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Combined Microfacies-Log-Analysis of Cambrian and Ordovician Carbonate Rocks (Upper Cambrian, Western Hills, Bejing; TZ-162 Well, Tarim Basin, Western China)

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Combined Microfacies-Log-Analysis of Cambrian and Ordovician Carbonate Rocks (Upper Cambrian, Western Hills, Bejing; TZ-162 Well, Tarim Basin, Western China) Combined microfacies-log-analysis of Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate rocks (Upper Cambrian, Western Hills, Bejing; TZ-162 well, Tarim Basin, Western China) Kombinierte Mikrofazies-Log-Analyse kambrischer und ordovizischer Karbonatgesteine (Ober Kambrischen, Western Hills, Peking; Bohrung TZ-162, Tarim Basin, West-China) Der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät Dem Fachbereich GeoZentrum Der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. Nat. vorgelegt von Anjia Wang aus Heilongjiang, China Erlangen 2014 Als Dissertation genehmigt von der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät vom Fachbereich GeoZentrum Der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 28.07.2014 Vorsitzender des Promotionsorgans: Prof. Dr. Johannes Barth Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Roman Koch Prof. Dr. Joachim Rohn i Acknowledgements With the financial support of the China Scholarship Council, I was given the opportunity to start my PhD research at the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in 2009. This 5- year experience has provided me with an open-minded, professional knowledge of sedimentology, and countless friends who offered me their support along the way. It improved me significantly and will influence my future most positively. First and foremost, I am deeply grateful to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Roman Koch from the Institute of Paleontology at the University of Erlangen, who constantly kept my PhD study on track. From the day I decided to study abroad in Germany, he gave me the greatest possible help with all aspects, including the application, research proposal, completion guidance, and dissertation corrections. Along with this professional assistance, I would like to thank him for his help in daily life as well, especially the work situation and financial support during the last year. I must give special thanks to Prof. Dr. Wenhui Huang from the China University of Geosciences (Beijing). He helped me to contact and apply for the position at the University of Erlangen- Nuremberg, which was the first and most important step in experiencing a new and different world. His 2 years of specific guidance during my Master’s study prepared me thoroughly for further in-depth research. During my PhD study, he also assisted me with precious advice on both research as well my further career. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Maosheng Jiang from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He provided me with very valuable material from boreholes in the Tarim Basin and geologic reports for reference. His interests and critical remarks supported my research with important and creative ideas. PD Dr. Axel Munnecke from the Institute of Paleontology deserves a special mention for his sound suggestions and correction of my dissertation and research. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kießling provided critical review of my work as well. Petra Wenninger, Birgit Leipner-Mata and Dipl.- Geol. Christian Schulbert helped me on countless occasions with preparing and conducting experiments. I would also like to express my thanks to my colleagues Christian Weiss, Kilian Beichel, Martin Nowak, Qijian Li, Ying Tian, Yuanyuan Zhang, Jin Luo and Jilei Li, for their cooperation and help in discussions in pushing the research forward. My most heartfelt gratitude goes to my wife Xiaoxiao for her constant encouragement and sometimes quite hilarious attempts to cheer me up, which was and still is the best method for relaxing. She provided invaluable aid for the writing of the dissertation as well. She never complained about my longish absences from home. I am also indebted to my parents for their unbounded moral support and the greatest of confidence in me. Last but not least, I sincerely thank all the people not mentioned here who helped me directly and indirectly with the dissertation. ii Summary The Tarim Basin in northwestern China is the second largest petroleum field in China. The reservoirs are predominantly Palaeozoic (Devonian, Ordovician, and Cambrian) carbonate rocks buried at a depth of 5000 m – 6000 m. Ordovician carbonate rocks are one of the main topics in recent hydrocarbon drilling projects. This great depth and a complex inhomogeneous geological and tectonic development result in many problems in hydrocarbon exploration and production. The Ordovician sequence is dominated by limestone, whereas Cambrian beds are predominantly composed of dolostones. These lithologic differences result in different exploration and production plays. Cambrian dolomites have been intensively studied during the last few decades. By contrast, Ordovician limestones in the subsurface were rarely analyzed. The TZ-162 well in the Tazhong region in the central Tarim Basin offers an excellent opportunity to study Lower and Upper Ordovician strata occurring at a thickness of 1700 m. Because of a marked unconformity the Middle Ordovician strata are probably absent in the region. The main aim of this study was the facies analysis of Middle and Upper Ordovician carbonate rocks. Because of the common occurrence of stylolites, these pressure solution characteristics in relation to different primary facies types were another subject of the recent study. Furthermore, Upper Cambrian limestones and dolomites in the Fengshan Formation, which are about 100 m thick, were studied in the Western Hills, in regard to intensive pressure solution and the formation of stylolites. These are predominantly related to mudstones with only traces of biogenic allochems and with common flat pebble conglomerates. The aim of this part of the study was to analyze the influence of the primary amount of noncarbonates (insoluble residue; clay, silt, organic matter) in Upper Cambrian limestones buried at depths of about 4000 m and deposited primarily in low energy environments in comparison to reefal limestones present in the Uppermost Ordovician of the TZ-162 well buried at depths of about 6000 m. The microscopic analysis of 150 petrographic thin sections was the main method used in both studies. Macroscopic description of sedimentological characteristics in the outcrop was carried out in the Upper Cambrian beds in the Western Hills. Furthermore, the amount of insoluble residue was analyzed by gasometrical measurements. Selected samples were analyzed by XRD in order to determine the mineralogical composition of noncarbonates in general and the clay mineral composition in detail. Data of wireline logs (gamma ray, resistivity) were evaluated for the determination of large scale lithologic units in comparison to the facies and results of the mineralogical analysis. The combination of these data led to a combined facies-log analysis of the Ordovician sequence in the TZ-162 well. The influence of stylolites on the gamma ray readings was also evaluated by these combined data (macroscopic analysis, thin section, insoluble residue, gamma counts in API). The calculation of the amount of clay from the gamma ray and from the resistivity log were carried out and compared to the laboratory data, particularly in regard to the amount of the insoluble residue analyzed quantitatively. The Lower and upper Ordovician strata of the TZ-162 well can be subdivided into two lithologic Units I - IX based on gamma ray log-shape analysis calibrated by local drilling cores and microfacies analysis. iii The lowermost Unit IX (96 m thick) is predominantly composed of mudstones and intraclastic wacke-packstone. It overlies a thin sequence of Upper Cambrian dolostones. The overlying Unit VIII (310 m thick) consists of pure mudstones and peloidal grainstones. Unit VII (240 m thick) and Unit VI (365 m thick) show a similar lithology, but lower gamma ray readings and less intercalation of thin dolomite beds. In general, a coarsening upwards development from mudstones to more packstones and grainstones is obvious. Unit V (95 m thick; no core available) might represent the weathered Middle Ordovician rocks also containing a diabase intercalation in comparison to the gamma log shape of the adjacent Zhong-1 well Biogenic constituents of the Lower Ordovician are minor amounts of brachiopods, ostracods, and fragments of echinoderms and dasycladaceans. The amount of dolomite intercalations and dolomitic limestones in general decreases upwards, reflecting a slight sea level rise resulting in normal marine conditions, as also indicated by the increasing amount and diversity of marine organisms. Locally even thin layers of oolitic limestones are intercalated, reflecting episodic deposition of high energy sediments. The Upper Ordovician strata of the TZ-162 well can be subdivided into two parts. The lower part (Units II to IV; 504 m thick) is similar to the Lower Ordovician and also reflects restricted environmental conditions. Unit V consists of grey brown microbial mudstones with some laminations and minor amounts of intercalated coarser grained calcarenites. Unit III (234 m thick) is characterized by mudstones, bioclastic wackestones and packstones with minor fossils including ostracods, gastropods and algal debris. Local birdseye structures indicate local peritidal environments. Unit II (136 m thick) reveals more biogenic allochems, such as foraminifera and mollusc debris, crinoids, echinoids, ostracods, and local bryozoans and corals. This indicates increasing full marine conditions resulting in higher diversity and increasing higher energy conditions. The topmost Unit I (103 m thick) was completely cored (core Nos 3-7). It is composed of grey, brownish grey and light grey limestones of moderate thickness (dm to 2 m;
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