1. Avebury Plain

1. Avebury Plain 1. Avebury Plain 2. Marlborough Downs 11. Spye Parklands 7. Kennet Valley 4. Horton Down 3. Savernake Plateau 10.Bristol Avon Clay Vale 9. Vale of Pewsey 6. Chute Forest 5. Salisbury Plain (East) 5. Salisbury Plain (West) 8. Salisbury Avon Valley Character Area 1: Avebury Plain 1: Avebury Plain Landscape Character Overview hedgerow trees outside the enclosed fields east of Winterbourne Monkton and west of Berwick A topographically homogenous area of relatively Bassett and Broad Hinton. These areas, which simple geology extending north from the village also include some small copses, have a higher of Avebury. The area forms part of a plateau proportion of pasture, which with the better above the lower lying clay vale to the west and hedgerow vegetation creates a more intimate north in North Wiltshire and Swindon Borough character in contrast to the open lands to the respectively, and below the scarp rising to the east. Further south the confluence of the Marlborough Downs to the east. The area is Winterbourne and Kennet creates small areas of characterised by vast prairie-like arable fields riparian character within a shallow open valley, lying below the scarp to the east of the A4361, characterised by isolated mature willows and while to the west of the road there is a mixture of lush pasture. enclosed arable and pasture land, forming the settings of the villages of Winterbourne Monkton, Winterbourne Bassett and Broad Hinton. Historic Landscape Extensive arable fields characterise the area to Character the north west of Avebury. The spectacular archaeological remains at Avebury lie in the Neolithic development of Avebury Plain was southernmost part of the area. dominated by the area around Avebury, which includes the Avebury henge and Windmill Hill causewayed enclosure, Silbury Hill and the Geology and Landform monument known as The Sanctuary. During the Bronze Age, following the completion of the In this part of Kennet the Upper, Middle and outer circle at Avebury, the avenue of stones Lower Chalk dip gently toward the south east, from Avebury to The Sanctuary was constructed, and the Avebury Plain is formed by the eroded and at the same time the timber circle at The surface of the Lower Chalk. The eastern edge of Sanctuary was replaced by concentric stone the area follows the foot of the steep scarp of the circles. There is virtually no evidence for Iron harder Middle and Upper Chalk. In the north- Age occupation in the area, suggesting that the west the boundary runs along the crest of importance of Avebury during the Bronze Age another scarp which falls away and is created by had declined. Similarly, very little Romano- the Lower Greensand and the Gault. These British evidence is noted. rocks are harder than the Kimmeridge Clay which forms the vale beyond. Although apparently almost flat, the area slopes gently toward Avebury, following the very shallow alluvial valley of the Winterbourne until it joins the Kennet on the northern edge of Avebury. Landcover The free-draining chalky soils and level land favour intensive arable cultivation, with very large field units. Field boundaries to the east of the The Avenue at Avebury looking south east toward West A4361 tend to be fences or other insubstantial Kennett features and there are few hedgerows or Character Area 1: Avebury Plain 23 During the Saxon period Avebury village (within Landscape and Visual the circle) was established, although there is little evidence to indicate the extent of any further Character settlement within the vale. The medieval period saw the establishment of the villages along the The distinctive character of this area is defined by Winterbourne, and post-medieval development its relative simplicity in topographical and visual of the area continued this pattern. Many of the terms. The plain is dominated by the open buildings built in Avebury during this period used rolling arable landscapes to the east which stone from the prehistoric henge, much of which provide views for almost the full length of the was destroyed as a result. area from some points in the north. To the west there is a contrasting, pastoral, character with Although the Avebury Plain was intensively areas of open pasture and, further west, lower farmed throughout prehistory, and remains the intervisibility created by smaller fields bounded focus for the majority of the prehistoric 'ritual' by stronger hedgerows and trees and by the built monuments within the Kennet landscape, the form of the villages themselves. In the southern post-medieval Enclosures effectively created the part of the area open arable fields again present day landscape and removed all trace of predominate north west of Avebury, and here the former agrarian characteristics. The they combine with the historic character of the distinctive pattern of villages spaced along the location to create the setting for Avebury. upper reaches of the Kennet are characteristic of the pattern of dispersed Saxon and medieval The individual components of this area may be settlements seen elsewhere in the District along broken down, and key characteristics are the Rivers Avon and Bourne. illustrated in Figure 8.1, and summarised below. Open Chalk lowland; • open lowlands with no significant hedgerow Settlement and Buildings structure and few trees; • sweeping vistas of intensively farmed lowland, Avebury and Avebury Trusloe are dramatically • post and wire fence boundaries which in located within and about the stone circle with a some cases have become defined by tall consequent important landscape setting and weed and scrub growth; relationship between building materials and • commonly found at the interface with the landscape. Avebury Manor and church are Chalk Uplands; important buildings, and other buildings form • predominantly intensively farmed but may scattered groups. Local stone including sarsen include both arable and pasture; and flint, render and brick are all typical • generally chalky soils; materials, together with clay tiles and straw • high degree of intervisibility. thatch for roofing. • pasture is nearly all reseeded. The villages further north are mostly small, and Enclosed Chalk lowland typically consist of a nucleus of church, rectory, • manor house/farm with cottages extending definite hedgerow structure; outward from this group. This has given most of • ranges in scale from very large expansive the settlements a linear form. Building materials fields to smaller more intimate field patterns; include plenty of sarsen stone, some of it • hedgerow trees along boundaries with roads apparently taken from the stone circles of and between fields; Avebury. Stone is used in conjunction with • areas of more intact structure may often be brickwork to create a characteristic vernacular of found near to settlements or woodland. window dressings, quoins, string courses etc. At • hedgerows generally well maintained and Winterbourne Monkton, Middle Farm has a complete, and include individual and groups Georgian farmhouse with large thatched barns, of mature hedgerow trees; all of sarsen stone. More recent development • moderate to low intervisibility. has taken place at Broad Hinton. 24 Character Area 1: Avebury Plain Valley floor pasture. • occupying the river floodplain; underlain by alluvium and generally under permanent pasture; • characterised by willows and alders in hedges and along watercourses; • attractive, pastoral character; • poor hedgerow structure and relatively few mature trees along watercourses; open character. Key Landmarks and Landscape Features • the internationally important archaeological complex of Avebury, with its stone circles and outlying standing stones; • Windmill Hill north west of Avebury; • Silbury Hill (in local views); • the prominent scarp rising to the Marlborough Downs east of the area. Silbury Hill Character Area 1: Avebury Plain 25 1: Avebury Plain Landscape Guidelines Landscape Quality and Key • inappropriate development or land use management which could damage the setting Issues of the Avebury WHS; • scrub invasion of open downland. All of this character area lies within the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, confirming its outstanding quality and national significance. Guidelines for Avebury Plain Landscapes The character area also includes a number of other features of conservation value which Enhancement priorities contribute to its overall significance, including: • retain areas of permanent pasture and • Conservation Areas at Avebury and unimproved grassland, particularly within Avebury Trusloe areas of archaeological value (e.g. Windmill • a number of non-statutory sites of nature Hill), and manage to prevent scrub conservation interest, including unimproved encroachment; chalk grassland and scattered remnants of • regulate grazing and recreational pressure on ancient semi-natural woodland archaeological sites to prevent damage to • a large number of Scheduled Ancient monuments; Monuments set within an archaeological • within the corridor of the Winterbourne, landscape of international importance, reinstate hedges and introduce new tree recognised by the designation at Avebury of planting along watercourses and in lines and a World Heritage Site. groups along the floodplain, using typical riparian species such as willow and alder; Overall, the Avebury Plain has a distinctive mix • improve landscape structure along the of open rolling arable landscapes, and more corridor of the A4361, to mitigate adverse intimate pastoral countryside.

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