Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Metals
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The Relationship Between Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Alnico Alloys
The relationship between microstructure and magnetic properties of alnico alloys Citation for published version (APA): Vos, de, K. J. (1966). The relationship between microstructure and magnetic properties of alnico alloys. Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR287613 DOI: 10.6100/IR287613 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/1966 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. -
Reduction of Out-Of-Plane Distortion in Fillet Welded High Strength Aluminum
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1974 Reduction of out-of-plane distortion in fillet welded high strength aluminum. Henry, Robert W. Massachusetts Institute of Technology http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17204 REDUCTION OF OUT-OF-PLANE DISTORTION IN FILLET WELDED HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINUM Robert W. Henry il Postgraduate School vionterey, California 93940 REDUCTION OF OUT-OF-PLANE DISTORTION IN FILLET WELDED HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINUM BY Robert W. Henry B.S., U.S. Coast Guard Academy (1969) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREES OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEAN ENGINEERING AND MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology May, 1974 Tii-c DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY ^STGRADL'ATE SCHOOU - 93940 REDUCTION OF OUT-OF-PLANE DISTORTION IN FILLET WELDED HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINUM by Robert W. Henry Submitted to the Department of Ocean Engineering in May, 1974, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ocean Engineering and Masters of Science in Mechanical Engineering. ABSTRACT Out-of-plane distortion caused by angular changes at fillet welds in aluminum structural panels was examined from two viewpoints. In the first phase of this work a series of experiments was conducted to examine elastic-plastic prestraining of test specimens to be fillet welded as a means of reducing out-of -plane distortion. Data gathered from these tests was correlated with previous experiments in the use of aluminum. A guide in the use of elastic-plastic prestrain- ing for 3/8" and 1/2" was developed. In phase two of this work a two-dimensional program was adapted to the structural aluminum panels used in phase one and tested for accuracy. -
A Powerful Force in Precision Strip & Foil
A Powerful Force in Precision Strip & Foil Rolling Slitting,Heat Treating,Testing & Evaluation of Magnetic & Non-Magnetic Alloys ■ Nickel Iron Alloys: ■ Titanium Alloys: Moly Permalloy, 4750-49 Ni, Invar® 36 Titanium (grades 1 through 4), 3A1-2.5V, 15-3-3-3, Bio-Compatible Alloys ■ Controlled Expansion Alloys: NiSpan-C®,Kovar®-029, Sealmet® 2917, Al 42 ■ Nickel Base and High-Temperature Alloys: Nickel 201, 233 and 290; Inconel® 600, 601, 617, 625, 718 ■ Magnetic and Cobalt Alloys: and X750; Hastelloy® B-2, C-276, C-22 Arnokrome™,Vanadium Cobalt Alloys, Arnon™ and 3% Silicon Steel (Thin; Oriented and Non-Oriented) ■ Spring Alloys: Arnavar™,Havar®, Elgiloy® ■ Copper-Base Alloys: Beryllium Copper Alloy 25, OFHC Copper, ■ Ferrous Based: Phosphor Bronze Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, Stainless Steels, Pure Iron Arnold’s Rolled Products works extensively with these and a number of other magnetic and non-magnetic alloys to exceed your demanding physical and mechanical requirements. Arnold’s own ARNOKROME™ is one example of our capabilities. We can customize the properties of ARNOKROME™ or other alloys to satisfy a variety of mechanical, surface, magnetic, or other requirements. Capabilities: ■ Precision thin gauge alloy foil available in: sheet, strip and continuous coils. Available widths from 16.5" to a minimum of 0.035" (0.9 mm). Minimum thickness of 0.0005" (0.0125 mm) for 4 to 16.5" in width and 0.000085" (2.16 micron) for 4" widths and less. ■ Arnold offers wire, rod and bar stock for selected magnetic alloys such as the ductile ARNOKROME™ III alloy developed by Arnold based on the iron-chrome-cobalt alloy system. -
Solidification of Immiscible Alloys Under High Magnetic Field
metals Review Solidification of Immiscible Alloys under High Magnetic Field: A Review Chen Wei 1, Jun Wang 1,*, Yixuan He 1, Jinshan Li 1,* and Eric Beaugnon 2 1 State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; [email protected] (C.W.); [email protected] (Y.H.) 2 INSA Toulouse, University Grenoble Alpes, University Toulouse Paul Sabatier, EMFL, CNRS, LNCMI, 38000 Grenoble, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (J.L.) Abstract: Immiscible alloy is a kind of functional metal material with broad application prospects in industry and electronic fields, which has aroused extensive attention in recent decades. In the solidification process of metallic material processing, various attractive phenomena can be realized by applying a high magnetic field (HMF), including the nucleation and growth of alloys and mi- crostructure evolution, etc. The selectivity provided by Lorentz force, thermoelectric magnetic force, and magnetic force or a combination of magnetic field effects can effectively control the solidification process of the melt. Recent advances in the understanding of the development of immiscible alloys in the solidification microstructure induced by HMF are reviewed. In this review, the immiscible alloy systems are introduced and inspected, with the main focus on the relationship between the migration behavior of the phase and evolution of the solidification microstructure under HMF. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of microstructure evolution caused by the magnetic field and its influence on performance. The ability of HMF to overcome microstructural heterogeneity in the solidification Citation: Wei, C.; Wang, J.; He, Y.; Li, process provides freedom to design and modify new functional immiscible materials with desired J.; Beaugnon, E. -
Structural, Thermal and Magnetic Analysis of Fe75co10nb6b9 and Fe65co20nb6b9 Nanostructured Alloys
materials Article Structural, Thermal and Magnetic Analysis of Fe75Co10Nb6B9 and Fe65Co20Nb6B9 Nanostructured Alloys Albert Carrillo, Jason Daza, Joan Saurina, Lluisa Escoda and Joan-Josep Suñol * Department of Physics, Higher Polytechnic School, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (L.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Two nanocrystalline ferromagnetic alloys of the Fe-Co-Nb-B system have been produced by mechanical alloying (MA). Their microstructure, thermal behavior and magnetic response were checked by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). After 80 h of MA, the alloys were nanostructured (bcc-Fe(Co)-rich phase). As the Co content increases, the density of the dislocations decreases. Besides, a higher concentration of Co causes an increase in the activation energy of the crystallization process. The calculated energies, 267 and 332 kJ/mol, are associated to the crystalline growth of the bcc-Fe-rich phase. The Co content of the samples has no effect on the value of the saturation magnetization, whereas the coercivity is lower in the alloy containing less Co. Samples were compacted and heat-treated. Optimal annealing reduces the coercivity by a factor of two. Results were compared with the data of Fe-Nb-B and Fe-Ni-Nb-B alloys. Keywords: mechanical alloying; Fe-Co-Nb-B alloys; ferromagnetic alloys; thermal analysis; Citation: Carrillo, A.; Daza, J.; X-ray diffraction Saurina, J.; Escoda, L.; Suñol, J.-J. -
Exploration of Alnico Permanent Magnet Microstructure And
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2018 Exploration of Alnico permanent magnet microstructure and processing for near final shape magnets with solid-state grain alignment for improved properties Aaron Gregory Kassen Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons, and the Mechanics of Materials Commons Recommended Citation Kassen, Aaron Gregory, "Exploration of Alnico permanent magnet microstructure and processing for near final shape magnets with solid-state grain alignment for improved properties" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 16390. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16390 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exploration of Alnico permanent magnet microstructure and processing for near final shape magnets with solid-state grain alignment for improved properties by Aaron Gregory Kassen A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Materials Science & Engineering Program of Study Committee: Iver E. Anderson, Major Professor Scott Chumbley David C. Jiles Matthew J. Kramer Alan M. Russell The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. -
INFLUENCE of PURITY and FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY on the PROPERTIES of SOFT MAGNETIC Fe- 50Ni ALLOY
U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, Vol. 69, No. 2, 2007 ISSN 1454-2331 INFLUENCE OF PURITY AND FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE PROPERTIES OF SOFT MAGNETIC Fe- 50Ni ALLOY Violeta TSAKIRIS1, Maria PETRESCU2 Aliajul Fe-50Ni apaţinând grupului de aliaje Permalloy cu aplicaţii în electronică, automatică, telefonie, instrumente electrice fine, a fost elaborat din fier extramoale şi nichel de înaltă puritate (99,95Ni). La elaborare s-a folosit topirea prin inducţie în aer sub protecţie cu insuflare de argon, în locul topirii în vid. Aliajul a fost forjat şi apoi recopt în atmosferă de H2 pentru a obţine o microstructură favorabilă şi o creştere a purităţii chimice şi fizice. Când aliajului forjat i s-a aplicat tratamentul termic de recoacere în H2, s-a obţinut o scădere a durităţii Brinell de la 182 la 130 daN/mm2 şi a câmpului coecitiv de la 0,5 la 0,4 Oe, împreună cu o creştere a permeabiltaţii magnetice de la 16000 la 23000 Gs/Oe şi a inducţiei la saturaţie de la 12300 la 14940 Gs. Luând în considerare creşterea grăunţilor produsă de tratamentul termic de recoacere se poate stabili un paralelism între scăderea de duritate prezisă de teoria dislocaţiilor şi modificarea proprietăţilor magnetice prezisă de teoria câmpului coercitiv. The soft magnetic alloy Fe-50Ni belonging to the Permalloy group that finds application in electronics, automatics, telephony and fine electrical devices has been obtained from extra-mild iron and high purity nickel (99.95). Induction melting was carried out in air under a protective argon blanket instead of vacuum melting. Forging and annealing in H2 atmosphere have been applied for obtaining a favourable microstructure and an increase in chemical and physical purity. -
Process for Manufacturing Alnico System Permanent Magnet
Europaisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office Office europeenpeen des brevets EP 0 662 239 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) intci.6: H01F 1/08, B22F 9/10, of the grant of the patent: C22C 38/16 03.12.1997 Bulletin 1997/49 (86) International application number: (21) Application number: 94922384.6 PCT/KR94/00100 Date of 27.07.1994 (22) filing: (87) International publication number: WO 95/04362 (09.02.1995 Gazette 1995/07) (54) PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING ALNICO SYSTEM PERMANENT MAGNET VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG EINES PERMANENTMAGNETEN AUF ALNICO-BASIS PROCEDE DE FABRICATION D'UN AIMANT PERMANENT EN ALNICO (84) Designated Contracting States: (56) References cited: DE GB • CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 102, No. 16, issued 1985, April 22 (Columbus, Ohio, USA), (30) Priority: 27.07.1993 KR 9314285 Hitachi Metals, "Alnico Permanent Magnet Alloy", page 275, column 1, Abstract No. (43) Date of publication of application: 1 36354a, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho; & JP, A,59 1 90 12.07.1995 Bulletin 1995/28 338. • CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 102, No. 16, (73) Proprietors: issued 1985, April 22 (Columbus, Ohio, USA), • POHANG IRON & STEEL CO., LTD. Hitachi Metals, "Alnico Permanent Magnet Pohang City, Kyong Sang Book-Do 790-300 (KR) Alloy", page 275, column 1, Abstract No. • RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL 1 36355b, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho; & JP, A,59 1 90 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 337. Pohang City, Kyong Sang Book-Do 790-330 (KR) • PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, Unexamined Applications, Field C, Vol. 9, No. 247, issued (72) Inventors: 1985, October 03, The Patent Office Japanese YANG, Choong, Jin, Government, page 71; & JP,A,60 103 150 Res. -
Title Here Electricity, Magnetism And… Survival
Electricity,Title Magnetism Here and… Survival Author Steve Constantinides,Venue Director of Technology Arnold Magnetic TechnologiesDate Corporation March 1, 2015 1 © Arnold Magnetic Technologies [email protected] What we do… Performance materials enabling energy efficiency Magnet Permanent High Precision Thin Production & Magnet Performance Metals Fabrication Assemblies Motors •Specialty Alloys from 0.000069” ~1.75 microns • Rare Earth • Precision •Smaller, Faster, •Sheets, Strips, & Coils Samarium Cobalt Component Hotter motors •Milling, Annealing, (RECOMA®) Assembly •Power dense Coating, Slitting • Alnico • Tooling, package •ARNON® Motor • Injection molded Machining, •High RPM magnet Lamination Material • Flexible Rubber Cutting, Grinding containment •Light‐weighting • Balancing •>200°C Operation • Sleeving Engineering | Consulting | Testing Stabilization & Calibration | Distribution 2 © Arnold Magnetic Technologies • First, a brief introduction to Arnold. • Arnold started largely as a magnetic products manufacturer. • Over the years we have evolved into an integrated producer as shown here – still manufacturing magnets, but increasingly producing assemblies and finished devices that use magnetic materials. Agenda • Energy and Magnetism • Permanent Magnets and Motors • Applications • Soft magnetic materials • Future of magnetic materials 3 © Arnold Magnetic Technologies • Let’s follow the professor through these topics starting with an introduction to what magnetism is and where it originates. Energy in-Efficiency 25.8 65% is waste energy 38.2 60.6% Lost Energy 39.4% “Useful” Delivered Energy Additional losses at end use applications A quad is a unit of energy equal to 1015 (a short-scale quadrillion) BTU, or 1.055 × 1018 joules (1.055 exajoules or EJ) in SI units. 4 © Arnold Magnetic Technologies • Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories personnel have produced Sankey plots of energy production and use for over a hundred countries. -
Leadership in Soft Magnetic Alloys Leadership in Soft Magnetic Alloys
cartech.com Leadership in Soft Magnetic Alloys Leadership in Soft Magnetic Alloys CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION OFFERS A WIDE SELECTION OF SOFT MAGNETIC ALLOYS TO MEET YOUR MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS. Choose from high permeability alloys, shielding alloys, silicon core irons or high- THE RESULT OF DECADES flux-density cobalt-iron alloys that have been used in applications ranging from simple magnetic cores to the most complex electronic circuitry. All are produced OF MATERIALS EXPERTISE to Carpenter’s exacting standards of consistency for uniform magnetic response IS CARPENTER’S ABILITY TO using premium-melting vacuum technologies. CONSISTENTLY HELP OUR Carpenter soft magnetic alloys have been used in the following applications: CUSTOMERS COMPETE IN A • Motor laminations • Relays • Magnetic amplifiers • Speedometers CHANGING WORLD. • Magnetic bearings • Transformers • Magnetic shielding • Vacuum equipment • Forged electromagnetic components • Watt-hour meters • GFCI World-Class Manufacturing and Quality Systems Carpenter is a fully integrated manufacturer, using advanced equipment and technologies including vacuum induction melting, vacuum arc remelting, double-vacuum melting (VIM-VAR), in-line hot rolling, and modern cold finishing equipment. This combination of capabilities, coupled with a highly skilled work force, supports your requirements for consistent, quality material lot after lot. Selecting Carpenter Soft Magnetic Alloys The matrix below compares various classes or “families” of soft magnetic alloys in terms of their relative -
Development of Radically Enhanced Alnico Magnets (Dream) for Traction Drive Motors Iver E
Development of Radically Enhanced alnico Magnets (DREaM) for Traction Drive Motors Iver E. Anderson (PI) Matthew J. Kramer (Co-PI) Ames Laboratory (USDOE) June 19, 2018 Project ID # ELT015 This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information Overview Barriers & Targets* . High energy density permanent magnets (PM) needed for compact, and power Timeline density >50 kW/L). Reduced cost (<$3.3/kW): Efficient (>94%) • Start – October 2014 motors require aligned magnets with net- shape and simplified mass production. • Finish - September 2018 . RE Minerals: Rising prices of rare earth 85% Complete (RE) elements, price instability, and looming shortage, especially Dy. Performance & Lifetime: High temperature Budget tolerance (180-200˚C) and long life (15 yrs.) needed for magnets in PM motors. • Total funding - DOE share 100% • FY 17 Funding - $1400K Partners • Baldor, Carpenter, U. Wisconsin, • FY 18 (plan) Funding - $700K NREL, Ford, GM, UQM, (collaborators) • ORNL, U. Nebraska, Arnold Magnetic Tech. (DREaM subcontractors) • Project lead: Ames Lab *2025 VT Targets 2 Project Relevance/Objectives To meet 2025 goals for enhanced specific power, power density, and reduced (stable) cost with mass production capability for advanced electric drive motors, improved alloys and processing of permanent magnets (PM) must be developed. Likely rising RE cost trend and unpredictable import quotas (by China) for RE supplies (particularly Dy) motivates this research effort to improve (Fe-Co)-based alnico permanent magnet alloys (with reduced Co) and processing methods to achieve high magnetic strength (especially coercivity) for high torque drive motors. Objectives for the fully developed PM material: Provide competitive performance in advanced drive motors, compared to IPM motors with RE-PM. -
Machining of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys / 763
ASM Handbook, Volume 16: Machining Copyright © 1989 ASM International® ASM Handbook Committee, p 761-804 All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1361/asmhba0002184 www.asminternational.org MachJning of Aluminum and AlumJnum Alloys ALUMINUM ALLOYS can be ma- -r.. _ . lul Tools with small rake angles can normally chined rapidly and economically. Because be used with little danger of burring the part ," ,' ,,'7.,','_ ' , '~: £,~ " ~ ! f / "' " of their complex metallurgical structure, or of developing buildup on the cutting their machining characteristics are superior ,, A edges of tools. Alloys having silicon as the to those of pure aluminum. major alloying element require tools with The microconstituents present in alumi- larger rake angles, and they are more eco- num alloys have important effects on ma- nomically machined at lower speeds and chining characteristics. Nonabrasive con- feeds. stituents have a beneficial effect, and ,o IIR Wrought Alloys. Most wrought alumi- insoluble abrasive constituents exert a det- num alloys have excellent machining char- rimental effect on tool life and surface qual- acteristics; several are well suited to multi- ity. Constituents that are insoluble but soft B pie-operation machining. A thorough and nonabrasive are beneficial because they e,,{' , understanding of tool designs and machin- assist in chip breakage; such constituents s,~ ,.t ing practices is essential for full utilization are purposely added in formulating high- of the free-machining qualities of aluminum strength free-cutting alloys for processing in alloys. high-speed automatic bar and chucking ma- Strain-hardenable alloys (including chines. " ~ ~p /"~ commercially pure aluminum) contain no In general, the softer ailoys~and, to a alloying elements that would render them lesser extent, some of the harder al- c • o c hardenable by solution heat treatment and ,p loys--are likely to form a built-up edge on precipitation, but they can be strengthened the cutting lip of the tool.