ANKARA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM) Publication No: 1

Proceedings of the International Symposium

The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age

October 13th – 19th 1997, Urla - İzmir (Turkey)

Edited by

Hayat Erkanal, Harald Hauptmann, Vasıf Şahoğlu, Rıza Tuncel

Ankara • 2008 ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ / ANKARA UNIVERSITY SUALTI ARKEOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMA ve UYGULAMA MERKEZİ (ANKÜSAM) RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM) Yayın No / Publication No: 1

Ön kapak: İzmir - Höyücek’de ele geçmiş insan yüzü tasvirli bir stel. M.Ö. 3. Bin. Front cover: A stelae depicting a human face from İzmir - Höyücek . 3rd Millennium BC. Arka kapak: Liman Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı II, Atnalı Biçimli Bastiyon. Back cover: Early Bronze Age II horse-shoe shaped bastion at Liman Tepe.

Kapak Tasarımı / Cover Design : Vasıf Şahoğlu

ISBN: 978-975-482-767-5

Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi / Ankara University Press İncitaşı Sokak No:10 06510 Beşevler / ANKARA Tel: 0 (312) 213 66 55 Basım Tarihi: 31 / 03 / 2008

CONTENTS

Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………...... xi Preface by the Editors ………………………………………………………………………………… xiii Opening speech by the Mayor, Bülent BARATALI …...……………………………………………...... xxiii Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Ekrem AKURGAL ……………………………………...... xxv Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Christos DOUMAS……………………………………………………….. xxvii

LILIAN ACHEILARA Myrina in Prehistoric Times …..……………………………………………………………. 1

VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI Données Récentes Concernant Le Site Prehistorique De Dimini: La Continuité de l’Habitation Littorale depuis le Début du Néolithique Récent jusqu’à la Fin du Bronze Ancien ……………………………………………………………………………… 9

IOANNIS ASLANIS Frühe Fortifikationssysteme in Griechenland ………………………………………………. 35

PANAGIOTA AYGERINOU A Flaked-Stone Industry from Mytilene: A Preliminary Report …………………………… 45

ANTHI BATZIOU – EFSTATHIOU Kastraki: A New Bronze Age Settlement in Achaea Phthiotis …………………………….. 73

MARIO BENZI A Forgotten Island: Kalymnos in the Late Neolithic Period ……………………………….. 85

ÖNDER BİLGİ Relations between İkiztepe by the Black Sea Coast and the Aegean World before Iron Age ……………………………………………………………………………... 109

TRISTAN CARTER Cinnabar and the Cyclades: Body modification and Political Structure in the Late EB I Southern Cyclades ………………………………………………………...... 119

CHRISTOS DOUMAS The Aegean Islands and their Role in the Developement of Civilisation …………...... 131

ANTHI DOVA Prehistoric Topography of Lemnos: The Early Bronze Age ………………………………. 141

NIKOS EFSTRATIOU The Neolithic of the Aegean Islands: A New Picture Emerging …………………...... 159

HAYAT ERKANAL Die Neue Forschungen in Bakla Tepe bei İzmir ..…………………………………………. 165

HAYAT ERKANAL Liman Tepe: A New Light on the Prehistoric Aegean Cultures …………………………… 179

JEANNETTE FORSÉN The Asea Valley from the Neolithic Period to the Early Bronze Age ……………...... 191

DAVID H. FRENCH Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery of Southwest Anatolia ………………...... 197 viii Contents

NOEL GALE Metal Sources for Early Bronze Age Troy and the Aegean ………………………...... 203

BARTHEL HROUDA Zur Chronologie Südwestkleinasiens in der 2. Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr ...... 223

HALİME HÜRYILMAZ 1996 Rettungsgrabungen auf dem Yenibademli Höyük, Gökçeada / Imbros …………….. 229

ERGUN KAPTAN Metallurgical Residues from Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Liman Tepe …………………………………………………………………………...... 243

ANNA KARABATSOLI and LIA KARIMALI Etude Comparative Des Industries Lithiques Taillées Du Néolithique Final Et Du Bronze Ancien Egéen : Le Cas De Pefkakia ………………………………………….. 251

NECMİ KARUL Flechtwerkgabäude aus Osttrakien ……………………………………………………….. 263

SİNAN KILIÇ The Early Bronze Age Pottery from Northwest Turkey in Light of Results of a Survey around the Marmara Sea ………………………………………………………….. 275

OURANIA KOUKA Zur Struktur der frühbronzezeitlichen insularen Gesellschaften der Nord- und Ostägäis: Ein neues Bild der sogenannten “Trojanischen Kultur”…………….. 285

NINA KYPARISSI – APOSTOLIKA Some Finds of Balkan (or Anatolian) Type in the Neolithic Deposit of Theopetra Cave, Thessaly …………………………………………………………………. 301

LAURA LABRIOLA First Impressions: A Preliminary Account of Matt Impressed Pottery in the Prehistoric Aegean ………………………………………………………………………… 309

ROBERT LAFFINEUR Aspects of Early Bronze Age Jewellery in the Aegean …………………………………… 323

KYRIAKOS LAMBRIANIDES and NIGEL SPENCER The Early Bronze Age Sites of Lesbos and the Madra Çay Delta: New Light on a Discrete Regional Centre of Prehistoric Settlement and Society in the Northeast Aegean ……………………………………………………...... 333

YUNUS LENGERANLI Metallic Mineral Deposits and Occurences of the Izmir District, Turkey ………………… 355

EFTALIA MAKRI – SKOTINIOTI and VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI Les Sites Du Neolithique Recent Dans Le Golfe Pagasetique : La Transformation Des Sites De L’age De Bronze En Sites Urbains (Le Cas De Dimini) ……………………. 369

ELSA NIKOLAOU, VASSO RONDIRI and LIA KARIMALI Magoula Orgozinos: A Neolithic Site in Western Thessaly, Greece ………………………. 387

EMEL OYBAK and CAHİT DOĞAN Plant Remains from Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe in the İzmir Region ……………………. 399

Contents ix

DEMETRA PAPACONSTANTINOU Looking for ‘Texts’ in the Neolithic Aegean: Space, Place and the Study of Domestic Architecture (Poster summary) …………………………………...... 407

ATHANASSIOS J. PAPADOPOULOS and SPYRIDOULA KONTORLI – PAPADOPOULOU Some thoughts on the Problem of Relations between the Aegean and Western Greece in the Early Bronze Age …………………………………………………. 411

STRATIS PAPADOPOULOS and DIMITRA MALAMIDOU Limenaria: A Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos ……………………… 427

DANIEL J. PULLEN Connecting the Early Bronze I and II Periods in the Aegean ……………………………….. 447

JEREMY B. RUTTER Anatolian Roots of Early Helladic III Drinking Behaviour …………………………………. 461

VASIF ŞAHOĞLU New Evidence for the Relations Between the Izmir Region, the Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Third Millennium BC …………………………………. 483

ADAMANTIOS SAMPSON From the Mesolithic to the Neolithic: New Data on Aegean Prehistory ……………………. 503

EVANGELIA SKAFIDA Symbols from the Aegean World: The Case of Late Neolithic Figurines and House Models from Thessaly …………………………………………………………... 517

PANAGIOTA SOTIRAKOPOULOU The Cyclades, The East Aegean Islands and the Western Asia Minor: Their Relations in the Aegean Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age …………………….. 533

GEORGIA STRATOULI Soziale une ökonomische Aspekte des Chalkolithikums (spätneolithikum II) in der Ägäis aufgrund alter und neuer Angaben …………………………………………….. 559

GEORGE TOUFEXIS Recent Neolithic Research in the Eastern Thessalian Plain, Greece: A Preliminary Report ……………………………………………………………………….. 569

RIZA TUNCEL IRERP Survey Program: New Prehistoric Settlements in the Izmir Region ……………….. 581

HANNELORE VANHAVERBEKE, PIERRE M. VERMEERSCH, INGRID BEULS, BEA de CUPERE and MARC WAELKENS People of the Höyüks versus People of the Mountains ? …………………………………… 593

KOSTAS VOUZAXAKIS An Alternative Suggestion in Archaeological Data Presentations: Neolithic Culture Through the Finds from Volos Archaeological Museum ……………….. 607

Closing Remarks by Prof. Dr Machteld J. MELLINK ………………………………………………. 611

Symposium Programme ……………………………………………………………………………… 615

Memories from the Symposium……………………………………………………………………… 623

Limenaria, a Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos

Stratis PAPADOPOULOS & Dimitra MALAMIDOU

Recent archaeological research at Thasos since 1993. During the years 1993, 1994, 1997, has been rapidly supplementing our knowledge excavation at the west part of the settlement has on the prehistory of the island (Fig. 1). During detected deposits dated to the end of the Middle the Late Palaeolithic period, when Thasos was Neolithic period9, while during 1995, 1996 maybe still part of the continent1, we have the research at the hilltop brought to light first ascertained human activity at Tzines, architectural remains of the Early Bronze where an important ochre mine has been Age10. excavated2. Before the excavation at Limenaria, The settlement was founded on a low Kastri3 was the only settlement that has offered rocky hill at the feet of the mountains of secure evidence for Neolithic occupation, while Southwest Thasos. It seems that it was located dim indications came from two other sites: the ca. 150 m away from the past coastline11, acropolis at Limenas4 and a cave at Skala considering the fact that sea-level in the area Maries5. The Early Bronze Age came to light in has risen 3 to 4 m since prehistoric times. A small scale trial digs at coastal sites, which series of sample collecting drills to check seem to be the principal poles of attraction for stratigraphy and the origin of raw materials the population in the 3rd mill. The available used in house construction, stone tools evidence comes from the cave of Drakotrypa6 manufacture and pottery, undertook in near Panagia and the promontory of Agios collaboration with the Ephorate of Antonios7. Until recently, the only prehistoric Palaeoanthropology and Spelaeology at Athens, settlement that has been to some extent has been almost completed. excavated was Skala Sotiros, where impressive architectural remains of the Early Bronze Age On the base of the evidence so far came to light inducing a great deal of collected, it becomes obvious that we have not discussion8. a tell but a settlement horizontally developing on the hill. Neolithic layers appear on the The prehistoric site of Limenaria is hillsides while the Early Bronze Age ones cover located in Southwest Thasos, under the modern the hilltop where no prior habitation has village, on the east bank of a torrent. existed. Unfortunately, the largest part of the prehistoric settlement is today covered by the houses and the streets of the village (Fig. 2). The 18th Neolithic Period Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical On the west slope, excavation developed Antiquities of Kavala has been digging the site horizontally, and an area of ca. 200 m² was dug down to the natural soil. The archaeological 1 Perissoratis et al. 1987, 209; Περισοράτης & Μητρόπουλος 1987, σχ. 13; Kraft et al. 1982, 11. deposit of the Neolithic period is deeper (2,30 2 Koukouli-Chrysanthaki et al. 1988, 241-244; m) on the north part of the excavated area, Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη & Weisgerber 1996, 82-89; significantly diminishing (1-1,20 m) to the Koukouli-Chrysanthaki & Weisgerber (in press). 3 south. Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη 1992; Κουκούλη- Χρυσανθάκη (1970) 1971, 16-22; ΑDelt 27-25 (1972- Stratigraphy does not offer any indication 1980). 4 BCH 26, 1922, 533. on significant changes or “hiatus” in the 5 Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη 1970, 215-222. 6 ΑDelt 28, 1973, 447-450. 9 Μαλαμίδου & Παπαδόπουλος 1993, 559-572; 7 ΑDelt 26, 1971, 416. Malamidou 1996. 8 Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη 1987-1990; Παπαδόπουλος 10 Μαλαμίδου & Παπαδόπουλος 1997. 1997. 11 Kraft et al. 1982.

428 Stratis PAPADOPOULOS & Dimitra MALAMIDOU development of the Neolithic settlement, at cylindrical with varying diameters and flat least in the part excavated. Despite the fact that bottoms. Their walls and bottoms are covered the natural soil slopes from east to west, the with insulating coating consisting of argiles, archaeological layers develop horizontally. Five deposits of which have been located near the stratigraphic compounds, representing several settlement. Often the same pits are reused after habitation phases of the end of the Middle being furnished with a new coating. When put Neolithic can be discerned. Construction out of use, they are filled with food garbage and features such as floors, pits and stone benches various debris14 (Photo. 2). In the outer limit of are associated with layers I and II. Layer IIa, the inhabited area a series of garbage pits were 25-35 cm thick, is a terrace of reddish argile located, which simple holes were dug into the upon which these architectural elements were natural soil with no particular shape and no constructed. Layers III and IV contain clear coating. They contained food remains, mostly traces of constructions and floors of beaten shells, and ash. The fact that such pits are earth, small pebble and argile, while layer V is located exclusively out of the buildings essentially part of the natural soil with few provides an indication for intentional garbage traces of human activity12. disposal outside the settlement limits. The main building material for the It is worth mentioning that during the Neolithic is clay and wood. The houses are Middle Neolithic large scale levelling works post-framed, but traces of mud brick buildings took place. For this purpose, terraces made of are not altogether absent. A series of postholes solid red soil were created. A first terrace was in semicircular arrangement were detected in constructed immediately on top of the natural trench C, possibly the apsidal end of a rather soil, supported to the west by a stone wall long house (Fig. 3, left). It is 3 m. wide, but it is (layer V on the stratigraphy) (Photo. 3). It not preserved to its entire length. The house aimed at creating a levelled space for the first floors are generally made of reddish or installation, thus solving the problem of the yellowish clay with small size pebbles, having sloping to the west. A second terrace was been repaired several times. uncovered in the upper layers (layer IIa), also furnished with a supporting wall, built of large The floors of hearths and ovens are more slabs. Such constructions were no doubt result or less well-preserved (Figs. 3: f/E-G & 4: of team work, which required the collaboration f1/B). They have a substructure of clay and of a large part of the community15. pebble-sometimes sherds as well- and an upper surface of pure clay hardened by fire13. The small finds from the Neolithic Assemblages of slabstones encased in earth deposits of Limenaria offer valuable bearing traces of burning, must be interpreted as information concerning the economy and a type of hearth (Fig. 4: f2/B). In one case, ideology of the population. The number of many fish bones were found on top and around mortars and grinders is impressive, indicating the stones; it may be therefore possible that that farming held a dominant position. roasting on heated stones was applied. Several Archaeobotanical examination has so far sizeable stone assemblages which most of the detected the presence of barley, eincorn wheat, times are located near storage pits or hearths lentil, fig and wild pistache. Though farming may be interpreted as benches serving food must have been the basic economic strategy, it preparation or household craft activities (Photo. seems that the inhabitants complemented their 1). nutrition with wild fruits. Seashells and fish

Storage pits, carefully made, were found 14 in impressive numbers in the interior of houses For relevant examples in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, see: Treuil 1992, 41; Efstratiou 1993, 36-38 (Fig. 4: s4/D, s4/E-G). They are mostly (Proskynites, Makri). 15 For relevant examples in Northern Greece, see: BCH 12 For the Neolithic Stratigraphy, see: Malamidou 1996, 116, 1992, 715 (Dikili Tash); Παπαευθυμίου- 58. Παπανθίμου & Πιλάλη-Παπαστερίου (1987) 1988, 176 13 For relevant examples in Eastern Macedonia, see: (Mandalo); Ευστρατίου & Καλλιντζή 1994, 23 Treuil 1992, 45. (Μάκρη).

Limenaria, a Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos 429 bones detected in large quantities testify the Middle Neolithic19. Its main characteristics are close relation of the settlement to the sea, while the long neck, cylindrical body, and the swollen the quantities of animal bones, mostly goat, are lower body. The total number of figurine also significant. fragments found at Limenaria, both human- and animal-shaped, is no more than five. Figurines Polished stone tools are hammers and are altogether absent from the layers of the 3rd axes of various sizes. Chipped tools (Photo. 4) mill., but this is common in the settlements of are represented by small blades and plenty of East Macedonian and of Northeast Europe in flakes and cores. This fact together with the general20. conservation of remains of exterior surface (cortex) indicate that some tools were A series of stone eight-shaped objects manufactured inside or near the settlement. As made of marble or gneusian stones (Photo. 7), to the raw material used, the honey-coloured known from other Aegean sites such as flint which is very diffused in Thasos16, is Saliagos, are generally interpreted as waisted- dominant, while quarz is also represented in weights or schematic figurines21. Most of them impressive quantities. are of small size, but there are also larger, ca. 0,30 m. in height. An ovoid object with Bone tools -awls, spatulae and needles- carefully rounded edges was also found. Any are well preserved (Photo. 5). They are final conclusion as to the symbolic/ideological manufactured almost exclusively from the long identity of these objects is maybe premature, bones of small animals, the basic form of the but we cannot overlook the fact that there exists tool being determined during segmentation. in Thasos a megalithic tradition expressed in Secondary work concerns the whole tool and is the human-shaped stelae from Skala Sotiros and particularly careful17. Potos. The occupation of the inhabitants with The burial of a child 3 to 5 years old was weaving is established through the discovery of found in a storage pit belonging to the lower a small number of biconical spindle whorls, building phases of the Neolithic22 (Fig. 4: sl/B, pierced rounded sherds and loom weights made Photo. 8). The skeleton was found lying on his of unfired clay. The existence of basketry can back with plenty of slabs placed on top and be attested by the imprints of mat on vessel around it. One of them was placed intentionally bottoms. Jewellery are in most cases pierced on the chest. The burial had no grave goods. shells and Spondylus bracelets. Stone beads and The skeleton is well preserved and macroscopic pendants are scarcer. A pendant has the form of examination revealed the presence of small an animal head with long muzzle and popped- holes in both eyeholes suggesting some sort of out eyes (Photo. 6). The marble vessels in bone dissolution process possibly due to shapes imitating clay (a bowl and a anaemia, the pathology of which cannot be hemispherical tripoid vessel) can be considered accurately determined. Also, the deformation of as objects of special social significance, since the teeth enamel may be related to some sort of they cannot be possessed by everyone. malnutrition, something frequently found in The scarcity of figurines in the Neolithic prehistoric populations. layers of the settlement is a paradox if The pottery of the Neolithic layers (Figs. compared to the large numbers found in most 6 & 7)23 is examined as a homogenous whole, sites of Macedonia and Thrace18. The upper part of a female figurine with marked breasts 19 and navel was found (Fig. 5). It probably Ευστρατίου & Καλλιντζή 1994, 44; Todorova & Vasjov 1993, 198. belongs to a type widely diffused in Western 20 Treuil 1983, 248, 410; Marangou 1992, 337-338. Thrace and Bulgaria towards the end of the 21 Barber 1991, 98; Evans & Renfrew 1968, 71; Heurtley 1939, 139, 200. 22 For Neolithic burials in Thrace, see: Agelarakis & 16 Peristeri 1989 Efstratiou 1996, 11-21. 17 Christidou 1997, 154. 23 Pictured Neolithic pottery see in: Μαλαμίδου & 18 Marangou 1992, 12; Marangou 1997, 243; Efstratiou Παπαδόπουλος 1993, 559-572; BCH 120,3 (1995), 1993, 39. 1996, 1282.

430 Stratis PAPADOPOULOS & Dimitra MALAMIDOU since no important cultural differentiation is bowls with solid or hollow foot and small observed in the different habitation phases. handless cups. Two types of vessels served the storage Incised tripods are found in relative large of solid goods: numbers (Photo. 11). The decorative motifs on one of them have been considered to offer proof a. Pithoi of medium size, no more than of existing relations between the Balkans and 70 cm in height with two vertical handles on the Anatolia during the Early Neolithic24. belly, low neck and wide rim. Nevertheless, there are no other indications for b. Handless biconical vessels with the existence of that period at Thasos. mastoid lugs sprouting at the point of Incisions filled with white paste, carination, decorated in the black-topped impression, finger- or nail-imprints, deep or technique. They are wide mouthed, have tall shallow grooving, relief decoration and random neck and ring shaped base. Traces of burned incision are preferred for the lesser quality organic matter were located in their interior, vases. Rippled decoration is applied on better resulting from carbonised seeds. quality vessels, fine or medium. The black- The need of transporting goods was topped technique is common on a large covered by closed shapes with biconical or percentage of medium and fine vessels; it is rounded profile, two pairs of facing handles on often combined with some other type of one side and a vertical one on the other side, on decoration. There are only a few examples of top of the shoulder (Photo. 9). The narrow neck, red-topped and grey-topped vessels. The the position of the handles and the fact that presence of black-topped ware in the earliest some of them had no secure base testify to the layers at Limenaria offers supportive argument fact that they were transport vessels tied on for the early appearance of this decorative animals. It should not be however excluded that technique in Eastern Macedonia, since it is they served storage occasionally. considered as characteristic of the beginning of 25 The commonest type of closed vessel - the Late Neolithic . among the medium sized vases- is the carinated The only painted ware that can be jug with wide mouth and the emphasis placed securely attributed to this period is the whitish on the upper part. There is a type with flat ring on black, coming mostly from the upper layers. base and a tripod one. The vertical handle with It is used, almost exclusively, on the upper part knob or horn lug and rarely an animal or bird of the black topped jugs and its repertory like finial is common to both types. In many includes spirals, parallel lines and zig-zag. This examples, the clay is very thin without pottery ware is known in Central Macedonia inclusions and forms very thin walls. They bear since the early phases of Late Neolithic rippled or white paint decoration. There exist (Vasilika II and III)26, in the “Larisa” culture at also larger jugs with rounded body and distinct Thessaly27, and in Aegean sites such as neck decorated with horizontal grooves. Saliagos28, the Lower Cave at Agios Galas, Emporio (phases IX-VIII)29 and Tigani30. It is Open deep vessels are mostly represented 31 by various types of bowls, biconical, with also found in Chalcolithic sites of Anatolia convex or protruding walls, without handles or such as Aphrodisias, Beycesultan, Kusura, Can one-handled; also by hemispherical vessels with Hasan and Mersin. In fact, it is the first time one or two handles, with flat base or short legs. The four-legged bowls (Photo. 10), mostly large in size, are found in impressive quantities. 24 Nikolov 1989, 193. Two types can be discerned: without walls with 25 Ασλάνης 1992, 102, 197. protruding decorated rim, and two-handled with 26 Γραμμένος 1991, 63. 27 vertical walls. There are also small kantharoid Demoule et al. 1988, 35; Schneider et al. 1991, 29. 28 Evans & Renfrew 1968, 40. vases usually equipped with one handle 29 Hood 1981, 225. reaching beyond the height of the rim, fruit 30 Tölle-Kastenbein 1974, 130, 133. 31 For detailed discussion, see: Hood 1981, 225-226.

Limenaria, a Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos 431 that it is found in a certain context in Eastern this period which is represented in the wider Macedonia32. area of the Southeast Balkans by Sitagroi I-II, Dimitra I II, Paradimi I-III, Makri I-II, Dikili As to the absolute dating of the Neolithic Tash I and Karanovo III36. Though cultural layers five samples of carbonised material were affinities with Thessaly and the Aegean are not examined with the C14 method in altogether absent, the dominant characteristics “Democritos”33 (Fig. 8). Four of them gave of the settlement connect it closely with the area calibrated values ranging from 5569 to 5255 (in of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. years BP 6553 ±64 to 6459 ±63), that is an average value a little after the middle of the 6th The presence of later phases of the mill. (5521-5385, in years BP 6536 ±41). One Neolithic must be considered certain at of the samples gave values reaching the Limenaria. Among the surface finds, sherds of beginning of the 6th mill. (calibrated 5981 to the Late Neolithic I painted wares, 5678) which are considered too high. The Akropotamos style for example, which were samples come from the same trench (A), widely diffused in Eastern Macedonia, are represent a deposit 70 cm thick (1,65-2,36) and indeed found. The same is true for the Late are compatible with the radiocarbon dates that Neolithic II wares, such as the graphite-painted we have from the Southeast Balkans. and the black on red37. However, the presence of these ceramic traditions is not attested in the Only to point out some of the examples layers excavated. that are close to the settlement at Limenaria, the beginning of Karanovo III is placed by absolute values to the middle of the 6th mill. (5450). The Early Bronze Age great thickness of the deposits of this phase at The Early Bronze Age is represented at Ezero (2,50 m), alludes that it must certainly Limenaria by an excavated area of only 70 last for about 300-350 years, ending around square meters. At least three building phases of 5150 to 5100. These dates coincide with the the period were located on the hilltop. The first radiocarbon dates of Vinca A and of Eastern habitation layer (Fig. 9) consists of a floor made Macedonian sites. Sitagroi -phase I is dated of pebble, sherds and solid soil, maybe part of a between 5500 and 5200, Dikili Tash also offers road or a yard, associated with an hearth and a calibrated values after the middle of the 6th mill. large garbage pit (Photo. 12), all being limited (5450-5350, 6800-6700 BP) for the middle by a wall to the north. This phase is founded on phases of the period, but these should be taken the natural ground in the south part of the to be rather high34. excavated area, and on a fill of loose soil, The shapes, the decorative practices and stones and abundant Neolithic pottery in the mostly the absolute dating prove that the north part. It seems, therefore, that it was settlement at Limenaria was founded towards necessary to arrange the natural ground by the end of the Middle Neolithic period35. creating artificial fills and by levelling in order to prepare a solid base for construction. For this Almost all the layers excavated at the purpose, soil was transferred from areas of the west part of the settlement can be attributed to settlement with Neolithic deposits.

32 „White-on-dark“ ware, mentioned as black-topped A layer, 0,30 to 0,50 m thick, consisting variety in Sitagroi and Dikili Tash, has no reference to of brown argile with pebbles, covers this phase that of MN Limenaria. as well. This lead us to believe that filling and 33 N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Laboratory of Archaeometry (Y. Maniatis, G. Fakorellis), Datasets (and intervals), levelling in order to re-use the same area took according to: Stuiver & Pearson 1993, 1-23. place after the destruction of the first habitation Calibration, according to the Radiocarbon Calibration phase. Pottery characteristic of the EB II period Program Rev. 3.0.3c of Quarternary Isotope in Eastern Macedonia (Photo. 13), with incised Laboratory of Washington University: Stuiver & Reimer 1993, 215-230. and impressed decoration with white infill, was 34 Boyadziev 1995, 165; Renfrew et al. 1986, 173; Treuil 1992, 34; Γραμμένος 1997, 266. 36 Keighley 1986, 363. 35 Ασλάνης 1992, 107. 37 Ασλάνης 1992, 189.

432 Stratis PAPADOPOULOS & Dimitra MALAMIDOU traced in the fill38. It is interesting to note that the lack of finds- the identity of which, the Neolithic ceramic material of this layer must utilitarian or symbolic, can not be, for the time belong to the latest phases of the Late Neolithic. being, ascertained. It is characterised by the limited use of graphite, One can insists on the ideological / in rectilinear patterns only, by the pink or symbolic character of the find, offering the whitish paint on dark ground in motifs imitating megalithic monuments of the Western those of the graphite, and by the addition of Mediterranean as the closest parallel. There, crusted paints, purple and pink (Photo. 14). The stones, the so-called menhir, vertically fixed on dating of these wares to the first half of the 4th the ground in rows, circles or other formations mill. in Thasos39, is under discussion and we are usually associated with funerary or cult cite it here reluctantly. structures. Rows of vertical stones, often The later habitation phase (Fig. l0) which incorporating large numbers of menhirs, usually lies above the second fill has features which are of large dimensions, in some cases however difficult to interpret and find no parallels in the smaller than 0,50 m. are found in Corse40, Aegean world and the Balkans. To this phase where “Mediterranean megalithic tradition” is belongs a wide slightly curving wall, built with the rule. Such structures are usually located large pebbles, uncovered in 5 m length. A close to passages, springs or serve as boundary group of oblong stones, fixed vertically in rows, marks of agricultural, husbandry-oriented, or on a pebble floor was discovered to the area even ceremonial grounds. In Sardinia41, east of the wall (Photo. 15). Fifteen stones of towards the end of the Chalcolithic period, this type were found in situ while 3 or 4 were shortly before the middle of the 3rd mill., slab moved due to the extended disturbance. They covered areas surrounded with menhirs, built on protrude 0,30 to 0,40 m from the pebble floor top of terraces, can be found near the external level (Photo. 16). limits of settlements or, in rare cases, among the houses of an inhabited area. Those structures The larger stones reach 0,70 m in height, are usually connected with ceremonial 0,35 m in width, and are 0,20 m thick. Traces of activities, as well. a rough workmanship of the surface can be observed on some of them. A row of flag stones Also, we cannot overlook the megalithic to the north of the excavated area probably tradition of Thasos itself, as this is expressed in belongs to a later arrangement of the area. An the human-shaped stelae from Skala Sotiros and egg-shaped flat stone, measuring 0,50 to 0,63 m Potos42. These were not found in their original and 0,16 m width, bearing 30 small cavities position; the ones at Skala Sotiros were built in along its perimeter around a central one on the the settlement wall, a use that certainly annulled top surface (Photo. 17), was discovered to the their initial purpose, while the stele from Potos west side of this pebble floor close to the wall. is a chance find. As related artefacts from the Its shape recalls the so-called “offering tables” wider Aegean area we may cite the stelae of well-known in the Southern Aegean. Troy I43 and Argissa44. The baitylos in the area 513 of Poliochni Red45 has been considered a The understanding of this later habitation ceremonial object. phase at Limenaria is difficult mainly for two reasons: The first one is the absence of On the other hand, we may not exclude sufficient stratigraphic context which is due to the possibility that the find may have had a the fact that this phase lies immediately under utilitarian purpose that may coexist with the the surface layer which was very disturbed. The second reason, mentioned above, is the form of the structures which have no parallels in the 40 Camps 1994, 68. surrounding area. It seems that what we have is 41 Webster 1999, 53. an open-air area -hypothesis strengthened by 42 Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη (1987) 1988, 396; Κουκούλη- Χρυσανθάκη (1989) 1992, 512. 43 Korfmann & Mannsperger 1997, 53. 38 Παπαδόπουλος 1997, 199. 44 Biesantz 1959, Fig. 1-2. 39 Demoule 1993, 383. 45 Poliochni 1997, 105.

Limenaria, a Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos 433 symbolic one. To this corroborate the following paved street 12l during the old excavations at observations: Poliochni52. Objects of such type seem to continue to be used in the area of the North a. The vertical stones of Limenaria bear Aegean during the historical period53. no trace of special treatment on their surfaces. Therefore, they do not belong to the type of the During the EB II period, the settlement at anthropomorphic stelae. Skala Sotiros54, gives the impression of a small fortified settlement, not larger than 1,500 m², b. The stones that were preserved intact enclosed in a wall built by flagstones, among are of the same height. Even if this indicate an which were embedded human-shaped stelae. intentional levelling, it remains difficult to Here, the presence of semicircular bastions and accept that it supported some sort of antae, which reinforce the wall from the inside, construction, because of the pointed tops of the as well as the fishbone wall construction permit stones. comparisons with Aegean settlements such as It is worth discussing the presence of the Kastri in Syros, Panormos, Kynthos, Aegina, “offering table”, an object the function of which Lerna, Liman Tepe and Troy55, even with in the area of the wider Aegean is also under West-Mediterrannean sites at Spain, Sicily and discussion. It would be preferable to term such Corse56. The use of large flagstones as objects “stones with cavities” (“pierre à orthostates mostly in the area of the gates is cupules”) rather than “offering tables” or also reminiscent of Troy. “kernoi”, a terminology which was established If we add to this, the picture emerging in analogy to the Eleusinian kernoi of the from Limenaria, no matter how fragmentary, historical periods during the early discussions we reach the conclusion that during this period on the subject46. These objects are usually made Thasos is closer to the Aegean architectural of limestone and bear a large number, 30 to 40 tradition than to that of Macedonia and Thrace, of cavities. Despite the fact that each one of the where Neolithic architectural practices continue known examples has its own morphological to be in use, with clay and wood as dominant features, it seems that all follow a common building material57. This idea is congruent with prototype, maybe connected with a Middle the renewed interest to settle coastal sites Neolithic seal type of Thessaly47. located mostly to the south part of the island. They have been interpreted as ceremonial The finds from the excavated area of the objects, serving the acts of offering and Bronze Age settlement are limited, and their libation, and they have been connected with the date under discussion due to the extended fills female deity of the Minoan religion or the mentioned above. But, we can briefly point Rhea-Kybele48. It has been however proposed that: by some, like Evans and Effenterre49, that they were simple games. Most examples come from The technology of chipped tools offers the palace at Malia50. They were discovered not indications of a decline in the layers of the 3rd only in the central court and the west wing of mill. a fact observed in other contemporary the palace, but also in the Chryssolakkos North Greek sites58. Advance in hunting cemetery. They are very rare in North Aegean: technology is marked by the adoption of arrow- a large flagstone with cavities in assymetrical heads, a widely diffused innovation during the arrangement was used in one of the bastions of 3rd mill.59. Obsidian in small quantities reaches gate B at Skala Sotiros51. A related find, interpreted as a game-table, was found in the 52 Poliochni 1997, 94, Fig. 1. 53 Σουέρεφ (1989) 1992, 220. 46 Chapouthier 1928, 309. 54 Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη 1987-1990. 47 Papathanassopoulos 1996, 333, 334; Πιλάλη- 55 Barber 1987, 53; Κόνσολα 1984, 77, 85; Erkanal 1997; Παπαστερίου 1992, 85. Korfmann & Mannsperger 1997. 48 Pelon 1988, 31. 56 Chapman 1990, 78; Malone et al. 1994, 173. 49 Evans 1930, 390-395; Van Effenterre 1955, 541-548. 57 Malamidou 1997, 332. 50 Pelon 1992, 62. 58 Treuil 1992, n. 33, 81, 96; Fotiadis 1985, 87. 51 Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη, 1988, 402, Fig. 7. 59 Treuil 1992, n. 20, 148.

434 Stratis PAPADOPOULOS & Dimitra MALAMIDOU the settlement during its whole life-span. The Calibrated dates between 3100 and 2700 study of samples from Limenaria and Skala are considered valid for Sitargoi Va, between Sotiros under the microscope, as part of the 2700 and 2200 for Sitagroi Vb, between 2550 “Democritus Obsidian Analysis Program”60 and 2350 for Pentapolis II, and between 2590 proved that these tools came from Melos and, and 1750 for Skala Sotiros. The date of the more precisely, the vast majority came from second phase of the Bronze Age sector -that is Adamas. the stone-paved area wit menhirs- can be even later, if we consider as a certain chronological The large number of spindle whorls in kriterion the presence of typical EB II pottery in the Bronze Age layers indicates that weaving the levelling fill just under the terrace. Also, if must have been an activity that has taken off the presence of the “stone of cavities” is taken during this period. That intensification, as a testimony of cultural relations connecting however, may have already manifested in the Limenaria with the South Aegean, then a date 4th mill., if we take a number of these spindle after the beginning of the 2nd mill. must not be whorls to belong to the earlier material of the out of the question. This idea is dictated by the intentional fill. lowest of the calibrated dates of Sitagroi and A large number of crude iron lumps was Skala Sotiros. found in the excavated area. Such material is abundant in the area around the settlement and appears in the same abundant quantities in layers of the Middle Neolithic. Traces of a metallurgical activity, copper slags and lumps, were also discovered but we consider their discussion here premature61. STRATIS PAPADOPOULOS & DIMITRA MALAMIDOU We do not have any radiocarbon dates th 18 Ephorate of Prehistoric and yet from deposits of the Bronze Age, and the Classical Antiquities, relevant ceramic material is limited. Incised, Kavala, GREECE relief and impressed decoration, including “stab and drag”, usually with added white paste in the grooves, which is widespread in Eastern Macedonia62, has been located in surface and excavation contexts at Limenaria, but it is not clear if it was included in the habitation layers excavated. The presence of dark pottery represented by bowls and open vessels with convex walls (Photo. 18), handless or one- handled, can be safely attributed to these building phases. These phases must be contemporary to the earliest phase at Skala Sotiros, Sitagroi Va, Dikili Tash IIIB, Pentapolis II and Troy I and are dated to the first half of the 3rd mill., according to the radiocarbon dates known so far from Eastern Macedonia63.

60 N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Laboratory of Archaeometry (V. Kilikoglou, A. Moundrea-Agrafioti, A. Kyritsi). 61 N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Laboratory of Archaeometry (I. Bassiakos). 62 Παπαδόπουλος 1997, 199. 63 Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη (1990) 1993, 535.

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Bibliography: Agelarakis, A. & N. Efstratiou 1996, “Skeletal Remains from the Neolithic Site of Nea Makri-Thrace. A Preliminary Report”, in: Archaeometrical and Archaeological Research in Macedonia and Thrace. Thessaloniki, 11-21. Ασλάνης, I. 1992, Η προϊστορία της Μακεδονίας Ι: Η νεολιθική εποχή. Αθήνα. Barber, E.J.W. 1991, Prehistoric Textiles. A Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Princeton. Barber, R.L.N. 1987, The Cyclades in the Bronze Age. London. Biesantz, H. 1959, “Die Ausgrabung bei der Soufli-Magula“, AA 74, 1959, 56-74. Boyadziev, Y.D. 1995, “Chronology of Prehistoric Cultures in Bulgaria”, in: Bailey, D.W. & I. Panayotov (eds.) 1995, Prehistoric Bulgaria, Monographs in World Archaeology n. 22, 149-191. Camps, G. 1994, Préhistoire d'une île. Les origines de la Corse. Paris. Cesari, J. 1994, Corse des origines, Guides Archéologiques de la France. Paris. Chapman, R. 1990, Emerging Complexity. The Later Prehistory of South-East Spain, Iberia and the West Mediterranean, New Studies in Archaeology. Cambridge. Chapouthier, F. 1928, “Une table à offrandes au palais de Malia”, BCH 52, 309 ff. Christidou, R. 1997, “Dimitra, Bone-working”, in: Γραμμένος, Δ.Β. 1997, Νεολιθική Μακεδονία, ΤΑΠΑ-Δημ. Αρχαιολογικού Δελτίου αρ. 56, Αθήνα. Demoule, J.-P. 1993, “Néolithique et Chalcolithique de Macèdoine: Un etat des questions”, Αρχαία Μακεδονία V.1, 240, 383 ff. Demoule, J.-P., K. Gallis & L. Manolakakis 1988, “Transition entre les cultures neolithiques de Sesklo et de Dimini: Les categories ceramiques”, BCH 112, 1-58. Efstratiou, N. 1993, “New Prehistoric Finds from Western Thrace, Greece”, Anatolica 19, 33-46. Ευστρατίου, N. & Ν. Καλλιντζή 1994, Μάκρη. Αρχαιολογικές έρευνες 1988-1993. Θεσσαλονίκη. Erkanal, H. 1997, Archaeological Researches at Liman Tepe. Municipality of Urla. Evans, A.J. 1930, The Palace of Minos at Knossos, III. London. Evans, J. D. & C. Renfrew 1968, Excavations at Saliagos near Antiparos. London. Fotiadis, M. 1985, Economy, Ecology and Settlement among Sub-sistence Farmers in the Serres Basin, Northeastern Greece: 5000-1000 B.C., Ph.D. University of California, Ann Arbor. Michigan. Γραμμένος, Δ.Β. 1991, Νεολιθικές έρευνες στην Κεντρική και Ανατολική Μακεδονία, Αρχαιολογική Εταιρεία, αρ. 117, Αθήνα. Γραμμένος, Δ.Β. 1997, Νεολιθική Μακεδονία, Δημ. Αρχαιολογικού Δελτίου αρ. 56, Αθήνα. Heurtley, W.A. 1939, Prehistoric Macedonia. An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Greek Macedonia (West of the Struma) in the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages. Cambridge. Hood, S. 1981, Excavations in Chios 1938-1955. Prehistoric Emporio and Ayio Gala, vol. I, B.S.A. Suppl. Vol. N. 15. London. Keighley, J.M. 1986, “The Pottery of Phases I and II”, in: Renfrew, C. et al. (eds.) 1986, Excavations at Sitagroi. A Prehistoric Village in Northeastern Greece, vol. 1, Monumenta Archaeologica 13. Los Angeles. Κόνσολα, Nτ. 1984, Η πρώιμη αστικοποίηση στους πρωτοελλαδικούς οικισμούς. Συστηματική ανάλυση των χαρακτηριστικών της. Αθήνα. Korfmann, M. & D. Mannsperger 1997, A Guide to Troia. Istanbul. Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη, Χ. 1970, “Δύο προϊστορικοί συνοικισμοί εις Θάσον”, ΑAA ΙΙΙ, 215-222. Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη, Χ. 1971, “Προϊστορική Θάσος”, ΑΕphem (1970), 16-22. Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη, Χ. 1987-1990, AErgoMak 1-4. Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη, Χ. 1988, “Οικισμός της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Χαλκού στη Σκάλα Σωτήρος Θάσου”, AErgoMak 1 (1987), 389-406. Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη, Χ. 1992, “Οικισμός της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Χαλκού στη Σκάλα Σωτήρος Θάσου”, AErgoMak 3 (1989), 507-520. Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη, Χ. 1993, “Ανασκαφή στη Σκάλα Σωτήρος 1990”, AErgoMak 4 (1990), 531-545. Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη, Χ. 1992, Πρωτοϊστορική Θάσος. Τα νεκροταφεία του οικισμού Καστρί, Δημοσιεύματα του Αρχαιολογικού Δελτίου, αρ. 45, Αθήνα.

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Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, Ch., G. Weisgerber, G. Gialoglou & M. Vavelidis 1988, “Prähistorischer und junger Bergbau auf Eisenpigmente auf Thasos”, in: Wagner, G.A & G. Weisgerber (eds.) 1988, Antike Edel- und Buntmetallgewinnung auf Thasos, Der Anschnitt 6, 241-244. Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη, Χ. & G. Weisgerber 1996, “Παλαιολιθικό ορυχείο ώχρας στη Θάσο”, Αρχαιολογία 60, 82-89. Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, Ch., G. Weisgerber (in press), “Ochre Mines on Thasos”, in: Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, Ch., A. Müller & S. Papadopoulos (eds.), Thasos: Matières Premiéres et Technologie de la Prèhistoire à nos jours, ΥΠΠΟ- Ε.F.A. Kraft, J.C., I. Kayan & O. Erol 1982, “Geology and Palaeogeographic Reconstructions of the Vicinity of Troy”, in: Rapp, G. & J.A. Gifford (eds.) 1982, Troy. The Archaeological Geology, Suppl. Monograph 4. Cincinnati. Malamidou, D. 1996, L’ habitat et l’ architecture du Neolithique Moyen en Macedoine Orientale. Les cas de Limenaria (Thasos), Memoire de DEA-Universitè de Paris I. Paris. Malamidou, D. 1997, “Eastern Macedonia During the Early Bronze Age”, in: Doumas, Ch. & V. La Rosa (eds.) 1997, Η Πολιόχνη και η Πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού στο Βόρειο Αιγαίο. Αθήνα, 329-343. Μαλαμίδου, Δ. & Σ. Παπαδόπουλος 1993, “Ανασκαφική έρευνα στον προϊστορικό οικισμό Λιμεναρίων”, AErgoMak 7, 559-572. Μαλαμίδου, Δ. & Σ. Παπαδόπουλος 1997, Προϊστορικός οικισμός Λιμεναρίων: Η Πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού, AErgoMak 11, 585-596. Malone, C., S. Stoddart & R. Whitehouse 1994, “The Bronze Age of Southern Italy, Sicily and Malta c. 2000-800 B.C.”, in: Mathers, C. & S. Stoddart (eds.) 1994, Development and Decline in the Mediterranean Bronze Age. Sheffield, 167-194. Marangou, C. 1992, ΕΙΔΩΛΙΑ : Figurines et miniatures du Neolithique Recent et du Bronze Ancien en Grèce, BAR International Series 576. Oxford. Marangou, C. 1997, “Neolithic Micrography: Miniature Modelling at Dimitra”, in: Γραμμένος, Δ.Β. 1997, 227-266. Nikolov, V. 1989, “Das Flußtal der Struma als Teil der Straße von Anatolien nach Mitteleuropa”, in: Neolithic of Southeastern Europe and its Near Eastern Connections 1989, Varia Arch. Hungarica II. Budapest, 191-200. Παπαδόπουλος, Σ. 1997, Η Νεότερη Nεολιθική και η Πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού στην Ανατολική Μακεδονία. Η μεταβολή της κεραμεικής, Ph. D. University of Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki. Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου, Α. & Α. Πιλάλη-Παπαστερίου 1988, “Ανασκαφές στο Μάνδαλο”, AErgoMak 1, (1987), 173-177. Papathanassopoulos, G.A. (ed.) 1996, Neolithic Culture in Greece, N.P.Goulandris Foundation- Museum of Cycladic Art. Athens. Pelon, O. 1988, “L'autel minoen sur le site de Malia”, Αegaeum 2, 31-46. Pelon, O. 1992, Quide de Malia: Le palais et la nécropole de Chryssolakkos, E.F.A. Athens. Perissoratis, C., S.A. Moorby, C. Papavasiliou, D.S. Cronan, F. Angelopoulos, F. Sakellariadou & D. Mitropoulos 1987, “The Geology and Geochemistry of the Surficial Sediments of Thraki, Northern Greece”, Marine Geology 74, 209-224. Περισοράτης, Κ. & Δ. Μητρόπουλος 1987, Γεωλογική εξέλιξη της υποθαλάσσιας περιοχής Ιερισσού. Peristeri, K. 1989, Thasos préhistorique à partir de l’industrie lithique taillé de Skala Sotiros, Memoire de DEA – Paris I, Paris. Πιλάλη-Παπαστερίου, A. 1992, “Οι σφραγίδες από το Σέσκλο και τα προβλήματα της θεσσαλικής σφραγιδογλυφίας”, in: Διεθνές Συνέδριο για την Αρχαία Θεσσαλία. Μνήμη Δ.Ρ. Θεοχάρη, Δημοσιεύματα Αρχαιολογικού Δελτίου, αρ. 48, Αθήνα, 83-90. Poliochni, On smoke-shroud Lemnos. An Early Bronze Age Centre in the North Aegean 1997, Ministry of Aegean-20th EPKA-S.A.I.A. Athens. Renfrew, C., M. Gimbutas & E.S. Elster (eds.) 1986, Excavations at Sitagroi. A Prehistoric Village in Northeastern Greece, vol. 1, Monumenta Archaeologica 13. Los Angeles. Schneider, G., H. Knoll, K. Gallis & J.-P. Demoule 1991, “Transition entre les cultures neolithiques de Sesklo et de Dimini: Recherches mineralogiques, chimiques et technologiques sur les ceramiques et les argiles”, BCH 115, 1-64. Σουέρεφ, Κ. 1992, “Τούμπα Θεσσαλονίκης. Ανασκαφή στην οδό Εμπεδοκλέους”, AErgoMak 3 (1989), 215-225. Stuiver, M. & G.W. Pearson 1993, “High-precision Bidecadal Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, AD 1950-500 BC and 2500-6000 BC”, Radiocarbon 35.1, 1-23. Stuiver, M. & P.J. Reimer 1993, “Extended 14C Data Base and Revised Calib 3.0 14C Age Calibration Program”, Radiocarbon, 35.1, 215-230.

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List of Illustrations: Figures: Fig. 1: Thasos: The prehistoric sites Fig. 2: Limenaria: The Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Sectors. Fig. 3: NL Sector: Habitation layer of 1,35-1,45 m. Fig. 4: NL Sector: Habitation layer of 2,05 m. Fig. 5: Middle Neolithic figurine Fig. 6: Middle Neolithic pottery Fig. 7: Middle Neolithic bowls Fig. 8: Calibrated Radiocarbon Dates of Middle Neolithic layers Fig. 9: EB Sector:1st haditation layer Fig. 10: EB Sector: 2nd habitation layer

Photos: Photo. 1: NL Sector: Storage pit and stone assemblage Photo. 2: NL Sector: Storage pit filled with shattered vases Photo. 3: NL Sector: Stone wall supporting a terrace Photo. 4: Chipped tools Photo. 5: Bone tools Photo. 6: Stone pendant Photo. 7: Stone eight-shaped artifacts Photo. 8: NL sector: The burial of a child Photo. 9: Transport vase Photo. 10: Four-legged bowl Photo. 11: Incised Tripods Photo. 12: EB Sector,1st habitation layer: hearth and garbage pit Photo. 13: EB pottery Photo. 14: LN pottery Photo. I5: EB Sector, 2nd habitation layer: The pebble floor Photo. 16: EB Sector, 2nd habitation layer: The menhirs Photo. 17: “Stone with cavities” Photo. 18: Vessel belonging to the 1st habitation layer of EB

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Limenaria, a Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos 441

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Limenaria, a Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos 443

444 Stratis PAPADOPOULOS & Dimitra MALAMIDOU

Limenaria, a Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement at Thasos 445