Figures of Speech Used in President Barack Obama's Electoral Campaign Speeches

FIGURES OF SPEECH USED IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN SPEECHES

CHIDCHABA PANUKORNTHAMRONG

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER DEGREE OF ARTS IN ENGLISH FOR COMMUNICATION THE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES BURAPHA UNIVERSITY AUGUST 2018 COPYRIGHT OF BURAPHA UNIVERSITY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research would not be accomplished without assistances and suggestions from the following people. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Assistant Professor Dr. Somboon Chetchumlong for being an understanding and helpful advisor. No words can describe how much I feel grateful to be one of his students. He always has faith and believes in me. I would not come this far without his support. I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Walaiporn Chaya, Assistant Professor Thanis Bunsom, Assistant Professor Dr. Wannapa Trakulkasemsuk, Dr. Nattapat Pattana, and Assistant Professor Dr. Soontaree Laprungrueng. I am sincerely thankful for their suggestions and kind words. I am grateful to my family who always support me through hard time. Thank you for your unconditionally love and care for me all these years. Thank you to my husband and my son for being mentally support in everything I do. Thank you my friends from English for communication major. So much laughs and tears through this journey. I will never forget our friendship.

Chidchaba Panukornthamrong

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56920737: สาขาวิชา: ภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อการสื่อสาร; ศศ.ม. (ภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อการสื่อสาร) ค าส าคัญ: ภาษาภาพพจน์/ สุนทรพจน์ของประธานาธิบดีบารัค โอบามา/ สุนทรพจน์หาเสียง เลือกตั้ง ชิดชบา ภานุกรธ ารง: ภาษาภาพพจน์ที่พบในสุนทรพจน์หาเสียงเลือกตั้งของ ประธานาธิบดีบารัค โอบามา (FIGURES OF SPEECH USED IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN SPEECHES) คณะกรรมการควบคุมวิทยานิพนธ์: สมบูรณ์ เจตน์จ าลอง, Ph.D., ณัฐภัทร พัฒนา, ศศ.ด., 58 หน้า. ปี พ.ศ. 2561

งานวิจัยและเอกสารที่เกี่ยวข้องได้กล่าวไว้ว่าภาษาภาพพจน์มีผลต่อการชักน าผู้รับฟัง อย่างมาก ผู้พูดใช้ภาษาภาพพจน์เพื่อให้เกิดภาพที่ชัดเจนในความคิดของผู้รับฟัง รวมทั้งภาษา ภาพพจน์ยังช่วยให้งานเขียนมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น ในงานวิจัยทางด้านภาษาภาพพจน์ยังได้กล่าว ไว้ว่าภาษาภาพพจน์แต่ละประเภทให้ผลลัพธ์ต่อผู้รับฟังที่แตกต่างกันออกไปโดยขึ้นอยู่กับโอกาส วัตถุประสงค์ หรือแม้กระทั่งอาชีพของผู้พูด งานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อวิเคราะห์ภาษาภาพพจน์ ที่พบในสุนทรพจน์ของประธานาธิบดี บารัค โอบามา โดยศึกษาภาษาภาพพจน์ที่พบในสุนทรพจน์ ในช่วงการหาเสียงเลือกตั้ง 2 สมัย การศึกษาในครั้งนี้ได้น ากรอบแนวความคิดของ Corbett and Connors (1996) และ Ungerer and Schmid (1996) มาปรับใช้ ในการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลสุนทรพจน์ ที่ใช้ในการศึกษาได้จากการสุ่มกลุ่มตัวอย่างแบบเจาะจงจ านวน 10 สุนทรพจน์ ที่อยู่ในช่วงปี ค.ศ. 2007-2012 ผลการวิจัยแสดงให้เห็นว่าภาษาภาพพจน์ที่พบมากในกลุ่มตัวอย่างคือ parallelism (32.76%), repetition (28.93%), synecdoche (8.51%) ภาษาภาพพจน์ที่พบจ านวนน้อยได้แก่ antithesis (0.42%), simile (0.42%), irony (0.42%) ทั้งนี้ผลการเปรียบเทียบการใช้ภาษาภาพพจน์ ระหว่างสุนทรพจน์หาเสียงเลือกตั้งสมัยที่ 1 และ สมัยที่ 2 ไม่พบความแตกต่าง v

56920737: MAJOR: ENGLISH FOR COMMUNICATION; M.A. (ENGISH FOR COMMUNICATION) KEYWORDS: FIGURES OF SPEECH / POLITICAL SPEECH/ ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN SPEECHES CHIDCHABA PANUKORNTHAMRONG: FIGURES OF SPEECH USED IN PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA’S ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN SPEECHES. ADVISORY COMMITTEE: SOMBOON CHETCHUMLONG, Ph.D., NATTAPAT PATTANA, D.A., 58 P. 2018.

The concerning academic journals and related literatures are suggesting that figures of speech give a fruitful influence to audiences. They give a clear picture of what a speaker intends to communicate to audiences' minds. Also, figures of speech are powerful materials to strengthen written papers. Moreover, figures of speech research studies mentioned that each figure of speech gives a different impact depending on occasions, purposes, or even occupations of the speaker. The purpose of this study was to investigate figures of speech used in President Barack Obama’s selected speeches. A main reason is to study figures of speech employed in his electoral campaign during his 2 terms of election. The conceptual frameworks of Corbett and Connors (1996) and Ungerer and Schmid (1996) were two main frameworks used to guide and underpin this research. Ten speeches ranged from 2007 to 2012 were selected based on a purposive sampling method. The results showed that the figures of speech mostly found in the electoral campaign speeches were parallelism (32.76%), repetition (28.93%), synecdoche (8.51%), while the least frequently found were antithesis (0.42%), simile (0.42%), and irony (0.42%). There was no difference between figures of speech used in the first and the second electoral campaign speeches. CONTENTS

Page ABSTRACT ...... iv CONTENTS ...... vi LIST OF TABLES ...... viii LIST OF FIGURES ...... x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Statements and significance of the problems ...... 1 Objectives ...... 3 Research questions ...... 3 Contribution to knowledge ...... 3 Scope of the study ...... 4 Definitions of terms ...... 4 Conceptual frameworks ...... 6 2 LITERATURE REVIEWS ...... 8 Brief biography of President Barack Obama ...... 8 Language and power ...... 9 Communication ...... 10 Public speaking ...... 16 Speech ...... 18 Figures of speech ...... 19 Related literatures ...... 27 3 METHODOLOGY ...... 33 Research design ...... 33 Sampling method, data source, and sample ...... 34 Data analysis ...... 34 Data presentation ...... 36

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CONTENTS (Contd.)

CHAPTER Page 4 RESULTS ...... 37 The analysis of figures of speech used in President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches ...... 37 5 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ...... 44 Summary of findings...... 44 Discussion ...... 45 Limitations ...... 48 Implications...... 48 Recommendations for the further studies ...... 49 REFERENCES ...... 50 APPENDIX ...... 55 BIOGRAPHY ...... 58

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page 1 Figures of speech found in President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches and percentages ...... 37 2 The data analysis of figures of speech used in electoral campaign speeches . 41 3 The figures of speech employed in the first and second terms of electoral campaign speeches ...... 42

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page 1 Conceptual framework ...... 7 2 Pathway of figures of speech analysis ...... 35

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Statements and significance of the problems English plays an important role in international communication. People are employing English in many purposes such as studying abroad, international conference, import and export business, or even overseas travel. Speaking ability is one of the first proficiencies that humans have performed since they were young. Also, speaking ability is very important to our everyday life. Normally, humans always contact each other by speaking. Speaking is an easy and comfortable way to contact other persons. Moreover, we can express our thought and feeling through speaking. Not only contact with people in the same nation, we also contact with foreigners with English. For a long time, people have used public speaking to communicate to each other. Look back to the Greek era, those politicians and scholars employed public speaking to run their country. They discussed, criticized, and convinced people to agree with them. Why is that so? It is because language is one of the most powerful tools. It can be either arts or weapon. Moreover, a famous scholar Aristotle developed the concept of Rhetoric which its principles have been used by people until today (Ross & Roberts, 2010). In the modern world, the crucial address in people’s minds might be speeches from country leaders like USA, Russia, or China. It is a fact that their speeches influence many things around the world such as stock, oil price, military forces, etc. From this point, we can see that language is powerful and choices of words are crucial. Thus, it is interesting to investigate speeches of important country like the USA to look into details of their choices of words. In this research, the analyzed speech text is the text of former US President Barack Obama, as it is known that he is the first African-American president who won two elections. He is a successful communicator when delivering a speech. There are many books and websites that collect his speeches for information, study or even commercial. The goal of persuaders is to change the audience belief toward some 2 issues or to do something. They employ several techniques to gain audiences’ attention, to establish credibility and trustworthy. It is an interesting issue to study what is behind President Barack Obama public speaking success. After looking into details, Obama always selected a straightforward word. The word used is upfront and direct on target. In this case, a good political speech is a speech using language that is able to have an effect on the listener so that the choices of words are easy to understand and appropriate. According to Yangmongkol (2009), Obama employed a speech which contained several figures of speech that helped listeners or writers to understand more about the message he wanted to deliver. The figures of speech can strengthen his speeches and convinced voters. Inthrarun (2001) said that figures of speech is one of language used techniques that compare words or phrases and give a different meaning from its appearances. The purpose of such method is to give a clear picture to audiences. Also, the figures of speech will compare words of phrase to make a fruitful result of stylistic. Chanwimalueang (2012) said that figures of speech are the way that make language more impressive and become clear in an audience’s mind. The audience will understand and appreciate with such language. Figures of speech give audiences a clear picture of speech. Their techniques will compare language with several methods. Almost, the meaning of word will not match with the appearance the readers saw. In the same way, the study of Sari (2014) suggested that President Barack Obama often used figures of speech and made the speech more interesting and message was well received by the audiences. He is considered one of the good communicators. Barack Obama speech is similar to the style of a politician like Dr. King or even President Kennedy (Hart, 2010). They were great speakers and politicians in the US history. Their speeches influenced lots of work and people. Generally, it is a fact that powerful speakers influenced many audiences. In investigating Barack Obama’s figures of speech, this research focuses on figures of speech which were used in the electoral campaign speech and some others monumental presidential speeches. It is because of two reasons. The first reason is that this research is aimed to give the deeper analysis toward Obama’s use of figures of speech. The second reason is the lexical choices in this speech are very unique. For example, his a more perfect union speech uses several connotative words and some poetics languages to deliver its messages. Perhaps, it is a unique strategy for the 3 speaker to empower his messages and affected listeners. In 2008, Obama gave wonderful speeches that caught many Americans’ heart. Then he won the election (Hart, 2010). Also, he won the election for the second terms in 2012. From the reason above, the researcher has planned to study President Obama’s speeches. For the present research, the researcher wants to study figures of speech used in President Obama’s electoral campaign speeches because his speeches had interesting linguistic features and caught big wave of attention. The researcher believes that figures of speech give a fruitful result to audiences. Also, they can give a clear picture to audiences’ mind. From the background above, the researcher intended to study his speeches he addressed in his two electoral campaigns. The study may reveal how he employed choices of words to get audience’s attention and successfully get his messages across.

Objectives This study aims to identify figures of speech which were embedded in the speeches resulted from analyzing figures of speech used in electoral campaign speeches belonging to President Barack Obama during his two terms of election.

Research questions Three research questions are proposed in this study, namely: 1. What are the figures of speeches delivered in President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches? 2. Which figures of speech are most frequently found in President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches? 3. Are there any differences between the figures of speech used in President Barack Obama’s first and second electoral campaign speeches?

Contribution to knowledge The present study investigated the use of figures of speech techniques showed in President Barack Obama‘s electoral campaign speeches. The findings from this study can apply with other written and spoken works. They may help others to 4 understand how figures of speech work. The study might benefit the readers who want to prepare political speeches. Political speeches employ formal language and good pattern to persuade the audiences. Readers can adapt good pattern of speeches to their own works. Furthermore, the findings of this study will be beneficial in providing knowledge and understanding of figures of speech in political speech. Those who do not know about political speeches will get a better perception of it. They can learn how to choose proper figures of speech and create their own work for the best outcome. Additionally, the findings from this research can be developed as instructional media and tools to benefit English language students as a case study and can be a guideline for further study in the same area.

Scope of the study This research covered 10 speeches of President Obama which can be found on a website www.americanrhetoric.com. The author of this website is Associate Professor Michael E. Eidenmuller from University of Texas. The research studied the figures of speech from President Barack Obama electoral campaign speeches. There are a numerous number of figures of speech (Corbett & Connors, 1996). Hence, the researcher conducted a pilot study and found 15 types of figures of speech, which were defined in the section below.

Definition of terms Figures of speech refer to a phrase or word having different meanings than its literal meanings. It is a form of speech varied from a common usage that helps convey meaning in a sophisticate manner (Brummett, 2008). In summary, figures of speech are a language that changes its meaning or sentence structure from literally forms to give a vivid picture in audiences mind. Metaphor Metaphor is a word or phrase that means one thing and is used for referring to another thing in order to emphasize their similar qualities (Rundell, 2007).

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Simile Simile is a phrase that describes something by comparing it to something else using the word like or as (Rundell, 2007). Metonymy Metonymy is expressions in which you refer to something using the name of something else that is closely related to it (Rundell, 2007). Hyperbole Hyperbole is a way of emphasizing what you are saying by describing it as far more extreme than it really is (Rundell, 2007). Oxymoron Oxymoron is an expression that contains words with opposite meanings (Rundell, 2007). Paradox Paradox is a person, thing, or situation that is strange because they have features or qualities that do not normally exist together. It is a statement consisting of two parts that seem to mean the opposite of each other, or the used of this kind of statement in writing (Rundell, 2007). Personification Personification is the practice of showing a particular quality in the form of person, or an instance of this (Rundell, 2007). Synecdoche Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa (Pearsall, 1998). Antithesis Antithesis is the exact opposite of something (Rundell, 2007). Repetition Repetition is something that happens in the same way as an earlier event, the act of repeating something (Rundell, 2007). Parallelism Parallelism is the quality or state of being similar to something else. It is a quality or feature that makes something similar to something else (Rundell, 2007).

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Alliteration Alliteration is the used of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words in a sentence, especially in poetry (Rundell, 2007). Assonance Assonance is the repeating of sounds in words that are close together (Rundell, 2007). Irony Irony is a form of humor in which you use words to express the opposite of what the words really mean (Rundell, 2007). Understatement Understatement is a statement that makes something seem less important, serious, big etc than it really is (Rundell, 2007).

Conceptual frameworks The choice of words and the way the president expressed his ideas through speech is an interesting thing to study, because through figures of speech and language styles, the president expressed his ideology on a work plan carried out during his reign. Moreover, it can be seen how the use of speech associated with the goal to encourage and unite the whole of American society to work together to build the country into a better America. The styles of language can also demonstrate the proficiency of the president in a speech. The study main concern is from Ungerer and Schmid (1996) which explained that a study of figures of speech in traditional theory is focused on stylistic, rhetorical study, or literature. It focused on the comparison of meaning of language and structure which concluded the figures of speech from traditional theory study as metaphor, simile, metonymy, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox, personification, and synecdoche. Additionally, Corbett and Connors (1996) grouped figures of speech as schemes and tropes as they focus on both meaning of the words and structure. Schemes are figures of speech which associate with word order, syntax, letter, and sound such as alliteration, parallelism, and assonance while tropes are figures of speeches with an unexpected twist in the meaning of words such as metaphor, simile, and hyperbole (see Figure 1). 7

President Barack Obama’s

speeches

Language meaning

Apply Ungerer and Schmid (1996) and Corbett and Connors (1996) frameworks to analyze data

Figures of speech

Figure 1 Conceptual framework

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWS

This chapter presents more details of documents related to the current study as well as theoretical framework including brief biography of President Barack Obama, language and power, communication, public speaking, speech, figures of speech, and related literatures.

Brief biography of President Barack Obama President Barack Obama was born in Hawaii. His mother Ann was from Kansas, U.S.A. and his father, Barack Sr., was from Kenya, Africa. Back then, it was illegal in many states of the US that white and black have a romantic relationship together. However, Hawaii seems to be different. No one concerns much about races. Unfortunately, their marriage end up since Barack Jr. was very young. Barack Jr. graduated from Columbia University and Harvard Law School. He used to work as a civil right lawyer and taught in University of Chicago Law School. Barack was first elected as the Illinois state senate in 1996. At that time, his campaign was about taxes and health welfare. He was elected to the US senator in 2004. Finally, he won the election and became the US president on January 20, 2009 (Remnick, 2011). There were full of hope and joy during Obama swearing-in ceremony. Hart (2010, p. 1) described the atmosphere of Obama’s first inauguration speech in his book: Finally, inauguration day came. Nearly two million people filled the National Mall, between the Capitol and the Lincoln Memorial. There was a great feeling of hope. Obama spoke to the people before him, to the nation and to the world Also, he used words written by George Washington during Revolutionary War when it seemed as if the young nation might not survive. There are some criticisms from experts. The opponent side stated that Barack Obama speech shows the style of writing, not a speech to delivery, On the contrary, the pros side mentioned that Barack Obama speech is similar to the style of a powerful politician like Dr. King or even President Kennedy (Observer, 2008).

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Language and power According to Cambridge online dictionary, power means the ability to control people and events, as well as Oxford online dictionary gives a meaning of power as the capacity or ability to direct or influence the behavior of others or the course of events. How do people use language to influence others? As we know that a brilliant speaker can convince people by using a persuasive and meaningful language. According to Enachi-Vasluianu and Malureanu (2016), persuasive language is defined as any message that is intended to shape, reinforce or change the response of another. It has become a trend in fast path society with multiple information options. Persuasive language focuses on information goals to increase of the audiences’ reception towards the message. The ability to persuade is one of the fundamental performances for politicians, activists, priests, and so on. It is important for them to know how and when to employ persuasive language to convince people. In the same way, Sallomi (2018) mentioned that the process of persuasion is a way of communication which message delivered through a symbol to the audience. The persuader aims to affect the audience emotion and reason by adopting certain words or behavior which can manipulate them. To become successful in employing persuasive language, the persuader has to master the skills of persuasive style including speech act and many different figurative devices. The word gold tongue may describe them. They know how to make use of language in many circumstances such as marketing, advertising, public relations, or even political events. Fairclough (1989) determined two types of discourse and power. Firstly, language as interpersonal communication, it is the language that we use to communicate with each other. One can use their linguistic abilities to convince others. It is upon credibility and social roles as we tend to believe doctor more than clerk. Secondly, language as a mass media discourse, it is designed for mass receptors such as newspaper, television, radio, and so on. The target is to influence mass audiences in one time. For example; One of Nelson Mandela’s most memorable speech during Rivonia Trials: During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I 10 hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die (The Washington Post, 2013, p. 3). His speeches have awakened people to fight for freedom and justice after years under control of government although deep down they are frightening to death. They believe and praise him as a hero, role model, and the father of the nation. Moreover, he is honored with Nobel Peace Prize. Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of non violence protest in India. He seeks the Indian to gain independence. Here is some part of his famous speech The Quit India in 1942; I believe that in the history of the world, there has not been a more genuinely democratic struggle for freedom than ours. I read Carlyle’s French Revolution while I was in prison, and Pandit Jawaharlal has told me something about the Russian revolution. But it is my conviction that inasmuch as these struggles were fought with the weapon of violence they failed to realize the democratic ideal. In the democracy which I have envisaged, a democracy established by non-violence, there will be equal freedom for all. Everybody will be his own master. It is to join a struggle for such democracy that I invite you today. Once you realize this you will forget the differences between the Hindus and Muslims, and think of yourselves as Indians only, engaged in the common struggle for independence (Bhavan, 2004, p. 7). As we can see from the examples above, those who are sharp in employing language, they always influence people to do things no matter how unbelievable the things are. They know how to speak and when to speak.

Communication DeVito (1997) defined communication as an act, by one or more persons, which send and receive messages, occur in certain contexts, have a certain influence, and has an opportunity to give feedback. Meanwhile, according to Cangara (2012) term communication derives from the Latin word “communis” which means togetherness or build togetherness between two people or more. Definition of communication refers to a process of exchanging messages between people who send messages (communicator) to the person receiving the message (communicant) by 11 using the media as the intermediary and then to have that feedback from the communicant in answer back on equalization meaning that has been received. David K. Berlo mentioned briefly that communication as an instrument of social interaction is useful to know and predict others, also to determine the existence himself in creating a balance with the public. In its scope, communication described how someone convey something through language or symbols specific to other persons which man as good communicators occur face to face or by using communication media as an intermediary message (Byrnes, 2005). Some scholars explained that communication is not only the definition of communications, but also in the form of communication that can be classified. Classification is divided based on the viewpoint of each expert’s experience and field of study. DeVito (1982) mentioned that communication divide into four kinds, namely intrapersonal communication; interpersonal communication; small group communication; public communications; and mass communication. The elements contained in the communication that the source is made and send a message; message that the information was taken; media is a tool that is used to move messages from one place to the place of others; ie that the recipient be the recipients; influence or effect is the difference before and after the recipient receives the message; feedback as the impact derived from the recipient; and environments where factors or situations can affect message delivery process. There are several important components in communication which will be discussed in the section below. Messages in communication In the process of communication is done between people, one of the most important in the process of communication is the message. Messages, communicators and communicant cannot be separated from one another, but they are associated with each other. The purpose of the communication itself is trying to bring the message or information to be communicated between people. Message can be delivered by way of face-to-face or it can also be helped by using communication media. Cangara (2012) stated that the content of the message may be a science, entertainment, information, advice, even propaganda. In English, the message translated to be message, content, or information. Messages could be divided into verbal and nonverbal messages. 12

Verbal Messages Verbal messages often use language in its application. Also Barnlund (2008)said the language as a means of communication (oral and written) that have functions that can be understood speakers or to understand the speakers. These functions are grouped into four main functions, namely the identity, as a vehicle for social interaction, as a means of catharsis or in other words as a concept in psychology explains the process of liberation of man from any pressure, and as the manipulation (Barnlund, 2008). Verbal communication is verbal messages transmitted through voice. Oral communication typically involves verbal and nonverbal symbols while written communication is communication through words, written or printed. Verbal written- communication is dealing with the creation and delivery of the message. An oral message spoken constantly in a voice that connects verbatim, whereas in written communication, the words seem different from one another because it is surrounded by spaces, commas, semicolons, and periods (Randall, 2014) Verbal message consists of oral and written language. Effectiveness can be seen from the oral language pronunciation of speech, the clarity of the spoken word, vocabulary, confidence, voice tone and style. While the written language are “the writing” which refers to the factors that govern a person's capacity as listening, reading, thinking ability, memory, power of observation and learning strengths, the ability to gather and analyze information, the power of imagination, a unit of language, writing skills, and abilities utilization of media (Barnlund, 2008). Non Verbal messages Non-verbal communication is communication using nonverbal messages. Nonverbal term usually used to describe all the events of communication beyond words were spoken and written. Theoretically nonverbal communication and verbal communication can be separated. But in reality, these two types of communication are mutually intertwined, complementary in communication that we do daily (Burgoon, Guerrero, & Floyd, 2011). Hecht and Ambady (1999) defines nonverbal messages into communication without language, without a word, nonverbal messages mean a minus sign or a minus sign language words. In contrast to De Vito (1997), revealing nonverbal message is a 13 message that is communicated by body movements, eye movements, facial expressions, body figure, the use of distance (space), speed, and even silence spoke volumes. According to attitudes like this we can see what is behind the verbal messages are “clear”. If summarized the understanding of experts, the definition of the nonverbal message sought to be substituted or replaced of verbal messages when a language is incapable of working and processed into message and the role of each member of the body works to attract thus creating a message achievement on the communicant. The code used in non-verbal communication, has long attracted attention among anthropology, language, even from the field of medicine. According to Andersen (2007) mentions that the use of code nonverbal communication has a function: 1. Assure what was said (repetition) 2. Shows the feelings and emotions that cannot be expressed in words 3. Show identity so that others may know him (identity) 4. Add to or complement utterances felt incomplete. Giving meaning to the nonverbal code is heavily influenced by the social and cultural systems that use them. In everyday life, we are often faced with things that are unique, such as the increasingly rare people who can adhere to the principle of the words and deeds, more and more people are articulate but not work in accordance with his words. Or we are often confronted with something that actually contradicts our perception. For example, people tend to use certain attributes precisely to deceive others. Political Communication Communication is a process that is centered on the message rests on information, communication and many theories have been developed to convey the message processing information Politics is derived from the word “polis” meaning the state, the city, which in totality is a unity between the state (city) and its people. The word “polis” This developed into the “politicos” which means citizenship. From the word “politicos” to “politera” which means that the rights of citizenship. By definition, there are several views of political scholars, including Altheide (2004) defines politics as the activity of the collective governing their actions in the 14 conditions of social conflict. In many ways people differ from one another - physical, talents, emotions, needs, goals, initiatives, behaviors, and so on. Furthermore, Nimmo (1974)explained, sometimes this difference stimulating arguments, disputes and squabbles. If they consider it a serious dispute, their attention by introducing issues that contradict it, and finish; this is political activity According to R. Muth (1990) and F.M. Muth (1990), political science is the science of power. In contrast, Easton (1965), defines politics as follows: “Political as a process Reviews those developmental processes through the persons acquire political orientation and patterns of behavior”. This definition emphasizes that politics as a process in which the evolution of the process a person receives a certain political orientation and behavior patterns. If the meaning of communication and political ties together the political communication can be formulated as follows: political communication is the communication that is intended to achieve certain effects that can affect the target audience. Furthermore, in the point of view political goal per see, so the main purpose of political communication is all the efforts made by certain groups (which have political views or ideology similar to power) so that by means of the group's goals can be achieved or accomplished. The orientation of political communication contains at least two things are very clear: first, that political communication is always oriented to certain values and goals to be achieved; values and objectives will reinforce that it is part of the group; and secondly, that political communication oriented to the future and anticipates it, as well as considering the circumstances and events of the past (Muth & Muth, 1990). Political communicator Some scholars articulated that one characteristics of the communicator is that the political communicator is always followed and can rarely be avoided. One of the communicator characteristic is this person is always followed and can rarely be avoided. In the most general sense that we all (human) are communicators, as well as anyone involved in politics, it can be said that he is a political communicator. While we recognize that every person is able to communicate about politics, but we also recognize that relatively few people do, at least to do as well as permanent and continuous. They are, relatively few are not only exchanging political messages; they 15 are opinion leaders in the political process. Usually political communicator is more serious when they speak and act, when compared with ordinary citizens (Habermas & McCarthy, 1977). One of the role of communicator in the changing process of public opinion, Doob (1961) suggested that in general the characteristics of a political communicator, namely: in term of behavior a communicator are able to read the potential audience to watch it, they were able to honor audience and it will effect on how he/she use communication style. If he thinks the audience comes from community low education, the communicator will allow messages to be delivered in accordance with the ability of audience. Each audience must have certain characteristics and this will affect the style of communication is a communicator polities. Almond mention that political communicator has a role as a political function, together with the function of articulation, aggregation, dissemination and recruitment contained in any political system. Political communication is a necessary precondition for the continuity of other functions (Almond, 2003). While Galnoor (1984) mentioned that political communication is a political infrastructure, which is a combination of social interaction in which information related to the joint venture and the power relations into the circulation. In conclusion, as applying the formulation of political communication as a process, procedures and activities shaping political attitudes and behaviors are integrated in a political system. In the words of a more open political communication regarding the following matters: 1. submitted by political communicator, 2. the message concerning the weight of political power and the state, 3. is integrated in the political system. Political Communication Functions The function of political communication can be divided to two parts. First, the function of political communication that is in the structure of government (political superstructure) or referred to by the term the governmental political sphere contains information relating to all of the policies implemented by the government. The contents of the communication addressed to the efforts to achieve national loyalty and integrity to achieve wider objectives of the state. Second, the function of which is the structure of society (political infrastructure) are also referred to as the socio 16 political sphere, ie as interest aggregation and articulation of interests, in which both functions as a communication process that takes place in between the association and the delivery or distribution of the content of communication against the government of the results of the aggregation and articulation (King & Gilbert, 2004; McNair, 2011). Furthermore, political communication functions proposed by McNair (2011) and combined with communication functions by Hedebro (1982), thus conclusion the political communication functions are providing information to the public on the efforts undertaken political institutions as well as in relation to the government and society, socializing the policies, programs and objectives of political institutions, motivating politicians, functionaries and party supporters, being a platform that can accommodate the ideas of society so that the talk in the form of public opinion, educating the public by providing information, socialization of the means of elections and the use of their rights as voters, being the entertainment community as a democratic party by displaying campaigners artists and commentators or political observer, cultivating integration with a growing sense of nationality in order to avoid conflicts and the threat of separatist actions that threaten national unity, creating a climate of change by changing the power structure through the information to seek public support to the movement of reform and democratization, improving the political activities community level through the news, agenda setting as well as political review. In general, political communication is a bridge between the superstructure and infrastructure; they are mutually dependent on each other within the scope of a government. Reciprocal communication is to response to one another so they achieve mutual understanding and oriented to the maximum benefit for the public interest. That is the definitions and functions of political communication briefly.

Public Speaking Public speaking defines as the communication of ideas and feelings by using symbols that look and sound coming from the speaker regarding thoughts and ideas, using symbol-emblem-sounds, words, changes in tone, and gesture (McBurney & Wrage 1965). In addition, public speaking refers to a verbal communication about the 17 subject matter or the front of the public. The goal of public speaking includes such as influence, persuade, educate, change opinions, provide explanations, and provide information to the public on certain place (Beebe & Beebe, 2006; Nikitina, 2014). According to Zarefsky (2010), in public speaking: Strategies for Success: “Public speaking is a continuous communication process in the which messages and signals Circulate back and forth between speakers and listeners” (talks in public is something the communication process that is ongoing in which a message and a symbol of circulating repeated continuously between speaker and listener. From the definition or understanding about the public speaking of the above, it is understood that public speaking is the art of public speaking in which an oral communication that effectively takes place continuously in which a message and a symbol circulating re- continuously between the speaker and the listener with the intention that the listener thinking, feel, and act as expected by the speaker. There are three elements in public speaking (Waters, 1999), namely: Speaker: The speaker is the center of the transaction. The speaker acts as a communicator to appear as a central activity that illustrates the convergence of the soul of the audience to "consider" the speaker appear as an excuse audience. Speakers are required to be able to use the techniques and tactics of communication for the purpose of speech is achieved. By recognizing the “appetite” so that the audience can package a message that can captivate the audience, in the sense of willing and able to understand the intent of the speaker and understand the contents of his speech will benefit their lives (Waters, 1999). Message: All messages in public speaking activities flow, starting from the speaker to the listener. Messages sent and received simultaneously and show their vocal combinations effective message delivery, for one reason or another complementary (Waters, 1999). Audience: The audience or the audience involved in the process of public speaking activities are in fact insane-beings who obviously each is different and has its own peculiarities. Each listener is included in public speaking situations with different purposes, different motives, different hopes, different knowledge and different attitudes, beliefs and values. Consequently, each listener will be looking appearance and his speech is slightly different from one another. The principal 18 intention is nothing but change the “climate” of meeting toward the better, in accordance with the “climate” desired speaker (Waters, 1999). Importantly, public speaking and communication functions are the same as public speaking as a communication tool. Person who wants to convey a message to others definitely use the method which means to communication with other person. There is an element that conveys, there is the content of the message and there are tools or media used to deliver it. Human life is generally covered by the communication process (Waters, 1999). In addition, public speaking as a means and method of communication already known and to function in daily life, some important function as follow (Lucas, 1946): 1. Conveying information (to inform): Namely activities to collect, store data, facts and messages, opinions and comments, so that people could know the circumstances that occurred outside it. 2. Education (to educate): An opportunity to get an education widely, both for formal education in school and outside of school. Also improve the quality of the presentation of the material is good, interesting, and memorable. 3. Entertaining (to entertain): The mass media have much time to spare with the functioning of all age groups as a means of entertainment in the home. 4. Influencing others: Encouraging others to follow the desires of the communicator.

Speech Nacaskul (1978) mentioned that generally, speech is the way of speaking in an appropriate occasion and employs good style of language. Speech must be well prepared and used a formal and good language. Moreover, a speaker should be participated with his/her audiences. Not only read the speech, speaker shall have eye contact with audiences also. Every speech must have a general or specific purpose. A general purpose is to inform, to persuade, to entertain, or to inspire. A specific purpose means an objective that speaker attempting to change audiences' belief or attitude. Speech might be separated into four categories by looking at its purpose. 1. Informative speech – this type of speech conveys facts or information to audiences. The speaker must give the details of information and avoid details that confuse audiences. Moreover, the speaker has to tide up details and fact together then summarize main point and lead them to audiences’ mind. 19

2. Persuasive speech - the purpose of persuasive speech is to change the audiences' behavior or attitude toward something or even accept the speaker's opinion. This type of speech always has emotion involved and speaker always asks audience support such as sales representation. 3. Speech to entertain - this type of speech attempts to amuse or provide enjoyment to the audience. Any speeches can be an entertainment speech without laughing. Speech to entertain includes anecdotes or experiences of the speaker. 4. Inspirational speech/ speech to inspire - this kind of speech asks people to achieve noble goals or ideals or reach their highest potential. Most of inspiration speeches are from non-profit organizations or monk preaching (Phimsawat, 2014, pp. 5-10).

Figures of speech Figures of speech play an important part in rhetoric expression and writings work. It has been used since ancient time. In the history, the Greeks were the first to use figures of speech in their works; they called them schema or schemes. It gives a different and vivid perception to the piece of writing by emphasizing their meaning. Na-Nakorn (1997) and Kithikorn (2005) mentioned that figures of speech are words that give a clear picture to audiences. When using figures of speech, the meanings of messages sent are not on the surface level but must be interpreted to understand. Figures of speech are used in several methods from their usual meaning to create special notions in audiences’ mind. In the same way, Corbett and Connors (1996) and Ungerer and Schmid (1996) said that from ancient time, people have been using figures of speech for many purposes such as politics, education, poetic, etc. They help to connected sentences by emphasizing the ideas all together. Hence, figures of speech play an important role in many aspects. Figures of speech are used to attract audiences’ attention and to keep audiences interest in the works is writer’s achievement. They can be found not only in poetry but also in everyday life such as advertisement, newspaper, book, speech, and so on. There are several categories and arrangements of figures of speech but in this research will only present the ones that frequency found and used. 20

Here are frequently found figures of speech from the pilot study and their concepts; Metaphor Metaphor is a word or phrase that means one thing and is used for referring to another thing in order to emphasize their similar qualities (Rundell, 2007). It is a thing regarded as representative or symbolic of something else, especially something abstract. A word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable (Pearsall, 1998). For example;

The question of federal aid to parochial schools is a bramble patch. On the final examination, several students went down in flames. The promise between us was a delicate flower. Her hair was a flowing golden river streaming down her shoulders.

Simile Simile is a phrase that describes something by comparing it to something else using the word like or as (Rundell, 2007). It is a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (Pearsall, 1998). For example;

Like a lamp, dispelling the darkness of ignorance. Dalai Lama A good speech should be like woman’s skirt: long enough to cover the subject and short enough to create interest. Winston Churchill A simile committing suicide is always a depressing spectacle. Oscar Wilde Metonymy Metonymy is expressions in which you refer to something using the name of something else that is closely related to it (Rundell, 2007). The substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the turf for horse racing (Pearsall, 1998). For example; 21

When she spoke even now, after forty years, among the slurred consonants and the flat vowels of the land where her life had been cast, New England talked as plainly as it did in the speech of her kin who had never left New Hampshire. William Faulkner, Light in August A little water clears us of this deed. William Shakespeare, Macbeth Hyperbole Hyperbole is a way of emphasizing what you are saying by describing it as far more extreme than it really is (Rundell, 2007). Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally (Pearsall, 1998). For example; What hands are here? ha! they pluck out mine eyes. Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No, this hand will rather. The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. William Shakespeare, Macbeth At that time Bogota was a remote, lugubrious city where an insomniac rain had been falling since the beginning of the 16th century. Gabriel García Márquez, Living to Tell the Tale Oxymoron Oxymoron is an expression that contains words with opposite meanings (Rundell, 2007). It is a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (Pearsall, 1998). For example;

No light but rather darkness visible. John Milton, Paradise Lost To lead the people, walk behind them. Lao Tzu I can resist anything, except temptation. Oscar Wilde

Paradox Paradox is a person, thing, or situation that is strange because they have features or qualities that do not normally exist together. It is a statement consisting of 22 two parts that seem to mean the opposite of each other, or the used of this kind of statement in writing (Rundell, 2007). It is a statement or proposition which, despite sound (or apparently sound) reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems logically unacceptable or self-contradictory (Pearsall, 1998). For example; I am the wisest man alive, for I know one thing, and that is that I know nothing. Socrates My only love sprung from my only hate! Too early seen unknown, and known too late! Prodigious birth of love it is to me, That I must love a loathèd enemy. William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet War is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength. George Orwell, 1984 Personification Personification is the practice of showing a particular quality in the form of person, or an instance of this (Rundell, 2007). It is an attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form (Pearsall, 1998). For example;

Next came Fraud, and he had on, Like Eldon, an ermined gown; His big tears, for he wept well, Turned to mill-stones as they fell.

And the little children, who Round his feet played to and fro, Thinking every tear a gem, Had their brains knocked out by them.

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Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Mask of Anarchy The alarm clock screamed at me this morning. The fire swallowed the entire forest.

Synecdoche Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa (Pearsall, 1998). It is a general class name used to denote a specific member of that or an associated class. For example;

Plastic for credit cards Threads for clothing White hair for elderly people Coke for soft drink Mama for instant noodle Kleenex for tissues paper

Antithesis Antithesis is the exact opposite of something (Rundell, 2007). A rhetorical or literary device in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed (Pearsall, 1998). For example;

To err is human; to forgive divine. Alexander Pope Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit. Aristotle

And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. John F. Kennedy Jr.

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Repetition Repetition is something that happens in the same way as an earlier event, the act of repeating something (Rundell, 2007). It is an action of repeating something that has already been said or written (Pearsall, 1998). For example; I have failed over and over and over again in my life and that is why I succeed. Michael Jordan How the danger sinks and swells, By the sinking or the swelling in the anger of the bells, Of the bells, Of the bells, bells, bells, bells, Bells, bells, bells— In the clamor and the clangor of the bells! Edgar Allen Poe, The bells

Parallelism Parallelism is the quality or state of being similar to something else. It is a quality or feature that makes something similar to something else (Rundell, 2007). It is a use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose which correspond in grammatical structure, sound, metre, meaning, etc (Pearsall, 1998). For example;

My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. Barack Obama Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interred with their bones... William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar

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Alliteration Alliteration is the used of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words in a sentence, especially in poetry (Rundell, 2007). It is an occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words (Pearsall, 1998). For example;

From forth the fatal loins of these two foes; A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life. William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet Jellyfish have germs and jarring toxins. The tornado tossed the trailer like a trash can. Grass grows greener in the graveyard

Assonance Assonance is the repeating of sounds in words that are close together (Rundell, 2007). It is a resemblance of sound between syllables of nearby words, arising particularly from the rhyming of two or more stressed vowels, but not consonants, but also from the use of identical consonants with different vowels (Pearsall, 1998). For example;

When to the sessions of sweet silent thought I summon up remembrance of things past, I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought, And with old woes new wail my dear time's waste: Then can I drown an eye, unused to flow, For precious friends hid in death's dateless night, And weep afresh love’s long since cancell'd woe, And moan the expense of many a vanish'd sight: Then can I grieve at grievances foregone, And heavily from woe to woe tell o'er The sad account of fore-bemoaned moan, Which I new pay as if not paid before. 26

But if the while I think on thee, dear friend, All losses are restor'd and sorrows end William Shakespeare, Sonnet 30

Irony Irony is a form of humor in which you use words to express the opposite of what the words really mean (Rundell, 2007). Irony is an expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect (Pearsall, 1998). For example;

Thank Heaven! the crisis, The danger is past, And the lingering illness Is over at last, And the fever called "Living" Is conquered at last. Edgar Allen Poe I saw a fish drowning. Marriage is the leading cause of divorce.

Understatement Understatement is a statement that makes something seem less important, serious, big etc than it really is (Rundell, 2007). The presentation of something as being smaller or less good or important than it really is (Pearsall, 1998). For example; I have to have this operation. It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain. J. D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye The blood was dribbling out of the corner of my mouth. ‘The artery’s gone,’ I thought. I wondered how long you last when your carotid artery is cut; not many minutes, presumably. Everything was very blurry. There must have been about two minutes during which I assumed that I was killed. And that too was interesting. George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia 27

In summary, this study focused on a conceptual framework of Corbett and Connors (1996) and Ungerer and Schmid (1996) which is most applicable in term of data analysis and criteria.

Related literatures The researcher have found a number of studies which investigated the use of language in political speech. The researcher have reviewed some of them which their information are useful for current study as follows: Kithikorn (2005) studied research named “Analyses of Speeches by President Bush during The Crisis of 9/11”. The objective of the study was to analyze figures of speech and speech organization of President Bush’s speeches during 9/11 crisis. There were three speeches analyzed. The result indicated that the most figures of speech frequently found were parallelism, alliteration, and metaphor. For the type of speech and speech organization were speech to reinforcement and simple form respectively. President Vladimir Putin and President Bush have shared some similarities of used persuasive languages to catch audiences' attention. For example, Putin used the effect of repetition in the beginning sounds in words. This effect was to emphasize what he wanted to express such as “Mr. President, allow me to wish you a warm welcome to Moscow” as well as, President Bush employed parallelism more often than other devices because he needed to emphasize his message to shocked people. The alliteration, he used it because needed people to remember his messages easier and metaphor used for connecting between Americans and terrorists. Also, there are some researchers indicated that political speeches are sources of figures of speech. Changdacha (2006) conducted study named “A Study of stylistic devices in the inaugural addresses of American Presidents: From Ronald Reagan to George W. Bush”. The study was focused on supporting materials employed in inaugural addresses, diction that frequently appeared in inaugural addresses, sentence strategies, and figurative language. The study analyzed six inaugural addresses of four American presidents: Ronald Reagan, George Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. The result revealed that there were supporting materials in every address especially explanation and description. Supporting materials helped speaker to 28 amplify, clarify, and justify his believes, attitudes, or even ideas. For diction, jargon and euphemisms were most frequently employed. Omission was the most frequently sentence strategies used in addresses. The political speeches were rich of figurative language. This study metaphor and personification were most frequently found. The researcher concluded that political speeches were a good source of stylistic devices because main purposes of such speeches were caught an attention and persuades people. Thus, several styles of stylistic devices were found in this type of speech. Moreover, Khamthorn (2007) conducted research entitled “A study of persuasive devices in four selected acceptance speeches of Nobel peace prize winners” The objective of the study was to capture persuasive devices used in four acceptance speeches of Noble peace prize winners and looked at persuasive devices style of each of them. The study focused on two conceptual frameworks which were persuasive devices that enhanced evocative appeal and reason or fact that enhanced logical appeal. The result revealed that there were greater used of evocation appeal than logical appeal in acceptance speeches of Nobel peace prize winners. The most frequently used of persuasive devices related to evocative appeal were motive word, parallelism, and repetition. On the other hand, the most frequently used of devices related to logical appeal was mention of specific name, fact, and logical argument. Moreover, the study showed that winners’ field of work influenced their style of language used. For example, Mother Teresa employed devices related to emotion more frequently than other winners because her nature of work was helping people and doing a charity. In short, the main purpose of persuasive or public speech was to persuade people thus they needed persuasive devices to strengthen them. Additionally, Kritsanaviparkporn (2007) studied “Rhetorical devices analysis of the US presidents' inaugural addresses during 1961-2005”. The study was to examine the rhetorical devices used in the US presidents' inaugural addresses, find out the frequency of each devices, investigate which rhetorical device was the most frequency found, and conclude the conceptual framework of the US presidents' inaugural speeches during 1961-2005. There were twelve speeches involved in the study. The result exposed that rhetorical devices found in selected speeches were antithesis (21.03%), simile (18.84%), anaphora (17.85%), and alliteration (15.47%). 29

Also, the study grouped such rhetorical devices into two groups as anaphora and alliteration which were devices that helped speakers express the standpoint of their ideas. Another group was antithesis and similes which were indicated the point and picture of speakers. Thus, the top four of rhetorical devices found in twelve speeches of the US presidents' inaugural speeches during 1961-2005 were antithesis, simile, anaphora, and alliteration can be assumed as typical and characteristics of leader US politicians during 1961-2005. In the same way, Sukhanit (2009) investigated the research entitled “An Analysis of Linguistic Features of Some Selected Speeches Belonging to the Current Russian President, Vladimir Putin”. The objective of the study was to identify speech act features in pragmatics, and the figurative language features in semantics of President Vladimir Putin selected speeches. The research selected 24 speeches from total 150 speeches on the website belonging to President Vladimir Putin. The figurative language features found in President Vladimir Putin selected speeches were alliteration, denotation, assonance, anastrophe, simile, and allusion. The alliteration was the most figurative language features frequently found in President Vladimir Putin selected speeches because Putin used the effect of repetition in the beginning sounds in words. This effected result to emphasize what he want to expressed such as Mr. President, allow me to wish you a warm welcome to Moscow. Yangmongkol (2009) studied the research entitled “Persuasive language used in President Barack Obama's speeches”. The objective was to explore persuasive language used in President Barack Obama’s speeches, to analyze styles of sentence strategies, rhetorical devices, and political and economic appeals, and to explore the success of using persuasive language in political speeches. This study investigated twelve speeches from President Barack Obama’s speeches during 100 days of his presidential office. The research claimed that these 100 days since the first day that Barack Obama swore to Mr. President was crucial time to cope with many issues. The study focused on persuasive language, sentences strategies, rhetorical devices, and political and economic appeals that influenced political speeches. The result revealed that some persuasive language and sentence strategies found in selected speeches were achievement of restating words (repetition), arrangement words or sentence in a same manner (parallelism), combining opposing ideas in the same sentence 30

(antithesis), and lacking of conjunctions between coordinate phrases or words (asyndeton). For both political and economic issues, Mr. President employed the same techniques. Moreover, President Barack Obama employed repetition more often than other sentence strategies for political speeches. Also, he used metaphor as rhetorical devices for political speeches. For economic speeches, the result indicated the same way as political speeches. However, President employed such techniques more often in economic speeches. The speeches of President Barack Obama contained several characteristics which helped readers or writers to be better speakers. The research of Yangmongkol (2009) and Diep (2012) assured that politicians used figures of speech to strengthen their speeches and to convince voters. Diep conducted the research entitled “A Study of Some Linguistic Features of Barack Obama’s English Speeches”. The study was to suggest styles of speech written to Vietnamese teachers and learners. Also, the study investigated stylistic features that find in President Barack Obama’s speeches. The study focused on stylistic devices namely repetition, metaphor, and euphemism through 50 speeches of Barack Obama which selected from website. The result revealed that among repetition, metaphor, and euphemism, metaphor was frequently found in Barack Obama’s 50 speeches. Metaphor was often found in political speeches because communicators wanted to persuade and made such speeches interesting. Metaphor was somewhat good to persuade people and it affected audiences’ emotion. Moreover, metaphor gave a vivid picture to audiences' mind. In the contrary, euphemism and repetition were created visual effect and emphasized a main message respectively. A study aims to determine the meaning and function of metaphors. In this case the author uses the theory advanced by some experts that Levinson (1983) and Ullman (1962). Data was taken from two speeches that Barack Obama's speech at the GPO House Issues Conference on 29 January 2010, and Barack Obama's speech on reforming Wall Street on April 22, 2010. The method used in analyzing the data is unified pragmatic. Furthermore, the analysis results are presented using formal and informal methods. The analysis found 6 metaphors in a transcript of a speech of Barack Obama. The metaphor used by Barack Obama in building rhetoric is to compare the known word in American culture with the current American condition, especially the condition of the American economy. This strategy identifies that by 31 using the metaphor, therefore listeners will be impressed, interested and understand the content of the speech of Barack Obama (Sabu, 2011). This study aims to investigate the diction used by President Barack Obama in his presidential inauguration speech in 2009. This study used qualitative methods. The author uses the theory of diction, imagery language and rhetorical devices. The results of this study states President Barack Obama often uses words that are connotative in his speech. Furthermore, Obama also often use the language of metaphor and rhetorical device to make the speech more interesting and the message was well received by the audience. The use of special diction in the presidential inauguration speech President Barack Obama gives the effect of its own to the listeners. The effect obtained from the use of such diction among others, the listeners become more familiar with messaging in Obama's speech as metaphors in this speech gives more emphasis on the message itself; listeners become more sensitive to the meaning of each sentence and they also get a lesson from the sentence without feeling patronized; and listeners can receive the core message of the speech without feeling offended (Sari, 2014). To analyze the speech of famous figure is always interesting, for example analyze the speech of first president of Indonesia, Soekarno. A study analyzed the type of communicative action undertaken by the first President of the Republic of Indonesia while giving at the Asia-Africa conference. By using on the theory of communicative action developed by Jurgen Habermas and critical discourse analysis Fairclough and descriptive qualitative-quantitative analysis is applied. The study shows that the President's speech is the most dominant speech in which every kind of communicative action occurs with the total number of 141 speeches. This study also showed that the expressive type is the most dominant (as many as 89 cases), followed by a kind of regulative with 63 cases, with 52 important types of cases, and most types within constitutes with 45 cases (Dewanti, 2011). A study of persuasion in political discourse in the last speech of former Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the charismatic president died one day after the State of the Union delivered an important speech. Tunisia when it was hit by a revolution that became known as the Arab Spring revolutions. Sentences in a speech were analyzed by Speech Act Theory in the typology Searle. Analysis continued by 32 comparing the speech of Aristotle using techniques diglossia. In the final stage, the principle of Griecean used to analyze whether there are irregularities persuasive purposes. This study found that the figure of speech used with or without a performative verbs that are positive. It can be concluded that the speech act can be used as a tool to influence others. With certain illocutionary force will build the image of a communicator (Jarraya, 2013). From these related literature, all information can be assumed that choices of figures of speech are crucial for speakers. The politicians who want to convince people may apply figures of speech that emphasize their ideas. Some research also confirmed that political speeches are one of speeches that contain several figures of speech to convince people. For instance, Mother Teresa who always helped people used figures of speech to persuade audiences. Additionally, related literatures revealed that each figures of speech give a different impact to audiences such as the orators employed repetition to let the audiences absorb his/her message without feeling offended. Also, purpose of the speech was one of the factors that the orators decided which of figures of speech they should employ. In this study focused on electoral campaign speeches to investigated the use of figures of speech in formal occasion and the choices of figures of speech President Barack Obama applied to his speeches.

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents research procedure of present study as well as sampling method that use to select sample of data, speeches. The process and methodology of the present study are discussed in this chapter including research design, sampling method , data source and sample, data analysis, and data presentation.

Research design This study analyzed the text of President Barack Obama's speeches, thus documentation or documentary technique is a suitable method for this study. Documentation method is a systematic study on the records or documents as data sources. There are two terms of documents ;first in a broad sense, namely covering all sources, both written and oral sources resources; both in the strict sense, such as covering all written sources only; The second in a specific sense is only covering the official papers and letters state, such as a letter of agreement, legislation, concessions, grants and so on. Before actual documents analysis occurs, the researcher must undergo a details planning process to ensure reliable results (Bowen, 2009). This study applied qualitative research method to explore the research questions.

Sampling method, data source, and sample According to Pakcharoen (2013), non-probability sampling is ways to select sample in which totally number of population does not present. Thus, such population cannot apply probability sampling method. However, some samples might not be selected but some samples might duplicate. Moreover, this method cannot generalize to the population. The non-probability sampling consisted of convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and quota sampling. The researcher selected the sample by using a purposive sampling method because the researcher wanted to analyze figures of speech found in speeches of President Barack Obama during his two terms of electoral campaign only. The samples are selected by random from website 34 www.americanrhetoric.com. The criterion of sample selection was the period during two terms of President Barack Obama electoral campaign speeches which were speeches from 2007 to 2008 and 2012. Here are list of speeches of President Barack Obama. 1. 10 Feb 2007 Presidential Candidacy Announcement 2. 04 Mar 2007 Brown Chapel Speech 3. 13 Mar 2007 Senate Speech on Iraq Federalism Amendment 4. 21 Mar 2007 Senate Speech on Iraq War After 4 Years 5. 18 Mar 2008 A More Perfect Union Speech 6. 23 Jul 2012 Speech to the 113th VFW Convention 7. 06 Sep 2012 Second Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech 8. 25 Oct 2012 Campaign Rally in Tampa, Florida 9. 01 Nov 2012 Campaign Rally in Green Bay, Wisconsin 10. 03 Nov 2012 Campaign Rally in Bristow, Virginia

Data analysis The present study analyzed in-depth of speeches of President Barack Obama. This study uses Ungerer and Schmid (1996) and Corbett and Connors (1996) conceptual frameworks to investigate text from President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches.

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Study related literatures and collect President Barack Obama’s speeches

Analyze data with figures of speech conceptual framework

Code types of figures of speech found in speeches

Discuss and present the results

Figure 2 Pathway of figures of speech analysis

Steps of the data analysis as presented in Figure 2 can be described as follows: 1. Data Collection: The collection of data is an integral part of the data analysis activities. Data collection activities in this research refer to the documentation study. In this study, the data collection was started by studying related literatures and collected President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches. 2. Data Reduction: In order to investigate figures of speech used in the present study, the researcher conducted a pilot study and coded types of figures of speech frequently found in President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches. 36

They consisted of 15 types of figures of speech including, metaphor, simile, metonymy, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox, personification, synecdoche, irony, understatement, alliteration, assonance, antithesis, repetition, and parallelism. 3. Display Data: This step described a set of structured information that gives the possibility of drawing conclusions and taking action. Presentation of qualitative data is presented in the form of narrative text. 4. Conclusion Drawing and Verification: This step is the final activity of the data analysis. Conclusion in the form of interpretation activities, namely finding the meaning of the data that has been presented. Among data display and conclusion there was activity analysis of existing data. In this sense the analysis of qualitative data is an ongoing effort, repeatedly and continuously. The problem of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion / verification into the image of success in a row as a series of activities related analysis was discussed. The analyzed data were verified by two university lecturers for the accuracy.

Data presentation The data presentation and display refers to the description of a set of structured information that gives the possibility of drawing conclusions and taking action. Qualitative data is presented in the form of narrative text. The presentation may also in forms of matrices, diagrams, tables and charts. The result of present study was presented in the form of an explanation, an example of speeches and table were asserted.

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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS

This chapter presents the results of figures of speech found in President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches. The study aims to identify figures of speech features which were embedded in the speeches resulted from analyzing figures of speech used in electoral campaign speeches belonging to President Barack Obama during his two terms of election. Three analyses were made; first, the analysis of figures of speech used in electoral his campaign speeches, second, the analysis to calculate the occurrences of figures of speech in electoral campaign speeches and third the comparison of figures of speech used between first and second term of electoral campaign speech.

The analysis of figures of speech used in President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches In order to analyze figures of speech used in President Barack Obama electoral campaign speeches, 10 speeches were analyzed based on textual analysis and count the occurrences. The results of figures of speech are presented in chronological order. Part 1 what are the figures of speeches delivered in President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches?

Table 1 Figures of speech found in President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches and percentages

Figures of speech Frequency Percentages Metaphor 18 7.65 Simile 1 0.42 Metonymy 14 5.95 Hyperbole 4 1.70 38

Table 1 (Contd.)

Figures of speech Frequency Percentages Oxymoron 2 0.85 Paradox 8 3.40 Personification 7 2.97 Synecdoche 20 8.51 Antithesis 1 0.42 Repetition 68 28.93 Parallelism 77 32.76 Alliteration 4 1.70 Assonance 8 3.40 Irony 1 0.42 Understatement 2 0.85 Total 235 100

From Table 1, the results showed that figures of speech found in electoral campaign speeches were parallelism, repetition, synecdoche, personification, alliteration, hyperbole, assonance, and paradox. There were lesser occurrences for simile, oxymoron, antithesis, irony, and understatement. Example 1 Parallelism in Official Announcement of Candidacy for US President’s speech And I accepted the job, sight unseen, motivated then by a single, simple, powerful idea Example 2 Parallelism in A more perfect union speech They are full of dancing and clapping and screaming and shouting that may seem jarring to the untrained ear. The church contains in full the kindness and cruelty, the fierce intelligence and the shocking ignorance, the struggles and successes, the love and, yes, the bitterness and biases that make up the black experience in America.

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Example 3 Repetition in Official Announcement of Candidacy for US President’s speech That's what Abraham Lincoln understood. He had his doubts. He had his defeats. He had his skeptics. He had his setbacks Example 4 Repetition in Selma Voting Rights March Commemoration speech It's because they marched that we elected councilmen, congressmen. It is because they marched that we have Artur Davis and Keith Ellison. It is because they marched that I got the kind of education I got, a law degree, a seat in the Illinois senate and ultimately in the United States senate. Example 5 Repetition in The war we need to win speech That means no more illegal wire-tapping of American citizens; no more national security letters to spy on citizens who are not suspected of a crime; no more tracking citizens who do nothing more than protest a misguided war; no more ignoring the law when it is inconvenient. Example 6 Repetition in A more perfect union speech Did I know him to be an occasionally fierce critic of American domestic and foreign policy? Of course. Did I ever hear him make remarks that could be considered controversial while I sat in the church? Yes. Did I strongly disagree with many of his political views? This paragraph used repetition to emphasize the message that the orator wants to deliver to the audiences in this case voter. The orator repeated the message over and over to convince for his vote. Example 7 Synecdoche in Campaign Policy Speech on Iraq at the Wilson Center Our men and women in uniform have accomplished every mission we have given them. Example 8 Synecdoche in remarks at a campaign rally in Tampa, Florida When I set foot in that Oval Office, I'm thinking about you. I'm fighting for your families. 40

Example 9 Personification in second democratic presidential nomination acceptance speech The truth gets buried under an avalanche of money and advertising. Example 10 Personification in democratic nomination victory speech This was the moment when the rise of the oceans began to slow and our planet began to heal. Example 11 Alliteration in campaign policy speech on Iraq at the wilson center But Marshall knew that even the fiercest of adversaries could forge bonds of friendship founded in freedom. Example 12 Alliteration in address to the 113th convention of the veterans of foreign wars They left with their heads held high. Example 13 Hyperbole in remarks at a campaign rally in Green Bay Who over 30 years has led a church that serves the community by doing God's work here on Earth. Example 14 Assonance in New Hampshire primary concession speech In the face of secession, we unified a nation and set the captives free. In the face of Depression... Example 15 Paradox in a more perfect union speech In the face of war, you believe there can be peace. In the face of despair, you believe there can be hope. In the face of a politics that shut you out, that's told you to settle, that's divided us for too long, you believe that we can be one people, reaching for what's possible, building that more perfect union. Example 16 Antithesis in official announcement of candidacy for US president speech I know it's a little chilly -- but I'm fired up Part 2 Which figures of speech is most frequency found in President Barack Obama’s electoral campaign speeches? From Table 1, the result showed that figures of speech found in electoral campaign speeches were parallelism (32.76%), repetition (28.93%), synecdoche (8.51%), metaphor (7.65%), metonymy (5.95%), paradox (3.40%), assonance (3.40%), personification (2.97%), hyperbole (1.70%), alliteration (1.70%), oxymoron (0.85%), understatement (0.85%), simile (0.42%), irony (0.42%) and antithesis 41

(0.42%). Thus, parallelism was the most frequency found in all 10 electoral campaign speeches belonging to President Barack Obama during his 2 terms of election.

Table 2 The data analysis of figures of speech used in electoral campaign speeches

Speech Figures of speech Explanation they must never succumb to despair Repetition Repetition of words or cynicism. They must always believe -- They must always believe that they can write their own destiny. And so because of what they Parallelism Used the same endured, because of what they sentence structure marched; they led a people out of bondage. It's because they marched that we Repetition Repetition of words elected councilmen, congressmen. It is because they marched that we have Artur Davis and Keith Ellison. It is because they marched that I got the kind of education I got, a law degree, a seat in the Illinois senate and ultimately in the United States senate. I'm not a native of this great state Synecdoche Great state refers to America

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Part 3 Are there any differences of figures of speech used between the first and second term of electoral campaign speeches?

Table 3 The figures of speech employed in the first and second terms of electoral campaign speeches

Figures of speech First term speeches Second term speeches Metaphor 12 6 Simile 1 0 Metonymy 9 5 Hyperbole 4 0 Oxymoron 2 0 Paradox 7 1 Personification 4 3 Synecdoche 12 8 Antithesis 1 0 Repetition 34 34 Parallelism 39 38 Alliteration 2 2 Assonance 7 1 Irony 1 0 Understatement 1 1 Total 136 99

From Table 3, the results showed that figures of speech found in the first term of electoral campaign speeches were parallelism 39 times, repetition 34 times, synecdoche 12 times, metaphor 12 times, assonance 7 times, paradox 7 times, personification 4 times, hyperbole 4 times, oxymoron 2 times and alliteration 2 times. There were lesser occurrences for simile 1 time, antithesis 1 time, irony 1 time, and understatement1 time. For the second term of electoral campaign speeches, the results indicated that parallelism 38 times, repetition 34 times, synecdoche 8 times, 43 metaphor 6 times, personification 3 times, alliteration 2 times, assonance 1 times, paradox 1 times, understatement1 time, simile 1, and antithesis 1 time There were no occurrence for hyperbole, oxymoron, and irony.

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents a summary of findings, discussion, limitations, implications, and recommendations for further study. The findings were found in analyzed text of ten electoral campaign speeches delivered by President Barack Obama during his two terms of election ranged from 2007 to 2012. The data were selected via a purposive sampling method, and Corbett and Corner (1996) and Ungerer and Schmid (1996) conceptual frameworks were employed to underpin the data analysis.

Summary of findings The present study consisted of 3 questions as follow; 1. The figures of speech mostly found in the electoral campaign speeches were parallelism, repetition, synecdoche, personification, alliteration, hyperbole, assonance, and paradox, respectively. There were lesser occurrences for simile, oxymoron, antithesis, irony, and understatement. 2. The most frequency figures of speech found in electoral campaign speeches were parallelism (32.76%), followed repetition (28.93%), synecdoche (8.51%), metaphor (7.65%), metonymy (5.95%), paradox (3.40%), assonance (3.40%), personification (2.97%), hyperbole (1.70%), alliteration (1.70%), oxymoron (0.85%), understatement (0.85%), simile (0.42%), irony (0.42%) and antithesis (0.42%). Thus, parallelism was the most frequency found in all 20 electoral campaign speeches belonging to President Barack Obama during his 2 terms of election. 3. There were no differences between the used of figures of speech in two terms of electoral campaign speeches. The findings of figures of speech found in the first term of electoral campaign speeches were parallelism (28.67%), repetition (25%), synecdoche (8.82%), metaphor (8.82%), assonance (5.14%), paradox (5.14%), personification (2.94%), hyperbole (2.94%), oxymoron (1.47%) and alliteration (1.47%). There were lesser occurrences for simile (0.73%), antithesis (0.73%), irony (0.73%), and understatement (0.73%). For the second term of electoral campaign 45 speeches, the results indicated that parallelism (38.38%), repetition (34.34%), synecdoche (8.08%), metaphor (6.06%), personification (3.03%), alliteration (2.02%), assonance (1.01%), paradox (1.01%), understatement(1.01%), simile (1.01%), and antithesis (1.01%). There were no occurrence for hyperbole, oxymoron, and irony.

Discussion This study aimed to explore the used of figures of speech found in electoral campaign speeches during President Barack Obama two terms of election. The figures of speech found in such speeches were parallelism, repetition, synecdoche, personification, alliteration, hyperbole, assonance, and paradox, respectively. There were lesser occurrences for simile, oxymoron, antithesis, irony, and understatement. According to a previous study, Khamthorn (2007) found that parallelism and repetition were found in selected acceptance speeches of Nobel peace prize winners. As well as the study conducted by Yangmongkol (2009), it found parallelism, repetition, and antithesis from twelve speeches of President Barack Obama during his first hundred days of his presidential office. The most frequency used figures of speech in the present study was parallelism followed by repetition, and synecdoche respectively. Here are some examples of figures of speech used in President Barack Obama's electoral campaign speeches. Example 1 Parallelism in remarks at a campaign rally in Tampa, Florida If you're starting to get a temperature—your ears are ringing, your eyes are blurry, you're showing symptoms Example 2 Parallelism in official announcement of candidacy for US President’s speech and I accepted the job, sight unseen, motivated then by a single, simple, powerful idea In these examples, the reoccurring structure may help voters to understand the thoughts and ideas of the speakers well. Parallelism connected each of ideas together and made a clearly message. For the present study, President Barack Obama employed parallelism the most frequency to indicate and underline the structure of the 46 series of sentences. It is also created a rhythm of messages. Parallelism was used to help audiences to remember the core messages easier. Example 3 Repetition in The war we need to win speech That means no more illegal wire-tapping of American citizens; no more national security letters to spy on citizens who are not suspected of a crime; no more tracking citizens who do nothing more than protest a misguided war; no more ignoring the law when it is inconvenient. In this example, the orators repeated the word no more several times. His intention was to strengthen his speech and convinced voters. He wanted to assure that voters would believe him. Thus, he tried to deliver messages to gain their trust. In this case, he promised the American will be saved from government interfere their personal lives. Example 4 Repetition in speech at the Jefferson- Jackson dinner A party that offers not just a difference in policies, but a difference in leadership. A party that doesn’t just focus on how to win but why we should. A party that doesn’t just offer change as a slogan, but real, meaningful change -- change that America can believe in. In this example, the orator employed repetition to impress the listeners for his campaign speeches. He tried to made audiences to interested and understand the content of his core messages. In this case, he was mentioned about his team was truly concern for American citizen, team that can do everything to serve American. Example 5 Repetition in democratic nomination victory speech America, this is our moment. This is our time, our time to turn the page on the policies of the past, our time to bring new energy and new ideas to the challenges we face, our time to offer a new direction for this country that we love. In this example, President Barack Obama mentioned about time and chance that American can help each other to turn a new leaf for country. He kept repeating about it is time to do something for country and needed voters to help. Repetition helped to highlight the points. According to Yangmongkol (2009) and Sukhanit (2009), repetition was the figures of speech mostly found in President Barack Obama’s selected speeches and 47

President Vladimir Putin of Russia. The findings of present study support this idea. Repetition tends to be figures of speech that President Barack Obama often uses in his political speeches. It is to convince voters and emphasize the message by repeat it again and again until the voters believe. Voters also get a lesson from messages without feeling patronized and can perceive the meaning of messages without feeling offended because they become more familiar with the messages. Moreover, the study also revealed that repetition gave a result to emphasize what orators want to expressed. It gives voters the idea of what orators want to deliver to them and gain their attentions. The researcher believes that the reason that President Barack Obama employed repetition the most because repetition gives a strong impact to audiences. It helped to highlighted important thoughts and points. The third most frequency found was synecdoche. According to Pearsall (1998), synecdoche is a general class name used to denote a specific member of that or and associated class. It is figures of speech which a part is made to represent the whole or vise versa. President Barack often used synecdoche to refer to group of people or things that voters already knew the meaning. This might be because he wanted to make a beautiful speech by employing several types of techniques. In this case, one of them was synecdoche. For example, he will use oval office to refer to white house, men and women in uniform to refer to soldiers, countrymen for American citizen etc. However, there were lesser occurrences for simile, oxymoron, antithesis, irony, and understatement. This might be because most of these figures of speech are used to emphasize abstract or unfamiliar events. The researcher found that this group of figures of speech tends to be used more in poetry whereas the present study was conducted about electoral campaign speeches. The used of figures of speech between first and second term of electoral campaign speeches was not found differences. Both terms of electoral campaign speeches employed parallelism, repetition, and synecdoche the most. This might be because President Barack Obama prefers to use same styles of language that already succeed. Thus, the figures of speech from first and second terms of electoral campaign speeches were much in similar.

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Limitation During the data analysis process, the researcher found one difficulty that may affect the result of the present study. One third of speeches belonging to President Barack Obama electoral campaign was about the Middle East crisis and military troop. The main messages were policy related to stop the operation in the Middle East and bring US soldiers back to their homeland. There was less variety of figures of speech in this type of speech. The speeches were direct and simple. This might be because it was a sensitive issue and President Barack Obama wanted to respect to fallen soldiers family. Hence, some of figures of speech were found less or none.

Implications The findings of the study are similar to related studies in many aspects. Figures of speech seem to be an effective tool to strengthen the core value of speech. They help catch audiences’ attention and bring them into the messages which speaker intends to deliver. The present study supported that different figures of speech give a different impact to audiences’ mind. Changdacha (2006) concluded that several types of figures of speech were found in political speech and influenced audiences to trust or believe the speaker. Moreover, the study revealed one interesting point, the background of the speaker and the field of work which played an important part in this study. President Barack Obama was the first African American that became US president. In some of his electoral campaign speeches, he mentioned about his race and unhappy childhood which he employed a several types of figures of speech such as parallelism, repetition, and synecdoche to make his speech become even more touching. He chose figures of speech to suit his speech and they empowered his trustworthy to people. As a result, he won election for two terms straight. From these findings, they may help those who are interested in figures of speech to learn how to choose proper choices of words and create their own work for the best outcome.

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Recommendations for the further studies 1. As the researcher did not have an opportunity to study the use of figures of speech in several data sources such as film, novel, music, and so on, thus, it could be a great opportunity to investigate in differences sources to get a better understanding of figures of speech. 2. According to the results of this study, the researcher recommends to investigate the speech with differences purpose as the results indicated that electoral campaign speeches employed parallelism the most because the speaker wanted to convince voters repeatedly. Hence, it is interesting to know whether difference types of speech employ difference types of figures of speech. 3. The researcher found that there are several factors that might affect the choices of figures of speech used such as gender, occupation, speaker’s background, etc. The further studies should consider about them. 4. For further studies in the same area, the researcher recommends to replicate the study with different speaker or larger sample for example, speeches of famous activists, politicians, or other country leaders. Also, it is worth to compare such speeches to see the differences of the figures of speeches used. 50

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APPENDIX 56

Speech Figures of speech Explanation From far and wide, to brave the cold Parallelism Use parallel today. structure And I accepted the job, sight unseen, Parallelism Use parallel motivated then by a single, simple, structure , in this powerful idea case three adjectives before noun It was here, in Springfield, where I saw Parallelism Use parallel all that is America converge -- farmers structure as added and teachers, businessmen and several nouns laborers, all of them together

It was here, in Springfield, where Parallelism Use parallel North, South, East, and West come structure in this together case noun as north, east, south, and west

We welcomed immigrants to our Parallelism Use parallel shores. We opened railroads to the structure west. We landed a man on the moon. And we heard a King's call to let justice roll down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream. That's what Abraham Lincoln Repetition Repeating words understood. He had his doubts. He had his defeats. He had his skeptics. He had his setbacks. He tells us that there is power in Repetition Repeating words words. He tells us that there's power in conviction.

57

Speech Figures of speech Explanation He tells us that there's power in hope.

I want -- I want to win that next battle Repetition Repeating words -- for justice and opportunity. I want to win that next battle -- That beneath all the differences of race Synecdoche One people refers and region, faith and station, we are to American one people. people

But the life of a tall, gangly, self-made Synecdoche Tall, gangly, self- Springfield lawyer tells us that a made Springfield different future is possible. lawyer refers to former US President Lincoln Letting the Iraqis know that we will Synecdoche Sunni and Shia not be there forever is our last, best refer to Muslim hope to pressure the Sunni and Shia to come to the table and find peace.

We welcomed immigrants to our Synecdoche Our shores refer shores. We opened railroads to the to USA west.