Handbook of Military Psychology Reuven Gal
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Israel's National Religious and the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict
Leap of Faith: Israel’s National Religious and the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict Middle East Report N°147 | 21 November 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iv I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Religious Zionism: From Ascendance to Fragmentation ................................................ 5 A. 1973: A Turning Point ................................................................................................ 5 B. 1980s and 1990s: Polarisation ................................................................................... 7 C. The Gaza Disengagement and its Aftermath ............................................................. 11 III. Settling the Land .............................................................................................................. 14 A. Bargaining with the State: The Kookists ................................................................... 15 B. Defying the State: The Hilltop Youth ........................................................................ 17 IV. From the Hills to the State .............................................................................................. -
The Haredim As a Challenge for the Jewish State. the Culture War Over Israel's Identity
SWP Research Paper Peter Lintl The Haredim as a Challenge for the Jewish State The Culture War over Israel’s Identity Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs SWP Research Paper 14 December 2020, Berlin Abstract ∎ A culture war is being waged in Israel: over the identity of the state, its guiding principles, the relationship between religion and the state, and generally over the question of what it means to be Jewish in the “Jewish State”. ∎ The Ultra-Orthodox community or Haredim are pitted against the rest of the Israeli population. The former has tripled in size from four to 12 per- cent of the total since 1980, and is projected to grow to over 20 percent by 2040. That projection has considerable consequences for the debate. ∎ The worldview of the Haredim is often diametrically opposed to that of the majority of the population. They accept only the Torah and religious laws (halakha) as the basis of Jewish life and Jewish identity, are critical of democratic principles, rely on hierarchical social structures with rabbis at the apex, and are largely a-Zionist. ∎ The Haredim nevertheless depend on the state and its institutions for safeguarding their lifeworld. Their (growing) “community of learners” of Torah students, who are exempt from military service and refrain from paid work, has to be funded; and their education system (a central pillar of ultra-Orthodoxy) has to be protected from external interventions. These can only be achieved by participation in the democratic process. ∎ Haredi parties are therefore caught between withdrawal and influence. -
IATF Fact Sheet
1 FACT SHEET iataskforce.org Topic: National-Civic Service Updated: June 2014 All Arabs are exempt from service in the military, but the question of whether they should be conscripted for mandatory national service or have an opportunity to volunteer has been widely debated in recent years. In 2007, the government established a new unit in the Prime Minister’s office, the National Service Administration (now National-Civic), to explore avenues other than the military to integrate the Arab population more fully into mainstream Israeli society.2 Under one proposal, Arabs would volunteer to work full time in the fields of education, welfare and health for one to two years, in return for which they would receive a $150 monthly stipend and up to $2,000 upon the completion of their service.3 Dr. Reuven Gal, former head of the National Service Administration, said such service would give youth an opportunity to make a contribution to their own community. “Being part of a larger system”, he said, “strengthens the volunteers’ connection to the State.”4 He also believed that this was a step toward trust building. MK Ran Cohen (Meretz) maintained that Arab society has much to gain from communal activity carried out by non-government agents. He said community service can serve as a real model for civic and social solidarity.5 Israeli lawmakers have called for a universal national service law to be implemented, which would require all Israeli citizens who do not serve in the IDF to complete national service in a civic framework.6 In late 2007, Interior Minister Meir Sheetrit came out in support of the idea, and called the Arab sector to join the national service. -
The War of Atonement: the Inside Story of the Yom Kippur War'
H-War Ben-Ari on Herzog, 'The War of Atonement: The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur War' Review published on Thursday, July 1, 2004 Chaim Herzog. The War of Atonement: The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur War. London: Greenhill Books/Lionel Leventhal, 2003. xx + 300 pp. $19.95 (paper), ISBN 978-1-85367-569-0. Reviewed by Eyal Ben-Ari (Department of Sociology and Anthropology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Published on H-War (July, 2004) The Yom Kippur War: Still Relevant After all These Years This volume is a reprinted edition of a book originally published in 1975. In it, Chaim Herzog, an Israeli general and later President of the State of Israel, provides what is still very much the authoritative account of what Israelis call the Yom Kippur War of 1973 and the Arabs call the War of Ramadan. The coordinated attack that began on the sixth of October in 1973 (Yom Kippur--the holiest day in the Jewish calendar) was initiated and carried out by Egypt and Syria in the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights respectively. The attack, which took the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) totally by surprise, was the outcome of a grave intelligence mistake that almost caused the destruction of Israel. The war lasted for three weeks and represents one of the largest and most intense armor, infantry and air battles in modern history. Its outcome was a turning point in Middle East history since it demonstrated Israel?s vulnerability, proved Syria and Egypt?s military power, and set the base for the peace accords later signed between Israel and Egypt, and the peace talks that were held between Israel and Syria. -
The Diversityof Israeli Society
PAGE 2 p Winter 2017 PRESIDENT'S MEMO Diversity as a challenge, pluralism as a prospect PAGE 6 STATE OF ISRAEL Understanding the ISRAEL demographics of Israel PAGE 25 INSTITUTE RUSSIA IN ISRAEL MAGAZINE An anthropological look at Russian immigration to Israel The Diversity of Israeli Society Experts discuss Israel’s demographic features, trends, and challenges KOLDIRECTOR’SSPOTLIGHT: HAMACHON LETTER ACADEMIA When our Communication team finishes a new magazine issue, I can’t wait to get my hands on a copy. This time was no different! You are holding our fifth issue and, as with the first four, we have the pleasure of presenting you with substantive and thoughtful writing about modern Israel. The issue you are now reading is dedicated to answering a call to action by Isra- el’s president, Reuven Rivlin, urging Israelis, as well as those outside of Israel who are both personally and professionally invested in the country, to take a hard look in the mirror and acknowledge the current demographic state of Israeli society. The contents of this issue examine various developments and challenges related to Israeli demographics. The Israel Institute’s president, Itamar Rabinovich, explores Rivlin’s statement in his piece on tribalism and pluralism in Israel’s political system. Israel Institute Post-Doctoral Fellows Assaf Shapira and Einat Lavee look at the expansion of female representation in the Knesset and current trends in poverty and inequality, respectively. Prof. Julia Lerner, a research grant recipient, shares her work on the cultural experiences of Israeli Russians nearly 20 years after the largest share of emigrants from Russia arrived in Israel. -
The'religionizing'of the Israel Defence Force: Its Impact on Military Culture
The ‘Religionizing’ of the Israel Defence Force : Its Impact on Military Culture and Professionalism By Ze’ev Drory Many studies have examined civil-military relations from different research perspectives and a range of disciplines. The political science and sociological approaches have focused chiefly on the hierarchical relationship that crystallized over time between political echelons and military command. Some explored the degree of militarization in nations and societies, where the military played a pivotal role in civilian spheres that are not by nature its field of operations. Others have attempted to investigate a society’s level of mobilizing around its security needs, and coined the concept of “garrison State” – a label often used in connection with the Israeli State and the way of life of its society and citizens. Another field of study draws on sociology to examine the implications of military service on social stratification, and the societal and ethnic divides within Israeli society.1 In recent years, the steep increase in the number of Israel Defence Force (IDF) officers wearing the “knitted-skullcap” (a term that refers to the group variously defined, in Hebrew, as Modern Orthodox, National-Religious, Religious Zionists, or Settlers) has raised important issues for civil-military relations and for religion’s place as a unifying or divisive factor within the military. The key questions from the perspective of civil-military relations focus (a) on the manner by which the military leadership obeys the directives of 2 democratically elected decision-makers rather than of actors outside the political system ; 1 Below is a partial list only of the numerous publications dealing with the complex relationship between the Israel Defense Force (IDF) and its parent society, and its implications for stratification and immigrant absorption in Israel : Z, Ostfeld, An Army Born, Ministry of Defense, 1994 ; U. -
Perspectives from Israel and China Strengthening Social Resilience, Bu
SocietySociety SocietySociety EducationEducation StrengtheningStrengthening Social Social Resilience,Resilience, Building Building Social Social EconomyEconomy Capital:Capital: Perspectives Perspectives from from ScienceScience & Technology& Technology IsraelIsrael and and China China EnvironmentEnvironment Dr.Dr. Reuven Reuven Gal Gal & Energy& Energy Prof.Prof. Shlomo Shlomo Maital Maital Long-termLong-term PlanningPlanning IndustryIndustry & Innovation& Innovation PhysicalPhysical InfrastructureInfrastructure HealthHealth HumanHuman CapitalCapital HigherHigher EducationEducation Tel.Tel. 972-4-8292329 972-4-8292329 | Fax. | Fax. 97-4-8231889 97-4-8231889 TechnionTechnion - Israel - Israel Institute Institute of Technologyof Technology MarchMarch TechnionTechnion City, City, Haifa Haifa 3200003, 3200003, Israel Israel 20172017 www.neaman.org.ilwww.neaman.org.il ABOUT THE SAMUEL NEAMAN INSTITUTE The Samuel Neaman Institute was established in 1978 in the Technion at Mr. Samuel Neaman’s initiative. It is an independent multi-disciplinary national policy research institute. The activity of the institute is focused on issues in science and technology, education, economy and industry, physical infrastructure and social development which determine Israel’s national resilience. National policy research and surveys are executed at the Samuel Neaman Institute and their conclusions and recommendations serve the decision makers at various levels. The policy research is conducted by the faculty and staff of the Technion and scientists from other -
Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies
NOTES Chapter 1. A Model for Analyzing Reciprocal Relations Between the Jewish and Arab Communities 1. Yehoshua Porath has done important work on the Arab side. See Yehoshua Porath, “Social Aspects of the Emergence of the Palestinian Arab National Move- ment,” in Menahem Milson, ed., Society and Political Structure in the Arab World (New York: Humanities, 1973) and Yehoshua Porath, The Emergence of the Palestin- ian Arab National Movement, 1910–1929 (London: Frank Cass, 1974). For the Jewish community, see S. N. Eisenstadt, The Israeli Society (New York: Basic, 1972) and Dan Horowitz and Moshe Lissak, Origins of the Israeli Polity: Palestine under the Mandate (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978). 2. See Baruch Kimmerling, “The Impact of Land and Territorial Components of Jewish Arab Conflict and the Building of Jewish Society in Palestine (from the Beginning of the Settlement until 1955),” Ph.D. thesis, Department of Sociology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1974. In Hebrew, unpublished. 3. Edward Shils, “Centre and Periphery,” in E. Shils, ed., The Logic of Personal Knowledge (London: Routledge and Paul, 1961), 117–130. 4. Shmuel N. Eisenstadt, Social Differentiation and Stratification (Glenview: Foresman, 1971). 5. As in all cases of new immigrants founding nations. See, e.g., Louis Hartz, ed., The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964). 6. The fourth main possibility is that the immigrant society absorbs the local population. 7. That is, neither the prices of the merchandise nor their quantities were de- termined by the laws of supply and demand, but were to a large degree dependent 336 1. -
Military Service in Israel: Challenges and Ramifications Meir Elran and Gabi Sheffer, Editors
Military and Ramifications ServiceChallenges in Israel: COVER Meir Elran and Gabi Sheffer, Editors Meir and Gabi Elran Sheffer, Military Service in Israel: Challenges and Ramifications Meir Elran and Gabi Sheffer, Editors 159 Memorandum 159 Military Service in Israel: Challenges and Ramifications Meir Elran and Gabi Sheffer, Editors Institute for National Security Studies The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), incorporating the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, was founded in 2006. The purpose of the Institute for National Security Studies is first, to conduct basic research that meets the highest academic standards on matters related to Israel’s national security as well as Middle East regional and international security affairs. Second, the Institute aims to contribute to the public debate and governmental deliberation of issues that are – or should be – at the top of Israel’s national security agenda. INSS seeks to address Israeli decision makers and policymakers, the defense establishment, public opinion makers, the academic community in Israel and abroad, and the general public. INSS publishes research that it deems worthy of public attention, while it maintains a strict policy of non-partisanship. The opinions expressed in this publication are the authors’ alone, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute, its trustees, boards, research staff, or the organizations and individuals that support its research. Military Service in Israel: Challenges and Ramifications Meir Elran and Gabi Sheffer, Editors Memorandum No. 159 September 2016 השירות הצבאי בישראל: אתגרים, חלופות ומשמעויות מאיר אלרן וגבי שפר, עורכים Graphic design: Michal Semo-Kovetz, Yael Bieber Cover photo: IDF induction ceremony. Courtesy: IDF Spokesperson’s office, from the IDF blog Cover design: Michal Semo-Kovetz Printing: Elinir Institute for National Security Studies (a public benefit company) 40 Haim Levanon Street POB 39950 Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv 6997556 Tel. -
Is the IDF Becoming Theocratic?
1 סדרת מאמרים לדיון Working paper series No. 20 – 2012 Is the IDF Becoming Theocratic? Yagil Levy 142 מערכות מידע חשבונאיות ממוחשבות 1 Is the IDF Becoming Theocratic? Yagil Levy In late 2011, a senior officer in the IDF’s (Israel Defense Forces) Personnel Directorate noted in an interview with the daily newspaper Ha’aretz: Jewish identity in the army is undergoing a sharp shift. In the past, the approach was that Orthodox rules were observed in public, and at home every soldier did whatever he wanted. Nowadays, the army is deciding for you what kind of Jew you will be: a national-religious Jew.1 In a nutshell, the officer dramatically warned against the theocratization of the IDF. At the center of this process stands the national-religious sector, which has significantly upgraded its presence in the military ranks since the late 1970s. Theocratization of the military is a process. As the Israeli military operates within the bounds of a constitutional (albeit imperfect) democracy, the term "constitutional theocracy"2 may usefully capture the process of theocratization of a military in a democracy, especially as Israel can be defined as a constitutional theocracy. Applying this concept to the military, it can be surmised that a "theocratic military" has several features: (1) Formally, the military is subordinated to elected civilians and governed by a unified hierarchy; (2) a single religion often determines the boundaries of collective identity; (3) rules must conform to principles of religious doctrine which cannot be violated; and (4) religious authorities operate in lieu of, or in tandem with, the civilly-sanctioned military system, whose opinions and jurisprudence carry notable symbolic weight. -
Conference Program the 4Th Herzliya Conference 2003
Conference Program The 4th Herzliya Conference 2003 Tuesday, December 16, 2003 Opening Dr. Uzi Arad, Head, Institute for Policy and Strategy, The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya Ms. Yael German, Mayor of Herzliya Prof. Abraham (Rami) Friedman, Dean, The Lauder School of Government Policy & Diplomacy, The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya The National Scoreboard International and time-series comparison of Israel’s standing in the economic, social, and political spheres Comparative in-depth surveys of Israeli society Overall strategic assessment of Israel's situation “The Herzliya Indices”, Task Force Report Prof. Rafi Melnick, Arison School of Business, The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya “The Haifa Indices”, Task Force Report Prof. Gabriel Ben-Dor, Director, National Security Studies Center, University of Haifa “The National Security Council Indices”, Task Force Report Col. (res.) Dr. Reuven Gal, Deputy Head, National Security Council, Prime Minister’s Office “The Changing Strategic Landscape”, Maj. Gen. Giora Eiland, Head-Designate of the National Security Council, Prime Minister’s Office Defense Challenges The Palestinian-Israeli Impasse: Alternative Options and Approaching Decisions Review and assessment of the state of warfare against terror Regional processes and their impact on the Palestinian-Israeli issue Alternative diplomatic and political options The future of Palestinian leadership Chair: Mr. Ehud Olmert, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Industry, Trade, Labor and Communication “There is Life After Terror”, Mr. Avi Dichter, Head, Israel Security Agency, (Shin Bet) “Alternative Options for Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Dispute” Prof. Steven L. Spiegel, Burkle Institute for International Relations, UCLA Discussant: Dr. Shmuel Bar, Institute for Policy and Strategy, The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya “IDF: The Military Posture and the New Defense Doctrine,” Lt. -
Homosexuality and the Israel Defense Forces; Did Lifting the Gay Ban
“Homosexuality and the Israel Defense Forces; Did Lifting the Gay Ban Undermine Military Performance?” by Aaron Belkin and Melissa Levitt, Armed Forces and Society, vol. 27, no. 4, 2001. Statement of Authors’ Affiliations: Aaron Belkin is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara and Director of the Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military. His research interests include gays in the military, civil-military relations, and social science methodology. He is co-editor of Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics, published by Princeton University Press in 1996. Melissa Levitt is Adjunct Professor of Political Science at San Francisco State University. Her research interests include Israeli politics, survey research methods and immigration policy. In addition to her scholarly work, Ms. Levitt has conducted research for both private and public organizations, including the Center for Urban Research in New York. Abstract: In this paper we argue that Israel’s 1993 decision to lift its gay ban did not influence military performance. Then, we assess three arguments raised by experts who claim that Israeli experiences are not relevant for determining what would happen if the U.S. Congress and Pentagon lifted the American gay ban. In particular, we assess the claims that most gay Israeli combat soldiers do not disclose their sexuality to peers, that some receive special treatment, and that cultural differences distinguish the U.S. and Israeli cases. We agree with each argument but our interpretation of these factors differs from experts who claim that Israeli military experiences are irrelevant.