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Update on Lignite Firing
Update on lignite firing Qian Zhu CCC/201 ISBN 978-92-9029-521-1 June 2012 copyright © IEA Clean Coal Centre Abstract Low rank coals have gained increasing importance in recent years and the long-term future of coal -derived energy supplies will have to include the greater use of low rank coal. However, the relatively low economic value due to the high moisture content and low calorific value, and other undesirable properties of lignite coals limited their use mainly to power generation at, or, close to, the mining site. Another important issue regarding the use of lignite is its environmental impact. A range of advanced combustion technologies has been developed to improve the efficiency of lignite-fired power generation. With modern technologies it is now possible to produce electricity economically from lignite while addressing environmental concerns. This report reviews the advanced technologies used in modern lignite-fired power plants with a focus on pulverised lignite combustion technologies. CFBC combustion processes are also reviewed in brief and they are compared with pulverised lignite combustion technologies. Acronyms and abbreviations CFB circulating fluidised bed CFBC circulating fluidised bed combustion CFD computational fluid dynamics CV calorific value EHE external heat exchanger GRE Great River Energy GWe gigawatts electric kJ/kg kilojoules per kilogram kWh kilowatts hour Gt billion tonnes FBC fluidised bed combustion FBHE fluidised bed heat exchanger FEGT furnace exit gas temperature FGD flue gas desulphurisation GJ -
Seasonal Assessment of Groundwater Contamination in Coal Mining Areas of Balochistan
sustainability Article Seasonal Assessment of Groundwater Contamination in Coal Mining Areas of Balochistan Ayesha Ayub and Sheikh Saeed Ahmad * Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +923215167726 Received: 11 July 2020; Accepted: 18 August 2020; Published: 25 August 2020 Abstract: Balochistan is a semi-arid region. The assessment of water quality is very important, as the majority of people depend on groundwater for drinking purposes. The present study involves the quality assessment and mapping of drinking water in the five selected major coal mining sites in the four districts of Balochistan. A total of 50 samples were collected from these five coal mining sites in two seasons: i.e., summer and winter. A physicochemical analysis was carried out for groundwater - - 2+ samples: i.e., pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), CO3, HCO3 , Cl , Ca , Mg2+, Na+,K+, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, and Zn. Thematic maps were used to depict the spatial distribution of significant variables and were compared with WHO standards (2011) during both seasons. The majority of parameters crossed the safe permissible limit of WHO standards. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated for the whole monitoring data obtained from both seasons from the perspective of drinking water in each of the selected sites. Moreover, a principle component analysis (PCA) and correlation matrix was carried out for the data analysis in order to identify the source of pollution and correlation among the variables. The results suggested that the overall quality of water from the selected coal mining sites deteriorated due to the overexploitation of coal mines and mining activity. -
'Retrofitting CCS to Coal: Enhancing Australia's Energy
RETROFITTING CCS TO COAL: ENHANCING AUSTRALIA’S ENERGY SECURITY RETROFITTING CCS TO COAL: ENHANCING AUSTRALIA’S ENERGY SECURITY any representation about the content and suitability Disclaimer of this information for any particular purpose. The document is not intended to comprise advice, and is This report was completed on 2 March 2017 and provided “as is” without express or implied therefore the Report does not take into account warranty. Readers should form their own conclusion events or circumstances arising after that time. The as to its applicability and suitability. The authors Report’s authors take no responsibility to update the reserve the right to alter or amend this document Report. without prior notice. The Report’s modelling considers only a single set of Authors: Geoff Bongers, Gamma Energy Technology input assumptions which should not be considered Stephanie Byrom, Gamma Energy Technology entirely exhaustive. Modelling inherently requires Tania Constable, CO2CRC Limited assumptions about future behaviours and market interactions, which may result in forecasts that deviate from actual events. There will usually be About CO2CRC Limited: differences between estimated and actual results, CO2CRC Limited is Australia’s leading CCS research because events and circumstances frequently do not organisation, having invested $100m in CCS research occur as expected, and those differences may be over the past decade. CO2CRC is the first organisation material. The authors of the Report take no in Australia to have demonstrated CCS end-to-end, responsibility for the modelling presented to be and has successfully stored more than 80,000 tonnes considered as a definitive account. of CO2 at its renowned Otway Research Facility in The authors of the Report highlight that the Report, Victoria. -
Sector Overview 3 2
Table of contents Contents Page 1. Sector Overview 3 2. National Mineral Policy 4 3. Summary of Fiscal Regime. 5 4. Major Mineral Resources Of Pakistan and Map 6-13 5. Top Fifteen Minerals of Pakistan 14 1. Aluminium 14 2. Iron Ore 14 3. Copper 14 4. Chromite Ore 15 5. Zinc / Lead 16 6. Coal 17 7. Gypsum / Anhydrite 18 8. Phosphates 19 9. Rock Salt 20 10. Solar Salt 21 11. Magnesite 21 12. Limestone for lime 21 13. Kaolin (China Clay) 22 14. Natural Stones as Building Materials 22 i). Granite 22 ii). Marble and Onyx 22 15. Gemstones 23 6. Trade Statistics 24 i). Exports 24 ii). Imports 25 1 7. Annuexures. i) Characteristics of major Coal fields 26 ii) Coal- Potential opportunities 27 iii) Province wise Break-up of Marble and Granite. 29 iv) Gems and Precious Stones Found in Pakistan 30 v) Gemstones Productive Areas. 31 vi) Potential Projects. 32 vii) Exports Potential of Mineral Products 34 viii) Export Potenial of Mineral and Gemstones 35 ix) Country specific Strategy 36 x) Types of Mineral Titles 37 xi) List of On-going Mineral Sector projects 38 xii) Extraction of Principal Minerals and FDI Inflow in Mining and Quarrying 39 xiii) Investment opportunity in Mineral sector 40 xiv) List of companies in minerals sector 41 2 Sector Overview Pakistan is endowed with significant mineral resources and emerging as a very promising area for exploration of mineral deposits. Based on available information, country’s more than 6, 00, 000 sq.kms of outcrop area demonstrates varied geological potential for metallic / non-metallic mineral deposits. -
Geographic Information System (GIS) Representation of Coal-Bearing Areas in India and Bangladesh
Geographic Information System (GIS) Representation of Coal-Bearing Areas in India and Bangladesh Compiled by Michael H. Trippi and Susan J. Tewalt Open-File Report 2011–1296 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2011 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Trippi, M.H., and Tewalt, S.J., comps., 2011, Geographic information system (GIS) representation of coal-bearing areas in India and Bangladesh: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011–1296, 27 p., available only at http:// pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1296. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Contents Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 India .............................................................................................................................................................................. -
An Empirical Study on Laboratory Coke Oven-Based Coal Blending for Coking with Tar Residue, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 71, 385-390 DOI:10.3303/CET1871065 386
385 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 71, 2018 The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.aidic.it/cet Guest Editors: Xiantang Zhang, Songrong Qian, Jianmin Xu Copyright © 2018, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. ISBN 978-88-95608-68-6; ISSN 2283-9216 DOI: 10.3303/CET1871065 An Empirical Study on Laboratory Coke Oven-based Coal Blending for Coking with Tar Residue Wenqiu Liu Hebei Energy College of Vocation and Technology, Tangshan 063004, China [email protected] Tar residue is the solid waste produced in coking plants or gas generators. Utilizing tar residue as additive in coal blending for coking is an effective approach for coal coking in our country, not only improving the yield and nature of coking products, but also realizing the recycling of tar residue. In this paper, tar residue is used as additive in coal blending for coking experiments, and combined with experiments on the crucible coke, small coke oven and industrial coke oven, the influences of the addition amount of tar residue on coke yield, coke reactivity and coke strength after reaction are further analyzed. As the experiment results reveal, compared to the experiment results of crucible coke and small coke ovens, the coke yield, coke reactivity and coke strength after reaction of industrial coke ovens are all bigger, leading to potential industrialization of coal blending for coking. Moreover, the influence of the amount of tar residue on the coal tar yield rate and gas yield is the same as that of coke reactivity and coke strength after reaction. 1. Introduction With the rapid development of economy, the fast growth of iron and steel industry has led China's coke industry to accomplish extraordinary achievements (Si et al., 2017). -
Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan I
Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan i ii Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume is based on papers presented at the two-day national conference on the topical and vital theme of Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan held on May 15-16, 2013 at Islamabad Hotel, Islamabad. The Conference was jointly organised by the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, (HSF) Islamabad. The organisers of the Conference are especially thankful to Mr. Kristof W. Duwaerts, Country Representative, HSF, Islamabad, for his co-operation and sharing the financial expense of the Conference. For the papers presented in this volume, we are grateful to all participants, as well as the chairpersons of the different sessions, who took time out from their busy schedules to preside over the proceedings. We are also thankful to the scholars, students and professionals who accepted our invitation to participate in the Conference. All members of IPRI staff — Amjad Saleem, Shazad Ahmad, Noreen Hameed, Shazia Khurshid, and Muhammad Iqbal — worked as a team to make this Conference a success. Saira Rehman, Assistant Editor, IPRI did well as stage secretary. All efforts were made to make the Conference as productive and result oriented as possible. However, if there were areas left wanting in some respect the Conference management owns responsibility for that. iv Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank Bcf Billion Cubic Feet BCMA -
Chapter 1. Overview: Coal Ash Beneficial Use and Mine Land Reclamation
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW: COAL ASH BENEFICIAL USE AND MINE LAND RECLAMATION Alfred D. Dalberto, Barry E. Scheetz, Roger J. Hornberger, Timothy C. Kania, Michael J. Menghini, Scott E. Walters 1.1 INTRODUCTION—PENNSYLVANIA’S ABANDONED MINE LAND PROBLEM Since commercial coal mining began in Pennsylvania prior to 1800 (Dodge & Edwards, 2003), the Commonwealth’s miners have extracted approximately 16.3 billion tons of coal from the Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Fields combined (PA DEP, 2002). The efforts of Pennsylvania’s miners helped fuel the nation’s industrial revolution and fed families for generations. However, the other legacy of the state’s rich mining heritage is an unparalleled abandoned mine land (AML) problem. Prior to the enactment of the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) in August 1977, laws and regulations governing surface mining and the surface effects of underground mining, were largely ineffective in achieving reclamation of mined lands. SCMRA, which applies to all surface mining conducted after August 1977, requires complete reclamation of surface mine-affected lands and requires the posting of financial assurances, usually in the form of bonds, to ensure reclamation. While present-day mine sites are occasionally abandoned, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has well-established programs in place to reclaim those sites. However, much of the vast AML problem from the pre-1977 mining remains. There are more than 5000 abandoned, unreclaimed mine problem areas encompassing more than 189,000 acres in Pennsylvania, according to the DEP Bureau of Abandoned Mine Reclamation (BAMR). BAMR’s inventory of abandoned mine sites also identifies over 820 abandoned coal refuse piles. -
Coal Characteristics
CCTR Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research COAL CHARACTERISTICS CCTR Basic Facts File # 8 Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University CCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022 http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/ Email: [email protected] October 2008 1 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL FORMATION As geological processes apply pressure to peat over time, it is transformed successively into different types of coal Source: Kentucky Geological Survey http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h=354&w=579&sz= 20&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NavOy9_5HD07pM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX 2 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL ANALYSIS Elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as: C137H97O9NS for Bituminous Coal C240H90O4NS for high-grade Anthracite Coal is divided into 4 ranks: (1) Anthracite (2) Bituminous (3) Sub-bituminous (4) Lignite Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8 3 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR BITUMINOUS COAL Bituminous Coal: Great pressure results in the creation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the type most commonly used for electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or sub-bituminous, but less than that of anthracite. Bituminous coal -
Development and Evaluation of Performance of a Bench Scale Gasifier for Sub-Bituminous Coal Stellamaris Nduku Nzove Master of Sc
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF A BENCH SCALE GASIFIER FOR SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL STELLAMARIS NDUKU NZOVE MASTER OF SCIENCE (Mechanical Engineering) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021 Development and Evaluation of Performance of a Bench Scale Gasifier for Sub-Bituminous Coal Stellamaris Nduku Nzove A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2021 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Signature: ........................................ Date .............................................. Stellamaris Nduku Nzove This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as the Univer- sity Supervisors: Signature: ...................................... Date ............................................. Dr. Eng. Hiram M. Ndiritu (Phd.) JKUAT, Kenya Signature: ......................................... Date ........................................... Dr. Benson Gathitu (Phd.) JKUAT, Kenya ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my loving family. A special feeling of gratitude to my dear husband Victor, our children Adrian and Talia. They have been a great source of inspiration throughout my entire research period. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to sincerely appreciate a number of individuals for their vital roles in the realization of this thesis. First and foremost is the Almighty God, the giver and sustainer of life, for giving me the opportunity to do this research. Special appreciation is due to Dr. Eng. Hiram Ndiritu and Dr. Benson Gath- itu, my two very able and highly knowledgeable project supervisors for guiding and supporting me throughout this research. My sincere gratitude also goes to Bernard Owiti, Obadiah Maswai and John Ng'ethe, for their positive criticism which helped to keep me going. -
Coal Tar Pitch – Its Past, Present and Future in Commercial Roofing by Joe Mellott
- 1 - Coal Tar Pitch – Its Past, Present and Future in Commercial Roofing By Joe Mellott Coal tar remains a desired and strong source of technology within the roofing industry, as innovative coal tar products significantly reduce associated health hazards and environmental impact. To help you better understand the role that coal tar continues to play in the commercial roofing market, this article will explore: • The history of coal tar • Its associated hazards • Hot and cold coal tar adhesive technologies • Modified coal tar pitch membrane technologies • Coal tar’s sustainability attributes A Brief History of Coal Tar In order to understand what coal tar pitch is, it’s important to understand its origins and refinement methods. Coal tar can be refined from a number of sources including coal, wood, peat, petroleum, and other organic materials. The tar is removed by burning or heating the base substance and selectively distilling fractions of the burned chemical. Distillation involves heating the substance to a point where different fractions of the substance become volatile. The fractions are then collected by condensing the fraction at a specific temperature. A base substance can be split into any number of fractions through distillation. A good example of industrial distillation is the oil refining process. Through distillation, crude oil can be separated into fractions that include gasoline, jet fuel, motor oil bases, and other specialty chemicals. Fractionation or distillation is a tried-and-true method for breaking a substance into different parts of its composition. One of the first uses of coal tar was in the maritime industry. Trees stumps were burned and the tar fractions were collected through distillation of the tar. -
CSA), Session Law 2002-4 (Aka Senate Bill 1078), Was Passed and Signed Into Law in June 2002
CO2 Emission Reduction Options For Coal-fired Electrical Utility Boilers and Other Stationary Sources September 1, 2004 Second Interim Report Pursuant to Clean Smokestacks Act Source: CCSP/Meehl North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Division of Air Quality The Requirement: Excerpted from the Act [Title: An Act to Improve Air Quality in the State by Imposing Limits on the Emission of Certain Pollutants from Certain Facilities that Burn Coal to Generate Electricity and to Provide for Recovery by Electric Utilities of the Costs of Achieving Compliance with Those Limits] SECTION 13. The Division of Air Quality of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources shall study issues related to the development and implementation of standards and plans to implement programs to control emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from coal-fired generating units and other stationary sources of air pollution. The Division shall evaluate available control technologies and shall estimate the benefits and costs of alternative strategies to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The Division shall annually report its interim findings and recommendations to the Environmental Management Commission and the Environmental Review Commission beginning 1 September 2003. The Division shall report its final findings and recommendations to the Environmental Management Commission and the Environmental Review Commission no later than 1 September 2005. The costs of implementing any air quality standards and plans to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from coal-fired generating units below the standards in effect on the date this act becomes effective, except to the extent that the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) is reduced as a result of the reductions in the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) required to achieve the emissions limitations set out in G.S.