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San Francisco, La Californie Expo San Francisco Visites scolaires DOSSIER PÉDAGOGIQUE SAN FRANCISCO, LA CALIFORNIE FOIRE INTERNATIONALE DE CLERMONT-COURNON Centre d’affaires du Zénith - Trident bâtiment E 46 rue de Sarliève - CS 70036 63808 Cournon d’Auvergne Cedex #ClermontmaFoire CALIFORNIA STATE – L’ÉTAT DE CALIFORNIE (CA) Langue officielle : Anglais (57.4%) La quête continue de la découverte des terres mène à la création de villages par les Espagnols Autre langues parlées : Espagnol (28.5%), (qui deviendront plus tard Los Angeles et San Chinois (2.8%) José). Cette colonisation marque le début du L’État de Californie est le plus populaire des génocide des populations indigènes présentes États-Unis. Sa capitale est Sacramento mais en Californie pour cause de violences, manque la ville qui attire le plus de touristes est Los de nourriture et expulsions de leurs territoires. Angeles. La baie de San Francisco est quant Vient en 1846 la « Bear Flag Revolution » (la à elle la 5e région urbaine la plus prisée du « Révolution du Drapeau Ours ») qui se bat pays. On surnomme cet État « The Golden contre les lois Mexicaines. Ce mouvement se State » dû à la ruée vers l’or ayant eu lieu au transformera vite en guerre mexicains-amé- milieu du 19e siècle. ricains jusqu’en 1848. Le drapeau de cette ré- Le climat y est très varié car l’État est très volution estampé des mots « California Repu- vaste. On y trouve un climat en général mé- blic » deviendra plus tard le drapeau officiel de diterranéen, plus tropical au nord, désertique l’État. vers l’intérieur du pays et neigeux dans les Suite au traité qui mit fin à la guerre en 1848, montagnes autours. la découverte de l’or la même année attire Le drapeau officiel, adopté en 1911, est le de nombreux immigrants. Entre 1847 et 1870 « Bear Flag », littéralement le drapeau de la population de San Francisco passe alors l’ours, il est composé d’une seule étoile rouge, de 500 à 150 000 habitants. Le 9 septembre d’une bande rouge sur le bas, d’un grizzly de 1850, la Californie devient un État libre et non Californie et des deux mots California Repu- divisé des États-Unis et refuse l’expansion de blic (république de Californie). l’esclavage sur la côte Pacifique. Au 20e siècle la migration continue avec le dé- veloppement de la Silicon Valley, créant des géants de l’industrie mondialement connus comme Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Hol- lywood avec ses studios de cinéma et du do- maine de l’aérospatial. Les Indiens : HISTORY – HISTOIRE Les États-Unis : Le premier effort Européen pour découvrir les terres américaines a été entrepris par les Es- pagnols en 1542. L’expédition a été menée par le portugais Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, dont on peut trouver une statue le représentant sur la Premiers habitants du territoire américain, péninsule de Point Loma dans un parc épo- les tribus les plus connues sont les Sioux, les nyme à San Diego. Apaches et les Comanches. Ils vivaient dans la nature en harmonie complète avec les plantes Elle commence réellement à croître avec la et les animaux. C’est en 1492 que Christophe ruée vers l’or. Par la suite, elle devient le lieu Colomb découvre le continent américain, en de naissance du jeans grâce à la création de pensant que c’était l’Inde. Les pays d’Europe la marque Levi’s. Elle est actuellement dans le voulant conquérir de nouvelles terres vont top 10 des destinations touristiques des États- alors déloger et massacrer les populations Unis. d’origine. Aux États-Unis ils sont appelés « Na- Le 18 avril 1906 a eu lieu le terrible tremble- tive American ». En général on décrit les In- ment de terre de San Francisco avec une ma- diens comme portant des habits en cuir d’ani- gnitude de 7.8, déclenchant alors de multiples maux, des coiffes en plumes et utilisant arcs, incendies dévastateurs. Le bilan est lourd, en- flèches et tomahawks pour chasser. viron 3 000 personnes décèdent et plus de Les Cow-Boys : 80% de la ville de San Francisco est détruite. Il s’agit d’une des catastrophes naturelles les plus meurtrières des États-Unis. PATRIMOINE Le patrimoine de la ville de San Francisco est très riche de monuments connus du grand pu- blic, et c’est sans compter sur l’État de Cali- fornie qui possède lui aussi de nombreuses richesses diverses et variées (vignobles, mon- tagnes, forêts, plages…). e Au 18 siècle, les explorateurs continuent leurs San Francisco Cable Cars – Tramway: expéditions dans le pays, jusqu’à la découverte Créés en 1873, ce sont les tramways à traction de l’or, à l’Ouest du continent, dans le « Far la ville. Icônes célèbres dont il ne reste au- West ». On les surnomme alors « les pion- jourd’hui plus que 3 lignes sur les 23 initiales. niers ». Ils sont principalement utilisés par les touristes Le nom cow-boy vient de l’époque où les de la ville. Les habitants de la ville, les Fran- hommes devaient emmener des vaches depuis ciscains, préfèrent utiliser d’autres modes de la ferme jusqu’à la gare pour qu’elles soient transport moins coûteux. transportées jusqu’à l’Est du pays. Ils étaient Les deux lignes principalement utilisées par les armés, avaient souvent recours à la violence ce touristes démarrent toutes les deux de Powell qui n’était pas apprécié des populations. Une Street. L’une termine à Hyde Street, à proximi- grande majorité d’entre eux étaient afro-amé- té du SF Maritime Museum et l’autre à Mason ricains ou mexicains et le racisme était déjà Street, près de Fisherman’s Wharf). Le termi- présent à l’époque. nus est sur une plaque tournante qui permet La tenue usuelle d’un cow-boy se compose de retourner sur l’autre voie. d’un chapeau, de bottes cloutées, d’une veste en jean ou en cuir, pantalon à lanières ainsi que Golden Gate Bridge – Pont du Golden Gate: des armes telles que revolvers et carabines. Traduire le pont de la porte d’or. Il traverse le Golden Gate détroit et relie la ville de San San Francisco : Francisco à la ville de Sausalito dans le com- La ville de San Francisco située en Californie, té de Marin. Sa construction, chaperonnée par entre Seattle et Los Angeles, s’étend sur envi- Joseph Strauss, a duré quatre ans (de 1933 à ron 600 km². Elle est souvent abrégée par les 1937). Il fut, jusqu’en 1964, le pont suspendu le locaux en « SF » ou surnommée « The City by plus long du monde. Il est reconnaissable à sa the Bay » (« la ville sur la baie »), elle a été fon- fameuse couleur rouge-orangée et l’architec- dée en 1776 par des Espagnols, nommée ainsi ture de ses deux tours. en l’honneur de San Francisco de Asis. Lombard Street: Sausalito : C’est une rue de San Francisco très connue C’est une petite ville qui se trouve dans la sur le bloc de Russian Hill, entre Hyde Street et banlieue Nord de San Francisco. Dans les Leavenworth Street. La chaussée est consti- années 1960-70, les hippies décident de s’y tuée de huit virages très très serrés. Elle est, installer en résidant dans des bâteaux-mai- encore aujourd’hui, considérée comme la rue sons. Elle devient alors une ville flottante et la plus sinueuse des États-Unis. unique dans la baie. Aujourd’hui, ce sont plu- tôt des bourgeois-bohème ayant fait fortune Coit Tower: à la Silicon Valley qui y vivent. Culminant sur Telegrah Hill, la tour est aussi connue sous le nom de Lillian Coit Memorial Painted Ladies – Dames Peintes : Tower. Mesurant 64 m, elle a été bâtie selon Ce sont des maisons d’architecture victo- les vœux de Lillie Hichcock Coit pour hono- rienne, peintes en trois couleurs ou plus afin rer les pompiers de la ville. À l’intérieur, on de faire ressortir leurs détails. Le groupe le retrouve de nombreuses fresques réalisées plus connu de Painted Ladies se trouve en par 26 artistes différents dont Ralph Stack- face d’Alamo Square Park. Dans la ville, on en pole que nous présenterons plus tard dans trouve d’autres notamment dans le district ce dossier. de Richmond. Cette expression est mainte- nant utilisée pour décrire des groupements Market Street : de maisons colorées dans d’autres villes du C’est une rue très importante de San Fran- pays. cisco, elle commence dans le Nord-est de la ville, se dirige vers le Sud-ouest, passe par Alcatraz Island – L’île d’Alcatraz : centre-ville et le quartier Castro, et se ter- Située dans la baie de San Francisco, elle fut mine au pied de la colline Twin Peaks. De d’abord l’hôte d’une forteresse militaire, puis nombreux types de transports en commun d’une prison militaire (en 1934) pour finir en l’empruntent comme les bus, trolleybus et prison fédérale de haute sécurité. Tirant son métro. C’est un lieu de rassemblements, de nom du mot « pélican » en espagnol, c’est parades et de manifestations. Elle est com- aujourd’hui un site historique visité par plus parée à l’avenue des Champs Élysées à Paris. Pier 39 – Jetée n°39 : Cette jetée est remplie de commerces et se situe à proximité du quartier de Fisher- man’s Wharf. On y trouve des lions de mers, un aquarium, un restaurant Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, inspiré du film Forrest Gump, et de nombreuses performances de rue. Muir Woods – Bois Muir : Cette forêt se trouve dans l’aire nationale de récréation du Golden Gate, à 20 km au nord d’un million de touristes par an.
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