DOCSLIB.ORG

Material Choice for a Rotor in a Switched Reluctance High Speed Motor

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Material Choice for a Rotor in a Switched Reluctance High Speed Motor Material choice for a rotor in a switched reluctance high speed motor Materialval för rotor i en variabel reluktans höghastighetsmotor Christoffer Christiansen Faculty of Health, Science and Technology Degree project for master of science in engineering, mechanical engineering 30 credit points Supervisor: Pavel Krakhmalev and Johan Fjällman Examiner: Jens Bergström Date: Spring semester 2017, 2017-05-24 I Abstract With the increasing environmental impact from the automotive industry, electric vehicles become more and more popular. This combined with the great breakthroughs in fast electronics the switched reluctance motor (SRM) has again gained popularity in recent years. Due to its cheap and rugged construction it is a good alternative to the permanent magnet motors and to the induction motor. The ´two main problems holding the SRM back are torque ripple and the acoustic noise generated from it. A lot of research is currently being performed in order to find a solution to these issues. This thesis has investigated different materials for the rotor in a high speed SRM. Different materials have been evaluated based on both mechanical and magnetic properties. This is done through simulations of the forces acting on the rotor combined with simulations of the magnetic field. The forces are simulate in the DASSULT SYSTEMS ABAQUS program and the magnetic field is simulate using AVL FIRE. Three different kinds of alloys are investigated, two different cobalt alloys are simulated as well as a silicon alloy with pure iron as a reference. The results show that the material needs to have a yield strength of at least 349 MPa to withstand the forces affecting the rotor. And that by using the high purity cobalt-iron alloy the generated torque could be increased with up to 20.9%, but with a cost increase of 3151.9% compared to the silicon alloy. II Sammanfattning Med den ökande miljöpåverkan från fordonssektorn växer intresset för elektriska fordon. Det ökande intresset kombinerat med stora framgångar inom elektronik har väckt ett stort intresse för den variabla reluktansmotorn. Tack till dess pålitliga och billiga konstruktion är det en bra kandidat att ersätta permanent magnet motorn och induktionsmotorn. Det som tidigare hållit tillbaka den variabla reluktansmotor är fluktuationer i de genererade vridmomentet och de ljud som genereras ifrån detta. Mycket forskning pågår för att hitta lösningar till dessa problem. Detta examensarbete har fokuserat på att undersöka olika material för att använda i rotorn för en variabel reluktanshöghastighetsmotor. Olika material har utvärderats med avseende på både mekaniska och magnetiska egenskaper. Detta har genomförts genom simuleringar av de krafter som påverkar rotorn kombinerat med simuleringar av magnetfälten i rotorn. Spänningarna i materialet har simulerats i DASSULT SYSTEMS ABAQUS och magnetfältet har simulerats i AVL FIRE. Tre olika legeringar testades, två kobolt legeringar och en kisel legering. Rent järn simulerades också för att agera som referens. Resultaten visar att sträckgränsen för materialen måste vara över 349 MPa för att klara de påfrestningar som rotorn utsätts för. Genom att använda kobolt järn legeringen kunde vridmomentet ökas med 20.9%, med en ökad kostnad av 3151.9% jämfört med kisel järn legeringen. III Acknowledgments I would firstly like to thank Jonas Modin for giving me the opportunity to perform this thesis at AVL. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Johan Fjällman for his valuable supervision and guidance throughout the entire project. On Karlstad University I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Pavel Krakhmalev for always answering my questions, and helping me develop the idea for this thesis. Lastly I would like to thank my friends and family for supporting me and always keeping me motivated. Christoffer Christiansen 30th of June 13, 2017 IV Content 1 INTRODUCTION ___________________________________________________________ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ___________________________________________________________ 1 1.1.1 Switched reluctance motor _______________________________________________ 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT _____________________________________________________ 3 2 THEORY OF MATERIAL ____________________________________________________ 4 2.1 MAGNETISM _____________________________________________________________ 4 2.1.1 Ferromagnetism ________________________________________________________ 4 2.1.2 Hysteresis loop ________________________________________________________ 5 2.1.2.1 Hysteresis losses ____________________________________________________________________ 5 2.1.3 Hard vs soft ___________________________________________________________ 6 2.1.4 Magnetic flux density ____________________________________________________ 7 2.2 ELECTRICAL STEEL________________________________________________________ 7 2.2.1 Composition ___________________________________________________________ 7 2.2.2 Grain orientation _______________________________________________________ 8 2.2.3 Lamination thickness ____________________________________________________ 8 2.2.4 Effect of stresses _______________________________________________________ 9 2.2.5 Heat treatment _________________________________________________________ 9 2.3 DIFFERENT ALLOYS USED TODAY ___________________________________________ 10 2.3.1 Low carbon steel ______________________________________________________ 11 2.3.2 Silicon steel __________________________________________________________ 11 2.3.3 Nickel alloys _________________________________________________________ 11 2.3.4 Cobalt alloys _________________________________________________________ 11 2.3.5 Density ______________________________________________________________ 12 2.3.6 Price _______________________________________________________________ 13 3 METHOD _________________________________________________________________ 14 3.1 DESIGN OF MOTOR _______________________________________________________ 14 3.1.1 Calculations of aimed torque_____________________________________________ 14 3.1.2 Rotor type ___________________________________________________________ 16 3.1.3 Calculations of rotor poles ______________________________________________ 16 3.1.4 Rotor diameter ________________________________________________________ 17 3.1.5 Rotor pole arc/pitch ____________________________________________________ 18 3.1.6 Stator pole arc/pitch ___________________________________________________ 19 3.1.7 Rotor inner diameter and axis diameter ____________________________________ 19 3.1.8 Air gap ______________________________________________________________ 19 3.1.9 Axis mounting ________________________________________________________ 19 3.1.10 Final rotor design ___________________________________________________ 20 3.2 SIMULATIONS ___________________________________________________________ 21 3.2.1 Abaqus ______________________________________________________________ 21 3.2.1.1 Mesh ____________________________________________________________________________ 21 3.2.1.2 Boundary conditions and load ________________________________________________________ 21 3.2.1.3 Von Mises Stress __________________________________________________________________ 22 3.2.1.4 Isotropic material __________________________________________________________________ 22 3.2.2 AVL FIRE ___________________________________________________________ 23 3.2.2.1 Maxwell stress tensor _______________________________________________________________ 23 3.2.2.2 Mesh ____________________________________________________________________________ 23 V 3.2.2.2.1 Mesh refinement______________________________________________________________ 23 3.2.2.2.2 Cell selections and faces __________________________________________________________ 25 3.2.2.3 Time step ________________________________________________________________________ 26 3.2.2.4 Control strategy ___________________________________________________________________ 26 3.2.2.5 Fill factor ________________________________________________________________________ 27 3.2.2.6 Current density ____________________________________________________________________ 27 3.2.2.7 B (H) curve _______________________________________________________________________ 27 3.2.2.8 Lamination thickness _______________________________________________________________ 28 4 RESULTS _________________________________________________________________ 29 4.1 ABAQUS 1 ______________________________________________________________ 29 4.2 AVL FIRE _____________________________________________________________ 34 4.3 ABAQUS 2 ______________________________________________________________ 37 5 DISCUSSION ______________________________________________________________ 40 5.1 FUTURE WORK __________________________________________________________ 42 6 CONCLUSION _____________________________________________________________ 43 7 REFERENCES _____________________________________________________________ 44 VI LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 - Typical motor configurations ................................................................................... 3 Table 2.1 - Relative properties for differant alloys [21] .......................................................... 10 Table 3.1 - Motor specifications for various personal EV ....................................................... 15 Table 3.2 - Base speed vs max speed of different SRM .......................................................... 16 Table 4.1 – Results from calculation of discretization error ...................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Powerful Force in Precision Strip & Foil
    A Powerful Force in Precision Strip & Foil Rolling Slitting,Heat Treating,Testing & Evaluation of Magnetic & Non-Magnetic Alloys ■ Nickel Iron Alloys: ■ Titanium Alloys: Moly Permalloy, 4750-49 Ni, Invar® 36 Titanium (grades 1 through 4), 3A1-2.5V, 15-3-3-3, Bio-Compatible Alloys ■ Controlled Expansion Alloys: NiSpan-C®,Kovar®-029, Sealmet® 2917, Al 42 ■ Nickel Base and High-Temperature Alloys: Nickel 201, 233 and 290; Inconel® 600, 601, 617, 625, 718 ■ Magnetic and Cobalt Alloys: and X750; Hastelloy® B-2, C-276, C-22 Arnokrome™,Vanadium Cobalt Alloys, Arnon™ and 3% Silicon Steel (Thin; Oriented and Non-Oriented) ■ Spring Alloys: Arnavar™,Havar®, Elgiloy® ■ Copper-Base Alloys: Beryllium Copper Alloy 25, OFHC Copper, ■ Ferrous Based: Phosphor Bronze Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, Stainless Steels, Pure Iron Arnold’s Rolled Products works extensively with these and a number of other magnetic and non-magnetic alloys to exceed your demanding physical and mechanical requirements. Arnold’s own ARNOKROME™ is one example of our capabilities. We can customize the properties of ARNOKROME™ or other alloys to satisfy a variety of mechanical, surface, magnetic, or other requirements. Capabilities: ■ Precision thin gauge alloy foil available in: sheet, strip and continuous coils. Available widths from 16.5" to a minimum of 0.035" (0.9 mm). Minimum thickness of 0.0005" (0.0125 mm) for 4 to 16.5" in width and 0.000085" (2.16 micron) for 4" widths and less. ■ Arnold offers wire, rod and bar stock for selected magnetic alloys such as the ductile ARNOKROME™ III alloy developed by Arnold based on the iron-chrome-cobalt alloy system.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Here Electricity, Magnetism And… Survival
    Electricity,Title Magnetism Here and… Survival Author Steve Constantinides,Venue Director of Technology Arnold Magnetic TechnologiesDate Corporation March 1, 2015 1 © Arnold Magnetic Technologies [email protected] What we do… Performance materials enabling energy efficiency Magnet Permanent High Precision Thin Production & Magnet Performance Metals Fabrication Assemblies Motors •Specialty Alloys from 0.000069” ~1.75 microns • Rare Earth • Precision •Smaller, Faster, •Sheets, Strips, & Coils Samarium Cobalt Component Hotter motors •Milling, Annealing, (RECOMA®) Assembly •Power dense Coating, Slitting • Alnico • Tooling, package •ARNON® Motor • Injection molded Machining, •High RPM magnet Lamination Material • Flexible Rubber Cutting, Grinding containment •Light‐weighting • Balancing •>200°C Operation • Sleeving Engineering | Consulting | Testing Stabilization & Calibration | Distribution 2 © Arnold Magnetic Technologies • First, a brief introduction to Arnold. • Arnold started largely as a magnetic products manufacturer. • Over the years we have evolved into an integrated producer as shown here – still manufacturing magnets, but increasingly producing assemblies and finished devices that use magnetic materials. Agenda • Energy and Magnetism • Permanent Magnets and Motors • Applications • Soft magnetic materials • Future of magnetic materials 3 © Arnold Magnetic Technologies • Let’s follow the professor through these topics starting with an introduction to what magnetism is and where it originates. Energy in-Efficiency 25.8 65% is waste energy 38.2 60.6% Lost Energy 39.4% “Useful” Delivered Energy Additional losses at end use applications A quad is a unit of energy equal to 1015 (a short-scale quadrillion) BTU, or 1.055 × 1018 joules (1.055 exajoules or EJ) in SI units. 4 © Arnold Magnetic Technologies • Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories personnel have produced Sankey plots of energy production and use for over a hundred countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of the Structure-Processing-Properties Relationship of Fe-6.5Wt%Si
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2019 Determination of the structure-processing-properties relationship of Fe-6.5wt%Si Chad Richard Macziewski Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons, and the Mechanics of Materials Commons Recommended Citation Macziewski, Chad Richard, "Determination of the structure-processing-properties relationship of Fe-6.5wt%Si" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17737. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17737 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Determination of the structure-processing-properties relationship of Fe-6.5wt%Si by Chad Macziewski A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Materials Science and Engineering Program of Study Committee: Jun Cui, Major Professor Iver Anderson Scott Chumbley Matthew Kramer Frank Peters The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2019 ii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my wife Brittany and my son Rowan without whose support I would not have been able to accomplish my dream of obtaining my doctorate.
    [Show full text]
  • Attainment of High Magnetostriction in Vanadium Permendur by Mechanical Thermal Treatmeant Peter Joseph Moroz Jr
    Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Theses and Dissertations 1964 Attainment of high magnetostriction in vanadium permendur by mechanical thermal treatmeant Peter Joseph Moroz Jr. Lehigh University Follow this and additional works at: https://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Moroz, Peter Joseph Jr., "Attainment of high magnetostriction in vanadium permendur by mechanical thermal treatmeant" (1964). Theses and Dissertations. 3271. https://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd/3271 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. J; · ....... ,o": Attainment of. :Hi······· g_ ·h· .. -.-· .. · ·. ·.:. ·• ..-. Magnetostriction i;q V:artad.lum. Permendur by Mechanic.al Th ..ett~ai. T,t:_eatments ~-. ;by. A .th:e·s.fs \ :rJ:::e-s:.e-n·.t.e:d to :.·tJ1~:. ·Graduate Facult·y: o··f .L.e:I-r:tgh University ·'s .~ ., Mast:et: o.-f Sc:i·en.c;er L~h·f·g11 .Un1versity· . ~ 19:64. .. ,...,,•t;:1:,;.t,..-,.--~·:,,,.,,~.·,.<111,--:',~-,i.,~u,_.,.t~.,.,--rn,;,::··'"· ·• ....... , · • · '"''· \ ~·- ,,.., •. ~,.,,,~..... ,.t, .....,-,,•' ""•-·st· .... JM< •"•••·••••,··u,.•, ·-· '"••·•-~ ·•,.,....... ·· ' . I l ·.~. : \'J ),. ' C.ert:i.f·ic=ate of- Approval- ' ····.·······--. - i .. .. ' .. ··• ·-;-·· -:,.. ....... ,, ... -·,-~·-·--;.-"·"';··-·.. ,~,,"."-~ ... ............. ',--' .. · . _- ~ ·- ~-- j • ·'J.'h:i'.S thesis ts· :~qce.pt.ed and approved in partial· fulf.illµi~nt i . ,, o:f 't::.he r_e_:qu:ir-emertts fat· the de·gree of Mas.ter of Science· .. ""- 1-2 (date) G. P. Conard, II Professor in Charge .. .,. J. Lib Head of Department J::i: ...... '! • \ ' • . ', ),1,., ,. .... , •• ,,.,<oj,_.. 'l,a..~.i,.,.,.h ........
    [Show full text]
  • Direct & Pulse Current Electrodeposition of Iron Group
    Technical Article Direct & Pulse Current Electrodeposition Of Iron Group Thin Film Alloys Containing Vanadium by M. Schwartz, C. Arcos & K. Nobe* Direct current (DC) and pulse current (PC) electrode- tion (Bs), low coercivity (Hc), near zero magnetostriction position of binary and ternary alloys of the iron group (λ) and high permeability (µ).3 (IG) metals and vanadium are discussed. 90 Co/10 Fe Electrodeposited Permalloy (80 Ni/20 Fe) fi lms have alloy compositions with substitutional additions of such desirable magnetic properties and have been used desirable small amounts of V (~2%) were obtained; exclusively as pole material in thin fi lm heads for digital Co-Ni-V and Ni-Fe-V alloys were also deposited. recording.4 However, projections of higher storage density The effects of complexer, pH and current density on and output performance for recording applications show deposit composition and cathode current effi ciency that soft magnetic materials superior to Permalloy are (CCE) are discussed and compared to deposition of required.2 Thus, considerable effort has been directed to binary alloys of the iron group only. Impedance mea- the development of materials similar to Permalloy but with surements indicate greater corrosion resistance for higher magnetic saturation, higher permeability and higher ternary Co-Fe-V alloys than for binary Co-Fe alloys. resistivity.5,6 Crude magnetic measurements show approximately Since the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance two times greater “relative magnetic moments” for (GMR) effect in 1988, i.e., the change in electrical resis- Co-Fe-V deposits than for deposits from typical Ni-Fe tance in response to an applied magnetic fi eld, it has (Permalloy) solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals
    \ 396-4 V) PUBLICATION a NBS SPECIAL / / National Bureau of Standards U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (I) a basis lor the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and 14) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement: coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, the Office of Radiation Measurement and the following Center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center " for Radiation Research: Nuclear Sciences; Applied Radiation — Laboratory Astrophysics — Cryogenics - — Electromagnetics - — Time and Frequency '-'. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Magnetic Materials Used in Power Transformer and Inductor
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE 2006 2nd International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applicationsprovided by PolyU Institutional Repository Study on Magnetic Materials Used in Power Transformer and Inductor H. L. Chan, K. W. E. Cheng, T. K. Cheung and C. K. Cheung Digipower Technology Limited, Hong Kong Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University ABSTRACT: Power electronics system is generally saturate itself, and leads to a larger magnetizing current. comprised of electrical and magnetic circuits. Nowadays, Short-circuit occurred in the winding as a result of there were a lot of research works on circuit topologies diminishing inductance and thermal runaway. ranging from single switch converter to soft-switching topologies, but the most difficult problems encountered 500 by many design engineers were magnetic issues, such as construction of transformer or inductor, application of Material R 400 air-gap, under- or over-estimated power rating of the Material P magnetic components, selection of magnetic core and so Material F on. [mT] Bsat 300 Material J The overall performance of any power converters Material W depend on not only the circuit design, but also the Material H application of magnetic components, this paper will 200 20 40 60 80 100 120 address some common problems related to the Temperature [degree C] applications of magnetic components, and some critical Figure 1: Flux Density vs. Temperature factors involved into development of such components for power converters. Power losses in transformers or inductors come A brief summary of some major magnetic materials, from core losses and copper losses.
    [Show full text]
  • Cobalt – Essential to High Performance Magnetics
    COBALT Essential to High Performance Magnetics Robert Baylis Steve Constantinides Manager – Industrial Minerals Research Director of Technology Roskill Information Services Ltd. Arnold Magnetic Technologies Corp. London, UK Rochester, NY USA Our World Touches Your World Every Day… © Arnold Magnetic Technologies 1 • Magnetic materials range from soft (not retaining its own magnetic field) to hard (retaining a field in the absence of external forces). • Cobalt, as one of the three naturally ferromagnetic elements, has played a crucial role in the development of magnetic materials • And remains, today, essential to some of the highest performing materials – both soft and hard. Agenda • Quick review of basics • Soft magnetic materials • Semi-Hard magnetic materials • Permanent Magnets • Price Issues • New Material R&D Our World Touches Your World Every Day… © Arnold Magnetic Technologies 2 • Let’s begin with a brief explanation of what is meant by soft, semi-hard and hard when speaking of magnetic characteristics. Key Characteristics of Magnetic Materials Units Symbol Name CGS, SI What it means Ms, Js Saturation Magnetization Gauss, Tesla Maximum induced magnetic contribution from the magnet Br Residual Induction Gauss, Tesla Net external field remaining due to the magnet after externally applied fields have been removed 3 (BH)max Maximum Energy Product MGOe, kJ/m Maximum product of B and H along the Normal curve HcB (Normal) Coercivity Value of H on the hysteresis loop where B = 0 HcJ Intrinsic Coercivity Value of H on the hysteresis loop where B-H = 0 μinit Initial Permeability (none) Slope of the hysteresis loop as H is raised from 0 to a small positive value μmax Maximum Permeability (none) Maximum slope of a line drawn from the origin and tangent to the (Normal) hysteresis curve in the first quadrant ρ Resistivity μOhm•cm Resistance to flow of electric current; inverse of conductivity Our World Touches Your World Every Day… © Arnold Magnetic Technologies 3 • These are most of the important characteristics that magnetic materials exhibit.
    [Show full text]
  • Suzhou A-One Special Alloy Co., Ltd
    Suzhou A-one Special Alloy Co., Ltd *Superalloy *Anti-corrosion alloy *Precision alloy *Special stainless steel No.2 Weihua Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu Province, China Tel: +86 512 62518432 Fax: +86 512 65914835 Email: [email protected] 1 Website: www.sz-alloy.com Suzhou A-one Special Alloy Co., Ltd CONTENT 1 Expandable Alloy...........................................................................................................................2 1.1 Alloy 27...............................................................................................................................3 1.2 Alloy 42 & 48 & 52.............................................................................................................5 1.3 Alloy 46 ............................................................................................................................11 1.4 Ceramvar Alloy.................................................................................................................14 1.5 Invar Alloy ........................................................................................................................16 1.6 Kovar Alloy.......................................................................................................................19 2 Elastic Alloy.................................................................................................................................27 2.1 Axle-centre alloy...............................................................................................................27
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Properties of Metals and Alloys
    19 Magnetic Properties of Metals and Alloys. 19.1 Magnetic Field Quantities and Properties Survey. 19.1.1 Introduction. This chapter introduces metals and alloys used for soft and hard magnets. Alloy de- velopment illustrates the materials paradigm of synthesis structure properties → → performance relationships. Development is motivated by intrinsic materials prop- → erties, such as saturation induction and Curie temperature. Advancement of alloys for applications involves optimizing extrinsic properties, such as remanent induction and coercivity by processing to achieve suitable microstructures. Magnetic hysteresis is useful in permanentmagnets where we wish to store a large metastable magnetization. For soft magnets, small hysteresis losses per cycle are desirable. Metals and alloys for soft and hard magnetic materials now are ubiquitous in many magnetic applications in bulk, powder, nanocrystal and thin film forms. We begin this chapter by reviewing the magnetic properties which are relevant to soft and hard magnetic materials, respectively. We develop the subject by considering: (i) A summary of technical magnetic properties of importance for soft and hard magnetic materials in the context of a few illustrative examples. (ii) Definitions of important magnetic phenomena which are relevant to the deter- mination of these properties. (iii) A survey of alloys within a historical context as to their development. (iv) An extrapolation to the future to highlight some emerging areas of magnetic metals and alloys relevant to evolving technological needs with an emphasis on materials important to energy applications. The magnetization, M, or magnetic induction, B, is an extensive material property and the field, H, is an intensive variable. These form a set of conjugate variables which define the magnetic work in a thermodynamic analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Materials for Accelerator Electromagnets
    Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series I: Engineering Sciences • Vol. 6 (55) No. 2 - 2013 MAGNETIC MATERIALS FOR ACCELERATOR ELECTROMAGNETS V. PRICOP1 Gh. SCUTARU1 E. HELEREA1 Abstract: Accelerator electromagnets are used in synchrotrons for the guidance of particles. For the successful operation of such synchrotrons, high field homogeneity is required to be provided by the electromagnets. Furthermore, the magnetic field characteristics of all electromagnets of one type installed have to be identical. A high field homogeneity and equal performance from electromagnet to electromagnet can only be achieved if great care is taken when the selection of magnetic materials is done, and if a rigorous quality assurance plan is implemented during manufacturing. In this paper a procedure is presented for selecting the magnetic material and mandatory steps during manufacturing are outlined. Key words: magnetic materials, high-energy particles, electromagnet, accelerator. 1. Introduction electromagnet has to decide on the magnetic material based on the field Particle accelerators are used to generate requirements. The first decision considers high-energy particles which are for example the dynamic requirements of the magnetic brought to collision to perform fundamental field. In case of static operation a solid particle research, to generate light with magnetic core can be used. high-brightness, or to produce ions for If the electromagnet will be ramped, the medical treatment. Modern research fields core will have to be laminated to minimize would not be possible without controlled the effects of the magnetic field due to access to these high-energy particles. eddy currents. If the electromagnet will not For the successful operation of such be ramped the magnetic saturation and synchrotrons, electromagnets with high field permeability of the material in the working homogeneity and equal magnetic properties range will be the driving factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Rolled Products Brochure
    Precision Quality Experience Precision The Advantage of Arnold Magnetic Technologies Arnold Magnetics’ Rolled Products Division was established in 1950 to manufacture foil and precision strip alloys for our in-house production of tape-wound magnetic cores. The need for precise thickness and process control required us to develop specialized processes that were capable of achieving necessary characteristics in a variety of alloys. Our experience with these techniques and capabilities earned us a reputation as a premier custom processor of a wide spectrum of alloys. Arnold Magnetics’ foil and precision strip products are preferred by many companies in aerospace, medical electronics, telecommunications, instruments, sensors, electrical, and many metalworking industries. To ensure continued conformance with the quality demanded by today’s competitive environment, Arnold Magnetics has invested in personnel, training, equipment and quality control programs to meet our customers’ requirements. “We judge our performance These processes produce components for such critical applications as springs, strain gauges, shielding, gaskets, brazing, magnetic and on how well we satisfy our electromagnetic sensors, honeycomb structures, implant devices, transformers and motor laminates, and many other precision customers’ needs.” applications. Capabilities ■ Precision thin-gauge alloy foil available in: sheet, strip and continuous coils. Available widths from 16.5" to a minimum of 0.035" (0.9 mm). Minimum thickness of 0.0005" (0.0125 mm) for 4 to 16.5" in width and 0.000085" (2.16 micron) for 4" widths and less. ■ Arnold offers wire, rod and bar stock for selected magnetic alloys such as the ductile ARNOKROME™ III alloy developed by Arnold based on the iron-chrome-cobalt alloy system.
    [Show full text]