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The Application of Lower-Cost Perchlorate Remediation Methods and of Community-Engagement Efforts to Enhance Management of Superfund Sites

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The Application of Lower-Cost Perchlorate Remediation Methods and of Community-Engagement Efforts to Enhance Management of Superfund Sites The Application of Lower-Cost Perchlorate Remediation Methods and of Community-Engagement Efforts to Enhance Management of Superfund Sites Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Roundhill, Patrick Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 12:18:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/630253 1 THE APPLICATION OF LOWER-COST PERCHLORATE REMEDIATION METHODS AND OF COMMUNITY-ENGAGEMENT EFFORTS TO ENHANCE MANAGEMENT OF SUPERFUND SITES by Patrick Roundhill ____________________________ Copyright © Patrick Roundhill 2018 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF SOIL, WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2018 2 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED Patrick Roundhill 4 Acknowledgments This work was performed as research under the auspice of The University of Arizona Department of Soil. Water and Environmental Science with collaboration from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Apace Powder also known as Apache Nitrogen Products Inc (APNI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory which is managed by Lockheed-Martin Marietta Energy Systems Inc. as well as testing and engineering support from the Owner(s) of Chemco-New Leaf Lab Testing & Engineering in Tucson, AZ. The authors are grateful to the resources made available by the Soil Water and Environmental Science Department at the University of Arizona, the Microscopy Center, as well as the machine shop and glass shop staffs at The University of Arizona for their assistance in developing the glass column reactor used in this study. Specific Recognition Dr. Mark Brusseau, Major Advisor and Professor, University of Arizona Dr. Monica Ramirez-Andreotta, Minor Adivsor, Assistant Professor Dr. Joan Curry, Committee Member, Chemistry Modeling, Collaborator Dr Janick Artiola, Committee Member, Chemistry Modeling, Collaborator Saint David and Benson Community Participants The Author’s Undergraduate Students of Cochise College and University of Arizona Apache Nitrogen Products, Inc. Hargis and Associates Dr Leo Leonhart, Principal Hydrologist at Hargis Andrea Brenner EPA Project Manager The U.S. Environmental Protections Agency The late Dr. Quintus Fernando 5 The application of lower-cost perchlorate remediation methods and of community- engagement efforts to enhance management of Superfund sites. Dissertation Table of Contents Chapter Title Page Acronyms and Abstract 7, 9 1. Introduction 10 Superfund sites 10 Background and history of community engagement 12 Benefits to community engagement projects 13 Overcoming barriers of community engagement 17 Measuring impacts of community engagement 19 2. Literature Review 25 Community engagement 25 Community engagement employed in contamination site communities 27 Historical EPA community engagement efforts 29 EPA’s “Community Involvement Handbook” 32 EPA’s “Community Engagement Policies” 34 Notable community involvement in cited Superfund projects 36 Developments of community engagement 38 Community engagement/involvement in research projects 44 Overview of community engagement concepts 45 How the literature can be enhanced with this engagement study 55 Review of nano-ZVI reduction work 57 3. Goals, Objectives and Assessments 81 Goals of the study 81 Community engagement objectives 82 Community surveys intended use and objective 85 Modified use of ZVI as pump –and-treat process 86 Water testing outreach efforts 88 4. Materials and Methods 89 Methods in conducting background investigation of the site 89 Methods used for additional site characterization activities 93 Site characterization activities conducted as part of this research 98 Methods for conducting community engagement activities 101 Description of community engagement activities 109 Demographics of participants 118 Methods for measuring impacts 121 Methods for ZVI developments and pilot study 121 Chemical reaction modeling 127 6 5. Results and Discussions 129 Results of historical site investigations 129 Results and impact of engagement efforts 131 Results of ZVI lab tests and pilot study 152 Reduction mechanisms 161 6. Conclusions 163 Investigating site characterization activities of the past and present 163 Community engagement activities 167 Nano-ZVI reactor development to reduce perchlorate in an aqueous matrix 170 How the current literature is enhanced with this study 176 Appendix A Community Engagement Survey 179 Appendix B Selected Example of Local Well Lab Testing Results 188 Appendix C Additional Site Testing Results (Riverbed Soils) 208 Appendix D ZVI Pilot Plant Study Report 214 Appendix E Patent Excerpts in Reductive Dehalogenation 237 Appendix F Relevant Site Maps 240 Appendix G Sample Notes from personal interviews of participants and nearby 248 residents around the Superfund Site Appendix H Consent Form for Participants 252 Appendix I FieldScope Guidelines and Agreement 256 Appendix J Approval for Human Research from IRB 280 Appendix K Reaction Modeling Results From MINEQL+ 282 References 291 7 ACRONYMS USED ADEQ Arizona Department of Environmental Quality ADR alternative dispute resolution ADWR Arizona Department of Water Resources ARARs applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements ASAOC administrative settlement agreement and order on consent ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry CEI community engagement initiative CAG community advisory group CBPR community based participatory research CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of ……………… 1980, also referred to as Superfund CERCLIS Comprehensive Enviro Response, Compensation, & Liability Information System CI community involvement CIC community involvement coordinator CIP community involvement plan CIPIB Community Involvement and Program Initiatives Branch CIU Community Involvement University CPRC Conflict Prevention and Resolution Center CRN Community Resource Network DoD Department of Defense DOE Department of Energy DOI Department of the Interior DOJ Department of Justice EE/CA engineering evaluation/cost analysis EHL environmental health literacy EJ environmental justice EJ IWG Federal Interagency Working Group on Environmental Justice EJSCREEN EPA’s screening tool for assessing environmental justice concerns ESD explanation of significant differences Fed. Reg. Federal Register FFA Federal Facility Agreement FOIA Freedom of Information Act FS feasibility study GAO General Accountability Office HRS Hazard Ranking System IAG interagency agreement IC institutional control ICR Information Collection Request ISE informal science education 8 JIC joint information center LUC land use control MCL maximum contaminant level (allowed by EPA) NEJAC National Environmental Justice Advisory Council NPL National Priorities List NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRRB National Remedy Review Board O&M operation and maintenance OCR Office of Civil Rights OMB Office of Management and Budget OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (now OLEM) PA preliminary assessment PPSR Public Participation Scientific Research PPM parts per million PRP potentially responsible party PTAP Partners in Technical Assistance Program QR Code Quick Response Code RAB Restoration Advisory Board (for DoD sites) RD/RA remedial design and remedial action RI remedial investigation RI/FS remedial investigation and feasibility study ROD Record of Decision RPM remedial project manager SAA Superfund alternative approach SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SEMS Superfund Enterprise Management System SEP supplemental environmental project SI site investigation SMP site management plan SRI Superfund Redevelopment Initiative SSAB Site-Specific Advisory Board (for DOE sites) Super JTI Superfund Job Training Initiative TANA Technical Assistance Needs Assessment TAP Technical Assistance Plan TAPP Technical Assistance for Public Participation TASC Technical Assistance Services for Communities TRC Technical Review Committee UAO unilateral administrative order UCAB Unified Community Advisory Board 9 Abstract The application of lower-cost perchlorate remediation methods and of community- engagement efforts to enhance management of Superfund sites The US EPA states Community Advisory Boards (CAB’s) have proven to be effective forms of engaging communities in the geographic areas of a Superfund site. When local residents along with local scientists, engineers,
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