I.~ SALVADOR \ '- .. ... •'\ o,J I ... - ... \ •,•: \ \ \ ...... , ' .. ' \~••,..,1 I ' ' I I 81° 80° 79° 78° 77° 76° 75° 74°

Figure 2. Cruise track of R/V Westward W-63 in Bahamian watters. TABLE 1 . Daily Noon Positions - W-63

Date North Latitude West Longitude

April 8 Miami

April 9 Freeport, Bahamas

April 10 25°46 1 77°21 1

1 April 11 25°36 7 5° 59 I

April 12 24°33 1 76°10 1

April 13 Little San Salvador

April 14 Little San Salvador

April 15 Little San Salvador

April 16 24°49 1 76°23 1

1 April 17 24°56 75°52 I

April 18 26°05 1 75°12 1

1 April 19 26°54 74°11 I

April 20 28°04 1 72°19 1

1 April 21 28°11 I 71°57

1 April 22 29°12 I 70°15

April 23 30°08 1 68°35 1

1 April 24 29°38 67°22 I

April 25 30°56 1 66°33 1

April 26 St. Georges, Bermuda

April 27 St. Georges, Bermuda

April 28 Sto Georges, Bermuda

April 29 32°47 1 64°42 1

April 30 33°04 1 65°14 1

-8- TABLE 1 • (Continued) Daily Noon Positions - W-63

Date North Latitude West Longitude

May 1 33°48 1 68°01 1

May 2 34°15 1 68°56 1

1 May 3 34°53 70°11 I

1 May 4 35°05 71°12 I

1 May 5 35°26 71°08 I

May 6 35°53 1 73°14 1

1 May 7 36°59 74°44 I

May 8 37°44 1 74°08 1

May 9 38°42 1 73°46 1

May 10 38°59 1 75°10 1

May 11 Wilmington, Delaware

May 12 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

May 13 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

May 14 38°59 1 74°05 1

May 15 39°15 1 73°03 1

May 16 39°41 1 72°13 1

1 May 17 40°39 71°17 I

May 18 Tarpaulin Cove, N~ushon Island

May 19 Woods Hole, Massachusetts

-9- \ \ \\ \\ ~::..

TABLE 2. Ship's Complement for R/V Westward Cruise W-63

Nautical Staff

Paul B. DeOrsay, B.A. Captain

Phillip Sacks, B.S. Chief Mate

Timothy Higbee, B.A. Second Mate

Margaret Brandon, B.A. Third Mate

Jeffrey Wheeler, B.S. Engineer

Melinda Jones, B.A. Steward ·

Scientific Staff

R. Jude Wilber, Ph.D. Chief Scientist

Hal M. Rose, M.S. Second Scientist

Donald R. Levitan, M.S. Third Scientist

Visiting Scholars

John Hunt, M.S. - Florida Department of Natural Resources Miami Florida to Eleuthera, Bahamas

Amelia Giordano, Ph.D. Bermuda to Philadelphia, PA

George Woodwell, Ph.D. - Marine Biological Laboratory Ecosystems Center Philadelphia, PA to Woods Hole, MA

Laura Herr, B.S. Philadelphia, PA to Woods Hole, MA

Students

Adam Baker Sophomore, Geology, Middlebur. College

Elizabeth Baldwin Senior, Biology, Colby-Sawyer College

Peter Broderick Senior, Plant Science, Cornell University

-10- Students (continued)

Lisanne Burkholder Junior, Undeclared, Yale University

Jennifer Canney Sophomore, Undeclared-, North Carolina State University

Holly Cook Senior, Biology, University of Vermont

Thomas Dunhelmar Junior, Geology, Colgate University

John Durant Junior, Biology, Cornell University

Renee French Sophomore, Biology, University of Connecticut

Jeanne Grasso Junior, Biology, Notre Dame University

Jill Helterline Junior, Environmental Biology, St. Lawrence University

Flournoy Holland Junior, English, Middlebury College

Karen Holtz Junior, Biology, Colby College

Elizabeth Jakob Junior, Biology, Cornell University

Josef Jech Sophomore, Biology, Kearney State College

Steven Kokkinakis Junior, Biology, Colgate University

Catherine Mannix Senior, Biology & Society, Cornell University

David McKee Junior, Biochemistry, Macalester College

Andrew Milliken Junior, Northern Studies/Biology, Middlebury College

Peter Nalen Junior, American Literature, Middlebury College

Walter Poleman Junior, Biology, Cornell University

Jeffrey Pollock Sophomore, Biology, Hamilton College

Michiel Wilhelm Junior, Biology, University of Oregon

-11- B. Academic Program

Throughout the six-week period covered by R/V Westward cruise

W-63, a 24-hour science watch was maintained by teams of three

students and one member of the science staff. During science watch,

students were instructed in the use of gear and scientific procedures

spanning many aspects of physical, chemical, geological, and biologi­

cal oceanography. Instruction was provided in the form of oceano­

graphic and marine biological research which was conducted either

for individual projects or the work of SEA staff or long-term coopera­

tive programs. Routine meteorological and oceanic observations were made, and weather data were transmitted during science watches.

During the last two weeks of the cruise, studetns were sufficiently

familiar with scientific procedures to operate activities of the

laboratory without significant help from the marine science staff.

Formal instruction on a daily basis was provided in the form

of lectures given by the marine science staff. Lecture topics, de­

signed to cover aspects of science and history not readily gained

from laboratory experience, are listed in Table 3. In addition to

lecture material, a small museum of organisms known as the Reference

Collection was developed during the cruise to familiarize students

with the life history and adaptations of important marine vertebrates,

invertebrates, and plants. The Reference Collection Catalog is in­

cluded as Appendix D. Student teams drew upon this collection in

their detailed investigations and presentations known as "Creature

Features." Creature Features are listed in Table 4.

-12- Oceanographic studies fell into three categories: (1) Each student took to sea a well-planned project which could be completed during the cruise. These projects were chosen by the students and completed as independent research. A short seminar at the end of the cruise was given by each student to summarize their findings.

(2) Several projects, designed by the marine science staff, were completed to demonstrate or test particular oceanographic principles.

These cruise projects required the participation of all student crew members in data gathering, sample processing, and data reduction.

(3) Several long-term projects are being conducted by SEA staff members and associated organizations. These include meteorological observations, analysis of sea bird distribution, and distribution and abundance of neuston.

Every oceanographic station was made for the purpose of actual research, and no sample was taken solely for the purpose of demon­

stration. In this way, students were given the opportunity to learn from meaningful participation in actual research activities.

W-63 was comprised of two three-week courses in oceanography

offered by Boston University through SEA. The on-board experience was preceded by a rigorous six-week course on shore. Successful

completion of the entire program included eleven academic credit

hours in oceanography. Letter grades for each of the two shipboard

courses were determined on the basis of on-watch evaluations, project

research and final report, a written final examination, and a

laboratory practical exam.

-13- TABLE 3. Marine Science Lectures During W-63

Oceanography I

Th 4-8 Wilber Introduction/Research Objectives

F 4-9 Wilber Geologic History of the Bahamas

s 4-10 Wilber Carbonate Environments: An Inter­ disciplinary Perspective

M 4-12 Hunt Management of Tropical Marine Fisheries: Lobster and Conch

T 4-13 Hunt Biological Interactions Structuring Benthic Marine Communities

F 4-16 Rose Temperature Measurements in the Sea: Bathythermograph and Reversing Thermometer

M 4-19 Rose Phytoplankton Biology

T 4-20 Rose Phytoplankton Ecology

w 4-21 Levitan Zooplankton Ecology

Th 4-22 Levitan Coral Reef Ecology

F 4-23 Levitan Mangrove Ecology

Sti 4-25 Oceanog­ Final Exam raphy I

Oceanography II

Th 4-29 Giordano Introduction to Marine Mammals

F 4-30 Wilber Sargasso Sea Matrix Theory/Pronto­ genesis and Frontolysis

s 5-l Giordano Cetacean Research for Leg II of W-65

M 5-3 Levitan Evolution and Adaptive Radiation of Fish

T 5-4 Wilber The Gulf Stream - Flow, Meanders and Spin-off Eddies

w 5-5 Rose The Deep Chlorophyll A Maxima

-14- Th 5-6 Levitan Benthic Invertebrates

F 5-7 Student Seminars s 5-8 Student Seminars

M 5-10 Student Seminars

T 5-11 Wilber Comparative Shallow Marine Geology of Little San Salvador and Bermuda

F 5-14 Herr Estuarine Ecosystems and Pollution Monitoring s 5-15 Woodwell Ecosystem Center of MBL - The Global C02 Problem

Su 5-15 Wilber Submarine Canyons and Barrier Islands of the Eastern U.S. Continental Margin

M 5-17 Oceanog­ Final Exam raphy II

M 5-17 Student Seminars

T 5-18 Student Seminars

-15- TABLE 4. Creature Feature Presentations on W-63

4-20 McKee, French Membranipora tuberculata (encrusting bryozoan)

4-22 Broderich, Grasso Porpita porpita (planktonic cnidarian)

4-23 Burhholder, Durant Anguilla ££• (eel larvae)

4-29 Kokkinahis Platybelone argalus argalus (needle fish)

4-30 Dunhleman, Cook Hermodice cariniculata (green bristle worm)

5-l Wilhelm, Jakob Histrio histrio (Sargassum fish)

5-3 Holland, Baker Brachyuran Crab Zoea

5-4 Helterline, Milliken Octopus vulgaris (common octopus)

5-5 Jech, Holtz Progmichthys gibbiforma (flying fish)

5-6 Poleman, Mannix Paguroidean Crab (Diogenidaen hermit crab)

5-7 Pollock, Baldwin Diadema ££· (long-spined urchin)

5-8 Nalen, Canney Fiona pinnata (nudibranch)

-16- [I][@] @®(@[D ~ ·~·~/ ""· . -. ~@! §]%1I ~ .~~~~~-- . I

.. ,...... ~··

I 1-' ...... I ..... 0 I

0 I ... I I I I I I I I I I I

Figure 3. Little San Salvador Island. Location of sites samples by Karen Holtz for sediment analysis are indicated by squares. Sites sampled by Adam Baker and Tom Dunkelman for geologic analysis are indicated by circles. A GEOLOGIC INTERPRETATION OF LITTLE SAN SALVADOR ISLAND

Adam Baker Tom Dunkleman

ABSTRACT

The purpose of our study was to first gain an understanding of the geologic processes at work on the island of Little San Salvador, and then to use this information to recreate the geologichistory of the island.

Our methods consisted primarily of field observations and measurements and hand-sample analysis.

There are two dominant rock types present, those Pleistocene in age and those Holocene in age. The Pleistocene rocks, being much older, are typically very well lithified due to prolonged exposure to weathering.

Holocene sediments are present in the form of loose sand, beach rock, or dune rock. Due to their youth, these rocks are less well lithified.

They typically consist of soft, white sediment which may be indurated on

the outside due to exposure to rain water or spray-zone wetting.

The presence of cross-bedding in a large percentage of the rock samples indicates that eolian transport and dune deposition is the pri- mary mode of formation of the island. There are two dominant dune

systems present on the islan?· The Pleistocene dunes are all roughly

parallel, striking about east-west; while the Holocene dunes are also

parallel to each other striking roughly WNW-ESE. The difference in dune allignment between the two periods suggests that the dominant wind

directions were slightly different.

The formation of these dunes is related to sea level fluctuations.

As sea level rises increased carbonate production and deposition occurs;

while as sea level falls these sediments become exposed and are subjected

-18- to eolian transport. Dune formation and subsequent lithification follows, thus the present day dunes are formed.

Over the last 10,000 years sea level has generally been rising, and as a result no new sediment sources have been made available to eolian transport. The only lithification presently occurring on the island is that of reworked sediments, thus no island growth is taking place. In fact, the rising sea level has led to increased erosion, primarily in the form of bioerosion; and if the trend continues, Little

San Salvador will fade beneath the sea.

-19- A SEDIMENT ANALYSIS OF LITTLE SAN SALVADOR ISLAND

Karen Holtz

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to analyze the sedimentary deposits on the small Bahamian island of Little San Salvador. Representative

sediment samples were• taken and subsamples were then sieved, dried and weighed. Histograms and visual inspections along with detailed field

notes provided data for analysis.

More non-skeletal material was found than skeletal material and the non-skeletal material included reworked and coated rock fragments. The

varied abundance of skeletal grains correlates to coral reefs or environ- ments of growth near the shore. All the grains are superficially coated

and appear to be moving up and down the beaches. The composition of the

sediment from the cliff base is the same as the composition of the

adjacent beaches. The beaches are depositional from the adjacent

Holocene cliffs, and no new inputs of sediment are occurring at this

time. It is then concluded that the island is eroding at a faster rate

than it is being built.

CONCLUSIONS

1. More non-skeletal than skeletal material was found throughout

the island.

2. The sediment was well coated and reworked indicating movement

of sediment along the beaches.

3. The skeletal material that was present correlated to areas where

coral reefs and shallow rocky environments were close to shore, therefore

producing sediment for these areas.

-20- 4. The composition of material from the Holocene cliffs is very similar to the composition of the beach sediment adjacent to the cliffs indicating that the beaches are depositional areas for the eroding cliffs.

5. There is no evidence for a lot of new material being added to the island, in fact, it appears that material is being broken down and relithified.

6. Although the island is lithifying in many different ways, it still appears to be eroding faster than it is being added to.

Table 5. General description and area of occurrence of major carbonate

grain types found on Little San Salvador Island.

-21- Figure 4. Histograms of sediment analysis from

Little San Salvador Island. See Figure 3 for sample sites. Vertical scale is a percentage scale. Horizontal scale for each sample has six categories representing (from left to right) the following grain size subdivisions:

75-125 microns (very fine sand)

125-250 microns (fine sand)

250-500 microns (medium sand)

500-1000 microns (coarse sand)

1000-2000 microns (very coarse sand)

> 2000 microns (granules)

The B letter designates a beach sample, the D letter indicates a lower dune sample. The T,W and H letters for sample 2 indicate a subtidal­ splash zone-high intertidal beach sequence at this site. All analyses by K. Holtz.

-22- Fig. 4

L ~I r

~ ~I 1 l - l ~t :~I r------'r ~~ l r---_...... r-- 1 ~...___, I I _wl 1 o j ~l _____,r v ~I I ~I r-----'r 1------:.. ~'-----1 l l ~I ll..------.1 ~I =~I r .-----~ - I - I sj ....-----Ji ml - N I ,...__ --osl - r-----1 ~ ~ C: I ~ -r--L_r - I

-

l(') 0 1.() 0 LO 0 lf'l r-- LO N - r--- 1.() N 0 .I I '·. I I I I I I ,_L_l J_l I

-23- Figure 5. Little San Salvador Island. Locations sampled by Walter Poleman for the intertidal bio­ erosion study are indicated by squares. See

Figure 6 for bioerosion profiles. Locations of the leeward and windward reef profiles sampled by

Andy Milliken and Peter Nalen are indicated by triangles. See Figure 7 for subtidal reef pro­ files. The location of the Strombus gigas experi­ ment by Betsy Baldwin and Jennifer Canney is in­ dicated by the letter C. See Figure 9 for results of each study.

-24- Figure 5

)

a; . c0 \ ~ ) ...... ~. r,, en '··..... i . z ..- ~ :1'

I I

-25- Biogenous; Skeletal Materials

§rain Tyoe Description Occurrence Halimeda Heavily calcified, sand size Sandy bottoms on to larger particles produced, rocks and old Far.-shaped with toe-like ends. coral. Inside has a fibrous occur­ rence,

Red Algae Most common type found was Shallow waters and Amphiroa. Heavily calcified on rocks and coral. .. forming rod-like branching grains.

Homotrema rubrum Bright red-pink sand grains, Originally on reefs very distinctive member of or rocks. Found on sediment. beaches and in sedi­ ment derived from reefs.

Foriminifera Peneropolids - flat and some- Shallow waters. what disc-shaped form sand size and larger grains. Milliolids - Spherical multi- chambered tests.

Triaxion Sponge Clear or pinkish in color. Near coral reefs Found still with three prongs, and areas where many times broken off can be sponge grows. silicious or calcareous.

Gastropod Fragments Found whole and in fragments. Sand and rock bottom Usually found superficially of all depths. coated with calcium carbonate. Bivalve and Found whole and in fragments. In sand and mud. Pelecypod Fragments Usually found superficially coated.

Non-Skeletal Materials

Grain Type Description Occurrence Ooids Concentric rings of calcium Found in sand carbonate surrounding a near high energy nucleus of another particle. areas. Formed where sediment is swept along by strong currents. As they roll in current become evenly coated. Round and shiny in appearance.

Aggregated Lumps Composite particles of ooids Found on beaches and Grapestones and some other grains. These all over. lumps are then superficially coated with calcium carbonate.

Composite Rock Pieces of rock that have been Found in areas of Fragments eroded from a cliff or larger eroding subtidal rock and has then been supe_r­ and intertidal ficially coated. In cross rocks. section it can be seen that fine-medium sized sands make up this rock.

-26- AN EXAMINATION OF INTERTIDAL BIOEROSION ON THE ROCKY CARBONATE SHORES OF LITTLE SAN SALVADOR

Walter Poleman

ABSTRACT

A field study aimed at examining the bioerosion of the carbonate rocky intertidal area of Little San Salvador was conducted. Two com- parative transect studies were undertaken on the leeward and windward rocky shores of the island in order to characterize the diversity and distributions of the organisms actively involved in bioerosion and the nature of the geomorphological effects which they have on the substrate.

The results of the transect studies revealed that a variety of organisms were actively involved in the destruction of the carbonate substrate, with the most notable geomorphological expressions of this erosion to

be supratidal pits, intertidal nips, and subtidal notches. The grazing

activities of gastropods were thought to be of primary importance in the

formation of supertidal pits and tide pools. The activities of boring

barnacles, chitons, snails, limpets, and bivalves were thought to be

responsible for the extensive intertidal erosion and nip formation.

The boring activities of rock-boring echnoids and clionid sponges

were thought to be mainly responsible for the formation of the subtidal

notch.

-27- ..

Figure 6. Subtidal-supratidal profiles along the windward and leeward rocky shores of Little

San Salvador. Active bioeroders present in the intertidal and subtidal zones of the low energy leeward side result in well-developed rips and notches. High energy wave action along the windward (northern) shore obscures these features.

Small numbers along profile are locations of

1 meter square areas sampled quantitatively.

Lower part of figure shows shapes and dimensions

(em's) of rip zones found at five sites indicated on Figure 5. Windward profile made at site 6, leeward profile at site 1. All data by

Walter Poleman.

-28- Figure 6

WHITE ZONE (SUPRATIDAL DRY) IWINOWARDI

BLACK ZONE 3 (SUPRATIDAL SPRAY) 1 YELLOW zONE 4 MEAN ~ ____ Q~!E~_!~~~0 __® -~- - 1 S U 8 T I 0 A L Z 0 N E (J) """'--'--'---

I LEEWARD!

100 Q) ------YELLOW

SUBTIDAL -50

70 80 E]GO ~·o 90

CD @ @ ®

-29- -30- THE CORAL REEFS OF LITTLE SAN SALVADOR

Andrew Milliken Peter Nalen

ABSTRACT

A study of the windward and leeward coral reefs of Little San

Salvador Island was conducted to determine the zonation within the reefs and to compare the two sides. Using the transect-quadrad method, the species of corals and algae as well as their percent cover were determined. Diversity and dominance were calculated.

Using this data we determined that there was a definite zonation on the windward reef which appeared to be due to wave exposure and depth.

The two sides of the island differed in extent, morphology and species represented. On the leeward side, there were generally just soft coral zones with high dominance-low diversity while on the windward reef there were algae, soft coral, hard branching coral, hard flattened coral and mixed zones. Thus, the windward reefs have high diversity and high stability while the leeward reefs have low diversity and low stability.

-31- Figure 7. Subtidal offshore profiles along the windward and leeward shores of Little San

Salvador. Solid line indicates profile of sea floor. Dashed line indicates diversity index of coral and algal species encountered along profile. Diversity index used was the Shannon

Index of Diversity defined as follows:

H - L (ni/N) log (ni/N) where: ni Importance value for each species

N Total of importance values

H Diversity value

All data by Peter Nalen and Andy Milliken.

-32- Figure 7

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1.0

>-·7 ~--- -~-- --~ 1- ,' li}·O 0: w·S > C).4 LEEWARD I TRANSECT I .3 :.2I I

1.0 iJ. I ' ,9 I ' / ', -~ .8 / 'l:!:s:" ... , L:'-,---' ,I ' ' .7 I ' ~ ', --~------6 .6 ,~..,. .5

.4 WINDWARD TRANSECT .3 .2

-33- RED POND AND YELLOW POND: AN EXAMINATION OF THE VARIABLES CONTROLLING HYPERSALINITY ON LITTLE SAN SALVADOR

Michiel Wilhelm

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was a first-order yearly modeling of salinity variations in Red and Yellow Ponds on Little San Salvador

Island. Earlier observations and measurements on these ponds were combined with new data acquired during this study. Major factors which control salinity variations in these ponds include (a) the frequency at which the ponds are "recharged" with sea water, (b) the amount of rain water that the ponds receive, (c) the rate of evaporation of water from the ponds, (d) the influx of ground water into the ponds, and (e) the depositional removal of salts on the bottom of the ponds. Factors (a),

(b), and (c) are probably most important in determining salinity variations on a yearly basis. The ponds are most likely re-charged with normal salinity sea water during the fall and early winter when easterly and northeasterly winds are strongest and most sustained. Hurricane passage during these months would also increase the liklihood of breaching the northside saddles of these ponds with large storm waves. During the rest of the year evaporation and precipitation would control the salinity of the water present. Because the ponds have always been measured at elevated salinities there is probably a net evaporative control on pond salinity.

However, the ponds have always been measured during the spring which, in consideration of year-round trends in recharging, evaporation and precipi- tation, is probably the time of a yearly salinity maxima. The three-fold salinity difference consistently measured between Red Pond and Yellow Pond is probably due to (1) greater input of salts over the low narrow shore

-34- passage of Red Pond, and (2) possible greater ground water influx into Yellow Pond •

..

..

-35- •

Figure 8. Sample sites and proposed salinity model for Red and Yellow

Pond on Little San Salvador Island. See Table 6 for salinity and tem­ perature data. Salinity Model I is based on yearly fluctuations in ocean recharge, rainfall, and evaporation, as these pertain to the pond's salinities. It is most directly applicable to Red Pond due to its higher frequency of recharge. Horizontal scale of the model is a one-year scale starting with January 1st at the far left. An early spring salinity maxima is indicated for Red Pond, and this maxima is supported by the salinity analysis obtained during the W-63 investiga­ tion. All data by Michiel Wilhelm.

-36- Figure 8

_J w 0 0 ~ >­ I- z _j <( 39~ 'ifH J3~ llV'jNI\fij N011V'~OdV'A3 AliNilV'S Lf) N V'3::>0

0 z 0 0... 3 0 tf) _J w _J 1-- w Lf) >-

w _J Q_ ~ 0 <( z Lf) 0 0... 0 w 0:::

-37- Table 6

RED POND

0 DATE SITE DEPTH S /oo T °C COMMENT 4-20/79 - s 194 - 3 /80 - s 52 - Before 4-17/80 - s 92 - Rain After 4-18/80 - s 67 - Rain 4-13/82 A s 163 -

II B s 160 33.5 4-14/82 B s 173 - II B 30 173 - II A s - 36.1 II c s 145 - II c 30 160 -

II D s 165 33.8

II D 10 - 34.1

II D 30 175 35.0

4-15/82 A s - 31.0 II A 10 - 30.5

II B s 174 23.5

II B 30 174 30.0

AVG 169 32.6

-38- Table 6 (cont'd)

YELLOW POND

DATE SITE DEPTH s 0 /oo T °C COMMENT 4-13/82 I s 55 35.0 .. II I 6 - 35.2 II I 12 - 35.5 II I 14 - 35.1 II I 25 53 - II II s 60 - II II 35 61 - II III s 56 - II III 30 56 - 4-15/82 I 30 52 - AVG 56 35.2

EVAPORATION RATE EXPERIMENT

WATER LEVEL DROP PAN 4fo W./W .0. 4-13/1500 4-141_ 12_()_0 4-151_1200 COMMENT 1 W.O. 0 1 6

2 w.0. 0 1 6

3 w 0 1 8

4 w 0 1 8

-39- TRACKING, TAGGING, AND TRAILING STROMBUS GIGAS JUVENILES IN THE FLOOD DELTA OF LITTLE SAN SALVADOR LAGOON

Betsy Baldwin Jennifer Canney

ABSTRACT .. By snorkeling, wading, and motoring out to the flood delta of Little

San Salvador lagoon we located a population of queen conch, Strombus gigas. We counted over 75 conch, all under three years, in an area approximately fifty meters square and less than a half meter deep. As we moved offshore to water one to two meters deep there was a significant decrease in the abundance of conch.

We set up a buoy site, randomly picked twenty conch, tagged them and placed them at the buoy. The following two days we returned to the site and measured the distance traveled by each conch and their direction of movement. We took sediment samples inside the fresh tracks left by the conch and adjacent to the tracks. By a process of filtering and flourometry we determined the amount of chlorophyll ~ and phaeophytin present. By these results (Table I), we hoped to determine the extent of feeding by ~· gigas and if their movement has any correlation with the food source.

Since the average concentrations of chlorophyll ~ and phaeophytin

(inside vs. outside) vary only slightly we could only conclude that they are feeding a negligible amount. Their random movement appears to be toward the shallower area. This area is also covered by a film of yellow algae and patches of Thalassia.

The entire flood delta area would be an ideal nursery for Strombus gigas. The lagoon offers a stable, somewhat protected environment, there

-40- are few predators or competitors, especially in the shallow areas where conch are abundant, and there is an abundance of food on the calcareous sand bottom. This population, strictly composed of juveniles, indicates that the conch are regenerating at this time. The absence of adults in prime Thalassia beds of the western lagoon indicates that they continue to be heavily fished.

-41- Figure 9. Results of Strombus gigas study done on the juvenile popula­

tion of the flood tidal delta of Little San Salvador lagoon. Upper

figure shows results of analysis on the concentrations of chlorophyll a and phaeophytin inside Strombus tracks vs. outside these tracks.

Numbers 1 through 10 represent 5 paired samples. In each pair the odd number represents concentrations inside while the even number is

for outside the track. For each bar the clear portion represents

chlorophyll a concentration and the dotted part phaeophytin. Numbers

11 and 12 represent averages for inside and outside. All concentra­

tions are in ~g/liter. Lower part of figure shows local conditions on

flood tidal delta and the directions and distance moved by tagged in­

dividuals. Random movement at the rate of 13 em/hour was recorded over

a 42-hour period while monitoring 24 individuals. All data by Betsy

Baldwin and Jennifer Canney.

-42- Figure 9

-

-20 r:-;"'7; ~... ····...... ,...... · ...... :: .. f- ~~=.:-:~ ·... · f- ...... r-t5 1::· :: r- ~ r;-;-; r- ...... ~ .... r-;-:-; :. ·.=: r;-;-:- .... : ...... ·.· . .. r;::;:; . I;·.... ·: ... V: I' •••• ~ ::·: ...... I' •. •: f-10 ~ ...... f- .... r- . . :.:.·. : ·.:. f- I"'·•••• r- ;. : :. f- .· ...... ·- ·.. f-5 1~...... 1- 1- 1- 3 4 5 6 7 12 1- 2 - 8 9 tO II

IM

w ...J a:J co ::J 0:: ,.., 0 •·:... u ... <( ...... u ..

-43- -44- TIDAL RYTHMS IN SNAILS FROM LITTLE SAN SALVADOR

Beth Jakob

ABSTRACT

Endogenous tidal rhythms may be an important part of an inter-

tidal organism's behavior. These "internal clocks" would give the

organism some warning as to when conditions would change with the tide.

This study investigated the presence of these rhythms in snails in two

ways: first, an experiment was done in which snails were taken from

the field at Little San Salvador in the Bahamas, and were placed in atidal

conditions. The pattern of their movements was then correlated with the

tides at Little San Salvador. Secondly, a field experiment was done in

which two selected groups of Nerita versicolor located at different areas

.. of the tidal zone were artificially splashed with water at different

points in the tidal cycle. The results of the first experiment indicated

that there may be some correlations between movement in atidal conditions

and the concurrent tidal height at the home site, but any endogenous

rhythm present is very weak. The results of the second experiment show

that the snails have some sort of an internal clock, and their suscepti-

bility toward the stimuli of the wave splashes changes over the tidal

cycle. Overall, then, there is probably some sort of endogenous clock,

but more work needs to be done to judge just how persistant it is.

-45- Figure 10. Comparison of tidal cycle with recorded movement of intertidal gastropods from Little San

Salvador Island. Upper part of figure is general­ ized tidal fluctuations. A, B, and C are measure­ ments of the activities of Nerita versicolor from the low intertidal, spray zone and a tidal pool along the leeward shore. D is a record of the move­ ment of Tectarius muricatus from the middle inter­ tidal of this same shore. Vertical scale is in centimeters. Horizontal scale begins 1300 on

4/14/82 and end 0900 on 4/15/82. All data by Beth

Jakob.

..

-46- Figure 10

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©

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-47- I ! I I ~ I

-48- THERMAL FRONTS OF THE SOUTHERN SARGASSO SEA

Renee French

ABSTRACT

In the southern Sargasso Sea rapid changes in temperature over a

conditions are called Thermal fronts (Voorhis & Hersey, 1964).

Generally, thermal fronts are a change in temperature of 1°C. or more over a distance of approximately 10 km. Each front is individualistic

and frontal strength may vary. Thermal fronts are usually found between

24°N and 32°N Latitude. They are the result of southern and northern

water masses differing in properties, being driven by Ekman transport,

into juxtaposition at the center of the Sargasso gyre.

They are a surface phenomenon that marks the boundary betwe-en southern

and northern water. Little mixing can take place at the convergence

zone due to a density mixing barrier shown by sloping pycnoclines.

Thermal fronts appear in early winter and degrade by summer. They can

be identified by monitoring surface temperature or by observing an

accumulation of Sargassum and surface debris at the convergence zone.

Three distinct frontal zones were encountered during W-63 between

Little San Salvador and Bermuda. Each was characterized by an elevated

surface temperature directly to the south of the front. Temperature

drops across the zones were 2.6oc, 4.8°C and 2.4°C. A possible frontal

zone meander was mapped at the site of the northernmost front.

-49-: Figure 11. A. Record of daily surface temperatures encountered along W-63 cruise track from Little San

Salvador to Bermuda during 4-15 to 4-26/82. Three thermal front zones are indicated.

B. Plot of the isotherms across thermal front 2 in A. This was the major frontal zone en­ countered along cruise track across Sargasso Sea.

Vertical scale in feet, horizontal scale in nautical miles, temperatures in °F.

C. Possible frontal meander investigated in area of frontal zone 3 from A. Dotted line indi­ cates track of the Westward, and solid lines are iso­ therms. Meanders are common features of thermal fronts in the Sargasso Sea.

All data and interpretations by Renee French.

•

-50- Figure 11

~ I I I .J ® I I .. I :~ I I I '31,_. I I 23~1 22 ~I 21

0 N LATITUDE 26 27 28 29

.. © ,;71 , , , , , , ,,

-51- ,,

..

-52- DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS OF TAR BALLS IN THE SARGASSO SEA

John Durant

ABSTRACT

.. Distribution and abundance of tar in the Sargasso Sea was observed

aboard the research vessel Westward. Neuston tows supplemented by

Nansen hydrocasts collected tar from the surface and from the water

column (0-200m). The combination of sampling techniques gave a more

representative indication of the total amount of tar. The periphery

of the Sargasso Sea and the currents which define its boundaries were

found to contain a greater abundance of larger tar balls (100-250

microns), while the center of the Sargasso contained a relatively

greater abundance of smaller tar balls. A similar vertical distribution

was observed with both size and abundance of tar decreasing at depth.

Three of the five hydrocasts analyzed showed a concentration maxima of

the very fine ( <50 microns) particles near lOOm, the depth of the

permanent thermocline. It is likely that floating and suspended tar

is an indicator of water mass movement and density structure.

-53- Figure 12. Vertical distribution of tarballs from five hydrocasts within the Sargasso Sea. Small numbers along lines indicate different hydrocast sites. Part A is for tarballs < 50~, B for the

50-100~ range, C for 100-250~, and D for 250-500~.

Vertical scales are depth in meters while horizontal scales are numbers of tarballs times the indicated concentration factor. All data by John Durant.

-54- Figure 12

5 2 15

50 ®

100

100

X 10° 2.5 s-7.5

-55- A STUDY OF THE EPIBIONTS FOUND ON PELAGIC TAR IN THE SARGASSO SEA

Dave McKee

ABSTRACT

In the south and central Sargasso Sea, where Sargassum was found in high concentration, few organisms indigenous to this algae were seen living on pelagic tar. While, in the northern Sargasso Sea, a great variety of organisms were found prospering on tar. The explanation for this phenomenon hinges on the realization that heavy competition for the very limited Sargassum surface in northern waters and its monopolization by dominant competitors such as Membranipora tuberculata require Sargassum inhabiters to seek an alternate substrate surface. In as much as Membrani- para tuberculata is incapable of successfully utilizing tar substrates, a distinct community of epibionts normally found on Sargassum in southern and central Sargasso Sea waters is able to prosper further north, utilizing tar as a substrate.

Incidental effects of tar were seen to have acted on Membranipora and

Planes minutus. Membranipora colonies found on tar were structurally de- formed - possibly as a result of toxic tar constituents. Natural selection appears to have acted on Planes minutus, the result being an increase in dark-colored individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

1. A small variety of organisms including Syncoryne mirabilis,

Membranipora tuberculata, and Lepas spp. was seen on tar in the

south and central Sargasso Sea.

2. A much greater variety of life was seen on tar north of 340N

latitude, a line which also marked a sharp decrease in Sargassum. Organisms

-56- found on tar were: Clytia noloformis, Obelia dichotoma, Planes minutus,

a polychaete of genus Platynereis, and two species of Lepas.

3. Limited available Sargassum surface area and, consequently,

increased competition for space on this substrate probably account for

increased utilization of tar surfaces as a substrate in northern

Sa~asso Sea communities.

4. Most organisms normally found on Sargassum but inhabiting tar

were able to do so without apparent ill effects. The principal exception

was Membranipora tuberculata which when found on tar, was highly deformed,

probably due to toxic effects of taro

The Planes minutus crabs living on tar have been altered via natural

selection with selection having resulted in crabs similar to tar in .. coloration . 5. Species capable of inhabiting tar have most probably been able

to increase their gross populations and possibly also their distributions

in the Sargasso Sea.

6. Little could be determined about possible relationships between

tar ball types and organisms which can live on them. If anything,- it

appears that the type is not important in determining epibiont population.

-57- Table 7. Epifauna on Sargassum and tarballs across the Sargasso Sea. W-63 station numbers are indicated along with the total weight of

Sargassum (S) and tar (T) taken at each site.

Epifaunal presence on either tar or Sargassum is indicated by X. Sample numbers up to 28 are considered South Sargasso Sea samples, while numbers 32 on are North Sargasso Sea samples.

Data by Mike Jech and Dave McKee.

-58- 0 ~ "

Table 7

,-. 39 41 43 W-63 Station 14 16 17 18 20 25 28 32 35 37 s T s T s T s T s T s T s T s T s T s T s T s T s T 9 1.9 \-1 ~" i l!h t (I! rams) 437 3.5 3 .5 577 2 114 10 3217 8.5 778 .5 1302 6 175 2 0 .8 2 60 0 .7 1.5 218

Syneoryne rnirabilis X X X Ul 0 H Campanu1aria 0 X X p:: valubilis X X !a ::X:: C1ythia noloformis X X Obelia dichotoma X I Vl Lepas 1.0 X I oectinat-R. X X Ulz Lepas ;5 X X X 0 anserifera ?l Ul p Lepas p:: X X u x. Planes minutus X . Spirorbis ::X:: corrugatus X X X X X X X ~ ~ 0 A< Polynereis X Litiopa :><: X pUl melanostroms ~ ~ 0 Nudibranch ::E: eggs X 1-- Membranipora tuberculata X X X X X X X X X X X X -60- EPIFAUNA ON SARGASSUM SPECIES IN THE SARGASSO SEA

Mike Jech

ABSTRACT

The relative abundance of epifauna on two Sargassum species was

investigated during the W-63 passage from Little San Salvador to

Bermuda. Two major species of Sargassum were sampled; Sargassum

natans and Sargassum fluitans. S. natans was much more abundant than

~· fluitans and this species was analyzed for epifaunal assemblages.

Two things were specifically considered: (1) the relative abundance of

epifauna with respect to surface water temperature, geographic location,

and total amount of available Sargassum, and (2) the physical and

A reproductive condition of the Sargassum. The amount of Sargassum was

greatest near the center of the subtropical gyre. Some epifaunal

species showed on expected decrease in abundance with temperature and

latitude changes. Other species showed unexpected and nonpredictive

trends.

-61- Figure 13. Amount of Sargassum and relative abundance of some epifauna. Part A shows the amount of floating Sargassum (in grams) collected during daily tows of W-63 across Sargasso Sea.

Numbers 2 through 12 indicate sample sites with

7 being located nearest the center of the sub­ tropical gyre. Parts B, C, D, and E show the relative abundance of different epifaunal species found on the Sargassum collected. Vertical scale is an arbitrary relative abundance scale. Part B is for Spirorbis corrugatus, C for Membranipora tuberculata, D for Lepas pectinata, and E for

Campanularia volubilis. All data by Mike Jech.

0

-62- Figure 13

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-63- ..

Q

-64- MESOPELAGIC FISH POPULATIONS IN THE SARGASSO SEA

Jeanne Grasso

ABSTRACT

Analysis of sixteen tows in the Northern and Southern Sargasso

Sea indicated a change in fish fauna at approximately 300 North Latitude.

The change corresponded to a thermal front running east-west in the

Sargasso Sea. Seventeen species from four different families were represented. Only five species were common to both the north and south

Sargasso Sea, while each region had six species unique to itself. The diversity most likely is due to primary productivity. The north Sar­ gasso Sea is much more productive than the southern Sargasso Sea, therefore a difference in the biota is evident. Different species of mesopelagic fish seem to be adapted to different levels of primary pro­ ductivity. Overall, this data indicates that the thermal front divides

the Sargasso Sea into northern and southern portions that differ in ways chemically, physically, and biologically.

-65- Table 8. Mesopelagic fish species counted from tows made during W-63 transect of the Sargasso

Sea, S indicates Southern Sargasso Sea. The northernmost thermal front crossed (at approx.

30° north latitude, Fig. 11) was used as north­ south boundary. All data by Jeanne Grasso.

0

-66- Table 8

Total Counted SPECIES 0 /o N 0 /o S N s

Gonichthys coccoi 74 17 36.7 5.6 .. Cyclothone bra veri 57 252 28.2 82.4 Cyclothone pall ida 13 18 6.4 5.9

Lowe ina rara 1 4 .5 1.3

Stomias boa ferox 1 2 .5 .7 Hygophum taaningi 15 - 7.4 - Gonostoma elongatum 2 - 1.0 - Diogenichthys atlanticus 9 - 4.5 - Lampadena urophaos atlantica 5 - 2.5 - Ceratoscopelius town sendi 23 - 11.4 - Pollichthys mauli 2 - 1.0 - Bonapartia pedaliota - 4 - 1.3 Myctophum niditulum - 5 - 1.6 Sternophyx diaphana - 1 - .3 Diaphus mollis - 1 - .3 Argyropeleus lynchas lynchas - 1 - .3 Benthosema suborbale - 1 - .3

Family - Gonostomatidae 72 270 35.6 88.3 .. Family - Myctophidae 127 32 62.9 10.3

-67- A STUDY OF CNIDARIAN AND CTENOPHORAN DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE W-63 CRUISE TRACK

Noy Holland

ABSTRACT

The purpose of my study was to establish patterns of distribution of members of the phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora along the RV Westward's cruise track from Miami to Wilmington, Delaware. I found nine different

species of jelly animals in sufficient numbers to determine that different water masses may be characterized by the types of jelly animals living within them. At low latitudes and high temperature, samples indicated a

low biomass, low jelly animal abundance, and high diversity. The inverse

was true at higher latitudes. The lack of a consistent correlation between

zooplankton biomass and jelly animal abundance may be an indication of the

animals' restricted mobility which makes them unable to move towards areas

of high food concentration. Species such as Physalia physalis, which has no

swimming apparatus, are distributed almost entirely by wind and current patterns. CONCLUSIONS

1. Different species of jelly animals are apparently limited by

geography and temperature.

2. Higher diversity and lower abundance of species are found in

lower latitudes and at higher temperatures. The inverse is true at higher

latitudes and lower temperatures.

3. Different species respond differently to the available light at

the surface.

4. There is no consistent correlation between biomass and jelly

animal abundance - they either do not or cannot, due to their limited

-68- mobility, migrate toward their food source.

5. Physalia physalis is distributed by wind and current patterns

and is concentrated in the Sargasso Sea.

I= I= ,____ 1=6 0 I= @ - I= ~ 1- ~ 5 1- I= 1-I= = ..I ::-4 0 := - 1- X 1- f: _j N ~ - :-3 _j " ;:: ' r-f: ~ ® © t- r: 2 - ,____ ~ N @ = - - -N = ~ D -= - =-I -N i= t: ...--- t- rt- D ~ - ~

Figure 14. Differences in jelly animal biomass obtained for three

species during day (D) and night(N) neuston tows. Biomass in ml/1.

A is for Chrysaora hyoscella, B is for Rhizostomae sp., Cis for

large individuals of Companularia sp., Dis for small individuals of

Campanularia sp. All data by Nay Holland.

-69- W-63 Station 1 3 6 10 13 12A l2B 15A 15B 18 20 22 28 31 32 40 43 45 47 Chrysaora hvoscella 4.2 .7 .5 5.3 23.9

Rhizostomae 1.6 15.9 1.1 .5 .5

Large Camoanularia 5.3 23.9 1.6 13.4 17.8 2.7 1.1

I Small -...! Camoanularia 12.8 61.4 39.2 7.8 5.3 0 53.1 I

Vellela vellela 1.6

Aurelia aurita .2 1.3

Periphylla hvacinthina .3 18.3 31.9 I ' Pleurobrachia Pileus 4.6 18.6

_:e_eroe c_QID_j.§__ -

Table 9. Total biomass (in ml/1) for different species of jelly animals collected along W-63

cruise track from Little San Salvador to Philadelphia. See Appendix A for station location.

All data by Noy Holland.

' . 't ' ll ~ " VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRICHODESMIUM IN THE SARGASSO SEA

Holly Cook .. ABSTRACT

.. Counts of Trichodesmium per liter were made at eleven stations in

the Sargasso Sea in an effort to determine horizontal and vertical dis-

tribution of this blue-green algae along the Westward cruise track from

Little San Salvador to Bermuda. There is some indication that Tricho-

desmium, a nitrogen-fixing algae, may be an important source of combined

nitrogen in the Caribbean and Sargasso Seas.

Relationships between the marine thermal structure and Trichodesmium

numbers as well as population patterns as we moved North were examined.

There is some indication that Trichodesmium populations increase

near Bermuda, though more extensive sampling is required. A positive

relationship between a well-defined thermocline and Trichodesmium

populations was also observed. No data on nitrogen fixation per se

was collected.

-71- Station Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BT Number 28 29 29 31 32 34 40 40 52 52 - - 58 Surface Temp. (°C) 25.2 24.8 24.3 23.5 24.0 24.0 23.7 24.0 19.5 19.7 - - 20.0

Depth (m) Trichomes Per Liter 0 393 233 486 372 601 295 146 380 165 574 - - 180

I 5 498 55 325 -...J N I 10 78 62.5 265

15 183 80 175 I

Table 10. Surface and shallow subsurface concentrations of Trichodesmium for 13 stations in the

Sargasso Sea. See Appendix B for BT locations. All data by Holly Cook.

t ~ ' .. BACTERIAL DENSITIES AND CHLOROPHYLL ~ CONCENTRATIONS BE1WEEN BERMUDA AND THE DELAWARE RIVER ESTUARY

Jeff Pollock

ABSTRACT

Densities of Beneckea harveyii, a microbe, were studied from Bermuda

to Cape May, New Jersey. Beneckea's density was compared with chlorophyll

concentrations to find if there was a correlation between bacterial growth

and organic carbon concentrations (organic carbon was represented by algal

chlorophyll a). It was found that there is a probable correlation. The

inability to test and regulate variables such as nutrients other than

organic material and temperature, did not allow a definitive conclusion.

The chlorophyll ~ concentration increased in a step-like fashion between .. Bermuda and Cape May. This increase is most directly correlative to the water masses encountered during this passage and the approach to the

continental mainland. Bacterial concentration increased likewise although

the water mass correlation is not obvious in this data set. The results

of this study are in general agreement with the hypothesis of Reichelt and

Baumen (1973) that organic matter as dissolved and particulate substrate

is the limiting factor to marine bacterial growth.

-73- I I I f i

I

I I I

Figure 15. Bacterial densities and chlorophyll ~ concentrations in surface waters between Bermuda and Delaware Bay. On both A and B the horizontal

scale is in days out of Bermuda (a measure of

Westward travel). Part A is bacterial density in

colonies per plate x 10°. Part B is chlorophyll~ -2 concentrations in ~g/1 x 10 . The letters A, B,

C, and D indicate the four major water masses en-

countered on this passage. These include Sargasso

Sea water (A), Gulf Stream water (B), Slope water

(C), and Shelf water (D). All data by Jeff Pollock.

-74- © I - ·---=-- © .. + @) t @ @

~ (\J 1.1'"1,...,

Q) 1-1 ;::J bO ·r-1 © ""' +-© -f @ t @ @

-75- ..

-76- AN INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DIURNAL VERTICAL MIGRATION OF PIGMENTED COPEPODS

Steve Kokkinakis

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to see if DVM of copepods was primarily

controlled by natural light. It was also designed to see if there was

a correlation between different pigmented copepods and the depths at

which they migrated in the water column.

Plankton net tows were performed, during different times in the

day, in the southern Sargasso Sea. The results show that a small per-

centage of copepods do undergo a DVM pattern that seems to be controlled

by natural light. Also, different pigmented copepods showed a definite .. correlation to the depths at which they migrate within. Pigment color seems to be one controlling factor. Black and blue copepods tended to

remain in the surface waters, transparent ones stayed throughout the

water column, and orange and banded copepods stayed below the photic

zone and much deeper.

The copepods that do stay below the photic zone and much deeper

seem to do so for some advantage. Levinton (1982) stated that in

deeper, colder waters copepods would be able to lower their metabolism

and energetically come out with a net gain in food stores. Since there

was no apparent advantage at going very deep in the water column, the

theory on energetics must be strongly supported.

Finally, it was observed that not all the copepods underwent DVM.

A large percentage stayed stationary throughout the water column during

the day. This may be due to molting or reproduction occurring in high amounts during the day of the tow. However, further studies are needed

in order to confirm any of these speculations.

-77- Figure 16. Kite diagrams for vertical distribution of pigmented copepods collected during 24-hour station on W-63. All vertical scales are depths in meters. Times of sampling are indicated beside individual kites. A is for total biomass; Parts B through F are for the following types of copepods:

B - orange, C - transparent, D - banded, E - blue, and F - black. All data by Steve Kokkinakis.

-78- , '

0700 1930 0400 0700 1400/ \ 1930/ \ 0400 100 I 200 200 I 30'1' ® 30~ I @ 400 I 500 4]so I Gop GOO

~I I L-;)nn\ I I \ I I I I I Linn / II I ....,I 1.0 j-300} ( I ®

100/ ~~ I I 200 I 300 © I ® 400 I 500 sod

Figure 16 ..

-80- DAILY VARIATION IN VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS

Peter M. Broderick

ABSTRACT

Daily variation in the vertical distribution of phytoplankton biomass was studied in the southern Sargasso Sea north of Little San

Salvador. Four hydrocasts were deployed over a 24 hour period. Samples were drawn off and measurements of chlorophyll £ and phaeophytin were obtained using a flourometer. The results showed a definite variation between 0600 hours, when phytoplankton levels were high, and 2155 hours, when phytoplankton levels were low. In conjunction with another project, it was determined that migrating copepods had some effect on this varia- tion. A deep chlorophyll ~ maximum (DCM) was found at lOOm. This was determined by drawing vertical temperature profiles using both bathy- thermographs and Nansen bottle readings.

Additional studies should be done to determine further effects of the diurnal vertical migration pattern of copepods on the daily vari- ations in one vertical distribution of phytoplankton. Better sampling techniques are needed if this is to be done; namely, net tows and hydrocasts must be done at closer intervals.

-81- Figure 17. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton biomass at 24-hour station site of W-63. Part A -2 is phaeophytin concentration in ~g/1 x 10 • -2 Part B is chlorophyll ~ concentration in ~g/1 x 10 •

Vertical sca1e is depth in meters. The four lines on each diagram are for the four times of sampling during the 24-hour period. All data by Peter Broderick.

-82- Figure 17

® 100

200

300

.. X 10-2 20 25

X 10-2 20 25

-83- . I

-84- PELAGIC BIRDS AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Jill Helterline

ABSTRACT

Marine bird distribution, abundance and behavior was studied

along the W-63 cruise track from Little San Salvador to the Delaware

River Estuary. Thirty days of data collection yielded a total of 20

bird species identified. Local weather conditions were monitored to

assess the effect that individual weather factors have on pelagic bird

·migration patterns and daily distributions. Bird abundance decreased

with cloud cover over 50% and wind force greater than 3.5. There was

an inverse relationship between pelagic bird abundance and distance

from land. An increase in bird abundance was found associated with

" thermal anomalies in the Sargasso Sea. Local seabird abundance,

distribution and behavior cannot be strictly correlated with any single

factor but rather appears to be influenced by a combination of influen­

tial biotic and abiotic factors.

-85- Figure 18. Line graph showing comparison between marine bird species counted and two weather factors along the cruise track of W-63. Line A shows the

strength of the wind measured on the Beaufort scale

along left side of diagram. Line B is the percent

cloud cover measured along the % scale to the right.

Line C is the total number of birds counted measured

along the linear number scale to the right. Observa­

tions cover 31-day period from 4-10 to 5-11/82.

All data by Jill Helterline.

-86- - . cr w CD

• ..

N-­ CJJ "':::--

-87- -88- SALINITY VARIATIONS FROM THE SARGASSO SEA TO THE DELAWARE RIVER ESTUARY

.. Cassie Mannix ABSTRACT

Five major marine water masses were encountered along the W-63

cruise track from Bermuda to Philadelphia. Surface salinity was moni-

tared through a closely-spaced sampling program in an effort to closely

define boundaries between water masses and identify charact~ristic

salinity values within the individual water masses. The offshore water

masses were (a) Sargasso Sea water with a salinity of 36.5 O/oo, (b)

Gulf Stream Water with a 36.2 °/oo, (c) Slope Water with a 34.5 °/oo and Shelf Water with a variable salinity of 32.3 to 34.0 °/oo. Delaware

River Estuary Water shows a near-linear decrease in salinity upstream

from Cape May to the Delaware Memorial Bridge. Bay Mouth salinity of

30 °/oo decreasesto < 2 °/oo at a distance 55 miles upstream. Water

mass boundaries established through salinity measurements agreed well

with limits established by monitoring additiona1 biotic and abiotic

factors.

-89- Figure 19. Salinity data for water masses en­ countered along W-63 between Bermuda and Phila­ delphia. In Part A the horizontal scale is in

0 W longitude which is a measure of distance traveled between Bermuda and Philadelphia. Sali­ nities decrease as the continental mainland is approached. The downward pointing arrows indi­ cate a generally northward approach to the conti­ nental mainland, resulting in decreasing salinities along a constant line of western longitude. For instance, Westward's final passage of the "west wall" of the Gulf Stream was in northerly direction as was her approach (through shelf water) to

Delaware Bay. See Figure 1 for cruise track.

Part B shows an almost linear, upstream decrease

in salinity within the Delaware Bay. Horizontal

scale is in miles upstream from Cape May. All

data by Cassie Mannix.

-90- - --- ~------·------· ------·-~ --

Figure 19

s. 6 9 1 • • P II/1 ® "1 12 ("""':\ .. s· I ••••~IG-25 I 13 14 15 ,...... "" 1 SARGAS.SO SEA 1 GULF I -- .,i ...... • 27 _..""' 28 37 STREAM.... I 35 40,41 • p 30,31 • =· .~9.- S LO E WATER______S.- 0 4 44 0~ ·46 51 ·49 • 50 SHELF 53-57:. WATER ••• 59

@

72~ 0

0~ 74~

76 77"\_

NAUTICAL MILES 78~ 10 20 30 40 so 79~

-91- Report on Research Completed on Board the R/V Westward 8 April to 16 April 1982

On April 15, 1982, I collected approximately 50 chitons from a rocky promontory on the windward side of Little San Salvador. These chitons will be used by Mr. William G. Lyons in his ongoing study on chiton biogeography and systematics. His address is:

Mr. William G. Lyons, Biologist Supervisor II Marine Research Laboratory 100 8th Avenue S.E. St. Petersburg, FL 33701

In addition, I advised two students on their conch project in the lagoon of Little San Salvador. If the data is of sufficient interest, I plan to publish it, with the students as junior authors, in the form of a short note, probably in a journal such as Bulletin of Marine Science. Both students are amenable to this arrangement.

I shall acknowledge S.E.A. appropriately as you requested.

Preliminary Report submitted by:

John H. Hunt Biologist Supervisor I Florida Department of Natural Resources Marathon Field Lab 11400 Overseas Highway Suite 220 Marathon, Florida 33050

-92- MARINE MAMMAL SIGHTINGS, DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOR

By: Amelia Giordano

This study was carried out during the R/V Westward W-63 cruise from Bermuda to Philadelphia.

Ten Cetacean species were sighted and identified, during a total of 27 observations. (See Table 1).

Cetacean number and distribution appear respectively abundant and uniform during the entire course. (Fig. 1).

Although Fig. 1 suggests that three zones are found where animals are more abundant, it must be realized that the zones without obser­ vations correspond to days of very rough sea conditions. It seems, therefore, more likely that no observations were obtained in those days, because the visibility was not good enough, rather than because of a patchy Cetacean distribution. This is especially true in the Sargasso

Sea waters where both physico-chemical and bathymetric characteristics are homogeneus.

The high Mysticete Cetacean density in the oceanic Sargasso Sea waters can be related to trophic abundance, characteristic of spring blooms, as well as to the general migrating movement that Mysticets show during this time of the year. Odontocet Cetaceans observed in the same area belong (except for Tursiops truncatus) to species that have oceanic distribution. Two possibilities can be considered: either these species are constantly present in this zone throughout the year, or a displacement to more oceanic waters is related to the trophic con­ dition. The distribution of Delphinus delphis and Physeter catodon appears to be clearly related to zones characterized by canyons and on

-93- the edge of the continental shelf.

Few ethological observations:

*Megaptera noveangliae: Interestingly a young animal without barnacles yet, was sighted by himself offshore Bermuda.

*Balaeonoptera acutorostrata: Very little is known about the behavior and ecology of this species. All the sightings were interesting and particularly the two times in which the animals showed a feeding be­ havior. (See Table 1, animals 8 & 9). During both feeding behavior observations the animals were relatively close one to the other, but they were going in different directions. The possibility of a space partition between animals to optimize food yield can be considered.

*Physeter catodon: All the animals belonging to this species were seen during the same day, see Table 1. It is likely that they were from the same school. Observed animals had different sizes: one small, two big, and the others of medium size. Given the precise school organization and school segregation, known for this species (Best P.B., 1979), I think that the observed school was composed of young and adult males.

*Globicephala melaena: This school of 25-30 animals showed a typical moving behavior: one big male individual leading, followed by the others forming a compact and ordered group. The swimming behavior was fast with coordinated dives and emersion.

*Tursiops truncatus: It is unusual to observe T. truncatus in oceanic waters. This species, in fact, has a typical neritic distribution,

(Wursig B. & M. Wursig 1977- Wursig B. 1978- Wursig B. & M. Wursig 1979).

Beside this not common distribution, the strange tail coloration observed

-94- is indeed remarkable. They showed a uniform depigmentation of the dorsal tail side, instead of the common dorsal grey color pattern. Is it an isolated case, or is it a particular color pattern typical of a small oceanic population? This is the first observation of its kind; only further data can clarify this interesting aspect.

*Delphinus delphis: Three different behaviors are observed: a) Playing with bow waves: This is the typical behavior shown by

dolphin schools when they are not engaged in other activities.

The animals arrive from far away swimming fast and jumping, to get

close to the ship. In this position they alternate in small groups,

swimming fast right below the surface, rotating completely and so

showing the ventral side and finally sliding away on the side,

(Fig. 2a). b) Moving: Ordered school in which the animals swim fast and synchro­

nized, all going in the same direction. They are not interested in

the ship and never come to play with the bow wave, (Fig. 2b). c) Prey searching: Small groups, little separated one from the other.

The swimming behavior is slow and right below the surface of the

water, only a small part of the body and the dorsal fin are visible.

They are indifferent to the ship, (Fig. 2c). It is interesting to

notice that this latter behavior was observed around 2030 hours.

Evening and nocturnal activities in the Cetaceans are not very well

described. As suggested by radio-tagging studies, it is possible

that some prey searching takes place during these nocturnal hours,

(Wursig B. & M. Wursig 1979a). This is even more likely if we

consider the occurrence of vertical migration, toward the surface,

in many planktonic species, and the energetic advantage for predators,

-95- such dolphins are, in foraging in surface and sub-surface waters

during the night. The observed behavior could indeed stress this

hypothesis.

It is desirable that more observations are made in the same area during other periods of the year.

-96- ..

sz !:; .... 1:1:= !;;.... t:l en -~ ~ I ca lsl z -.c .... ·-a. i ...... lsl 8...... '"'

-97- .

\ a h' b

FIGURE 2 : THREE DIFFERENTS DELPINUS DELPHIS OBSERVED BEHAVIOR.

a) PLAYNG WITH BOW WAVE ; b) HOVING

· c) PREY SEARCHING

-98- • ~

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR SPECIES DATE& HOURS POSITION SEA STATE ANIMAL N CODE

H. noveangiiae 4/29 06:30 3336N-6437W ruf 1 1 swimming with bow wave 5/5 06:30 3526N-7055W ruf 1 2 jump

B. Physalus 5/1 11:45 335 N-6755W good 1 3 going W 5/2 08:40 3413N-6852W good 1 4 blow 5/9 13:45 3840N-7354W good 2 5 going fast W

B. acutorostrata 5/2 11:30 3413N-6856W good 1 6 blow 5/4 06:36 354 N-7059W good 1 7 dive 5/4 09:00 355 N-7114W good 2 8 feeding 5/4 17:45 3516N-7045W good 2 9 feeding

P. catodon 5/7 07: 15 3650N-7352W good 2 10 dive 5/7 13:30 3655N-7412W good 1 II going SW I 5/7 17:00 3733N-7411W good 1 12 dive ~ 5/7 18:45 3716N-748 W good 1 13 dive ~ I 5/7 19:35 37 N-747 W good 1 14 dive G. griseus 5/2 12:00 3412N-6856W good few 15 moving 5/9 16:30 3841N-743 W good 2 16 moving

G. melaena 5/3 12:00 355 N-7010W good 25-30 17 going W

T. truncatus 5/3 12:00 355 N-7010W good 2 18 playng near the ship

S. plagiodon 5/1 07:20 3347N-6750W good 25 19 swimming with bow wave

S. coeruleoalba 5/1 07:20 3347N-6750W good 7 20 swimming with bow wave

D. delphia 5/7 07:00 3650N-7352W good 25-30 21 swimming with bow wave 5/7 14:45 3658N-7412W good 20 22 going N 5/8 05:30 3718N-742 W good 25 23 swimming with bow wave 5/8 13:00 3744N-748 W good 20 24 swimming with bow wave 5/8 20:30 3757N-748 W good 12-15 25 prey searching 5/9 16:00 3841N-7355W good 50 26 goig fast W 5/9 15:45 3841N-7470W good 40 27 going fast NW

TABLE 1 : Marine mammals observed during R/V westward W-63 cruise. ..

-100- APPENDICES

-101- 0

-102- e \)

APPENDIX A. Oceanographic stations during Westward cruise W-63

Station Date Latitude Longitude Operations Comments (N) (W)

1 1 W-63-1 4/9/82 26°07 78°18 Neuston tow Northwest Providence Channel 1 W-63-2 4/10/82 25°4.6 77° 21 I Neuston tow Northeast Providence Channel 1 1 W-63-3 4/10/82 25°43 76°59 Neuston tow Northeast Providence Channel W-63-4 4/11/82 25°36 1 75°58 1 Hydrocast/4-bottle Antilles Current W-63-5 4/11/82 25°36 1 76°00 1 Neuston tow Antilles Current W-63-6 4/11/82 25°34 1 76°04 1 Neuston tow Antilles 11Ctirrent 1 W-63-7 4/12/82 24°34 76°11 I Neuston tow Exuma Sound 1 W-63-8 4/12/82 24°24° 76°07 Meter net tow/ ~ meter net tow Exuma Sound 1 1 I W-63-9 4/12/82 24°26 76°04 Neuston tow Exuma Sound f.-' 0 24°32 1 76°10 1 Neuston tow Exuma Sound w W-63-10 4/15/82 I W-63-11 4/16/82 24°42 1 76°22 1 Neuston tow Exuma Sound 1 1 W-63-12 4/16/82 24°44 76°22 ~ meter net tow Exuma Sound W-63-13 4/16/82 24°37' 76°12 1 Neuston tow Exuma Sound W-63-14 4/17/82 24°56 1 75°52 1 Neuston tow Antilles Current W-63-15 4/17/82 25° 06 I 75°52' ~ meter net tow Antilles Current W-63-16 4/17/82 25°26 1 75°48' Neuston tow Sargasso Sea W-63-17 4/18/82 26°05 1 75°12' Neuston tow Sargasso Sea W-63-18 4/18/82 26°30 1 74°32 1 Neuston tow Sargasso Sea W-63-19 4/19/82 2r17 1 73°32 1 Meter net tow/0/C system Sargasso Sea W-63-20 4/19/82 2r22 1 73°33 1 Neuston tow Sargasso Sea W-63-21 4/19/82 27° 26 I 73°24' Hydrocast/6-bottle Sargasso Sea W-63-22A 4/20/82 28°03 1 72°20 1 Meter net tow/0/C system 24-hour station W-63-22B 4/20/82 II II II II W-63-22C 4/20/82 II II " "

II W-63-22D 4/21/82 " " " APPENDIX A. (continued) Oceanographic stations during Westward cruise W-63

Station Date Latitude Longitude Operations Comments (N) (W)

W-63-23A 4/20/82 28°03' 72°20' Hydrocast/4-bottle 24-hour station W-63-23B 4/20/82 II II II II W-63-23C 4/20/82 II II " " W-63-23D 4/21/82 " II " II W-63-24 4/21/82 28°17' 72° 56' Meter net tow/0/C system Sargasso Sea W-63-25 4/21/82 28°29' 71 °28' Neuston tow Sargasso Sea W-63-26 4/22/82 29°05' 70°15' Phytoplankton tow Sargasso Sea W-63-27 4/22/82 29°05' 70°15' Hydrocast/6-bottle Sargasso Sea W-63-28 4/22/82 29°40' 69°32' Neuston tow Sargasso Sea

I W-63-29 4/23/82 30°01' 68°22' Hydrocast/6-bottle Thermal front f-' 0 4/23/82 68°22' Hydrocast/6-bottle +"- W-63-30 30°16' Thermal front I W-63-31 4/29/82 32°47' 64°43' Meter net tow/0/C system Sargasso Sea W-63-32 4/29/82 32°45' 64°47' Neuston Tow Sargasso Sea W-63-33 5/1/82 33°51' 68°52' Hydrocast/6-bottle Sargasso Sea W-63-34 5/1/82 33°51' 68°52' Phytoplankton tow Sargasso Sea W-63-35 5/1/82 34°06' 68°38' Neuston tow Sargasso Sea W-63-36 5/2/82 34°15' 68°56' Meter Net tow/0/C system Sargasso Sea W-63-37 5/2/82 34°21' 69°22' Neuston tow Sargasso Sea W-63-38 5/3/82 34°59' 70°08' Hydrocast/6-bottle Sargasso Sea W-63-39 5/3/82 35°04' 70°43' Neuston tow Sargasso Sea

W-63-40 5/4/82 35°06' 71°15 I Neter net tow/0/C system Sargasso Sea W-63-41 5/4/82 35°24' 70°32' Neuston tow Sargasso Sea W-63-42 5/5/82 35°29 1 71°li 1 Hydrocast/6-bottle Sargasso Sea W-63-43 5/6/82 36°05' 73°17' Neuston tow Gulf Stream

u ' rf. ' ~ ',:.. ~ 11 0 "'

APPENDIX A. (continued) Oceanographic stations during Westward cruise W-bJ

Station Date Latitude Longitude Operations Corrnnents (N) (W)

5/7/82 W-63-44 37°09' 74°08' Hydrocast/6-bottle Slope Water W-63-45 5/8/82 37°30' 74°18' Meter net tow/0/C system Shelf Water W-63-46 5/8/82 37°57' 74°02' ~ meter net tow Shelf Water W-63-47 5/8/82 3r57' 74°04' Neuston tow Shelf Water W-63-49 5/10/82 38°38' 74°39' Hydrocast/3-bottle Shelf Water W-63-50 5/10/82 39°40' 75°31' Hydrocast/3-bottle Delaware Bay W-63-51 5/11/82 39°40' 75°31' Hydrocast/3-bottle Delaware Bay W-63-52 5/14/82 38°57' 74°15' Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf I W-63-53 5/14/82 38°59' 74°02' Fisher Sediment Scoop 1-' Continental Shelf 0 V1 W-63-54 5/14/82 39°00' 73°49' FisherSediment Scoop Continental Shelf I W-63-55 5/14/82 38°59' 73°40' Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-56 5/14/82 39°00' 73°37' Neuston tow Shelf Water W-63-57 5/15/82 39°08' 73°31' Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-58 5/15/82 39°15' 73°20' Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-59 5/15/82 39°14' 73°03' Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-60 5/15/82 39°15' 73°02' Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-61 5/15/82 39° 21 I 72 ° 54 I Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-62 5/15/82 39°21' 72° 50' Neuston tow Shelf Water W-63-63 5/16/82 39°25' 72°46' Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-64 5/16/82 39°34' 72°33' Fisher Sediment Scoop Head of Hudson Canyon W-63-65 5/16/82 39°39' 72° 28' Fisher Sediment Scoop Axis of Hudson Canyon W-63-66 5/16/82 39°39' 72 ° 28 I Fisher Sediment Scoop South Wall of Hudson Canyon W-63-67 5/16/82 39°39' 72°28' Fisher Sediment Scoop Axis of Hudson Canyon W-63-68 5/16/82 39°40' 72° 26 I Fisher Sediment Scoop North Wall of Hudson Canyon APPENDIX A. (continued) Oceanographic stations during Westward cruise W-63

Station Date Latitude Longitude Operations Comments (N) (W)

W-63-69 5/16/82 39°40 1 72°26 1 Fisher Sediment Scoop North Wall of Hudson Canyon W-63-70 5/16/82 39°41 1 72°13 1 Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-71 5/16/82 39°44 1 72°08 1 Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf

1 W-63-72 5/16/82 39°44 72°08 I Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-73 5/16/82 39°59 1 71°53 1 Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-74 5/17/82 40°07 1 71°50 1 Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf

1 W-63-75 5/17/82 40°17 71° 33 I Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-76 5/17/82 40°39 1 71°17 1 Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf

1 1 I W-63-77 5/17/82 40°51 71°12 Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf f-' 0 41°02 1 71°09 1 Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf 0' W-63-78 5/17/82 I W-63-79 5/17/82 41°11 1 71°03 1 Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-80 5/17/82 41°13 1 71°03 1 Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf W-63-81 5/17/82 41°19 1 70°55 1 Fisher Sediment Scoop Continental Shelf

0 1 ('; r I- APPENDIX B. Bathythermographs taken during Westward cruise W-63

Position T s BTfl Date N w (oC) (oF)

1 4-8 25°47 1 80°00 1 25.9 78.6 2 4-8 25°52 1 79°54 1 26.7 80.1 3 4-8 26°02 1 79°44 1 26.8 80.2 4 4-8 26°02 1 79°35 1 26.8 80.2 5 4-8 26°04 1 79°23 1 26.8 80.2 6 4-8 26°07 1 79°15 1 26.7 80.1 7 4-9 26°12 1 79°05 1 26.2 79.2 8 4-9 26°14 1 78°55 1 26.1 79.0 9 4-10 25°46 1 1r11 1 26.1 78.9 10 4-11 25°39 1 76°05 1 25.0 77.0 11 4-17 24°54 1 75°57 1 25.8 78.4 12 4-17 25°02 1 75°51 1 26.0 78.8 13 4-17 25°08 1 75°52 1 26.3 79.4

0 14 4-17 25°26 1 75°48 1 25.5 77.9 15 4-17 25°16 1 75°47 1 25.9 78.6 16 4-18 25°25 1 75°43' 25.6 78.1 17 4-18 25°44 1 75°32 1 25.9 78.6 18 4-18 25°51 1 75°27 1 26.0 78.8 19 4-18 25°57 1 75°19 1 25.8 78.4 20 4-18 26°02 1 75°11 1 26.7 80.1

1 21 4-18 26°09 75°01 I 27.0 80.6 22 4-18 26°14 1 74°56 1 26.5 79.7 23 4-18 26°19 1 74°53 1 27.1 80.8 24 4-18 26°20 1 74°53 1 26.2 79.2 25 4-18 26°20 1 74°51 1 25.5 77.9 26 4-18 26°42 1 74°20 1 25.1 77.1

1 27 4-19 26°54 74 °11 I 24.5 76.1 28 4-19 2r19l 73°13 1 25.2 77.4 29 4-19 27°34 1 73°13 1 24.2 75.6 30 4-20 27°43 1 72°47 1 24.0 75.2

1 31 4-20 28°01 72°13 I 23.5 74.3 32 4-20 28°04 1 72°19 1 25.0 77.0

-107- APPENDIX B. (continued) Bathythermographs taken during Westward cruise W-63 Position T s BT/f Date N w (oC) (oF)

33 4-20 28°04 1 72°19 1 23.8 74.9 li 1 34 4-21 28°05 72°21 I 24.1 75.0 35 4-21 28°11 1 71°57 1 24.8 76.6 ., 1 36 4-21 28°23 71°41 I 24.0 75.2 37 4-21 28°33 1 71°22 1 23.7 74.6 38 4-22 28°45 1 70°56 1 23.8 74.8 39 4-22 28°57 1 70°27' 23.6 74.5 40 4-22 29°05' 70°15' 23.7 74.7 41 4-22 29°20' 70°00' 25.0 77.0 42 4-22 29°17 1 69°37' 24.5 76.1 43 4-22 29°59' 69°03' 22.1 71.7 44 4-23 30°14' 68°37' 21.1 70.0 45 4-23 30°01' 68°22' 22.0 71.6

46 4-23 30°16 I 68°22' 20.9 69.6 0 47 4-24 29°56' 6r49' 20.0 68.0 48 4-24 29°38' 67°22' 21.2 70.2 49 4-24 29°58' 67°17' 20.2 68.6 50 4-24 30°21' 6r11' 19.5 67.1 51 4-25 30°57' .6ro4' 19.5 67.1 52 4-25 31°01' 66°49' 19.5 67.1 53 4-25 30°56' 66°33' 19.8 67.6 54 4-25 31°13' 65°47' 19.9 67.8 55 4-26 31°31' 65°30' 19.8 67.6 56 4-26 31°48 1 65°12 1 20.0 68.0 57 4-26 31°59' 64°42' 19.6 67.3 58 4-29 32°45' 64°47' 20.0 68.0 59 4-30 33°04' 65°14' 19.9 67.8 60 4-30 33°06' 65°31' 19.2 66.6 61 4-30 33°12' 66°00' 19.5 67.1 62 4-30 33°31' 66°38' 19.4 66.9 63 4-30 33°39 1 6r1o' 19.4 66.9 64 5-1 33°41' 6r3o' 19.5 67.1 65 5-1 33°51 1 67°52' 19.6 67.3

-108- APPENDIX B. (continued) Bathythermographs taken during Westward cruise W-63 Position T s BT/1 Date N w (oC) (oF)

66 5-1 34°00 1 68°15 1 20.2 68.4 67 5-1 34°06 1 68°38 1 20.0 68.0 68 5-3 34°29" 69°33 1 20.1 68.2 69 5-3 34°47 1 69°47 1 19.9 67.8 70 5-3 34°53 1 70°00 1 19.4 66.9 71 5-3 34°59 1 70°08 1 19.4 66.9 72 5-3 34°53 1 70°10 1 19.5 67.1 73 5-3 35°05 1 70°15 1 19.5 67.1 74 5-3 35°10 1 70°18 1 19.8 67.6

1 75 5-3 35°06 I 70°31 19.3 66.7 76 5-3 35°06 1 70°38 1 19.6 67.3

1 1 77 5-3 35°02 . 70°45 19.4 66.9 78 5-4 35°03 1 70°46 1 19.5 67.1 0 1 79 5-4 35°05 71°01 I 19.3 66.7 80 5-4 35°06 1 71°08 1 20.0 68.0 81 5-4 35°06 1 71°15 1 19.5 67.1 82 5-4 35°09 1 70°59' 22.3 72.1 83 5-4 35°17' 70°46' 20.2 68.4 84 5-4 35°24' 70°33' 20.0 68.0 85 5-4 35°21' 70°27' 19.5 67.1 86 5-5 35°22' 70°29 1 19.4 66.9 87 5-5 35°22 1 70°34 1 19.5 67.1 88 5-5 35°27 1 70°40' 19.8 67.6 89 5-5 35°26' 70°47 1 19.5 67.1 90 5-5 35°26' 70°55' 19.8 67.6 91 5-5 35°29' 71°04' 19.8 67.6 92 5-5 35°27' 71 °13' 19.1 66.4 93 5-5 35°28 1 71°21 1 19.1 66.4 94 5-5 35°31' 71°32' 19.8 67.6

95 5-5 35°29' 71°38 I 21.6 70.9 96 5-5 35°28 1 71°38' 23.2 73.7 97 5-5 35°26' 71°57' 24.1 75.4

-109- APPENDIX B. (continued) Bathythermographs taken during Hestward cruise W-63

Position T s BTl/ Date N w (o C) (oF)

98 5-5 35 2.6' 72° 04 1 24.2 75.6 99 5-5 35 27" 72 14 1 24.2 75.6 100 5-6 35°28 1 72°25 1 24.3 75.7 101 5-6 35° 28 1 72°25 1 24.3 75.7 102 5-6 35°32 72°38 1 23.9 75.0 103 5-6 35°24' 72°43' 23.8 74.8 104 5-6 35°38' 72°50' 23.9 75.0 105 5-6 35°41' 72°:56 1 24.6 75.2 106 5-6 35°45 1 73°01 1 23.9 75.0 107 5-6 35°48' 73°06' 23.8 74.8 108 5-6 35°59 1 73° 10' 24.9 76.8 ~ 109 5-6 35° 51' 73°11' 25.0 77.0

110 5-6 35°52' 73°12' 25.1 77.2 c. 111 5-6 35° 54 1 73°14' 25.1 77.2 112 5-6 35 54' 73°15' 25.1 77.2 113 5-6 35 56' 73°16' 25.2 77.4 114 5-6 35°57' 73°17' 25.2 77.4 115 5-6 35°57' 73° 18' 25.1 77.2 116 5-6 35°59' 73°18' 25.1 77.2 117 5-6 36°00 1 73°18 1 25.0 77.0 118 5-6 36°02 1 73°18' 23.0 73.4

1 119 5-6 36° 04 I 73°17 18.8 65.8 120 5-6 36°07' 73°17' 21.4 70.6 121 5-6 36°10 1 73°17' 21.3 70.4 122 5-6 36°14' 73°19' 13.9 57.1 123 5-6 36°18' 73°20' 13.8 56.9 124 5-7 36° 28 1 73°29' 15.3 59.5 125 5-7 36°34' 73°32' 14.6 58.3 126 5-7 36°41' 73°38' 13.8 56.8 127 5-7 36°47' 73°44' 13.4 56.2 128 5-7 36°47' 73°49 1 13.9 57.2 129 5-7 36°58' 74°00 1 13.7 56.6 130 5-7 36° 59' 7 4 ° 06' 14.3 57.7 -110- APPENDIX B. (continued) Bathythermographs taken during Westward cruise W-63

Position T s BT# Date N w (oC) (oF)

131 5-7 36°59 1 74°06 1 14.8 58.6 132 5-7 36°59 1 74°12 1 15.0 59.0 133 5-7 36°59 1 74°44 1 14.8 58.6 134 5-7 36°56 1 74°12 1 15.5 60.0 135 5-7 36°59 1 74°14 1 14.5 58.1 136 5-7 36°59 1 74°14 1 14.4 57.9 137 5-7 37°06 1 74°10 1 14.5 58.1 138 5-7 3r04 1 74°10 1 14.5 58.1

1 139 5-7 3r05 74°11 I 14.4 57.9 140 5-8 37°10 1 74°14 1 14.1 57.4 141 5-8 3r15 1 74°19 1 12.9 55.2

1 142 5-8 37°18 74°21 I 13.6 56.2 143 5-8 3r44 1 74°08 1 14.0 57.2

()!

-111- APPENDIX C. Surface Salinities Measured on W-63

Surface Salinity 4f Latitude (N) Longitude (W) S 0 /oo

1 33°55.5 1 68°23 1 36.625

2 33°55.5 1 68°23 1 36.600

1 3 33°55.5 I 68°23 36.499

4 34°36.9 1 69°38.5 1 36.476

5 35°06 1 70°31 1 36.555

6 35°03.9 1 70°49.0 1 36.531

1 7 35°17 I 70°46.0 36.597

8 35°22 1 70°29 1 36.469

1 9 35°30.64 71°31.81 I 36.468

1 1 10 35°25.55 71°56.48 36.503 0

11 35°27 1 72°14 1 36.464

12 35°28 1 72°25 1 36.186

13 35°34.02 1 72°43.56 1 36.123

1 14 35°41.27 I 72°55.96 36.144

15 35°48.52 1 73°07.19 1 36.152

1 16 35°51.87 I 73°10.51 36.289

17 35°51.29 I 73°11.15 I 36.237

18 35°52.12 1 73°12.30 1 36.233

'l 19 35°53.47 1 73°14.03 1 36.260

20 35°53 1 73°15 1 36.276

21 35°55.5 1 73°16.50 1 36.317

22 35°57.7 1 73°17 1 36.199

23 35°57.48 1 73°17.55 1 36.187

-112- APPENDIX C. (Continued) Surface Salinities Measured on W-63

Surface Salinity 41 Latitude (N) Longitude (W) S ofoo

1 24 35058.76 I 73018.04 36.214

25 36000 1 73018 1 36.230

1 26 36°2.12 73°17.44 I 36.133

27 36°04.5 1 73°17.2 1 35.247

28 36°07.2 1 73°16.5 1 36.266

29 36°10.0 1 73°17.0 1 36.262

1 30 36°14.45 73°18.70 I 34.665

1 31 36°17 o 75 I 73°20.31 34.791 ~

1 32 36°28 73°29 I 35.535

~ 1 33 36°33.58 73°31.91 I 35.153

1 34 36°41.2 73°38 I 34.811

35 36°47 1 73°44.5' 34.674

36 36°47 1 73°49 1 34.890

37 36°59.5 1 74°06.0 1 34.671

38 36°59.0' 74°08.0 1 34.270

39 36°59.5' 74°14.5 1 34.344

40 37°06.0' 74°10.0 1 34.576

,, 41 37°05.0' 74°11.0' 34.688

42 37°11.0 1 74°13.0 1 34.411

0 43 37°18.75 1 74°20.5' 33.017

44 37°26.3' 74°25.0' 34.188

45 37°44.5' 74°08.0 1 33.984

46 37°56.96 1 74°02.28 1 33.712

-113- APPENDIX c. (Continued) Surface Salinities Measured on W-63

Surface Salinity :ff Latitude (N) Longitude (W) S O/oo

1 47 38°03 I 74°11 33.605

48 38°03.47 1 74°11.63 1 33.869

49 38°09.43 1 74°07.69 1 33.337

50 38°14.32 1 74°02.16 1 32.778

1 51 38°19.5 I 74°01.7 33.104

1 52 38°26 I 73°58 32.645

1 53 38°32.2 73°58.6 I 32.847

54 38°36.2 1 73°56.1 1 32.714 55 38°38 1 73°56 1 32.580 "

1 1 56 38°43.4 73°56.2 32.611 c

57 38°40.3 1 73°55.7 1 32.489

1 58 38°41.65 74°05.4 I 32.577

1 59 38°41.5 I 74°13.16 32.407

1 60 38°41.05 I 74°24.0 31.916

61 38°37.08 1 74°42.03 1 31.564

62 38°36.92' 74°45.79' 30.695

63 38°38 o 2 I 74°44.7' 31.097

64 38°38. 38' 74°39.56' 31.761

~-' 65 38°42.78 1 74°36.58' 31.906

66 38°43.74 1 74°50.64' 31.688 c

67 38°44.53' 74°56.36' 31.429

68 38°17. 73' 75°00.94 1 31.307

69 38°59.0' 75°09.5 1 26.769

70 39°05.0' 75°11.2' 23.307

-114- .I APPENDIX C. (Continued) Surface Salinities Measured on W-63

Surface Salinity 11= Latitude (N) Longitude (W) S O/oo

71 39°08.0 1 75013.45 1 19.989 " 1 72 39°10 o 31 I 75°16.0 17.811

73 39°11.15 I 75°17 o 63 I 15.267

74 39°15.43 1 75°19 1 13.026

75 39°17.65 1 75°22.15 1 11.832

76 39°17.85 1 75°29.38 1 8.537

77 39°22.45 1 75°27.95 1 7.564

1 78 39°24,64 I 75°30.5 4.789 " 79 39°27.05 1 75°33.3 1 2.949 ~ " Q 80 39°30.0 1 75°33.75 1 2.846

81 39°32.55 1 75°33.75 1 < 2.8

82 39°35.6 1 75°34.0 1 < 2.8

83 39°38.6 1 75°34.0 1 < 2.8

84 39°40.7 1 75° 31.0 1 < 2.8

85 39°43.7 1 75°30.0 1 < 2.8

1 86 39°40.7 75°31.0 I < 2.8

87 39°40,7 I 75°31.0 I < 2.8

88 39°43.50 1 75°30.35 1 < 2.8 '~

1 89 39°40.0 75°31.75 I < 2.8

" 90 39°37.42 I 75°34 o 30 I < 2.8

1 91 39°37.42 75°34 o 30 I < 2.8

92 39°34 I 75°33 • 20 I < 2.8

93 39°31.55 I 75°32.48 I < 2.8

-115- APPENDIX C. (Continued) Surface Salinities Measured on W-63

Surface Salinity 1f Latitude (N) Longitude (W) S O/oo

94 39°28. 8' 75°33.43' 3.579 ,, 95 39°26.42 75°32.23' 4.637

96 39°23.57' 75°29.44' 5.170

97 39°21.8' 75°27.2' 8.255

98 39°19.6' 75°24.6' 9.461

99 39°17 .3' 75°21.9' 9.936

100 39°15.2' 75°19.45' 11.653

101 39°13 .4' 75°18.6' 13.612

102 39°10.7' 75°16.7' 16.281 ..

f" 103 39°07 o 25 I 75°13' 21.548 'I

104 39°05' 75°11.5' 24.822

105 39°02' 75°09.5 26.575

106 38°58' 75°08' 27.189

107 38°56' 75°06' 27.987

108 38°53' 75°05' 30.310

109 38°46.3' 74°58.7' 29.534

llO 38°46.3' 74°53.3' 30.599

·"'

-116- c _, 0:! ~. " "'

APPENDIX D. Reference Collection Catalog W-63

Sample Tow Connnon ffr ffr Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Name

1 W-63-3 Bryozoa Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Membraniporidae Membranipora 1!uberculata

1 W-63-3 Rhodophyta Rhodophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiacae Ceramium

1 W-63-3 Annelida Polychaeta Sabellida Serpulidae Spirobis corrugatas (Serpulid Worms)

2 W-63-3 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Portunidae Portunus sayi (Sargassum Crab)

3 W-63-3 Chordata Osteichthyes Teleostei Antennaridae His trio his trio (Sargassum Fish)

I 4 W-63-3 Arthropoda Crustacea Amphipoda Ampithoidae Sunampithae pelagica f-' f-' -...J 5 W-63-5 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Siphorophora Chondrophoridae Porpita porpita (Porpita) I 6 W-63-5 Chordata Osteichthyes Tetradontiforms Diodontidae Dioden (Porcupine Fish)

7 W-63-6 Chordata Osteichthyes Perciformes Nomedae Psenes cyanophyrexs (Shepherd Fish)

8 W-63-6 Arthropoda Crustacea Stomatopoda Squillidae Squilla empusa (Mantis Shrimp)

9 W-63-6 Chordata Osteichthyes Pleyronecti- Bothidae Both us lunatus (Flounder) formes

10 W-63-6 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Infraorder (Megalops) Stage Brachyura pf Brachyura (no family)

11 W-63-6 Chordata Osteichthyes Beloniformes Exocoetidae (Flying Fish)

12 W-63-6 Chordata Osteichthyes Teleostei Carapidae (Pearl Fish) Section Pereiformes ~------··- APPENDIX D. (Continued) Reference Collection Catalog W-63

Sample Tow Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Common :f/: 4fo Name

13 W-63-6 Cnidaria Scyphozoa Rhizostomae Rhizostoma (Jelly Fish)

14 W-63-6 Arthropoda Crustacea Euphausia Crangonidae Crangon septemspinosa (Krill)

15 W-63-6 Chordata Osteichthyes Beloniformes Belonidae Platybelone argalus (Needle Fish) argalus

16 W-63-6 Chordata Osteichthyes Myctophiformes Myctophidae Lobianchia dofleini (Lantern Fish)

17 W-63-6 Arthropoda Crustacea Malacostraca Euphausiaccae (Krill)

I 1-' 18 W-63-9 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Palinuridae Panulirus argus (Spiny Lobster 1-' Larvae) 00 I 19 W-63-9 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Brachyuran (True Crab Larvae. See Vial :f/:10 for i Mega lops) Gasterostei- 20 W-63-9 Chordata Osteichthyes formes Syngnathidae Syngnathus pelagicus (Pioe Fish)

I 21 W-63-9 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Penaeidae 1st Mysis

22 W-63-1 Arthropod Insecta Hemipt~ra Gerridae Halobates micans (Water Strider)_

23 W-63-10 Cnidarian Hydrozoa Leptomedusae Campanularian

24 LSS Mollusca Cephalopoda Octopoda Octu_j)us vulgaris

25 W-63-13 Chordata Osteichthyes

26 W-63-14 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Caridea (Caridean Shrimp) ---

"'~ ~ ,. ,, 0 <" ~ :': ~' ) t; I

APPENDIX D. (Continued) Reference Collection Catalog W-63

Sample Tow Cormnon Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 1! iff Name

27 W-63-17 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda

28 W-63-17 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda

29 W-63-17 Chordata OsteichthS!s Teleostiea M_y_c tOJlhidae

30 W-63-17 Mollusca Gastropoda Eolidoidea Fionidae Fiona pinnata

31 W-63-17 Cnidaria -dissolved-

32 W-63-18 Chordata Anguilla anguilla (Eel Larvae) I f-' f-' 33 W-63-18 Cnidaria Anthazoa \.0 I 34 W-63-20 Mollusca Gastro'[>_oda Nudibranchia Aerolididae Sc_yllaea pelagica

I 35 W-63-20 Cnidarian Hydrozoah Chondrophona Vele.lla vel ella

I 36 W·63-20 Chordata Osteiches Sygnathidae Sygnathus pelagious

37 W-63-25 Mollusca Gastropoda Nudibranchia Fionidae. Fiona Pinnata

38 W-63-25 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Carioea (Caridean Shrimp)

39 W-63-25 Arthropoda Crustacea

40 W-63-25 Mollusca Gastropoda Nudibranchia and Eggs

41 W-63-25 Dissolved

42 W-63-22C Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Palinuridae Panulirus argus (Spiny !yobster Larvae APPENDIX D. (Continued) Reference Collection Catalog W-63

Sample Tow Connnon ffo fF Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Name

43 W-63-28 Mollusca Cephalopod Octapoda

44 W-63-32 Cnidarian Scyphozoa Semaeostomeae Chrvsaora hvoscella

45 W-63-35 (See 39)

46 W-63-35 Mollusca Gastropoda Pteropods - Carolina (Pteropod) Subclass Suborder Opisthobtan Ghecosomatra - chi a Section

I 47 W-63-35 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Siphonophore Hippopodius hippodus ...... N 0 I 48 W-63-35 Chordata Os teich th ves

49 W-63-35 Chordata Osteichthyes i I 50 W-63-35 Dip Net 51 5-2/82 Ctenophora Tentacubta Cestida Cestum or/ Partial (Venus Girdle) Velamin Remains of Comb Jelly

52 W-63-37 Arthropoda Crustacea AmEhiEoda Phronima Sub=Caprellid

53 W-63-37 Arthropoda Crustacea AmEhiEoda Sub=Hvpend

54 W-63-37 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Grapsidae Planes minutus

55 W-63-37 Arthropoda Crustacea AmPhipoda

:: ....A-~; ;:;-. ~ ~,· ()' ,' ·~ 7· C'

---~--~----~--~------' • L- • -··~ \.:, . ·' • ' >

APPENDIX D. (Continued) Reference Collection Catalog W-63

Tow Common Sample Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species if if Name

56 W-63-37 Annelida Polvchaeta

57 W-63-37 Annelida Polychaeta (Polychaete Worm) Echino- 58 W-63-37 dermata Asteroidea (Star Fish)

59 W-63-37 Mollusca Gastropoda (Streptoneura) Atlanta? (Pteropod) Subclass: Heteropoda Prosobranchia

I 60 W-63-37 Mollusca Gastropoda Pteropoda Creseis (Pteropod) ..... N Subclass: Thecosomata I"-' Opisthobran- I chia

61 W-63-37 Mollusca Gastropoda Pteropoda Euclio E:zramidata (Pteropod) Subclass: Thecosomata Opisthobran- chi a

62 W-63-37 Ctenophora

63 W-63-39 Mollusca Gastropoda (Streptoneura) Pterotrachea

Subclass: Heteropoda I Prosobranchia

64 W-63-40 Chaetognath

65 W-63-51 Annelida Polychaeta Alcio_pidae Callicona setosa

66 W-63-51 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Cancridae Cancer pagurus Brachyuran ------APPENDIX D. (Continued) Reference Collection Catalog W-63

Sample Tow Phylum Class Order Family Connnon 11 4fo Genus Species Name I

67 W-63-51 Arthropoda Crustacea Isopoda

68 w-63-43 Chordata Osteichthes

69 W-63-43 Mollusca · Gastropoda Thecosomata

70 W-63-43 Ctenophora Nuda Beroida Berl:le cucumis

71 W-63-47 Arthopoda Crustacea Malacost ea Isopoda

I 72 W-63-47 Chordata Osteichthes Teleostei I-' N N 73 W-63-47 Chordata Osteichthes I 74 W-63-45 Molluska Gastropoda Opistobranch (Sea Butter- 50m tow fly)

75 W-63 Parasitic Stomatopoda Copopods

76 5/15/83 Ctenophora Tentaculata Cipipidia Pleurobrachia pilens 1850 caught w/bucket

77 Mollusca Gastropoda Pterapceta Thecosomata ? Limacina

78 Ctenophora Nuda Beroida Beroe c_ucwnis I 79 Arthropoda Crustacea Cirripedia I L~_pas aniscratera

80 ArthroPoda Crustacea Cirripedia Leoas

rl>-', -·· ···~---·f '..., ;: ;;; -AC. .. ..• (_~,- :r. .. -.<.1:' ~;~~}·:t: :' . ~ ·•. .,,; -~--~~~~~ ... -1. ~