American Fisheries Societg Wamwater Streams Symposium, 198I, pp. 291-302
Irnpacts of Irnpoundments on Six Small Watersheds in Pennsylvanial
Fnro J. BnruNrn Biology Department, Grove City College, Grove City, Pennsylvania 16127
Ansrnecr
Six reservoirs on 3 watersheds in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, were studied from 1972 to 1979. No significant differences in water chemistry occurred above or below the impoundments between sampling intervals or watersheds. The biological oxygen demand of the bottom sedi- ments was significantly correlated with the volatile solids and phosphorus concentrations within the sediments, and was inversely correlated with the dissolved oxygen concentrations immedi- ately off the bottoms of the reservoirs. The reservoirs acted as lagoons, reducing coliform con- centrations significantly in the streams below. The reduction of coliforms was directly related to the turnover time of the reservoir. The diversity and biomass of invertebrates and fish pop- ulations were greater in streams below than above the structures. Recommendations are offered for the improvement of such areas as fish and wildlife habitat as well as overall stream ecology.
IxrnopuctloN The irnpacts of 6 reservoirs in 3 watersheds Floodplains have traditionally been the first in Mercer County, Pennsylvania (Fig. 1) were topographic areas settled for a variety of rea- assessed frorn October 1972 through Septem- sons, not the least of which is that the rich ber 1979. Two reservoirs, Mathay Run and alluvial land has an abundant water supply, Saul Run in the Saul-Mathay watershed, were high fertility, and a level contour for ease of chosen for study because of the diversity of development. Approximately 7 percent of the land use and the flood protection they provid- total land area of the contiguous United ed for the communities of Greenville and States, with an estimated 22,0OO comrnunities Hempfield Township. Three reservoirs in the of 6.4 million single family dwellings (0.5% Little Shenango watershed, Morrison Run, of the population), is on flood prone land (Cos- Calvin Clark Run, and Pine Run, were in- ta 1978). cluded because of the land treatment mea- Flood protection had been provided by a sures in the watershed. Sulfur Run, in the variety of different rnethods including the Sandy Creek watershed, was included also construction of flood control reservoirs, Iev- because of the Iand treatment measures. ees, and channelization of streams. Attention and research on the impact of such projects Sruoy Anra on strearn ecology have largely focused on Mercer County is in northwestern Pennsyl- projects along major watercourses (Woodbury vania, approximately rnidway between Pitts- 1967, Frey 1967, Kochziek et al. 1971, Groen burgh and Erie. All watersheds are in the gla- irnd Schrnulbach 1978, Trotzky and Gregory ciated portion of the Appalachian Plateau 1974, Erman 1973, Etnier 1972, Sanford and Province. The topography ofthe area consists \\'ard 1979) with little attention to those on of moderate sloping and loamy soils devel- srnall watersheds designed for the protection oped frorn glacial drift and glacial outwash ,rf srnall communities and agricultural areas. materials that are generally poorly drained. The enactment of Public Law 566 by Con- Saul-Mathay watershed originates in rress in 1954 enabled the U.S. Soil Conser- Hernpfield Township in northwestern Mercer vtrtion Service to provide flood protectiot.r to County and consists of Saul Run and Mathay romrnunities along small watersheds. Run, 2 small strearns that join in the borough of Greenville. Agriculture is the principal in- dustry with cropland and woodland compris- ' Supported by the National Wildlife Federation. ing more than half of the land area (Table I). 29l. 292 Wen*vwereR STREAN{s Svuposruu, 1981 :l
t TABLE 1.--t- 1 I I C
Countv arrii ,-- { C The Little Shenango watershed drains rnent occurred in that watershed because of C)bserr-ittir :,. 68,600 acres (27,762 ha) and consists of a nain its size and arnount of agriculture. Those n-rea- (Table 2) inr--: stream as well as nurnerous tributaries. The sures included the installation of conservation try, procluctir--:. Iargest, Crooked Creek, originates in Harts- practices on operating fanns as well as the im- belou, the str--: town Marsh of Crawford County and enters provement of wildlife habitat and irnproved icrrl oxy'gen -i=: the Little Shenango River northeast of Creen- forestry practices (Table I). bacteriirl popr:--: ville. Four flood control reservoirs have been Sandy Creek watershed has a total area of tior.rs o{'the 1'. : constructed within the watershed with another 42,OO0 acres (16,997 ha, 65.6 miles2, 170 krn'z) loctrtious u'it:.-: structure scheduled for 1980. More land treat- including I0,I00 acres (4,087 ha) in Crawford rnir-recl. ancl cl:.- Ilrpecrs or IrrpouxDMENTS or Wnrnnsnpos-Brenner 293 TeeI-r l.-Le\D TREAT\IENT \IEAsuREs ASSoCIATED s,rt-tt 6 RESERVoTRS tl 3 u,etunsgrus rx \ltncrn Cous'rv, PErNsylveNtA, Tocrtrr{ER wI'rH THE AltEAs AND DlsrANCEs INvoLvED I\t E.A.crI{ 'I'REA'I-\(ENT \\'rrtersherls Saul-\Inthrv Littlt.ShenLrngo Slndr Crt,t l Enelish \l(,trjc ti n glis h \letrir English \lt.trir Lancl treatment Fann practices (acres-ha) r,239 501.3 47,tO0 I9,O5SI.9 3,;r5 t,422.6 Cover cropping (acres-ha) 426 t72.4 300 t2t.4 Contour strip (acres-ha) 370 14.9.7 37,000 14,973.5 500 202,3 Htry plantin g (acres-ha) 700 2fJ3.3 ;00 202.3 Pirsture develop:nent (acres-ha) 449 IttI.7 9,400 3,804. r 2.215 896.4 Diversion (ft-m) 3I,000 !1,449.0 115,0m 35,0;2.0 40,(x)0 t2,r92.o Gross rvtrterrval,s (ltrn) 15,700 ,1,785.0 ,10,000 t2.t.L)2.o t3 ,1.0 Tilc clraintge (ft-nr) 75,000 22,860.0 480,000 r46,304.0 220,000 67,056.0 Surlirce clr:rinage ditches (fi-rn) 17,000 ;.r82.0 45,0(n 13,716.0 35,000 I0,667.0 Farrn ponds 4i 19.0 20 8.I Forestrv prtrctices (tcres-ha) 237 95 9 800 323.6 r.300 526.0 Tree planting (ncres-hri) i5 304 400 16r.9 400 161.9 Hydrologic irnprovements (acres-ha) 400 161.9 600 242.8 Woodlancl grazirg control (Licres-ba) 23 1 3 4.83 360 145.7 Wildlile lralritat clevelopntcnt (ircres-ha) 2,600 1,052.0 Courrty alrd 3I,900 acres (I2,910 hrr) in \,Iercer dioxicle concentratiorrs at the sru'flce an(l im- Countv. Lancl trerrhnent \\,ithilr tl-re r.vatershed nre(liatelv abovc the bottorn of thc reser'",oir included ltoth the irnplovcment of forest nrur- were Iecorde(I. rtgernent practices irnd thc installation of con- Concentratit)rs of dissolved oxyger, total servrltiou nrerlsul'es (Table 1). harclness, total clissolvecl solids, l'erric iror.r, Duintrge tu'ens o{ the 6 reservuirs rrurgecl silicir, tunrnonia, pH, alkrrlirrity, ancl colilbnn {r'olr I.1 to 4.38 rniles' (2.85-11.34 krnr) rvitlr lrrrcterirr u'cle rccorcled cluring Octol;er, April, rr milxinr-lln depth of 2.5 rn irnd stortrge arcirs and July errch yerrr'. Conceltrati<)ns of colili)n)r frorn zrpproxirnately 8 to 27 .rcres (9,868.0- bircteriu were cletenninecl rrccolcling to the 33,304.5 m'r) (Table 2). The btse florv of tl're rnultiple tube lL,nnenttrtion test trs outlinecl ir-r strearns, based on the lirrnmltr 0. 15 x (ch'ain- the Stturclalcl Methocls f Tesln 2,-SrzE, AREA, AND vANAGEMENT RESpoNSrBrLrry oF 6 FLooD coNTRoL RESERVoTRS rN Mnnclx Couxry, PrNxsyr,veNra Surface area Resewoir M anagement responsibilit)7cu[ent use Saul Run 1.5 0.61 Henpfield Township Mathay Run 7,0 2.83 Hempfield Township/Park Morrison Run 6.9 2.79 Mercer County Conservation District Calvin Clark Run 4.O r.62 Mercer County Conservation District Pine Run 9.5 3.84 Fairview Township/Park ta Sulfur Run 2.0 0.8r Private Ownership o >4 z Ld o x trance ofthe stream to the reservoir and in the laboratory, and their total length (mm) and o tailwaters according to the procedures de- weight (g) recorded. Those species consid- o scribed bv Steeman-Nielson (1951, 1952). ered rare or endangered were measured and )U Diurnal phytoplankton and zooplankton were weighed at the and released. o site 66 determined frorn samples obtained with a The invertebrate ftruna was sampled with a 62 12 x lS-inch (300 x 450-mm) drift net situat- a Surber bottom sampler on at least 3 different cd in the entrance of the strearn to the reser- locations within the strearn during each sam- voir and irnmediately below the outlet. pling period. All tenninology and classifica- Fish populations were sampled above and tions of phl,toplankton, zooplankton, and in- below the reservoirs. Samples could not be vertebrate organisms were based on the obtained frorn Mathay Run or Saul Run be- descriptions of Prescott (1962), Edmondson cause the streams origir-rated in marshes not (1961), and Pennak (1953). The standard sta- suitable for electrofishing. A 30.5-m (IO0-foot) tistical procedures utilized in the analysis of section of strearn was sampled on 4 separate the data were conducted according to the pro- occasions utilizing a 1lO-volt ac electrofishing cedures described by Snedecor (1959) and q apparatus. All fishes observed were collected Sin-rpson et al. (1960). For every analysis a P < E=--- a and those not included in the rare or endan- 0.05 level of confidence was used to be statis- gered category were saved, transported to the tically significant. hnpour- ---'-:!5 their che::.--- I Theres.:=' 'i cherristr. '-"i= b6;r I Tesr,r 3.-DRAr\AGE AREA, voLUN{E, BASE FLow AND \IAX]MUM AND A\IERAGE TUR\O\IER TIME OF 6 "11hg1 -: RESERv()rRS rs Mnncrn Couslv, Prxxsyrverre watershe,:. -'I . a Varlance. "i" a.:-- - | Calvin more th.lr- '- :< Saul Run \Iathav Run \lorrison Run Pine Run Clark Rrrn Sullirr Rrrn - any of the ' :='-l Drainage area (miles'?) r.r0 1.87 4.38 2.24 3.90 2.30 dissoh'eci 1- (krn'z) 2.85 4.84 I1.34 10.10 5.96 =5 5.80 tween thr -:i < Storage (acre-feet) 10.00 18.70 27.00 19.00 20.00 7.90 ::-:-r! (-'') resen'oir: 12,335 23,066 33,305 23,436 24,670 9,74s It.t-tpout,:- -:d (fP) Volun.re 435,600 8t4,572 r,176, r20 827,640 871,200 344,r24 ever. sig:---.-- -:ri (nr') 12,335 23,066 33,304 24,670 9,745 23,436 tions in :ll::--= Base flow (cfs) 0.167 0.2805 0.657 0.336 0.579 0.345 sites erce:: \.1i (rn'r/rnin) 0.284 0.4770 r.1 16 0.571 0.984 0.s86 Cilr-rt decrc':: I Average calculated flow rate belou'the :=-.- (cfs) 2.0 0.810 5.500 2.300 5.600 3.300 .cr the colifor:.', - (m3Alrin) 3.4 t.377 9.350 3.910 9.520 5.610 was the re>--: I \{axirnum turnover time (davs) 33.6 20.0 r7.7 30 34.2 1r.5 that lr'as in:--:,: Average calculated turnover 10.8 2.5 r.8 4 4.2 t.2 of the clarr.r : I time (days) - that drain.r:. ,-t Iupecrs oF IMPoLTNDMENTS oN WerrRsrraos-Br enner 295 I rNFLow F ourFLow JA (, >4 Z td t977 t973 o X o o U J RUN PINE RUN MORRISON RUN o CALVIN CLARK a16 a 6,, IOIA J J JO J OI A J O JO t973 t974 975 976 t977 t973 977 t974 t975 876 1977 Frc. 2. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen in streams above and below 6 flood control reservoirs in I\,lercer County, Pennsylvania. ffi Rssul-rs AND DrscussloN ture. Reduction in coliforrn c INFLOW OUTFLOW CALVIN CLARK RUN SAUL RUN SULFUR RUN - aoo 500 {o N 200 o U I z I 3 o ! z F z U o G U 0 Frc. 5. R..-=: --.: ?2 7a 74 75 76 17 7? 73 74 73 76 77 f2 Z3 t4 F 76 t7 centrittiol.t: .: - -' Frc. 3. \{ost probable number (MPN) and percenttrge (histograrn) chtrnge ir colilirnn organisrns :rt the belos'61.,--o inflow (solid line) and outflorv (clottecl line) in 6 floo f'ectecl bv the lcservoirs (Tnble 6) ar.rcl there were no significant dilI'erences betr.veen sarn- pling dates or locrrtioDs trs detenrlirlecl lty aurirl-v-sis of valittnce (P > 0.80). Carbor-r-14 ac- Tesrr {-'.---f, tivitv per unit o{'chlorophyll rr, howcver', wirs z o greater in the heaclwaters of the resetvoirs a than irr the streiutrs irnrneclitrtely belorv the structures (Fig. 5). Such a reductior in ctrrbot-t- E reservoir probtbly I4 activity below the Szrul Ru:, E woulcl be beneficial since it mav recluce eu- z trophication. \latha' F,-: o Potassium was the onlv nutrient that exhib- ited clifferences between samplirlg locations \lorriso:- l-, within the different sedirnent pools. Those - greater the inlet tutcl conceutrations were in Pine Ru:. middle regiorls of the pools than at the riser phosphorus while nitrogen rlncl concentra- Cirh'in C---r l-.rn tions uncl pH were similar in clif{erent regions pool. solicls rrlso ol'the seclinent Volatile rvere Sulfur H::, RETENTION TIME _ DAYS greater ir-r the upper nncl l-ri ABOVE a silr-rilar sedirnent yield within the wa- ---- 8EL0W tershed, but reservoirs are trn efficient nu- - trient ar.rd sedirnent trap (Heinemann and Rausch 1977) with the bottorn sedirnents pro- viding a fertile rnedium f Tesrn 4.-Nu\TBERS oF TAXA AND I\IDIVTDUALS ABovE AND BELolv 6 rlooo coNTRoL REsERvotRS, Vrncen Couxrv, Psxxsvr-vexre Phytoplankton Zooplanktou Taxa Individuals Taxa lndividuals Above 5 34 2 J Saul Rur-r Below 4 29 4 26 Above 5 44 2 7 \{athav Run Belou, 2 30 5 8 Above 2 6 5 I5 N{orrison Run Below 5 t7 6 26 Above 3 t2 9 33 Pine Run Below 2 J 2 1I Above 2 5 J I9 Calvin Clark Run Below 4 18 4 I3 Above I 58 2 3 Sulfur Run Below 4 42 I J Above Below Above Below --. Taxa 3.0 26.5 3.8 r3.3 x Individuals 3.5 23.5 3.7 t6.2 298 Weru,rwernn Srnreys Syuposruu, 1981 TABLE;.-AvouNTS oF cHLoRopHyLL a (rtc/t-),.rrL()AL BIo\rAss (rtc/r-, unv $ercHr) A\DroC UPTAKE (cousrs/src c ') mrs,rE:t s.A\rpLE LocATIoNS \\,rrHrN RESERVoIRS AND sAr\rpLINc rlrnnvals ox 6 RESERVoIRS, \{ERCER Coutrv, Prxxsvlvexre (N : I2lsrrn) Chlorophrll u Algal biornass Carbon-1,1 uptake Bcts'ee ) fletweetr Be twee I Bctween Betwcen Betweetr dates Iocations rlates locations dates locations a Saul Run 6.4 * 0.026 8.2 * 0.073 28.2 * 0.73 25.2 + O.75 12.7 * O.78 12.6 * 0.57 Mathav Rur-r 8.4 * 0.280 8.6 * 0.240 32.3 * 0.65 31.7 * 0.76 23.6 * 0.68 23,6 * 0.46 7.8 + 0. 180 * * * O.42 * * \Iorris<>n Run 7.2 0.160 35.1 0.25 34.9 6.5 0.28 6.5 0.086 a Pine Run 7.6 * O.270 6.6 * 0.I80 24 5 + O.2,1) 23.9 + 0.40 6.I + 0.56 u.6 * 0.63 Calvin Clark Run 6.I * 0.160 6.0 * 0.I70 35.6 * 0.43 34.7 * O.46 4.6 * O.42 4.6 * 0.55 Sulfur Rur-r 5.8 * 0.150 6.5 * 0.230 35.3 * 0.42 35.4 + 0.56 3.4 * 0.33 3.3 * 0.39 \{ean 7.O 7.2 31.{J 31.0 9.5 9.7 ".-{ The BOD of the bottorn sedir.r-rents was ir.r- A greater variety of species, individuals, velsell, correltrted with dissolved T.c.gt-r 6.-pH AND C()NCENTRATIoNs oF orHER VARTAtsLES BETwEEN sA\IpLING LocATIoNS AND BE- T\\'EIiN SA\IPLING INTERVALS FOR 6 RESERVOIRS I\ \{TNCTN COUTTY, PEN\SYLVA\LA (N : 36/LOCATIo\) Slrlpling Joctrtion Variable \riddle Orrtflou pH Betweer sites 6.0 + 0.17 6.I * 0.03!l 6.0 + 0.011 Between ir.rtervals 6.0 * 0.05 6.0 * 0.020 6.0 * 0.200 Nitrogcn (kg/ha) Between sites II.2 * 0.21 9.3 * 0.I00 9.3 * 0.100 Bets,een intervals I0.6 + 0.20 8.9 + 0.100 8.9 * 0.I00 Phosphoms (kg/ha) Between sites 86.4 * 0.40 85.5 * 0.880 ti5.6 * L900 Between intervirls 89.2 * 0.70 90.0 * 0.420 88.2 * 1.390 Potassiunr (kgy'ha) Betrveen sites 137.ti * 2.50 114.2 * 1.520 I3I.8 + 0.560 Between iltervals I37.7 + 3.60 141.5 * 2.500 132.7 * 0,570 Volatile solids (md100 g) Betrveen sites 16.3 * 0.52 17.2 * 0.970 II.4 + 0.190 Between intervals 16.5 + 0.61 I7.0 + 1.000 10.2 * 0.310 BOD (rng/liter) Between sites 141.0 * I.64 148.0 * 0.880 l;I.0 + Ll10 Betrveen intervals 140.0 * 0.86 149.0 + 0.670 153.0 + 1.280 Bncteria,/g Betweer.r sites 76.0 + 0.50 56.0 + 1.030 88.0 * 0.360 Between intewals 78.0 * 1.50 55.0 * 0.700 79.0 * 0.320 lupecrs or IupotxDMENTS oN WITBRSIaEo+_B renner 299 Tasls 7.-SURFACE AND BorroN{ DISSoLvED oxycE\ AND FREE CO, coxcrxrRATroNs e.r 3 prrrenrlr LocATIoNS BETwEEN 6 RESERVoIRS AND SAMrLING INTERvALS, Mnncrn CouNTy, PrlNsvlvesle (N : 36/LoCATroN) Sampling location lnSow \fidd e Surface dissolved oxygen Between sites 7.7 + O.L3 6.6 + 0.099 5.8 + 0.35 Between intervals 7.6 + 0.lI 6.7 * 0.093 5.7 + 0.ll Bottom dissolved oxygen Between sites 5.4 + 0.I0 5.2 * O.O2l 4.8 * 0.18 Between intervals * O.027 + 5.8 0.11 5.1 = 4.6 O.l2 Surface free CO, Between sites 5.0 * 0.15 23.4 + 0.500 15.9 * 0.46 Between intervals 5.I + 0.19 23.7 + 0.190 12.5 + 0.32 Bottom free CO2 Between sites 7.9 * 0.13 9.7 + 0.390 26.9 + 0.20 Between intervals 8.3 + 0.046 8.9 * 0.400 28.0 + 0.23 ber of indivicluals and biomass, respectively, ies have also fbund that reservoir construction in streams imn-rediately below the irnpound- changed the size and/or composition of fish rnents cornpared with the headwaters of the communities below the structure (Trotzky reservoirs (Table 9). A total of 26 species of and Gregory 1974, Etnier 1972). Ernan (1973) fishes was identified frorn the 6 streams. stated that following the construction of the Generally, only rnembers of the sunffsh farnily Starrpede Reservoir on the Sagehen Creek in Centrachidae, the brown bullhead lctalurus Califbrnia, suckers Catostomus platgrhgn- nebulosus, and the blacknose dace Rhinich- chus and C. tahoensis became the dominant thgs atratul&s were found in the strearns species above the reservoir while the redside above the reservoirs. Below the reservoirs, a Richardsonius egregius, speckled dace Rhi- large nurnber of rninnows and darters inhtrb- nichthgs osculus, brown trout Salmo trutta, ited the streams. The distributions of the dif- ancl whiteffsh ProsoTtium uilliamsoni de- ferent species of fish within the 3 watersheds clined, and brook trort Salaelinus fontinalis are summarized in the Appendix. Other stud- disappeared frorn the community. None of the Teslr S.-NUMBER oF INvERTEBRATE TAXA, INDI\'IDUALS AND BIoMASS OF INDIVIDUALS ABOVE AND BELow 6 trtxlusortrsrs rs Msncrn Couxrv, Prsxsvlvexre (N : l2lloc,rrtor) No Mean wt No taxa indivi(luals (rn/ind.) Biomass/rng Above o 8 2r.8 toz.4 Saul Run Below 4 13 60.0 780.0 Above Mnthay Run Below 4 n I28.1 2,t77.7 Above Morrison Run Below i 8 38.4 307.2 Above I 5 63.3 3r6.5 Pine Run Below J I3 68.3 887.9 Above D 13 9r.5 1,189.5 Calvin Run Below 6 l9 88.6 1,682.5 Above 2 6 150. r 900.6 Sulfur Run Below 3 l5 I70. I 2,55t.5 300 Wenvwarpn Srnreus Syuposruu, 1981 Ir Teslu 9.-NuN{RERS oF SrECIES, rNDI\IDUALS, NIEAN wEIGHTs (c) or TNDTvTDUALS A\t) Tor-{L Rr()\rASS (c) or usn FoUND ABO\aE AND BELow IMpouND\{ENTs rx \{Encrn CouNTy, Prxxsvlvexre (N : ir.rg the inteeritl 3/r-ocelox) while providins: -, No \o Mean wt / TotLrl ^{cL\' specres irrrlivitluals indivi APPENDIx Drsrmsurrox oF FrsH seECIES wITHTN 3 werrnsneus tx Mencnn CouvT y, PnNNsyLveNIA (A, eaovn I DAM; B, nnr.ow oervr) Saul-Mathay Little Shenango Sandy Creek \[a Species -.ru Cyprinidae Rhinichthgs atratulus x x x x x x Clinostomus elongatus x x X -{;irr ol Semotilus margarital x cte-.-. Jl Chrosomus eos x x cD=-=tErEEl Rhinichthg s caturactae x x xx ue;E a-aand Pimephales notatus xxx Campostoma anomalum' x x t-.-.; 1i_[ Pimephales promelas x int =ai bl Notropis stramineus x -.as:Grl -- Notropis cornutus x x x x s:==t * S emotilus atromaculatus x x x x xxx *l --r-s= dI Hybopsis biguttatal xx of -=L:ir ( Hgbopsis x-punctata a-.i:.:=&B Catostomidae :,:,=:c .d Catostomus commersoni x x x x cl-,:riu Hgpentelium nigricans x rE--=: t Erimgzon oblongus x x x x Ictaluridae Ictalurus nebulosus' x x Centrarchidae Hl.-t, o:lrh Lepomis macrochirus x x xxx x invest:rr:u J Leytomis cganellus xx Lepomis gibbosus x x 196i =r: Micropterus dolomieuil x x conctr:=E Micropterus salmoides x x enl1fr-'::r3:E Pomoris annularis x ha\e -=r r Percidae tion s::,i- Etheostoma flabellae xx x x x tn :;)e'in' Etheo sto ma blennioide sl x x Peri::-ror Etheostoma nigrum x x x Cirnnlr{ Percina maculatar x :€ turbel r Cottidae ent itr:r -5i- Cottus bairdi x x into ti- *i rReplesents 1 percent or less ofindividuals or biornass. cheml:-.i- od chara.s-: Blini R-.4 becalu-, - Louisi:-..r l it is a ::-io:r tupelc.-brii odium i portio:r ,:,: *rr confluerxt d r and { ,r- jected t,, fura]- arl,j -"id The ,ttrr:<:il nlea-iure- a<{d ic-a] ang clea- American Fis herie s S ocietg Wamwater Streanrs Symposiurn, 1981, pp. 303-319 A Prelirninary Survey of Blind River, Louisiana :l M. B. WersoN, C.J. Krr-r.nsREw, M. H. ScnuRTz, AND J. L. LaNonv f Louisiana Department of Wildlil'e trnd Fisheries, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804 I I ABSTRACT I A pilot study ofBlind River, Louisiana, was conducted from January 1976 to August 1977. The chemical and physical properties of the stream were examined, as were the invertebrate and ffsh ,i communities. The occurrence and distribution ofpesticides and other chlorinated hydrocarbons I I were evaluated. Blind River is a complex system integrating lacustrine, riverine, and estuarine characteristics i into both the physicochemical environment and the biotic cornmunities. There were no marked seasonal changes in water quality, but there were definite longitudinal changes which correlated I with the confuence of an upland drainage system and the proximity of Lake Maurepas. Although 43 species of benthic invertebrates were collected, the diversity was low due to an abundance of tubiffcids. Over 130 groups of invertebrates were collected from the marginal macrophyte tf, forms, several estuarine, anad- fF association. The majority of ffshes collected were freshwater but romous, and catadromous species were found. Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues, primarily chlordane and metabolites of DDT were found, and their distribution appeared to be directly related to development in various segments of the watershed. INtnopucrtoN (2) temporal and areal changes in water qual- Historically, there has been little intensive ity, invertebrate comrnunities, and arluatic investigation of streams in Louisiana (Moore macrophytes, (3) the qualitative characteris- 1963) and there is little information available tics of the ffsh cornrnunity, and (4) the occur- concerning the chernistry and biology of lotic rence and distribution of chlorinated hydro- environments within the state. Most studies carbons throughout the system. have been of limited scope, e.g., ffsh popula- tion studies and water quality investigations DrscmsrroN oF THE Sruuv Anre in specific stream segments. Blind River lies approxirlrately rnidway be- Perturbations within an aquatic ecosystem tween New Orleans and Baton Rouge. Thc cannot be accurately assessed unless undis- stream flows northward fiorn its origin in turbed conditions are understood. The pres- McElroy Swamp into the southwestern por- ent study was undertaken to gain some insight tion of Lake Maurepas (Fig. 1). Lake Maure- into the relationships between the physico- pas is the most inland open water area of the chemical and biological elernents of a stream Lake Pontchartrain estuarine complex and has characteristic of southern Louisiana. an average depth of 2.15 rn. It is surrounded Blind River was chosen for investigation by bald cypress-tupelo swamp, a plant asso- because: (1) the stream is protected under the ciation described in detail by Penfbund Louisiana Natural and Scenic Rivers Act, (2) (1e52). it is a rnajor stream that drains an extensive Blind River is approxirnately 39.4 krn long, tupelo-bald cypress Ngssa aquatica L.-Tax- and drains an area of approxin.rately I,065 krn'z odium distichum (L.) Richard swamp, (3) a (Sloss 1971). The major portion of the water- portion ofthe stream has been affected by the shed is swamp contiguous to the strearn chan- confluence of a rnajor flood control channel, nel throughout its length. It is a typical swarnp and (4) one seglllent was known to be sub- bayou characterized by a basic U-shaped jected to pollution from municipal, agricul- channel with good littoral developrnent (Ta- tural, and industrial sources. ble f), nurlerous meanders, highly colored The objectives of the pilot study were to water, and periods o{'no perceptible flow. measure, describe, and evaluate: (1) the phys- Blind River exhibits physicochernical and bi- ical and chemical properties of Blind River, ological characteristics of a lake between its 303 fg8I 304 Wanl rve.rnn Srnneus Svrlposruu, T -: -+E JTE l LAKE MAUREPAS Rrrui: - the ---- Rir.: E' . vrrlu:-. I NcY svstr::,: r t.rine: -: : f lcr:= s-ithir- --- rml ranqe = - Level- I:- ! the ss'o::,: ,nr! ! \lissis.--:: - i. the ser e:, _ River h.r: :': GromercY duction i I :[r ment re]-:=: l: Ores, and : -t' I veloprllen: '-:ar! consists oi :-r d as fishins -,: :l \1.r-s \lost san-r:-- ' r-rurnbers denote locations of collection stations' tervals fror:- la Frc. 1. Blind River and vicinity, Louisiana Circlecl Sunl,:ey or Br-rxo RIlGn, LoursraNa-Watson et al. 305 Tanlr 1.-STREAM cHANNEL crIARAcrERIsrtcs, Br-rxn Rrvrn, LoursreNe, 1976-1977. SrarroN r, Station Location \\ D A Bottom tvpe I 30.6 43 3.75 99 silt and cletritus 2 29.4 50 4.25 133.5 silt ancl clc.tritus J 2r.3 7t 7.0 308 silt tnd some detritus 4 t2.1 t26 I1.0 706.5 silt aricl noclerate detritus ;) 6.4 130 r2.5 888 silt, clav, some detritus 6 t.2 150 I 1.5 950 silt, clnv, sorne detritus headwaters trnd the Anrite River Diversion 1977 except for fishes collected quirrterly. Cnr.ral, tr distar.rce of approxirnately 30 krn, due Water sarnples were collected with a Preci- to the nature of the currents. The clirection of sion Scientific stainless steel servage sarnpler florv is greatly infuenced by water levels in fitted a 300-rnl BOD bottle. Separate Ltrke \{aureprls iurd the Amite River Diver- strnrples"vith rvere collectecl 1 ur beneath the sur- sion Canal. ftrce ancl 0.5 rn above the stream botton'r. Dis- The Amite River Diversion Cnntrl, a man- solved oxygell rvas detennined in sihr using rnrrde channel that connects the Amite River a Westor.r nncl Stack Moclel 330 oxygen rneter with Blind River, originates at the An.rite Riv- calibratecl against the azide modification of er 41 km above Lake \{aurepas, florvs in a the Winkler method (Rancl et al. 1975). A southeasterly clirectior.r, and joins Blincl River Beckrnan Electromate \{odel 1009 rneter rvas approxirnately 8 km above the lake (Fig. 1). usecl to cletennine pH. Specific conductance During periocls of rnoclerate to high clischarge, and salinity were determined with a YSI a substnntiarl volnme of the Amite River that \{orlel 33 condr-rctivity rneter. Instrurnents receives discharges and runoff frorn the Baton were calibrated in the field at the beginning of Rouge metropolitar.r area is cliverted down ezrch san'rpling day. Ternperature was recorded the canal to Lake Maurepas through Blind rvith a 305-mrn mercury column Celsius ther- River. Even cluring nonnal flow, a sufficient r.nonreter. Subsan.rples of both top and bottom volurne of wnter is exchtrnged between the 2 rvirtcr samples were collected in cappecl glass systerns so that it sustainecl current is rnain- bottles, placed on ice and returnecl to the trrined in the lorver 8 knr of Blir.rcl River. lirboratory for aualyses fbr alkalinity, chlorides, Elevations ancl natural relief are very low htrr extracted with acetonitrile and celite, parti- by Stations 5 and 6, never contained less than tioned in hexane, and cleaned up on Florisil 4 ngll dissolved oxygen; however, the lower colnrnns. These procedures lbllow McMahon water column at Station 5 was apparently in- and Sawyer (1973), Taras et al. (1971), Barthel fluenced by naturally deoxygenated waters (1968), and Goerlitz and Law (1971). Iiorn upper Blind River and probably by sirn- After extraction the samples were analyzed ilar waters frorn Bayou Chene Blanc and the with gas-liquid chromatography (Perkin-El- surrounding swamp. rner 39208) and the pesticides chlordane and In his discussion of hurnic coloring r.natter p,p'-DDE were confinned in selected sam- in water, Hutchinson (1957) suggested that ples with hexane-acetonitrile partition coef- the photooxidation of humic substances exerts ficients (Bowman and Boroza 1965) and thin- an oxygen dernand upon the water colurnn layer chrornatography (Hamilton and Sirnpson that depresses values of dissolved oxygen. A 1969). Results were reported in microgran-rs true color greater than 50 ur.rits appears to in- per kilograni (ppb) wet weight for fish, and dicate the presence of sufEcient arnounts of dry weight for sediment and vegetation sam- huuric rnaterials to exert a substantial influ- ples. ence ol1 dissolved oxygen concentration as in- dicated by percentage saturation values (Ju- Rssulrs AND DrscussroN day and Birge 1932). The average color of Water Qualitg Blind River was belor,r, 50 units only at Sta- Longitudinal changes in the mean values of tions 5 and 6 where the average surface dis- hardness, alkalinity, sulfates, color, chlorides, solved oxygen concentration was greater than dissolved oxygen, and turbidity are shown in 6 rng/I. Fig. 2. The magnihrde of those changes reflects Measured specific conductance was typi- the extent of the influence of the Amite River cally less than 400 pmhos/crn at arnbient tern- upon the water quality at those stations near perature. The highest values for specific con- and below the diversion canal. It is also ob- ductance and salinity (1,020 p.nrhos/cr.r.r rrt 28 vious Station 2 was within an area influenced C and 0.5%, salinity) were recorded rrt Station by polluting discharges. Station 2 exhibited 6 on 30 August 1977 when Blind River was the highest rnean chloride content, hardness, under the influence of a storm tide (+I rn alkalinity, and turbidity. In the absence of MGL) in Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain sewage pollution and other man-rnade pertur- fiorn hurricane Anit:r. bations, Station 2 should not differ substan- tially frorn Station I due to their physical sirn- Benthic lnaertebrates ilarities and proxir.rity to each other. The Forty-three groups of benthic organisrns dissolved oxygen data are particularly infor- representing sorne 60 sl-,ecies were collected rnative. Those data indicate that the dissolved frorn Blind River (Tablc 2). Tubificidae arrd oxygen of the surface rvaters at Station 2 was Naididae were the rnost aburrdttnt organisms less than 4 ngll on 81.8 percent of the sam- collected and comprised 50.4 to 80.8 percent pling dates and was less than 2 mgll on 36.4 by nurnber of the invertebrates per sarnple percent. Dissolved oxygen in the lower water throughout the systern. At Station 2 in March colurnn at Station 2 was less than L mg/l on 1977, 96.9 percent of the total nurnber of in- half the sar.rlpling dates, with a third of the vertebrates collected were Tubiffcidae and sarnples below detectable lirnits. The redox Naididae. potential within the water column was not There was indication of longitudinal rleasured and the presence ofanaerobic con- changes in the cornposition of the benthic ditions was not ascertained. community from Station I to Station 6; the There was notable improvement in the most dramatic shift was between Stations 4 rluality of surface waters downstrearn from and 5. Station 2. However, the lower water column Nine groups, Nematoda, Tubificidae, and at Stations 3 and 4 did not reflect the irn- Naididae (Annelida), Chironomidae, Culici- proved conditions at those stations. The sur- dae, and Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), Ostra- face waters between the Amite River Diver- coda, the copepod Mesocqclops edax (Crus- sion Canal and Lake Maurepas, represented tacea), and the Sphaeriidae (Vollusca), were SYrlPosruY' 1981 308 WeRlrwerun SrnseMs - AlkolinitY - Sulfotes I l0 Hordness Color - C hlorides 00 I 00 TOP B0TI0I ----- 90 90 - 801 ,rl 10 U' =C ,r] 60 -[ Io I <> 50- I o 1 . I 40- ! 40 e, 30. 1 30 20 -l 20 \-o. I \'.. I l0 r"l l0 \=# I 0 0 34 -1 3456 1 Stot ion -l Stotion -/ ..! )I t OxYgen Dissolved .l Turbidity t 60 TOP t B0TT0I{ ----- I 50 - 40 4 - o :1 E 30 3 - .-l 20 2 - _-- rl[ l0 - -I I _rl 0 a 0 z Stoi i on Siotion :l turllidity chkrricles, clissolved oxygen' rrrd values ot hardness, alkaliDiq,, sulfates, color, FIc.2. Me:rn ttt etrch statio. ir Blind River' Louisianir' for sa.rples collected i.,l,r.'1,,rr"",-" 1976 to,q,,g""tt'liT L-- Sunvpy op BrrNo RnER, Loursraxe-_Watson et al. 30g TESTE 2.-BT\THIC INVERTEBRATES COLLECTED TNOV BT-TXO RTVEN, LOUTSTENE, I976-1977. A NUT,{BER FOLLOWING THE NAME oF THE ORGANISM I\DICATES TIIAT IT WAS COLLECTED AT TIIAT STATION ONLY Conr,axrnRqr.q Claclocera Hgdru omericanu (6) Daphnidae Nrverooe Sintocephulus spp. RorrrnRA. S caltholeberis spp. (3) Flo,scularia sp. Holopeclidae AxNrr-roe Sidu crustallina (B) Oligochaeta Macrothriciclae Branchiobclellidae (6) Iluocruptus spp, Tubificiclae Chyclorinae B rn nt'hiu ru so tt e rby i Legdigia spp. Lintnoclrilus spp. Arrphipoda AulotlriLus piqueti (l) Ganrrnariclae Naididne Carnmurus foscirttus Nnins spp Talitriclae StyLaria spp. Hgalella azteca Pri.stinu sp. Isopoda Dero sp. Ansellidae Naidiunt sp. Asellus sp. Hinrdilea Lirceus sp. Helobdella sp. ARtCHNIDA Mor,rusce Acari Pelecypoda lxsecr,q. Mactridae Ephenleroptera Rangia cuneata (5,6) Baetidae Sphaeriiclae Baeti,s spp. Gastropocla Caeni,s spp. Ancyliclae (3) Oclonzrta Physiclae Zygopler:. Planorbidae (l) Enallagrna spp. (1) Bvthiniiclne Trichopter:r Cnusrecre Hydropsvchidae (3) Ostrrrcodtr Limrrephilidae (5,6) Copepocla Coleoptera Harpacticoicla Ehniclae C:rlanoicla Dubiraphiu sp. (S) Eurytemora spp. (6) Diptertr Cyclopoidzr Culicidnc Cgclopt uernalis Chaoborus sp. Crlclops spp. Ceratopogouidac MesttcycloTts edux Chironornidtre M. albitlus Tipulidtre (5) l)uq1c,lo7ts spp. (5) Neuroptera (6) cornmon to all stations. The Hydracarina and (Table 3). Station 2 showecl the greatest mean the arnphipod Camntarus fasciatt s were organisrn clensity (12,857lrf) with the lowest collected at all stations except Stntion 2. It is average nurnber of taxa (4.1) captured per significant that the Hydracarina, cornrnon at grab. Statiol 1 showed the second highest all other stertions, were absent frotr Station 2 biotic density (12,050/rr-rr) but yielded an av- because of their intolerance to pollution. AII erage of 7.5 taxa per grab. Station 5 had the organislns identiffed frorn Station 4 were col- lowest ir.rvertebrate density (5,900/rnr) ancl lected from at least 2 other stations. Eleven yielded arl average of 6.8 taxa per grab. species appeared to be restricted at those sta_ Statior.r 1 exhibitecl the highest mean diver- tions directly infuenced by the Amite River. sity (d : single in- The lowest total number of benthic inver- clex was at Station tebrate taxa (13) was recorded at Station I 5 (d : 3. ersity wtls 310 Wenvwarrn Srnsa\ds Syuposluu, I98I : TABLE 3.-BENTHTc TNvERTEBRATE DTvERSITy AND DENSrry rN Br,rNo RrvER, LoursrAxe, 1976-1977. d TrE'- INDEX OF \IEAN DIVERSITY, T : NU\TBER oF TAXA COLLECTED, TT : TOTAL TAXA CoLLECTTO. DEXSTTY T\rEi\ -l_\: IS REPoRTED ,A.S oRGANIS\TS PER SQUARE METER Drversitv l Station( I I I 1976 : Jan 2.28 8 r.23 7 r.95 10 Felr 1.62 4 t.53 3 t.14 4 1.23 3 \{ar r.83 4 0.8r 2 2.03 6 0.99 2 t.41 3 1.25 3 Apr 1.36 6 r.22 4 0.98 3 0.67 2 r.42 3 0.95 2 \fuv r.30 3 0.94 3 r.02 J I.46 6 0.79 5 0.50 5 :,r Jun r,97 t4 r.54 5 r.83 8 1.01 4 0.66 7 0.54 5 : Jul 2.26 6 1.79 4 2.13 8 1.95 6 2.05 5 2.20 6 sep t.t4 5 r.44 5 0.69 4 Oct 1.35 7 0.07 4 0.60 6 0.82 3 Dec 2.80 13 1.88 7 3. 15 r3 2.7r 8 z.-Dl I 2.79 14 t977 Felr 2.22 8 0.89 4 I.96 9 2,43 t7 3.30 L7 2.86 t5 \{ar 1.45 1l 0.62 3 0.39 4 r.75 -o 2.43 l0 2.4t u i-_-.- - Jur.r t.14 7 r.67 5 r.il 8 1.78 5 r.76 8 0.90 I -- Iul r.66 4 0.94 3 1.78 6 2,22 5 r.28 7 0.74 8 :i--;=' -"r:g Aug 0.47 l0 0.-o2 4 6 0.;7 6 1.39 6 0.43 5 1.63 r--=t- - -a - \{EA\ 1.72 75 t.t2 4.t 1.58 6.7 r.50 5/ r.67 68 1.36 73 i'-'- ----i TT 28 13 24 I8 26 25 -,--a-E:, :.:- II. ::t!:_::-. --..:ItrI Den sitv -r Stttions Th=:= .i- Irl i..- - : '. i e::tr: li: --rl tsl76 -{=' r irr.t t5,824 49,708 I5,910 - J :i-t ::-.:r-r; Felr 1,204 73r 7,O95 860 I \{trr 3-og 172 559 473 r,075 688 '.r:: ::-.1-ii5 Apr 2,537 903 1,892 731 2,537 2,064 ::\-. :- - r- :{ \Ittv 7,740 9,675 t,462 13,803 r8,920 20,163 1 e-a: --::: :{ Iutr r5,394 16,770 13,158 ;,031 7,482 19,565 :\rlt > i--l Jul 18,490 7,998 10,62I 8,299 6,020 7,998 -:-=_ sep 2,494 r,204 2,L93 - _: _:: t Oct 8,944 25,385 25,327 o 2co -.,:.i -r ,-{ Dec 5,160 ;,289 8,81; 3,440 l,4l!) 7,482 .i:-::- -=.:-- I 1977 --:-:. :-i! Feb 16,727 4,343 11,868 16,426 6,536 9,847 :. ::-:----_:r { \'Iar 15,824 15,222 15,78r 9,675 7,439 8,5L4 I trr.t r9,393 9,460 5,461 1,591 s,762 13,r l5 !'q Jul 2t,973 13,r58 9,030 4,300 6,063 14,061 \1..---- Aug r8,;76 20,941 9,976 t7,673 6,450 I r,309 u.. L:-:l=l E- \TEA\ 12.050 12.857 9.460 6,622 5.977 9,749 C:* - ili-q h' -'-:,-.rq !ui;.--. - t recorded rrt Stirtion 2 (.1 : 1.I2), ns rvrrs the 0.462). The closest agreemerlt was bet-ween :a-\ a::;- -.lG lowest sir.rgle index ((-l : 0.07). Sttrtions 1, 3, and 4 while Station 2 wtrs rlnite \r e:- _-:-_,r:-5! The biotic reserlrl)lance ratios (R) of the diff'erent fron.r the other stations. Station 4, ir.r ::--'.i-;--'- berthic conlmunities of the six stations (Table the trtrnsitional zone between upper Blincl li = -- sreli 4) indictrtecl that Stirtior.rs I ancl 4 were bio- River ar.rd that portion influenced by the r-i -l :-: irrr logictrlly nr<>st sirniltrr (R : 0.812), ancl that Arnite River, comparecl u,ell with all other sttr- 6 Ti-:-.-i.e Stations 2 antl 5 rvere least similar (R: tions. Strrtion 5, essentially Amite River, ancl t,., '--: ---Ot Sunvey oF BLIIID Rrl,en, Loursrexe-Watson et al. 3II Test-r 4.-Brorlc RESE\{BLANCE RATIos (R) ne- Iiorn stations above the Arnite River Diver- TwEEN Br,rro RIvrn, LoUISIANA, 1976-1977 cot-- sion Canarl, while 9 taxu were taken only at LECTIO\ STATIONS stations belorv the canal. The rernaining 45 Sta- Sta- StA- groups w,ere rather widely and evenly distrib- tions R tions It tions R uted throughout the systern. Benthic invertebrtrtes The most charncteristic invertebrates found phytocoenosis were In- l:4 0.812 5:6 0.681 l:2 0.643 in the rnarginal the 3:4 0.778 3:6 0.677 I:5 0.628 secta, ptrrticularly Hemiptera, Coleoptera, 6:4 0.729 2:4 0.662 3:5 0.60I ancl Ephemeroptera. The Copepoda and 2:3 0.712 5:4 0.658 2:6 0.593 Claclocertr were the rnost numerically abun- I:3 0.694 1:6 0.653 2:5 0.462 clnr-rt. Phl,togeiton ic invertebrate s The corlrposition of the aquatic invertebrate 3:6 0.757 2:3 0.723 I:6 0.676 cornmunity remainecl l>asically unchanged 5:6 0.752 3:4 0.722 2:6 0.676 rlurirg the study except during January and 3:5 0.733 l:2 0.714 2:5 0.662 Febmarv when there was a reduction in the 0.733 0.703 ).:4 0,647 4:5 4:6 :rbundance of aquatic plants. l:3 0.727 1:5 0.676 2:4 0.646 Fishes Fifty-sever.r species of fishes, representing Station 2, that is subiect to polluting dis- 23 fhn-rilies and 12 orders, were collected dur- charges, cornptrred least favorably. ir.rg the stuclv (Table 6). Blind River is essen- The t test shou,ed Stations 1 and 2 were tiallv tr freshr.vater body, but is tributary to a signiffcantly cliIl'erent (P : 0.05) fron.r each rnaior estuarine systern. Thus, 12 estuarine other, both in invertebrtrte cliversity and corn- ancl 43 freshwater species were collected rnunitv cor-r-rposition, as were Stations 2 and 3. along with I catadrornous, Anguilla rostrata, There was no clifl'erence (P : 0.05) between irnd L anadrornous species Aktsa chrysochlo- Stations 1, 3, ancl 4 in either diversity or in- ris. vertebrate cornr-nunity structure. The estutrrine faunal component included Although no difference was found betr.veen 2 subcornponents: (1) species known to be the diversitv inclexes of Stations I ar.rcl 5, there year-rouncl residents of Louisiana esfuaries, was tr significant difference (P < 0.05) in the ar.rcl to be capable of conrpleting their life his- taxonornic cornposition of the respective in- tories ir-r tr wide range of salinities Iiom essen- vertebrate cornrnunities. Stations 3, 5, and 6 tially freshwuter to full seawater (Hoese and were sufficiently sirnilar irr both diversity ancl Voore 1977, Day et al. 1973), and (2) species cornlnunitl, structure that the differences rnore typically lower estuarine and inshore coulcl be attributecl to chance at the 0.05 prob- murine fomrs that sptrwn in saline waters and trbility level. Stntion 4, however, wrrs signifi- invade brackish to fresh upper estuarine areas cantly dif{'erent from both Stations 5 nnd 6 in as larvae, juveniles, or adults. Collectecl cornmunity structure. species of the first subcourponent were the lrirv anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, tide- Phg t o geit ottic I na e rteb rot e,s wirter silverside Menitlia bertlllina, gulf killi- Within the rnarginal phytocoenosis, that hsh Funrlultts grandi,s, and rainwater killifish consisted prirntrrily of Cabontba caroliniana Lucunin purDa. The second subcotnponent Cray, Ceratoplulllun dentersunt L., Eich- incltrded the speckled worrn eel Mgrophis hornia cras,sipes (Mart.) Solms., ancl Nuphur punctatus, nnked goby Gobiosoma bosci, luteuttt (L.) Sibth. and Srnith, 133 groups of clown goby Microgobius gulosus, and south- invertebrates represented bv I60 species ern flotrncler Paralichthys lethostigma. Fo:ur s,ere collected (Table 5). Seventy groups of other collected species, Atlantic needlefish invertebrates were collected frorn Station I, Strongglura marina, gulf pipefish Sgngna- 73 fiom Station 2, 79 each frorn Stations 3 thus scoaelli, striped rnullet Mugil cepholus, irrrd 4, 69 frorn Statior.r 5, and 72 fron Station and hogch TABLE s.-PHyrocErroNrc IIivERTEBRATES coLLECTED FRoM BLIND RI\aER, Loursrexe, 1976-1977 Pomnrn,q. Chvdoridae Spongillidae Chgdorus sp. Eurgcerus lamellutus CosLrxrrRAra Eury alons occidentalis Hgdru americana Le g di gia q u adr a n gul a r i s PLATYHELMINTHES L. acanthocercoides Planariidae Pleurorus denticulatus P. hamulatus NEMAToDA Alona sp. Rorrrrne Copepoda Floscularia sp. Cyclopoida Limnios sp. Cgclops aernalis Conochilus sp, Macrocgclops albidus BRYozoA M. ater Pectinatella sp. Eucgclops ogilis P aracg clop s fimb riatu s p opp ei ANNELIDA Cgclops spp. Oligochaeta Mesocyclops edax Tubificidae Ectocg clop s phaleratus Limnodrilus sp. Calanoida Peloscolex sp. Eurgtemora ffinis Naididae Eurytemora sp. 5 Nais sp. Diaptomus spp. Stylaria sp. O s phrant ic u m I ab r o n e ct u m Nadium osborni Harpacticoida 7 Pristina sp. Branchiura Dero sp. Argulus sp, Chaetogaster sp, r{ Alpht>rus sp. Ostracoda Branchiobdellidae Mysidacea \ Hirudinea T aphromg sis louisianae Helobdellu sp. Dina sp. Isopoda l:r Asellus sp. J \,lolr-usce Lirceus sp. Gastropoda Amphipoda Physidae Gammaridae Phgsa sp. Cammarus fasciatlis Lymnadidae Talitridae Lgmnaea sp. Hgalella azteca Fossaria sp. Decapoda highli tr,-=:-rr Planorbidae Astacidae teudecl ll<:- ri Palaemonidae Helisoma sp. \loore l:-- | Cgraulus sp. P alaemonetes kadiakensis Douglirs l=-{ . Aminicolidae Lgoggrus sp. Freshri -:=: r PomatioTtsis sp. lxsncr,ar River. l>, :i- -=l Collembola Bulimidae Centrarc!.: i- r Poduridae Pelecypoda ftrnrilr'. Tl--= rl Sphaeriidae Podura aquatica Isotomidae icl:re. ani L.= Cnusrecre. Isotomurus sp. i",1l11' .111'-;; :;rr Cladocera Sminthuridae \\'ere l)( ), ,:_ 1 :!,! Sminthurides sp. Macrothricidae 3 sPecic. -,. --= Ilgocrgptus sordidus Odonata Sididae Libellulidae Specf et ir. =I= f Sida crgstallina Lepthemis aesiculosa Field , : -:r Latonop sis occi.dentalis Gomphidae inclicrrte :::-- I Daphnidae Coenagrionidae 't,etsicle. :=::r: Enallagma sp. Simocephalus sp. lar-rtic ne.:-j Moina sp. Argia sp. Scapholeberis sp. lschnuro sp. let. ancl h :-:rr SunvBy or Br-rxo RrvER, Loursr.qse-Watson et al. 313 TasI.a 5.-CoNTTNUET) Epherneroptera Diptera Baetidae Chironomiclae Callibaetis sp. Psychocliclae Baetis sp. Tipuliclae Cnanis sp. Stratiorn viiclire Siphlonunts sp. Oclontonryiu s1-t. Ameletus sp. Culicidue Pseudocloeon sp. Cula.t sp. Neocloeon sp. Cluoborus sp. Herniptera Ceratr>1togonidire Naucoridae Coleoptera Pelocoris sp. Dvtiscidne Arnbrgsus sp. Hydrocuntlrus sp. Corixidae Eretc.s sp, Trichocorixella sp. Hydntponrs sp. Trichocorixu sp. Luccopltilus s1't. Cerridae Halipliclae Gerris sp. Peltodqtes syt. Rheumatobate,s sp \oteli highly tolerant o1' freshwater and spend ex- are rrost abunclturt durir-rg ltrte spring to eirrly tended periods in that lledium (Hoese ancl fall. Tarvel iur(l Srlvoie (1976) {buncl the bay Moore I977, Gurter 1938, Whatley 1962, anchovy in Ltrkes Pontchtutr:rin iurd \liltlre- Douglas 1974). prls all rnorths o1'the ye'irr. They rrlso reportecl Freshwater species were dorrinant ir-r Blincl the plesence o{'Atliurtic ncecllefish ancl River, both ternporallv and spatially, with the hogchoker cluring at leirst 2 nrontlrs of eirch of Cer-rtrarchidae the dominant and most diverse the 4 seasons. Tl.re Atlir.ntic needlefish, hog- {iur-rily. The Clupeidae, Ictrrluridae, Poecili- choker, rud stl'iped rnullet are kllown to pen- idae, zrnd Cvprinodontidtre were irlso rulner- etrtrte far Lrpstreum in coirstirl streaurs irlong ically abundant. Nrr.tive Anrerican Cyprinidae the. northenr Gulf of' \{exico (Gulter 1938, were poorly represented in Blind River; oIIy Douglirs 1974, Hoese iurd Moorc 1977). We 3 species were collected although additioDal htrve collectecl n'mllets rurd hogchokers in up- species were expected (Table 6). Iancl stretrrns with rilfle-pool clevelopnrent Field observirtions and Iiterature lecorcls nofth of Lakes \{aureprrs and Pontchzrrtririn. indicrrte that the bay anchovy, tidewater sil- For-rr specics of' estuitrire fishes, sorttheLu verside, rainu,ater killifish, gulf killifish, At- flounder, naked goby, clorvn golt1,, ancl the lantic needlefish, gulf pipefish, striped rnul- specklecl wonn eel, were collectecl in late let, and hogchoker are present year-rourld, but summer and errrly fall only. This rnay not prc- 314 Weruvrwa.teR STREAMS Syrrposrurr, 1981 Terlr 6.-IcHTHyoFAUNA coLLECTEt) oR r(\o!v\ TasLE 6.-CoNTTNUED .ro occuRr r:v Br,tsp Rrl,rn, Loursrirre, 1976-1977 Col- Ex- lect- pect- Col- Ex- Species ed ed lcct- .e,] Speeies ed White btrss Morone chrgsoyts x Paddlefish Polqodon spathula x Yellou bass 11. nrisstssiplriensis x Spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus x Stliped bass M. saxatili,s ? Longnose gar L. osseus x Flier C entrarchus tnucropterus x Shortnose gar L. platostontus x Bancled pygmy sunfish Elassoma Alligator gar L. spatula x zonatutn X Bowfin Amia culaa X Creen sunfish Lepontis cyanellu,s X Ladyfish Elops saurus Warrnonth L. gulosus X :I Skipjack herring Al o s u chry.soclil o ris x Orangespotted sunfish L. humilis x :t? Gulf rnenhaden Bretooftia patronus Bluegill L. macrochints x Cizzard shad Dorosornu cepediunum x Dollar sunffsh L. marginatus X Threadfin shad D. petenense x Longear sunfish L. megaloti,s x ill Striped anchovy Anchoa hepsetu,s x Recleirr srrnfish L nticrolopltus x Bay anchovy A. nitchilli x Spotted sunfish L. punctutus x :!r Anrerican eel Anguillu rostrata x Bantanr sunfish L. sqrnntetricus x -i Speckled worm ecl Mt1rophis Ttunctatus x Spottecl birss MicroJrtc nts puttctul ot u s X -17 Grass pickerel Esor alrcrirzrrrrrs x Lurgerrrouth brrss -\4. sulntoirles x Chain pickerel E. niger x White crappie Pomoxis annularis X Carp Cgprinus carpio Black crappie P. nigromaculutus x Cle:tr chub Hybopsis oinchelli x Freshrvirter dnrrl Aplodin otus grunniens x Srrri Lower Blind River appeared to have the Teslr 7.-\{EANs, STANDARD DEvTATIoNS, AND p,p'-DDE ::etrtest species diversity because all 57 HANGES oF CHLoRDANE AND nrsrours \{EASURED rnolr Br,rxo Rrl'sn, Loursrexe, 1976- .-:ecies collected were represented in the lg77 (pclKc onv wnrcnr) -,.nrples from Stations 5 and 6, while 6 of the - .tuarine and 4 of the freshwater species were Residues ,t collected at any of the 4 upper stations. Sedirnent Duckweed :,,ur of the reported bottom dwelling estua- Sta- Chlor- p,p - Chlor- p,p'- - :re species were not collected above the tion danc DDE dane DDE lrlite River Diversion Canal. However, a Mean 13,8 6.2 tr.z 2 =:th bottom dwelling species was collected SD 6.3 3,2 r5,2 2.3 ::iroughout the systern. Range 4-26 3-r0 0-38 0-6 -\ number of additional species were ex- \{ean 14.2 8.9 5.3 2,3 :rcted to occur in Blind River, but were not SD 6.9 4.8 6.8 2.s Range 4-L7 0-5 , rllected. They were included in Table 6 5-37 0-r3 .rsed upon their known occurrence in Lake Mean 16.6 5.1 3.2 2.6 \liiurepas and/or the lower reaches of the SD 5.4 2.5 2,9 1.5 Range 8-22 2-9 0-5 t4 \nite and Tickfaw rivers (Davis et al, 1970, Mean 16.9 4.6 1I )ouglas 1974, Saul 1974, Tarver and Savoie SD 4.8 2.3 1.7 t.7 - e76). Rtrnge 9-24 r-9 0-3 0-3 Mean 3.7 0.8 Occurrence 22.t r5.8 and Distribution of SD 10.4 r.7 8.5 r.5 Pesticides and Other Range 8-40 2-6 4-23 0-3 C hlorinated Hg drocarb ons \{ean 29.9 4.r t4 0.6 \urnerous investigtrtions have demonstrat- SD 28.4 2.5 8.7 r.2 Rirnge 7-ro7 0-9 8-24 0-2 =cl the serious adverse effects of contarnina- :ion fr The ratios were 3:1 at Station 5 and 5:1 at random selection of fish fbr pesticide analysis Station 6. These data suggest that sediments in should be abar.rdoned in favor of stratification the river above the Amite River Diversion by sex, age, and fatness. Canal were more anaerobic than below the Intraspecific comparisons suggested a slight canal. correlation between increased tissue concen- Dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and hexa- tration and increased body length and weight chlorobenzene were detected in trace arnounts in bowfin ar.rd channel catfish. In blue catfish, to levels around 2 p.glkg at all 6 stations however, increasing body length and weight throughout the sarnpling period. Aroclor 1254 were accorrpanied by decreasing tissue con- was normally a constituent of sedirnents in centration. trace arnounts, but it was found at all stations The rnetabolite p,p'-DDE was found in on 19 Novernber 1976 at levels from 17 to 35 higher concentrations than p,p'-TDE, and pslke. p,p'-DDT was not detectecl. Woodwell et al. Twenty-three sar-nples of arluatic vegeta- (1967) described a shift in relative proportions tion,20 of which consisted of duckweed Lem- of DDT and its rnetabolites with progressiorr no minor L., were collected and ar.ralyzed. in trophic levels so that higher level orgarn- The chlorinated hydrocarbon cornpounds de- isns accur-rlulate greater concentrations of tected in sedirnents were also found in duck- DDE while organisrns trt lower levels olten weecl, but values were generally lower in the contair.r higher proportions ol' DDT. latter. Table 7 provides a sulrrnary of the an- The ratio of p,p'-DDE:p,p'-TDE in fish tis- alytical data for chlordane and p,p'-DDE from sue frorn Blind River was 3:1. The p,p'- sedirnents and duckweed. The higher chlor- DDT:p,p'-DDE:p,p'-TDE ratios in arrow- dane values for sedirnents and duckweed at arurn and duckweecl were 26:I:20 and 2:2:1, Stations 5 and 6 apparently reflect the influ- respectivell,. ence of the diversion canal. The widespread use of chlordane in housing construction in Sutntenv AND CoNCLUSI()NS the Baton Rouge area for tennite control may Blind River is a highly cor.nplex tidally iu- contribute to the residue burden. The higher fluenced system ol' integratecl hydlologic p,p'-DDE values at the stations above the di- ur.rits drtrinir.rg at least 3 distinct topographic version canal rnay indicate past agricultural arears. The dorninant influence on water rltttrl- use of the technical pesticide in the western ity throughout the wtrtershed wtrs the lack of and southern portions of the watershed. significant gradient along the streaun ancl the Analytical results of sarnples of arrow-arurn existence of the exter-rsive swarnp surrouucliug Peltandra oirginica (L.) Kunth collected from it. The ciominance of the srvrunp was rnoder- Statior.r 6 showed rnean values of 261pg p,p'- ated only by the confluence of the Arnite Riv- DDT/kg and 203 pg p,p'-TDEikg in plant tis- er Diversion Cantrl that introducecl uplancl sues, the highest levels of' those residues drainage into Blind River alcl ir.rtegratecl up- found cluring the study. Mean residue levels Iand water qr.rality ancl biological character- for the other compounds detected were: 10 prg istics into the Iower reirches of the stretrrn. p,p'-DDE/kg, 58 pg chlordane/kg, 3 irg hep- There were no rntrrkecl seasontrl changes ir-t tachlor epoxide/kg and 8 prg dieldrin/kg. water qurrlity, but there were c That may have been t1 response to selective landlocked atlantic sahnon, Salmo salar. J. pressures irnposed on the benthic cor-trr-nunity Fish. Res. Bd. Cnn.27:1-II. BArLEy, R. M., E. FrrcH, E. S. Hsnelo, E. A. -Si by an er.rergy flow based upor.r allochthor-rous J. Lecnsnn, C. C. Lrxosry, C. R. RosrNs, aNrn detritus. Allochthony is nonnal in a flowing W. B. Scorr. 1970. A list of cornmon and sci- -:r:? strearn, but the oxygen dernancl exerted by entific names of fishes fronr the United States detrital build-up probrrbly cannot be satisfied and Canada. Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 6...... -., in n systern with lacr-rstline chtrracteristics Washington, D.C. Benrnsr-, W. F. Eo. 1968. Analysis of pesticide such as those in Blind River. The result would residues in agricultural monitoring. U.S. Dept. be oxygen depletion in the lower wtrtel col- a ' r Agric., ARS. Washington, D.C. -: - -.\i umn and the elirnination of less tolelant or- Borvtrex, M. C., exu \I. Brnoze. 1965. Extraction ganrslns. of p-values of pesticides and related com- - : -:*-, pounds in six bintrry solvent systems. JAOAC \ -- The rnajority of the fishes collected in Blind 48:943-952. River were freshwater, however, several es- -ri- -- r I ?- Coox, F. A. 1959. Freshwater fishes in Mississip- '- -=rgEi[ tuarine, anadrornous, and catadrotrlous species pi. Fish and Game Cornmission, Viss. -- Jackson, :- -- -:t-: were collected. The cornpositior.r and distri- Cuuurns, K. W. f975. Macroinvertebrates. Pp. 1 -:-:-rrl[ 170-198. B. A. Whitton (Ed.). Studies in bution of the ichthyol'aunal cor.r.rmunity rvrrs In :- -_ :- -{ ecology, Vol. 2. River ecology. Univ. of Cali- -:-r ir.rdiczrtive of the proximity of the Lrrke Pont- t fornia Press, Berkeley, Calif. :, ?a chartrain estuarine complex ar-rd tl-re inflr-rence DenNrr-1, R. M. 1958. Food habits of ffshes and :- -:1 of uplaud drainage on Blind River liour the larger invertebrates of Lake Pontchartrain, = :r -r'u.6 Arnite River via the diversion cantrl. Louisiana, an estuarine conmunity. Pub. Inst. ' a-a Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. 5:353-416. The occurrence ancl distributi view of selected literature. Trans. Amer. Fish. S.c.ur, G. E. 1974. Ichthyofaunal investigation of Soc. 97:398-424. the Tickfaw River drainage basin. Unpublished 1973. Pesticide residues in fish. Pp. l8l- master's thesis, Louisiana State University, 212. In C. A. Edwards (Ed.). Environmental Baton Rouge, La. pollution by pesticides. Plenum Press, New Sr-oss, R. 1971. Drainage area of Louisiana York, N.Y. streams. U.S. Geological Survey Basin Records JoHNSoN, T. 8., C. R. Setxprns, AND H. O. SeNo- Report No. 6, La. Dept. Public Works, Baton ERs. 197I. Biological magnification and deg- Route, La. a radation of DDT and aldrin by freshwater in- Slrrrn-Vexrz, W. 1968. Freshwater fishes of Ala- vertebrates. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.28:705-709. bama. Auburn Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Auburn, Juoev, C., eNo E. A. BIncB. 1932. Dissolved oxy- Ala. gen and oxygen consumed in the Iake waters Tenes, M.J., A. E. GnrBNsBnc, R. D. Hoex, aNo of northeastem Wisconsin. Trans. Wis. Acad. M. C. ReNo. EDS. 1971. Standard methods for Sci. Arts Lett. 27 :415486, the examination of water and wastewater. 13th Knrcnul,r, B. H. 1975. Movements of heavy metals ed, Amer. Public Health Ass., Washington, and organohalogens through food chains and D.C. their effects on populations and communities. Tenl,rn, J. W., eNo L. B. SAvoIE. 1976. An inven- Pp. 285-300. In A. D. Mclntyre and C. F. Mills tory and shrdy ofthe Lake Pontchartrain-Lake (Eds.). Ecological toxicology research, effects Maurepas,estuarine complex. La. Wildlife Fish. of heavy metals and organohalogen com- Comm. Tech. Bull. 19. New Orleans, La. pounds. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y. Usrwcnn, R. L. 1S7I. Aquatic insects of California. Lr,ovn, M., J. H. ZARR, AND J. R. Ka.nn. 1968. On Univ. California Press, Berkeley, Cal. the calculation of information-theoretical mea- Wrnrn, C. L Ep. 1973. Biological field and labo- sures of diversity. Amer. Midl. Nat. 79:257-272. ratory methods for measuring the quality of sur- LoNc, C. 1963. Mathematical formulas expressing face waters and effluents. U.S. Environ. Prot. faunal resemblance. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. Agency Environ. Monitoring Series. EPA-760/ 66: I38-I40. 4-73-00r. McMAHoN, B. M., exo L. D. Sewvsn. Eos. 1973. WHATLEv, E. C. 1962. Occurrence of breeding Pesticide analytical manual, Vol. 1. U.S. Dept. gulf pipefish, Sgngnathus scoaelli, in the in- HEW, Food and Drug Admin. Washington, land freshwaters of Louisiana. Copeia 1962:220. D.C. Wrr-r-reus, R. T., P. C. Hrnou, AND A. G. RrNwIcx. Moonr, W. G. 1963. Central gulf states and Mis- 1975. Species variation in the metabolism of sissippi embayment. Pp. 287-300. In D. G. some organic halogen compounds. Pp.91-106. Frey (Ed.). Limnology in North Arnerica. Univ, In A. D. Mclntyre and C. F. Mills (Eds.). Eco- Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wis. Iogical toxicology research, effects of heavy PnNnouNo, W. T. 1952. Southern swamps and rnetal and organohalogen compounds. Plenum marshes. Bot. Rev. L8:4L3446. Press, New York, N.Y. PrNrvex, R. W. 1953. Fresh-water invertebrates of WooDwELL, G. M., C. F. Wunsrrn, JR., AND P. A. the United States. The Ronald Press Co., New' IsAACSoN. 1967. DDT residues in an east coast York, N.Y. estuary: a case of biological concentration of' ReNp, M. C., A. E. GnnnNnrnc, AND M. J. TARAS, persistent insecticide. Science L56 :821-824. Eds. 1975. Standard methods for the examina- tion of water and wastewater. I4th ed. Amer. Publ. Health Ass., New York, N.Y. - Arterictn F isherie s S o ciet u Wanrwtrter Strearns Svnrl;osiunr, 1981, pp. 320-32ti Use and Misuse of the Terrns Watershed and Strearn Order : Rognnr \{. HucHBsr AND JA\IES M. OuenNrx Streams Branch, Freshwater Division, U.S. Environrnental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon 97330 -'^\ t--: - ABSTRACT There are several problems rvith applications ol the tenns "watershed" and "stream order." Those problerns are discussed within the context of a national watershecVstream classification E. we believe necessary for the rational rnanagement and scientiffc study of strearns. Although wzrtersheds topographic can be accurately defined in rnost of the United States, in about 40 ii-c tt.:.t t: . percent of the country it is not possible for climatic and geonrorphic reasons. Hence, watersheds F r r.-- ideal lirr zrnd are not always suitable or units research management. H, rri r'. :t i-_r Because ofthe need for some quantitative lr)easure ol stream size fr>r purposes ofcornparison, i.,-.;-. : ---_ - strearn order (Horton 1945, Strahler 1957) is cornmonlv used. However, that ternt now is being \ used in a rnuch broader context than origintrlly intended. In addition, srnall streams are fre- tt irl--, r quently not rnapped or are mapped incorrectly. We suggest using mean annual discharge per unit area, rnean annual discharge, watershed trrea, and mean annual discharge range instead o1' stream order. Those terms provide a rnore r.neaningful characterization ofkey physical properties and biological capacities of streams. ()i Crt:_ : -=::, ticul..: - :: _ _--. \r)'rlr - - qPt tqr -- -. Irttnooucrro:,1 The terrn watershed is cornr.nonly usecl by spe.i[, . =--- There is considerable misunclerstar.rding administrators, pLurners, lnanagers, and sci- itrc.rlt l:-1, - . surrounding the use of the tenr.r "watershed" entists from various disciplines to conmuni- .urcl c,,:,: as a defined unit for research, plannir.rg, and cate an understa.nding of'the relationships be- aui(l ) ::-__: rrAnagement, trnd there probably is ever.r tween surface water quality and the ilt a gir t-,-- -:-:,1 rnore confusion in using "stream order" to re- chtrracteristics and conditiorls of drainage erpectr:: -. late stream characteristics. We hope to put areas. The use ol the ten-n stems fi'orn a gen- Ttr ,, -:-: - these problerns in perspective and suggest eral rlcceptance thtlt the physical and chemi- Illellt,ri j t:-r: ways to alleviate then-r. Our reasons for doing cal state o{'a point in a stream reflects the c.rtiotr. F_:--- -r this stem frorn our interest and participation chartrcteristics of the topographic rlrea upgra- lbr .r u .:ir:-.-=i in the developrnerlt of a nrrtionirl watershecl/ dient frorn it; i.e., its watershed. For exarlple, .r better ::,=-- . strearn Iunction soil type, strearn classificatiol. We I'eel the conlusion cheuristry is a of llttportalr -: -:r needs to be reduced, or perhaps elir.r.rinated, geology, and clirnate; and the flow, bed, and place rri '-r.= zrt to facilitate communicatior.r ol' ideas about banks of a stletun are functions of watershed strearns and the relationship of strearns to spa- size, precipitirtion, vegetational cover, slope, tial chartrcteristics that allect thern and ulti- ancl geology. Biological characteristics are a Tli._ : -.-t mzrtely to develop a wtrtershe(Ustreiun classi- {iurction of all those ftrctors. lt. - ,_- If strearns reflect their watersheds and if' fi cation. Bectruse those rnisunclerstandir-rgs are 1 rnany watersheds have sin-rilar characteristics, j apparently not wiclely recognized, claliffctr- \\'rrter.i--. - ; then it should be possible to group watershed/ tion is irnportant, but difficult. iurcl sttrrl'. - ,:! papel cliscuss: strearl systens in a nurnber of categories. In Our obiectives in this are to S tate s Ti- .: geuernl, each category should btrsed on - (1) the usefulness and regional lin.ritrrtions of be graphic :-,:r - similrrrities soils, clirnate, and geology. r watersheds zls plarlniug, management, and re- in It ar)d outl)'-::- --: seirrch units ilnd (2) the use rrnd rnisuse of the is ir.nportant to recognize the relationships be- l-r]portalr:: :: trveen watershecUstream classification and terr "streanr order," fbr which \ve suggest istics rele-. --- alternative tenns. other elfrrrts to classily spatial characteristics. tcrshecl c-,.. Plesently, a rnajor effort is underway to de- itbout 6() :---:_:: velop resource classifications to enable {'ed- States c.rrr := _ I state, regional, local planners trnd On leave from Biology Department, Western eral, and fluent stre..-:-- Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008. lntrnagers to assess resources for a u-ryriad of those u'he:= -- 320 WerBnsHBD AND Srnnnu OnoBn-Hughes and Omernik 327 purposes (Ellis et al. 1977). Horvever, the di{'- seeps into, streanr channels) ancl topographic ferent agencies or groups that nre developir-rg rvatershecls. In general, rvithin areas in this the classifications genertrlly have dif'ferent in- category, trny point on any strearn reflects the terests relative to their clitlerent rnissiols ancl, characteristics of its topographic watershed. therefbre, have different perspectives tts to However, the relationships between areal whicl.r spatial chararcteristics should be the f i-':--' - - r I , - :, -,- i-rr( ts- i o T: c, a3 [. O \J f' q rl ! C) '9- i ii T \- o o ,a E o 4 I qJ ! o E -E* z= Ib I- O -_1) o ---l j O :-1 - d dt = c9 O <[ j tr tr. a '_z ZN-tr WarrnsnnD AND Srnnara Onorn-Hughes and Omernik 323 fined the main stem as first order all the way ffrst order because they carry flood waters, to its origin then ordered tributaries so that when most discharge and stream and valley unbranched tributaries had the highest order. development occur. Leopold et al. (1964) sug- Horton (1932, 1945) reversed the sequence so gested that first order streams should be the that unbranched tributaries were given the smallest ones delimited on a I:24,000 map. lowest order. Strahler (1952) modified the Eu- Hynes (1970) has suggested that ffrst order ropean-Horton system so that the main stem streams should be perennial streams or only was ordered in the same way as the other sec- those that develop biota. However, neitler tions. Strahler's system is now widely used. Strahler (1975) nor Morisawa (1968) men- It designates unbranched tributaries as first tioned the map scales to be used or whether order, streams receiving 2 or more ffrst order the streams to be ordered should be peren- strearns as second order, streams receiving 2 nial, intermittent, or ephemeral. or more second order streams as third order, Stream order is comprehended differently and so on. Thus, streams receiving 2 or 2O because of the varying methods and map third order tributaries could be fourth order. scales used for determining ffrst order sheams. However, stream order is often used for For example, Oak Creek at Corvallis, Oregon, rnuch more than for quantifying linear geo- could be unordered or rated from first to morphic characteristics. For lack of a better fourth order depending on the map scale systern, Kuehne (1962), Lotrich (1973), and used. Ifall ephemeral stream channels, as de- Platts (1979) used stream order to classify ffsh termined on the ground, were considered, the comrnunities in single watersheds, Warren stream would be rated at least fifth order. (1979) suggested using it to help classify Even with map scale held constant at strearn communities in his rationale for a wa- l:24,000, problems would still exist. Maps are tershed./stream classiffcation, and Vannote et not all compiled under the same speciffca- al. (1980) used it to represent size and width tions and, more importantly, the mapped of stream reaches. We believe such usage is streams are the result of subjective interpre- outside the purpose for which the term was tations by stereophotogrammetric compilers conceived (Strahler 1975) and hence u'ray and field annotation personnel. For example, cause misunderstanding. Although there are when studying nearly 1,000 watersheds correlations between stream order and some throughout the United States for land use/ areal and even relief (third dimension) geo- water quality relationships, Omernik (1977) rnorphic characteristics (Strahler 1975, Mori- noticed signiffcant differences in stream order sawa 1968), stream order is nof universally indicated by l:24,000 scale maps within areas applicable for comparing stream sizes, wa- of similar land use, physiography, and cli- tershed areas, or watershed relief, much less rnate. The differences were often evident the biotic characteristics of strearns. along neatlines (lines between ad5oining Stream order has little rneaning in many rnaps), indicating obvious differences in map parts of the United States where topographic compilation. watersheds are difficult or impossible to de- Furthermore, most of the world, and even fine. In karst regions and on porous land sur- large parts of the United States, are not rep- faces, large streams may arise frorn springs resented by 1:24,000 scale topographic maps. and disappear. In glaciated regions, large If strearn information is to be exchanged be- streams may originate from lakes, springs, or tween nations, consideration should be given wetlands. In both regions, stream order is not to map data bases frorn other countries. When even a useful scaling mechanisrn because one views the differences in consistency and such streams may have discharges many tirnes uniforrnity in scale and subjective interpre- greater than those of higher order streams in tations involved in stream annotation and def- the same drainage basin, inition from an intemational perspective, the Much of the rnisuse of the term can be potentials for rnisuse are even rnore evident, traced to the seemingly simple process of de- Even if all the problems with definition and terrnining stream order, especially for first or- delineation were resolved, stream order der streams. Strahler (f952, 1957) originally would still be an inadequate rneans of ex- proposed that epherneral streams should be plaining or comparing the physical and bio- 324 WeRvlverBR SrREA\{s Syrlposruv, I98 I Liltle Snoke River Lily, CO Yompo Rrver Steomboot Springs CO _ --: >:z*. - IUtr lii a arr Little Snoke Rrver Sloter, CO :-: !=- :rlIf ..'-_'5'P Willomrno Creek Willomrno, OR >:r-' ---- ]:::- -uil !:--. {]rP McKenzie Rrrer _.L--=4 J Vrdo, OR ,r-.4-ll']^.i _ _ -= - :.-a aiaF Srletz R rver -.--L-:-=+ Iu Siletz OR :i r:l j.]-rllil' - = - MAOA ( m3/! /h!) -== l-' - (km2) : -=-- +1 MAD -:: ,i-r ltr (m3l.) ---a a ,r_ ta .a Frc. \{ean annual clischarge per unit area (\{ADA), wntershed area, zlnd rnean annual clischarge (\{AD) < 2. .,.,: e*c l of 6 fifth orcler stretuns. ,: _', ----ir- : "ql logical characteristics of strezulrs, rls we will {'ere'nt similar climatic and geologic re- ol : i :.J rrtternpt to show in the Iollowing section. grolls. ----- : :- - t Table L ilnd Fig. 2 shorv exzunplcs ol'the -:--- - -:::,Tf Altenrutiae,s to tlrc Use of Streant Orcler o1'6 "fifili =-=:--:C arerrl und clischarge chalacteristics 1r--:l ( We recogr-rizc the neecl lirr cluantification o{' orcler'" strcrlrrs. Thc stretrrns were chosen l)e- --- i--, -a: --l strearr charactc.r'istics in order to study rurd catrse they have been gage(l by the USGS lbr :1-E C nltrnage streams. Therefolc, we suggest alter'- lltaD)' ycirrs alld we had the lltirp covel'ttge. -r= I:-.:= ig=, urltives to streiun orcler thnt have the poter-rtirrl helcl corlstant, lrote thitt: With stlearr-r orcler !:-:-:-1:a\:I for broader arld rrore useful appliczltions, tlre (1) the rneun ilnlluitl cliscl-rarge per unit tllett T:-=-. ::-arr i rruch rnole easily delineated, ancl chtrrircter- of the Siletz River is 42 tinres greater thrrn thrrt \r i.:=: : -5-II( ize the sizes ol watelshecl/strearn systerrs. We of tlie Littlc Srrtrke Rivel at Lil.v, yet the u,a- a'-zi .: 1 suggest using the lollorving watershed chirr- telshccl rlr'cir o{ the Siletz is onl.v irbout 5 per- =E a _'::-:_-., --_ i 1! actelistics, in clescelclillg ol'(ler' of ir)rpor'- cent that of the Little Srakc; (2) tlie watershed ;n::,--_:=:a- i tance: lnean pel areil, r,rt 57 ilnnuirl clischarge rrnit trrert of the Little Snirke Rivel Lily is i,:,r::-::. : U r-neiur AnDurrl clischarge, watelshecl xl'ea if de- times greater than thtrt Willantina Creek, of lTliir-l- l:l:'!I finable (if not, the characteristics thrrt ren(ler' yet the rlletn rullurrl discharge per tutit tlrea Siregl:- ,,:E it so), ancl meiul annLrrrl clischiLlge range. The of thc Little Snakc is onl1, trbout 4 percent that tinr::'-::d clischarge chartrcteristics crur'l;e estinrated of the Willarrina: turcl (3) conrpnred with the d:l-:e:=: : s.l fronr pirtterns of tlx)se chtrlacteristics in sur- Little Sr.rake at Slatcr, the Little Snake at Lily SOU:CE --iE-l rounding gaged wirtcrshecls. Such clischarge per unit are.1 tl)i1t has a meitr.r rurnunl tlischarge the pr,:-=cr chiu'acteristics are o1 primirry imprlrtance to tr itt'ea is onlv one-fiIth ts rrruch l>lrt rv:rtershcd termitir-.-_ hvdlologists, civil elrgilreers, l'alnrers. ancl tlnd l llcrln iuurual Tesl-r l.-RANGE oF DTFFTiRENCES IN AREA AND DrscHARcr or 6 FIFTH-oRDER STREAMS \lean annual discharge per Vean annual I Order was detemined from so]id blue lines on l:24,00O scale USGS topographic maps, except for the VcKenzie River for u'hich only 1:62,00O scale maps were available z Mem annual discharge Bnges were calculated fiom l7 years of data (1961-1978) 3 U.S Ceological Suruey 1978 Water Resources Data for Colorado, Water Data Report CO-78-3 a U S Geological Surue1, 1978 Water Resources Data for Oregon, Water Data Report OR-76-1. suming that stream order can be obtained in (4) They rneasure the physical entities of area a consistent manner, important characteristics and flow rather than place a number on a sub- of watershed/stream systems show extreme jective evaluation of tributaries. This provides variability. Cursory examination of several a means of comparing basic hydrological char- smaller streams across the country suggested acteristics such as climate and substrate the same variability. among watersheds throughout the nation. There are 4 advantages of using discharge Therefore, a better understanding of wa- characteristics rather than stream order: (1) tershed/stream phenomena and a much more They relate infonnation about the quantity of predictive watershed/stream science are pos- water flowing past a point on a stream and the sible. For example, rather than say that a par- size of the catchment. Although order is used ticular organism or community is typical of commonly to convey an understanding of this second order streams, biologists might say it information, it does not. (2) They provide uni- is characteristic of sheams with a mean annual formity in methods of derivation. Much of the discharge per unit area of 0.040-0.090 m3/sec/ misunderstanding surrounding the use of km2 and a mean annual discharge range of stream order results from the various (some- 2.2-502 mS/sec. times qualitative) methods of derivation and There are 3 disadvantages of using dis- different availability and interpretation of charge characteristics rather than stream or- source materials. (3) TheV reduce or eliminate der: (t) It may appear more cumbersome to the problems of characterizing ephemeral, in- use several values rather than one. (2) Esti- termittent, braided, and delta steams. Stuearns mates of discharge characteristics from gaged originating in lakes, springs, or wetlands can streams and determination of watershed areas be meaningfully characterized because dis- may be more time consuming than determin- charge and drainage area can be quantiffed; ing stream order from maps. Such estimates or when the watershed is undefinable, phys- may also include considerable error, espe- ical reasons can be given for why it is so. cially when they involve very small wa- 326 WanuwereR STREAMS Syuposruu, l98I tersheds, slowly flowing or intermittent nex. 1977. Guide to land cover and use clas- streams, or poorly defined watersheds such as sification systems employed by western gov- those described in the watershed delineation ernmental agencies. FWS/OB5-77/05. Fort Collins, Colo. section. (3) As with all averages, mean annual Honrox, R. E. 1932. Drainage basin characteris- discharge per unit area, mean annual dis- tics. Trans. Arner. Geophys. Union 13:350-361. charge, and mean annual discharge range will I945. Erosional development of streams only approximate the values actually seen and their drainage basins: hydrological ap- proaoh to quantitative morphology. Bull. Geol. year year. from to Soc. Amer. 56:275-37O. The mean annual discharge and mean an- HvNrs, H. B. N. 1970. The ecology of running nual discharge range of streams allow esti- waters. Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ont. mates of mass transport, organic processing KUEHNE, R. A. 1962. A classiffcation of streams il- capability, and habitat quality and can order lustrated by fish distribution in an eastern Ken- tucky creek. Ecology 43(4):608-614. strearn sections in the biophysical river con- LBopor,o, L. 8., M. G. Wor.vax, AND J. A. Mrlr,rn. tinuum discr.rssed by Vannote et al. (1980). 1964. Fluvial processes in geomorphology. W. Transport of rlrganic and inorganic rnaterial is H. Freeman Co. San Francisco, Cal. a function of discharge, especially peak dis- LornrcH, V. A. 1973. Growth, production and conrmunity composition of ffshes inhabiting a charge when the banks are subrnerged and first-, second-, and third-order stream ofeastern velocities are high enough to move large par- Kentucky. Ecol. Vonogr. 43:317 -397. ticles. Minirnurn discharges have been used Monrslwe, M. 1968. Streams, their dynamics and by Orsborn (1976) to classify watersheds by morphology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New their water holding capircities. Organic pro- York, N.Y. OIupnrtx, J. M. 1977. Nonpoint source-stream nu- cessing rates are functions of water tempera- trient level relationships: a nationwide study. ture and the evenness of discharge. High win- EPA-600/3-77-105. Corvallis Environmental ter dischnrges, such as those in western Research Laboratory. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agen- Oregon streams, flush coarse particulate or- cy. Corvallis, Ore. OnseoRN, f976. Drainage characteris- ganic J. F. basin materials downstream to accurnulate in tics applied to hydraulic design and water-re- pools and estuaries where decomposition is sources management. Pp. 141-171. In Proceed- generally slower. That reduces the energy ings of the geomorphology and engineering and nutrient base for organisrns in the feeder symposium. State University of New York at streams. lack of freshets produces silted Binghamton. 24-25 September 1976. A Pr,errs, W. S. 1979. Relationships among stream substrates and poor spawning and rearing order, ffsh populations, and aquatic geomor- habitat for many aquatic organisms. Third and phology in an Idaho river drainage. Fisheries seventh orders are occasionally used by 4(2):5-9. stream ecologists to characterize changes in Srnaur-rn, A. N. 1952. Hypsometric (area-alti- tude) analysis of erosional topography. Bull. light, temperature, and the food base As one Geol. Soc. Amer. 63(4): IlIT-1142. ffroves downstrearn from headwaters to rnid- 1957. Quantitative analysis of watershed reaches to lower reaches in a river system. But geomorphology. Trans. Arner. Geophys. Union mean annual discharge is a rnuch lrore quan- 38:9I3-920. 1975. Physical geography. Wiley & tifiable causrrl rreasure that can related to John be Sons. Nerv York, N.Y. changes in production-respiration ratios, U.S. Gror.ocrcAl SURlaEy. 1970. The national at- functional groups, width, and depth. las of the United States of America. Washing- ton, D.C. RrrsRExcrs Vesrorr, R. L., G. W. \{rNsner-1, K, W. CuvurNs, I. R. Sronu, llo C. E. Cusnruc. 1980. The BArr.ey, R. G. 1976. Ecoregions of the United river continuum concept. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. States (map). U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. In- Sci.37:130-137. termtn. Region, Ogden, Utah. Wennrl, C. E. 1979. Toward classification and 1978. Description of the ecoregions of the rationale for watershed management and United States. U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. In- stream protection. EPA-600i3-79-059. Environ- termtn. Region, Ogden, Utah. rnental Research Laboratory. U.S. Environ. Er.r-rs, S. L., C. F.e,lurr, N. Rprcr, AND C. RroR- Prot. Agency. Corvallis, Ore. f. THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES Moderator RoNNrr J. Grr.nnnr Georgia Cooperative Fishery Research Unit University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Ameri ct tt F i she rie s Societ q Wtrmrwrrter Strelnrs Srmltosium, 1981, pp 328-337 . _':t Threatened Warmwater Strearn Fishes and The =r- Endangered Species Act: A Review JANTES D. Wrr-r-r.q.N{s Office of Endangered Species, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.2O24O INrnonuctlox Three years later' Congress passed the En- The Endangered Species Act of 1g73 rvas a-. -_-- signed into rJw by the president on 28 De- ff,i1-:;fii.tffi"[::,1H;,Tfj::.*Jr"[,13:? cember 1973. That act was the strongest leg- for foreign species and I for native species. -- ::id islation ever enacted to protect and preserve The t96g Aci prohibited irnportatio, oithor" -j endangered and threatened anirnals and : --- plants. It expanded coverase or 2 previou' ;::::T;:;J.:il:3:l;i:';?1";""Hl;,i# -ll laws to protect endangered and threatened en illegally. Like the previous legislation, it species, the Endangered Species Preserva- also provided for the acquisition of habitat tion Act of 1966 and the Endangered Species ti" expenditure of funcls for the protec_ Conservation Act of 1969. Those 3 endan- tion".d a,d uranagemeut ofendangered species' gered species statutes passed by co,gress over the past 15 years are the cuhnination of The 1973 Endangered Species Act conservationist efforts that began around and Amendment,s 1900. Early wildlife protection laws were In drafting the Ig73 Endangered Species aimed primarily at the problern of excessive Act, Congress expancled the ideas put forth in killing and cornmercialization of terrestrial th. tgOO a,d 1g69 Acts and aclded several wildlife. While the problem of habitat dete- new sections. Thev also split the jurisdiction rioration was realized at that tirne, it was so betwee, the deparhnents of Cornmerce and overshadowed by the excessive killing and Interior with Interior,s Fish and Wildlife Ser_ selling of wildlife that it was rarely discussed. vice generally responsible for terrestrial Publications such as Our Vanishing Wildlife species (including inland and freshwater (Hornaday t9I3), and Conserving Endan- species) and Co.r-merce,s National Varine gered Wildlife Species (Jackson I945) and ref- firh".y Service having general jurisdiction erences therein served to alert the public to over rrlarlne specres'. til""fotto*ing is a brief the scope on the problern and recommended courses of action to prevent extinctio'r of some :tilr,"?r'if:i::ljf"it'"Tt:?Tffj}:-"; species' stream ffshes. Bean (1977) presented a com- prehensive analysis of the 1973 Act as well as E*oeNcnnrD S,ECTES LEGT'LATT.N previous endangered species legislatio,' The 1g66 and 1g6g Acts In passing the Endangered Species Act of .1. eIl(i.1lr:::: - The Endangered Species Preservation Act I973, the Congress noted that because of i.l.rtiorr r---:'-: of 1966 called for the establishment of a list man's activities, species of wildlife had be- i.he. rt gt: -:-l ofendangered species by the Secretary ofthe come extinct and other species were faced tir)lt .r: r:- ::- :: Interior, and permitted the use of Land and with the threat of extinction. They also rec- ,,1 tlrr 19 , : r- - .. - ,l - _ Water Conservation Funds to acquire habitat ognized that endangered species have edu- 11:- (-IlLl-i:--: --: for their protection. The Fish and Wildlife cational, scientiffc, recreational, historical, il})Oll ()lle : - Service was also authorized to expend funds and esthetic values and should be preserved I I the r:,:...: for the management of animals on the endan- as part of the nation's natural heritage. Con- nroclii: : gered species list. One serious shortcoming gress found that and threatened -.--:- of endangered ()r r.lt-:: the 1966 Act was the absence of any Federal needed protection on a worldwide wildlife ,2I orc,ru::-.:-: prohibitions againsttrade in andtakingof en- basis and provided a tool, within the Endan- :c iert::- dangered species. gered Species Act, to impleurent international - 328 TnnBerBxED WAR\{wATER STREAM FTsHES-Williams 329 treaties and conventions. It was realized tl-rtrt (3) disease or predatiorr; states and other interested parties must be ar.r (4) the inadequacy of existing regulatory integral part cupied by the species at the tirne it is listed states were required to have authority to pro- in accordance with the provisions of Section tect arncl conserve all endangered species 4 of this Act, upon a determination by the Sec- added to the federal list that occurred in their retary that such aretrs are essential for the con- state. servation of the species." The amendnents Much of the protection provided endan- further cltrrified the limits of critical habitat, gered species by the 1973 Act was centered "except _---_ - : !{ stating that in those circurnstances under Section 7, and charges the Secretary to -l: determined by the Secretary, critical habitat review trll Deparhnent ol'the h.rterior pro- --- -: : fr -- -r: r--:l1'[, shall not include the entire geographical area grarns prograrns for further- - trnd to use those :::: : which can be occupied by the threaterred or ance ol'the Act. All other federal agencies in "rr; i :- al endangered species." cor.rsultation with the Secretary and with his :--<-- -: _. -,. !.@ A totally new provision ir.r the 1973 Endan- assistance were to utilize their authorities in --.-- ::.--'n' / gered Species Act strongly supports coopera- furtherturce of the Act by carrying out pro- _- _. E"d tion with states in the establishment of state grarns fbr conservation of endangered and =- - :-_: -l l,nd endangered species progralns, providing for threatened species. Those agencies were also - --:- ' .,,ru,f llanagelnent agreements and cooperative to ensure that actions authorized, funded, or |-- I agreernents. Cooperative trgreernents also carried out by thern did not jeopardize the l-:-: - provide for f'ederal rtssistance to the states fbr continued existence ofthose species or result : --- -:lf{^ar< -- t1:1ltr irnplementation of state endnngered species in the destruction or adverse n-rodiffcation of :- - -- and threatened species prograrns. For a state criticrrl habitat. -xr .,- + to be eligible for a cooperative rrgreement While rnaintirining the thrust of Section 7, .. -5r with the Fish and Wildlife Service, the state the 1978 and 1979 anlendrnents did r.rake sub- 1-1r ---l must : - --P agency have: stantial changes. Those changes, surnrnarized -:rtE briefly here, were explained in sorne detail by :'-' - I. Authority to conserve species that have tI Finnley (1978, 1980). The 1978 arnendments been determined by the state or the Fish strengthened the consultative pr Te.sr,B I.-ENDANGERED (E), rnnrerrNro (T), eNo spECrAL coNcERN (SC) weauwerERSTREAM FTSHES rN THE Ulrrreo STATES (uoorrrno rnou DBacoN ET AL. 1979). Frsnas wuosE NAMES ARE eREcEDED By AN ASTERTsx (*) enr oN THE oFFTCIAL FEDERAL r-Isr. THRrAT rs STGNIFIED By rHE NuNrsras 1-5: I : PRESENT OR THREATENED DESTRUCTION OF HABTTAT; 2 = OVERUTILIZATION; 3 : DISEASE; 4: rIY- Blunkrose ff BRIDIZATION, COMPETITION; ENO 5: RESTRICTED NATURAL NANGE. HTSTONTCET, DISTRIBUTION LISTS Cahaba shirJ THE srATEs IN wHIcH THE FISHES HAVE BEEN KNowN To occuR. NotrlBtrtcl-erunn FoLLows DrecoN Blackmorfr{ rr er-. (1979) Kanau'ha ml \{6untqin r ' *Woundfin Historical distribution tli Splittail Pci Acipenseridae Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulaescens AL, AR, GA, IA, IL, IN KS, r Bluestripe shiner Nofropis callitaenia T 1 AL, FL, GA I Yaqui beautiful shiner Notropis formosus mearnsi SC rAZ Eastern sarii Rio Grande shiner Nofropis jemezanus SC 1,4 NM Cape Fear shiner Nofropis mekistocholas SC INC Sharphead L Colorless shiner Notropis perpallidus T I AR, OK Coppercbecll Proserpine shiner Notropis proserpinus T rTx *Slackwater & Roughhead shiner Nofrop is semTterasper T IVA Ashy darter E t THnperpxso Wenlrwerrn Srnneu Frsnns-Williams 333 TADLE l.-CoNTTNUED Historical distribution Bluntnose shiner Notropis sirnus E t,4 NM, TX Cahaba shiner Nr.rfropi,s sp. E I AL Blackuouth shiner Notropis sp. SC FL Kannwha rninnow Phenacobius teretulus T NC, VA, WV !lorrntain blackside dace Phorinas cumberlandensis T KY, TN *Wouridfi rr Plagoptcrus argentissimus E AZ, NV, UT Splittail Pogorichthqs mucrolepidotus SC CA *Colortrdo squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius E t,3, 4 AZ,CA, CO, \\4, NV, UT, WY \iloirpn specklecl clace Rhinichthgs osculus moapae T 1,3,4 \V Sandhills chub Sernofilus lunrbee SC I NC, SC Loach rninnow Tiaroga cobitis SC 1,4 AZ, NM Catostor.r.r idae Yaqtri sucker C atostomus bernardini SC t,4 AZ White River clesert sucker Cutostomus ckLrki T I NV intennedius Wclrug sucker Cafosf omus fecundus SC t,4 UT Zuni bluehead sucker Catostonuts dicobolus yurrooi T I N\,7 Lost River sucker Cafostonus lutatus SC t,4 CA, OR \lodoc srrcker Cutostttmus rnicrops E I,4 CA Wrrrner sucker Calosl otnus rcurnerensis E t,4 OR Shortnose sucker C/r.asnr i,st e s b reoirc st ris T t,4 CA, OR Blnckff n sucker .\fo.rosrontu ut ripinne SC I KY, T\ Rustyside strcker llfo.to.s, oma hrtntiltoni SC I VA Razorlrack sucker Xr1rau.chert texanus T t,4 AZ,CA, CO, NV, UT, WY Ict:rluriclae Yarlui catfish lctulrrrus pricei SC AZ *Yellowfin nracltonr N oturus fladpinnis T GA, TN, VA Carolina rracltorn N oturus furio sus SC NC Orzrngefin rr:Lcltorn N oturus gilberti T NC, VA Ouachita rnacltorn N oturus lachn eri T AR Frecklebell.v nradtom Nofzrus munitus T AL, GA, LA, MS, TN Neosho rlacltom Noturus placidus T KS, \1O, OK Cadclo madtorn Noturus taglori T I, OH *Sci Teel-n l.-CoNTTNUFTD --i-l l. --: I Status Historical distribution : l=- -:: i -I Kanawha darter E the o st o ma kanauhae T NC, VA Redband darter Etheo stomu lut e oainctum SC TN :,8 Yellowcheek darter Etheostoma moorei T AR .E Niangua darter Etheo stom,a niunguae T \{o +Okaloosa darter Etheostoma -11 okaloosae TI t,4 FL -lA Finescale saddled darter Efheosfoma osburni T I VA, WV Paleback darter Etheostona pallididorsunt T I AR -l:--: ii:l: lll +Bayou darter Etheostonta rubrum T MS ,::---=:-: : I =l Saluda darter Etheostoma saludae SC I SC Dq:- : +Maryland :- I darter Etheostoma sellare E t,5 MD .U-:::=-:-:/ Trispot darter Etheostoma trisellu T I AL, GA, TN C.'.-: Duskytail darter Etheosf oma (Cutonotus) sp. T I TN, VA - --,: darter Etheostoma (Doration) sp. SC I TN rt--- :r-.' _-! Jewel ---:--={ Ernerald darter Etheostoma (Ulocentra) sp. SC I TN ::^ :i-= Red snubnose d.arter Etheostoma (Ulocentra) sp. SC I TN ;)er!<--_: -: _.1 Yazoo River darter Etheostoma (Ulocentra) sp. T I MS L :,i:t i i--re: Arnber darter Percina antesella T I GA, TN '15-: -.. g Goldline d.arter Percina aurolineata T I AL, GA =;;j Blotchside logperch Percina burtoni SC I AL, TN :l,re.:=:-= I Bluestripe dxter Percina cAmatotaenia T I MO L Maryland dafter Etheostotnu sellure, \'Ioapir mitigirte itctions that thretrten fishes are rcrrdi- dace Moupa coriaceo, trnd Okaloostr druter ly availalrle. These mechanistns clepercl on E tIrc o s t o m a okal Lt o s a e, irre rvarnr rvzrter streanr basic biologictrl data avtrilrrble lor tltost fishes. The impler.nentatior o{ those plrrns r.vilI species. Through cooperative ellbrts, our be acconrplishecl, in nrost cirses, through a co- knowledge of the life history ancl habitat re- operative effort by state irnd I'ederal trgelcies. quirements of enclangered fishes is increasing Vuch of the protectiol trncl recoverv of en- With better in{bnnertion, oru rnanage- lapidly. I dangered species is carried out l;y, sttrtes rnent rrncl lecovery efforts irle grerrtly en- through cooperative ugreernents rvith the Fisl'r harncecl. I'- and Wildlife Serwice. Sirce ptrsstrge of the Our strategy lbr the protection and recovely 1973 Act, 35 stirtes and I territoly hrrve en- o{'enclerngered fishes has not cl.ranged signif- tered into cooperative irgreenents. Eleven icantly in recent years. In fact, the National states (Arkansas, Califoruitr, Coloruclo, Flori- Wildlite Feclerartion (1956) suggested the fol- dtr, Illinois, \{trrylirnd, \Iissouri, North Car<> lorving courses o{' nction: linrr, Tennessee, Utah, ttncl Wisconsir-r) now have projects or-r 48 species of fishes now list- 1. Prorlote coorclinatecl reseirrch on endan- ed feclerally or that ale cirndiclates lbr the gelecl {brms of rvildlife to determine meth- endangered species Iist. Examples 7. Work for effective pollution control lor our tribution and abundance of mainstream fishes streams, Iakes, marshes, and coastal watels. of the rniddle and upper Colorado River Basins, 1967-I973. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. lO4(2):2),7- 8. Support the efforts of the Survival Serwice 231, of the Intemational Union for the Protec- Honxeoav, W. T. 1913. Our vanishing wildlife: its tion of Nnture, Bmssels, Belgiurn, in pro- extermination and preservation. New York Zool. tecting endangered foms within North Soc. New York, N.Y. America and throughout the world. Jecxsox, H. T. 1945. Conserving endangered wilcllife species. Pp. 247-272. In Annual re- While much progress has been made since port. Srnithsonian Institution 1945. Washing- 1956, much renains to be done to save our ton, D.C. Lecusnn, E. A. 1956. The changing fish fauna of endangered fishes in their natural habitats. If the Upper Ohio Basin. Pp. 64-78. In Man and we continue in those directions with the de- the waters of the Upper Ohio Basin. Pyrnatuning terrlintrtion of recent years, I am sure we can Lab. Field Biol., Spec. Publ. No. 1:64-78. recover our endangered turd thretrtenecl fish- Mrr-r-sn, R. R. 1961. Man and the changing ffsh Iauna of the American Southwest. Pap. Mich, es. Acad. Sci., Arts Lett. 46:365404. 1964. Extinct, rare and endangered Amer- Rrrnnnsces ican freshwater fishes. Pp. 4-16. In The pro- Berr-nv, J. R. 1977. Freshu,aterfishes. Pp.265-298. tection of vanishing species. In Proc. XVI Int. In Endangered and threatened plants and trn- Cong. Zool., Vol. 8, Washington, D.C. imals of North Carolina. North Carolina St. 1969. Freshwater fishes. Red Data Book, Mus. Nat. Hist., Raleigh, N.C. Vol. 4-Pisces. IUCN, Ivlorges, Switzerland. 79 BreN, M. 1977. The evolution of national wildlife status sheets. law. Report to Council on Environmental Qual- 1972. Threatened freshwater fishes of the ity, Washington, D.C. United States. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. Cer-rronsre Frss aNo Cnlm. 1972. At the cross- l0t(2):239-252. roads 1972: a report on California's endangered Nertoxel Wtlur-trn FnornarroN. 1956. Our en- and rare fish and wildlife. Sacramento, Cal. dangered wildlife. Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washing- 1978. At the crossroads 1978: a report on ton, D.C. California's endangered and rare fish and wild- Nrxosrnrxr, G. R., W. L. Prr,rrcnn, K, C. SADLER, Iife. Sacramento, Cal. AND W. H. Lorrrs. 1977. Rare and endangered DEACoN, J. E. 1979. Endangered and threater-red species of Missouri. Mo. Dept. Cons. and U.S. fishes of the west. Great Basin Natl. Mem. No. Dept. Agric., Soil Conserw. Serv. Jefferson City, 3:4L-64. Vo. G. Konorrcu, J. D. Wrllreus, AND S. CoN- Reusrv, J. S. 1976. Freshwater fishes. In Endan- TRERAs. 1979. Fishes of North America, eu- gered and threatened plants and animals ofAl- dangered, threatened or of special concern: aban.ra. Bull. Ala. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 2:53-65. 1979. Fisheries 4(2):2944. Scuvrrr, G. 1978. Fishes. Pp. E1-E59. In Hand- FrNNr-ev, D. 1978. Presiclent signs endangered book of species endangered in New Mexico. species amendments. Endangered Species New Mexico Dept. Gane Fish. Albuquerque, Tech. Bull. 3(10):1-11. N.M. 1980. Endtrngered species act extended U.S. DrpanrrrENT oF THE INTERIoR. 1966. Rare and amended. Endangered Species Tech. Bull. and endangered fish and wildlife of the United 5( I): 1-4. States. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. Res. Publ. Glr-nrnr, C. R. 1978. Fishes. Pp. l-58. In Rare 34:FI-FV41. Washington, D.C. and endangered biota of Florida. Vol. 4, Univ. 1973. Threatened wildlife of the United Press Florida. Gainesville, Fla. States. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. Res. Publ. Hor,orx, P. B., eNo C. B. Srer-sexrn. 1975. Dis- I14. Washington, D.C. Atrrc rict tr F i sl u, ric s S oc i e t u Wiu-rrrrytrter Streirrns S1 rlposirrr:r, l9fll, p1t 33fl-il-t-{ T.{BLE I.-\'- := Is the Snail Darter Transplant a Success? PL.{\TEI) FF, ..: Rrr.rin ro I :i:- .{T \IILE J5 (, : G.q.ny D. Hrcxrrax Fisheries Unit Supervisor Eastem Area, Tennessee Valley Authority, ){orris, Tennessee 37828 Date ABSTRACT tgi5 All together, 710 snail TABLE I.-NUMBERS OF SNAIL DARTERS TRANS- ber 1976. Beginr-rir-rg h 1977, sarnpling wirs pLANTED FRoNr rHE LowER Lrrrr-e TrNNrssrr reduced to once per quarter. RrlT n Rrlrn ro 3 srrrs rN THE LowER Hrwassrn In August 1978, rnrrrk-and-recupture popu- er Mrr,r 38.0 (I), 36.7 (II), AND 35.8 (III), Twxns- lation estirnates were made on each of the srn, I975-1976 transplant shoal areas and on 4 sites where No. snail darter populatior.rs had been found be- Date transplanted Trarrsplant site Iow the original transplant areas. The rnark- 1975 and-recapture estimates were obtained by 3 Jun II urarking sntril darrters collected with snrall 5 Jun I5 modified bag seines. Upon Iocation of a snail 6 23 Jun darter ir group of snorkelers, the seine was 8 Sep J by 16 Sep JJ placed directly behind the fish turd the snor- l7 Sep 6I I kelers chased it into the seine. Fish were ther.r l8 Sep 26 II marke TopView ." \l\, \),., :\ '( 't(J) /,, il(r ,1,"i rl(, (r( rll )rtr t {r 'lr[: ( (t\ tl, Itt "lr'T' ill ri F z. ,UT .,-$ cfu, ,l cE (t, 5 \) o I t,'\ ')( (1o,,, l\l ( q3 2uo \r r\ e) I) l)J %. ( (' a) 'l Mt &t o' 6rt) .rt the loii =: =: .i{.6 ). Durir,: S,_-- hal>it.rt i.=- . sllntlller I -: clarter. ri -. r 1979 lLriiei : , lenile cl.::=:. r ...-a again 1{ ,--'. =-_ D, The est:::,=:= (Table ') ,:--.: highs dun:- : durins lal^ --.: the sprin,: ::: _-^__a :v +-./4- adults to ti-= - the shoal --=,, \Iost of the =z Arrival c,: --. area clurin; sponsible - !,-: = SideView time. In l9l:- : perhaps -- Ftc. I. Illustrirtion o1 tcchnirlue rrsccl to estirrtnte relttive ttxrn after the firi: , \{ark-ancl-recapttrre slrnpling during tlic lociitecl in tlre Chcsttree Shoals rrntrl- arcrr. An numbers oi -:i peak trbunclance in August 1978 r'csultc-d irr a I'sis of length-li'erlucrrcv clistlilxrtion tlf fisli nually until population estirnate lor the rive r oI 2,567 snail collc.ctecl rluling thirt pcriocl shou,eil that 8I -: leveled off. dirfters rvith 95 pet'cent o1' pelccrrt poptrltttion conficlcncc lirnits of the consistccl of vourrg- The popu..t I,878 ard 3,529 (Ttrble 3). Thc nrtrjoritv rvele' (Trrble 4), of-thc-ycirr fish nrost of r,vhich rverc and-recapfure Succnss oF SNArL DanrnR Tnasspr-eNr-Hickman 341 ecl ar sltbstantirrl increase in nurnbers since the ir-rtlocluction of 710 :rdult snail darters during the 2 previous years (Table 1). That large es- tir.ntrte (2,567) was n.rainly due to the presence of the large 1978 yenr class, as juveniles made \. rra.sotrnr \ r ansD r.nl I srl'l r-rp 81 percent of the p T.rsrr : --:l S\.\IL D\':::-" - z THE LO\i a: _--' 'rl > .7. >lJ coccccco c(\J c!c!1qnq 'c!r oi 3aEt o@ci c!o jil l:ll;;tcttJ :1*7. a Y' I!- ci$c.oco c, Gil cl c (c ci q l.) 7.. 1z l-t a) rn ltrl a ( : -- $cns ca JA-t! F:,,.. : - - Zl t- I ,,'..-t tr. -' '-.. .--lL1 - I ,[- J El c) ct Or) 6] ,u\\. - 7. ,L -::r-t: l::- -t z=^ CD-C @$ n 1rJ<' t '-l t C11 6lcas -- aA ; l!H >a i z7?r E^P^!^ ^I^!^ i* iS ;n ES i6i 3cs I q.: a" ,j'- "c.jgc,) lo ?a ^.i -=>.=" EZ aZ CZ =Z =Z t_E =Z lE at ;e ;& ;fr ,e Efr .ad 2z 3= i5 i3 i=:5 :3 r< F FNFJ|;'OZ =r S uccp s s o r SNe.rr- DanrBn Tn-q.s s pr-Rr r-H ickman 343 Tenr-r 3.-VARK-AND-RECAPTURE ESTII\'IATES oF adverse floocl conclitions during the 1979 SNAIL DARTER POPULATIONS AT 5 SAN{PLE SITES I\ spawning seAson. Each biologist hirs his own Au- THE LowER Hru'ASsEE Rrvrn, TnNsrssnn, set of criteria of clistinguishing whether or not cusr 1979 a transplant has succeeded in establishing a River Esti- Conficlence viable self-sustaiuing population. The snail rrile mate I inr its darter population in the Hiwassee has ful- Transplant site II 36.8 r 18 78-r78 ffllecl several universal criteria. TVA biolo- Transplant site III 33,7 27 I 1-53 gists associated with this project f'eel the Launch ramp area 34.8 253 159-397 transplirnt has been successful in establishing Sycamore shoals trrea 33.0 151 7t-290 Chestuee shoals a self-sustrrining population. Sorne Lriologists nursery area 32.2 1,909 r,482-2,4s6 believe a nlinilnurn of 10 years is required Total 2,465 1,808-3,381 before a detenlrination of success can be rnirde, and sorne stry it tirkes up to a hundred years. Is the sr-rtril darter transplant to the Hiwas- see River :r success? TVA biologists involved lbr 4 consecutive years. Only limitecl repro- in this effort think thtrt it is. Other biologists cluction occurrecl during the first year or 2 af- have their own opili()ns irnd criteria, Only ter transplant in 1975 trud 1976, but large year rvhen the general consensus regarcls the trar-rs- classes were producecl in l97U irncl 1979. plant as successh-rl will it be acceptecl as such. During late winter and early spring of 1979 Rriprnrxcus spawning period fbr sntril darters), heavy ririns caused the lower Hiwtrssee River to BRouHA, P. 1974. Evirluation of two reef materials and point or cove locations for constructing ar- re- rench flood stage. Observations that fall tificial reets in Srnith Mounttrin Lnke, Virginitr. i ealed that a substantitrl year class hacl been Unpublished master's thesis, Virginia Poly- produced during 1979, trncl shorvecl that the technic Institute ancl State University, Blacks- .nrril dtrrters in the Hiwirssee River coulcl re- burg, Va. 1956. Catches in New Bruns- r)r'odrlce successflrlly even Lrnder such rrd- Goornsv, H. olfish wick streiur-rs by direct current electrofishing. \ erse conditions. Ctrn Fish. Cult I9:I-8. Gorosrrrx, R. M. f978. Quantitntive comparison CoNct-usrol- of seining ancl unclerwater observation lbr From the 710 sntril dafters relezrsecl into tl.re streirm fishery surveys. Prog. Fish-Cult. 40(3):108-I I L ou,er Hiwassee River in 1975-1976, the pop- Har-r-, D. J., A\D E. E. Wrnrssn. 1977. Seasonzil rlirtion has increased to upproxinratelr, 2,500 distribution and abundance of fishes in the lit- .nclividu:rls. Sntril dartels h:rve spirwnecl sttc- toral zone of n N{ichigan lake. Trars. Amer. -essfully for 4 consecutive yerrrs, ilncl were Fish. Soc. 106(6):545-555. D., R. B. 1978. A report Jrle to reproduce successlirlly even uncler the Hrcxlrex, G. exr> Frrz. orr tlre ecology ,rnd conservltion of the snail darter (Percina tanasi Etnier) 1975-1977. Tenn. Vallev Auth. Tech. Note B-28. Knesr, A., AND I. Henxrn 1977. Strip counts as DARTER PoPU- frslr 4.-AcE GRoUPS oF SNAIL t1 mearls of detennirring clensities and habitat .\TIoNS, AS PERCENTAGES OF ALL FISH COLLECT- ntilization pntterns in lake fishes. Environ. :D FRON{ A SA\IPLE AREA, o\ 6 VARIOUS SANIPLE Biol. Fish. 1(2):181-188. iREAS IN THE LO\\7ER HTTVASSTT RTVEN, TTXXPS- LAru\{oRE, R. W. 1t157. Fnctols influencing the e1'- sns, Aucusr 1979. Tn: TRA.cE ficier.rcy of the electric fish shocker in an Illi- nois stretrnr. P. 93. In K. D. Ctrrlander (Ed.). Syrnposium on evaluation offish populations in Rive r streams. Iowa State CoIl., Antes, nrile II III tY warrl-lvtrter Irlrvn. I rrrrsplnnt site II 36.7 3128 7 0 35 Lorrucn, V. A, AND W. H. \'IsnnorrH. 1974. A i rirnsplant site III 35.8 10r010 0 70 techr-riclue and the el'fectiveness of vtrrious 0 cokl-s lirr subcutaneous marking of fish. -eunch rarnp rlrea 34.8 11 28 r 0 ircry'lic :\calrore shotrls area 33.0 78t2r000 Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 103(1):140-142. lhestuee shoals aretr 32.3 8315 I 0 Tr Nonrscore, T. G., exo D. W. WILKTE. 1963. Un- \rrrserv areit 32.1 8613 I 0 0 delwiiter census of strenm fish populations. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 92(2):146-15I. Overrrll 16 I 0 I 81 P,rr-ourtprs. A. A. 1958. \{easurernent of sorne fac- 344 Weru,rwarrR STREAMS SYuPosruu, 1981 tors affecting the catch in a minnow seine. Proc' Vocu, L. Potted bass, Iowa Acad. Sci. 65:580-586. Micro Shoals Res- ScHNABEL, Z. E. 1938. Estimation of total fishpop- ervoir Tech. Publ' ulation of a lake. Amer' Math. Month. 45:348- 84. 352. POSTER SESSION Anrcricu tt F i sha rie s S oc ie t g \Vamrwirter Strearns S1 rrposiurn, I981, pt> :l'1(r-350 Tast-r 1.- Food Habits of Largemouth Bass in Two Coastal Strearns of North Carolina Jev H. Devrns Osteichthr. Percid.rc North Carolina Wildlile Resources Cornrnission, Sylva, North Carolina 28779 Unident:: Crustrrce,r ABSTRAcT Clrrcloce:- Largernouth bass were collected lronr the Pasquotank and Chowan rivers in North Carolina Anrphrl' : from Februtrry to Novernber 1976. Stomach contents of345 specinrels showecl thatjuvenile bass, Dec;rp,, :' -. 5l-125 r.t-rl total length, fed principally on amphipods, dipteran larwtre, uncl ephenreropteran Pala, Unicler:::, larvae. Bass became piscivorous at approximately I25 rnr.n when clupeids, centrarchids, and crayffshes becarne the in-rportirnt forage. Juvenile urenhaden were utilized as forage during July, I n secta August, and September. Foocl of largenrouth bass in the Pasquotank River downstream fron.r Epher-..: Elizabeth Citv, \orth Carolina, consisted largely of estuarine species including spot, southern Orlorr..t-. flounder, Atlantic needleffsh, ancl crabs. Changes in cliet were relatecl to the distribution ol Ibrrrge Henril-.:.:- Dipter.. and indicated that bass are opportnnistic feeders. A positive correlation existed between total Uuicle:.:::. length ofbass and total length oflbrage fish eaten. The low coefficient oldetennination (0.21) indicated thtrt the correlation was not associated with forage size preference, but probably to the Uniclenti--=: thct that larger bass can consunte larger prey. Detritu: Ernptl Ixrnooucrr Currituck Sour-rcl, North Car'olintr, and Keitr- pouncl nets, irnd angling. Stornachs of lrtrss \\'efe lal:t= _ son (1971) r'eportecl ol) nlovenrents of large- wel'e preselvecl ir-r I0 perccnt forn'rerlir-r. The thiin lii - mouth birss ir.r tl're Chorviu.r River, North Car- stonrirchs rvere openecl in tl-re ltrborirtory rind Clup.: i- olina. The objective of this stuclv rvas to all filocl iterns rvere iclentified to the lorvest investigtrte the food habits of largcmouth bass truononic level possible. Stouracl-r rurillyses in coastal rivers of northetrstem North Ctrro- rvcre concluctecl accorcling to the methods cle- lina. scribed by Windell (I971) ancl ir.rcluclecl li'e- Trglr - (luerlcy of occurrence (percentage of stomirchs -i (.Il( )C RL: :- ! \,lerrmers AND NIETHODS - in which each fbocl itert.t occurred), nrutreric \IJL \TIC !\:' The Pirsrluotrrnk rrnd Chowtrn rivers tvpify (nunbel of indivicluals of etrch foocl iten.r), irnd CAR)D{:". 2 difl'erent types of drainage systems in north- grirviuretric (wc.t rveigl.rt to nearest 0.1 g o1' eastern North Carolinrl. The Prrsrluotrrnk River etch foocl itern). is a swirtnp Teslr 1.-FooD rrEMS rx 58 r,encrr{ourH BASS (5I-125 lru) rnov rnr CnoweN exo PlsquoreNr Rr\aERS, NoRTH Canorrxe, 1976. r : wETGHT r-ass rneN 0.1 c Frequency of Food item No Va n important food items of bass longer than 125 RBsur,rs mnl (Tables 3, 4). Fish were present in 96 per- Amphipods, dipteran larvae, and ephemer- cent of the stomachs that contained food. Ju- opterans were the principal forage iterns of venile rnenhaden Breaoortia tgrannus (40-60 bass 51-125 rnm long (Table I). Fish were mm) were abundant during the summer and observed in stornachs of bass 10I-125 rnrr important as bass food. Juvenile blueback Iong (Table 2). The change in diet from rni- herring Alosa aestiaalis (25-60 mm) and ale- crocrustaceans and insect lar-vae to fishes and wife Alosa pseudoharengus (25-60 mm) in- crayfishes occurred between 100 and 150 mrn. habited the study area during the summer and Microcrustaceans and aquatic insect larvae fall (H. Johnson, N.C. Div. Marine Fisheries, were infrequent in stomachs of bass larger pers. cornrl. 1977), but were not important than 175 rnm. food items. Largemouth bass in the Pasquo- Clupeids, centrarchids, and crayfish were tank River downstream frorn Elizabeth City fed on spot Leiostomus xanthurus, southern flounder Paralichthgs lethostigma, Atlantic needlefish Strongglura marina, and crabs. probably were not Tasr,B 2.-FRBeUENCv oF occURRENCE oF MI- Aquatic plants and detritus CROCRUSTACEANS (CLADOCERA AND AVETTTEOOE), selected foods. AQUATIC INSECT LARVAE, AND FISH (TNCT-UOCS DE- Forage fish consumed by largemouth bass CAPODA) IN LARGEMOUTH BASS STON{ACHS TILAT (110-600 rnm) ranged frorn 16 to 380 rnur, and CONTAINED FOOD the lengths of bass were positively correlated (r' : O.2I) with lengths of ffsh eaten. No. of Frerluency of occunence (%) stomachs Bass containins Micro- total ' Drscussrox length (mrn) food crustaceans Insects Fish Young bass fed on microcrustaceans and t76-200 1 0.0 0.0 100.0 aquatic insects, and fish and crayfish were eat- 15r-175 t2 t6.7 25.0 83.3 126-r50 t2 8.3 0.0 9r.7 en frequently by adults (Heidinger 1975, Rob- 101-125 0.0 28.6 7r.4 bins and MacCrimrnon 1974). Largemouth 76-100 r8 72.2 88.9 0.0 bass collected during this study had similar 5 I-75 16 75.0 56.3 0.0 diets. ql- 348 WeRvwerrn Srnreus Svlrposrurr, 1981 T.rg1-e 3.-Fo()l) rrE\rs rr 100 l,urcrrr()urH IIASS (I26-6(X) rtrt) nnort rHr Pesr2uorA)iK RrvER, \ Frt rltter rt r Ito \\'et rrt (g) Osteichthvcs Osteichthve. Clupeiclte Clupeida. B reo o o rtiu t r 1 rtt n ttu t; 160 128 56.9 2r5 2 294 Ictuluriclae 20 2 0.!) 200 27 Alosa at.: Belonirlrre A/o,sn i:-. St rort gu I u ru trut ritt tt 10 0.4 394 54 Bretortf ; - Cl prinodontidae Dorosr,rri - Frrnrlrrlrrs sp. 20 0.9 15.0 2.r D. pete r,.-' Ccntrarchiclire Unident:i Enneucarttluts sp. 1.0 0.4 9.8 1.3 All clupeii. Le 1totrtis grlo,su,s 1.0 0.4 36. r 4.9 Engraulid.= L. ntot'roclrints I.0 0.4 96.3 r3.2 Anclutc -. Porrro.ris sp. 1.0 0.,1 18.5 2.5 Uniclcntifietl 2.0 2 0.!) to',2 r4.1 Cyprinicl... All centlirrchicls 6.0 6 2.7 265.9 36,4 Hgboq.n::; Pe'rciclire Unider,t:: Dtrrtt,r I.0 I 0.4 0.4 0.1 All c1'prir,: -- Sciten i Tesls 4.-FooD rrEMS rn I87 lencrNlourH sess (126-640 urr) rnolr run CnoweN Rrvrn, Nonrn Can<>r-nie, 1976. r : wErcHT r-rss rrrcx 0.I c Frequency Food item of occunence !,ltr 7o \l et wt. (g) 7c u'et ut Osteichthyes Clupeidae Alosa aestiaalis 1.1 7 3.7 2.:) 0.2 Alosa sp. 0.5 1 0.5 o.4 Breaoortia tUrannus 4.8 I1 5.8 85.4 7.3 Dorosonta cepedianum 1.1 3 I.6 70.2 6.0 D. Ttetenense 2.7 l9 9.!) 237.2 20.2 Unidentified 5.3 t6 8,4 54.5 4.6 All clupeids 13.9 57 29.8 4s0.0 38.4 Engraulidae Anchoa mitchilli 0.5 I 0.5 0.u 0.I Cyprinidae Hgbog,nathus nuchalis 0.5 I 0.t 4.9 0.4 Uridentiffed I.t 2 1.0 7.3 0.6 AII cyprinids I.6 3 I.6 12.2 I.0 Ictaluridae 0.5 I 0.5 8.7 o.7 Centrarchidae Enneacantlnts sp. 1.1 J 1.6 8.2 0.7 Lepomis gibbosus 0.5 I 0.5 48.5 4.t L. macrochirus 0.5 I 0.5 34, I 2.9 Lepomis sp. 1.1 J 1.6 100.6 8.6 Pomoxis sp, 2.1 4 2.r 96.4 8.2 Uniclentified 2.7 5 2,6 96. r 8.2 All centrarchids 8.0 I7 8.9 283.9 32.7 Percidae Etheostoma olmstedi I.6 3 1.6 3.0 0.3 Unidentified darters 1.6 4 2.t 3.7 0.3 Unidentified Percidae 0.5 I 0.5 t.9 o.2 All percids J./ 8 4,2 8.6 0.7 Mugilidae Mugil cephalus 0.5 I 0.; 35.3 3.0 Unidentified 26.2 72 t87,2 16.0 Crustacea Arnphipoda 1.6 3 1.6 t Decapoda Crayffsh 5.3 l3 6.8 49,7 4.2 Unidenti6ed l.l 2 1.0 0.5 Insecta Epherneroptera 1.6 4 2.r Megaloptera I.I 2 1.0 Coleoptera 0.5 I 0.5 Diptera 1.0 4 2.r Hymenoptera 05 I 0.5 o.2 Unidentiffed rnarnmal 0.5 I 0.5 22.1 I.9 Unidentified food 3.2 3.8 0.3 Aquatic vegetation 1.6 I.t 0.1 Detritus 7.0 9,2 0.8 Empty 35.3 350 Werunversn Srnn,q.vs Svrrposruu, 1981 Anrcricttt Fr') ^ W:rnnwrrlcr \:-- increase in length, they are trble' to consunle Krensos, L. I97I. Effects of stored pulp-rnill larger prey. Tarrant (1960) lbund a positive wlstes upon Chorvan Rivc'r fishes. N.C. Wildl. Resour. Conrrn. Project F-19-2. Raleigh, N.C. size of forage and size correlation between of Krsc, W. 1975. Surnrnarization of the syrnposium. bass, while Wright (1970) observed no signif: Pp. 524-531. In R. H. Stroud and H. Clepper icant correltrtion between thelr. Tlre lorv coef (Ecls.). Black bass biology trnd rnanagernent. ficients o{'determirrtrtior.r for length of bass ancl Spurt Fishing Institute, Warshington, D.C. length of prey in this study show little rela- Lewnsxcr, I. M. 1957. Estinrated sizes of various forage fishes largernouth bass can swallow. tionship between the variables. Proc. Annu. ConI. Southeast. Ass. Carne Fish Cor.nm. ll:220-225. Acls-ott,Le pGIIENTS Lervrs, W. \{., R. Hrrorrcsn, W. Krnx, W. Cnep- Strr,.-: - \IAN, AND D. 1974. Food intake of -- The author thanks Willirrm C. Can.res, Rich- JouxsoN. ttttr t-; : \lirn1 ir..:- - : l,rqical ei-=--- : Ite\-. 'it():t-:_ ere the th:=: -: ccl hr clr,rc.::, - ' $ pes o1':rr-: - : irrocluce,.i ..' .-. .rn' !Iill h-,.: . - : ecl (Ch.rk:=. -:- Lelttr.tti()t.. r- -- livers ,,:':--.-. .hou erl .i-:-: ,- .rnother ci-- : - .iotts tr.r:l--: - lirssilis It -- - mphrre'Ll. j--.- -. tachlor.rtrr - - ,rf the c..r-: -l-.- **_ Ameriutn Fithe rie s S ociety Warnrwater Stretrms Symposiurr, 198I, pp. 35I-355 A Sirnple Bioassay Method for Safe Disposal of Pesticides to Protect Aquatic Life in Strearns S. K. Kouen Kalyani University, Kalyani 741 235, W.B., India ABSTRACT Streatns generally receive runoff rvaters that contain various types of pesticides deposited in rnud, water, plankton, and fish. Occasionally, the pollution caused by pesticides results in mass mortality of fishes and other aquatic life. More often, pesticides induce long-term effects in ffsh. A suitable bioassay method was developed that would predict long-term, safe levels of disposal of pesticides. IxtRopuctrort hepatic cells were vacuolated, ruptured, and Pesticides are necessary tools in agriculfure swollen. Heptachlor also darnaged the kidney and forestry, yet we carlnot ignore their pol- and induced lesions in the barbels ofcatfishes lutional hazards in strearns and other fiesh- (Konar 1969c). waters (Konar 1968, 1969a; Johnson 1968; Nicotine at 3.2 pprn darnaged the gills (Kon- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1971; ar 1969b) and barbels offishes (Konar I969c). McKirn et al. 1973, L974, 1975, 1976). Since Captan, a fur.rgicide, induced lesions in gills the use of pesticides is not Iikely to be re- but the effects were less severe than those placed by any other plant protection rneasure induced by endrin (Chakrabarty and Konar in near future, a suitable rnethod for the safe 1974). Zineb, another fungicide, at 8.10 ppm disposal of pesticides is needed to protect produced swelling and vacuolation of hepatic aquatic life. This paper reviews the hazardous cells. effects of pesticides in India and describes a Of the organophosphorus insecticides, mal- simple bioassay r.nethod for their safe dispos- athion was most lethal. The gills were the al. main organs affected. At 0.0032 pprn, it in- duced lesions in gills. DDVP, another such Hezenoous Errpcrs oF PESTICIDES insecticide, induced lesions in the gills, Iiv- H i s t op a tholo gic al Effe c t s ers, kidneys, and brains (Konar 1975). Phos- Many pesticides induce severe histopatho- phamidon, also an organophosphate, pro- logical effects in ffshes. The gills, liver, kid- duced damage in the gills, stornach, intestine, ney, stomach, intestine, brain, and barbels and liver of fishes (Konar 1975). are the chief organs damaged. The chlorinat- ed hydrocarbons are rnore injurious than other Effects on Surcioal and Crou;th types of pesticides. Endrin at 0.0000008 pprn Strearns that receive pesticides from adja- produced severe Iesions in gills; the second- cent crop fields occasionally exhibit mass ary gill filarnents were completely degenerat- n.rortality of fishes. One such incident was ob- ed (Chakrabarty and Konar 1974). At that con- served in a West Bengal strearn in August centration, endrin also induced lesions in the 1970 (Konar 1975). Three organophosphates, livers of ffshes, where the hepatic cells parathion, DDVP, and phosphamidon, carried showed shrinkage and necrosis. Heptachlor, to the stream by runoff from adjacent crop another chlorinated hydrocarbon, induced le- ffelds were responsible for that disaster. Carps, sions in the gills of catffsh Heteropneustes catffshes, and other cornnrercially important fossilis (Konar 1969b); the gill filanrents were fishes were killed. Several kilorneters of the ruphrred, dis in', grated, and vacuolated. H ep- river were affected and the fish kill continued tachlor at 0.01 ppm darnaged the hepatic cells for 7 days; several tons of fish were lost and of the carp Labeo rohita (Kotar 1970a); the hundreds offishennan were put out ofwork. 351 352 Warurwelrn Srnnanrs Syuposruv, 1981 Tenr-r I.-Esrl\{ATloN oF SAFE DISR)SAL RATE oF A\{BITHIoN usrNc sTATIC BIOASsAy oere. Coxrt- Teslr 2.-Is---r poser- DENCE INTER\.Ir- rs P = 0.05 ru.rr Sll CoNDITIO\ F.TC: ' Concentration (pprn) DITY oF Tilapl; -" Static bioassay data LC5 : 0.56 LC50 (CL) : 0.70 (0.42-1.08) Plritnretri LC95 : 0.80 Grorvth (g) Safe application fhctor equation (SAFE) LC5/LC95 : 0.700 Saf'e disposal rate (SDR) SAFE X LC5O (CL) : 0.49 (0.29-{).76) Conclition faci, \{attrritv incle.- Pesticides such as endrin, aldrir.r, thiodan, Vount 1973, Brungs 1973, Enton 1973); (2) it captan, zineb, and parathion are known to re- should be derived frorn rlethods that involved Fecunditr duce growth of fishes (Chakrabarty and Konar physiological and behavioral changes (Drum- 1974, Das and Konar 1974, Basak and Konar rnond and Spoor 1971, McKirn and Benoit 1976). The rrrlin reason for that reduction was 1971); and (3) it should be estirnated from reduced rate of feeding by exposed fishes. simple bioassays (Tarzwell 1959, 1971; Ki- thick lttver .ri -:,: Pesticides also inhibit digestive enzyrnes mura trnd Matsushima 1969; Matida et al. each tank \\'.r-. = (Ghosh and Konar 1973). Moreover, pesti- 1970; Muirhead-Thomson 1971). urne of 6.-17-! -:= cides also darnaged the buccal epitheliun.r and We proposed that long-term, safe levels of hole wrrter rpH - taste buds of ffshes (Basak and Konar 1977). pesticides could be derived lrom short-tenn, 177 ppnr as C.Cr- Consequently, the exposed ffsh l Tesr,B 2.-INFLUENCE oF ESTIMATED sAFE I)IS- Other aspects, however, need consider- posAr- RATE (SDR) or A\{BITHToN oN GRowrH, ation. It is not known u,hether fish deposit CONDITION FACTOR, MATURITY INDEX, A\D FECUN. residues in their tissues at levels to produce DITv oF Tilaytia mossambica. M, ueln; F, FEMALE imbalance in the food chain (Ferguson 1967). Concen- 7o ot The fate of pesticide deposited in the rnud, Plmrneter tration \tean control water, and invertebrates is not known (Han- Growth (g) Control 3,354 I00 non et al. 1970). Also, it is not known whether SDR 3,656 I09 the SDR of a pesticide is safe fbr aquatic life Condition factor Cor.rtrol 1.43 100 rvhen the stream water is simultaneously re- SDR r.44 l0I ceiving one or more other toxic pesticides or Maturity index (%) Control M 0.33 100 industrial chemicals. In another investigtrtion, F r.59 100 rve found that safe disposal of 2 or more pes- SDR M o.27 82 ticides together was more difffcult. Further F 1.84 I 16 investigations are therefore necessary to Fecur-rdity Control r27 100 achieve the ffnal answer. SDR t48 116 Another problem is on the choice of bioas- say test anirnal. Is there any single test animal thick layer at the bottorn. The water level of that will represent the response o{'the rnajor- each tank was maintained at an average vol- ity of the aquatic life of streams? We have ume of 6,474 liters. The unchlorinated bore- found that the use ofa sensitive plankter, such hole water (pH 7.0; DO 8 ppm; total alkalinity as Cgclops airidis, is a good bioassay test or- 177 pprn as CaCOr) was used as diluent. Each ganism for estimating SDR; such SDRs are tank was stocked with 700 g of fingerlings that safe to the rnajority of the aquatic life of rangecl from 283 to 365 in number, mean streams. Further work in that aspect is in pro- length 48.2 + 3,2 n-rm, and weight 2.7O + 0.53 gress. g. The fish were fed 6 days a week with 8:2 AcxNowr.roGMENTS mixture of rice bran and rnustard oil cake. The tests were nrn for I20 days. At the end of each I thank Prof. A. K. Bose, Head of the Zool- test, each ffsh was measured and weighed, and ogy Departrnent, Kalyani University, for pro- condition factor, maturity index, and fecun- viding research facilities. This research is dity of fish were determined (Lagler 1956). partly funded by the United States Depart- The data were analyzed statistically to verily rnent of Agriculture (under PL-480). the signiffcance of variation between exposed and control fish (Campbell 1967). RrrnnrNcrs B.q.sA.x, P. K., eNo S. K. Korven. 1976. Pollution of Rrsur,rs water by pesticides and protection of ffshes: parathion. Proc. Sci. India468:382- The results of the tests (Table 2) show that Natl. Acad. 392. the growth, condition {hctor, rnaturity index, AND 1977. Estimation of safe con- and fecundity of fish exposed to rnean SDR centrations of insecticides: a new method were comparable to those of control fish (P > tested on-. DDT and BHC. J. Inland Fish. Soc. 0.05). The exposed fish showed normal breed- India 9:(9-29) Bnuxcs, W. A. 1973. Continuous-flow bioassay ing behavior and spawned. The mean number with aquatic organisms: procedure and appli- of nests built in the mud by the exposed ffsh cations. Pp. 117-126. In J. Caims, Jr. and K. L. was 41 as compared to 38 nests built by con- Dickson, (Eds.). Biological Methods for the As- trol ffsh. sessment of Water Quality. Spec. Pub. No. 528, Amer. Soc. Test. Mat., Philadelphia, Pa. Drscussrox Bunorcr, G. E. 1957. A graphical method for de- riving threshold values oftoxicity and the equa- Obviously, the estimated SDR of arrbithion tion of the toxicity curve. N.Y. Fish Game J. was safe since the pesticide did not hamper 4:102-108. the growth and reproduction of ffsh. Thr,rs the Ceuenrr-r-, R. C. 1967. Statistics for biologists. The University Press, Cambridge, Eng. results show that long-term safe disposal rates CHexneslnrv, G., eNo S. K. KoNen. 1974. Chron- can be estimated from short-tenn static bioas- ic effects of sublethal levels of pesticides on say data. fish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India 448:241-246. 354 Wenrnversn Srnrerrs Syrrp Drs, \I. K.,,sio S. K. Kox.c,n. 1974. EIGcts of sub- I9(-i9l> IJiskrpathological el'fects of the in- lethal levels ol pesticiclcs on the feerling l>e- secticicles, lreptLrchkrr antl nicotine, on thc gills haviour, survival irnd grorvth o{ fish. Proc Natl. o1 the catfish. Heteropneusta.s .fossi/ii Iap. J. Acad. Sci. India 4,18:235-240. Ichthvol. 15(4): I ;6-159. Douoononr, P., B. G. ArsoEnsox, G. E. Ilunorcx, 196!lc. Efft,cts ot'heptachlor anrl nicotine P. S. G.llrsoFF, \\/. B. Henr, R. P.\r'IuoK, E. rnr thc barbt,ls ola catfish (Hetaropneustt',s fos- R. SrRoNc. E. W. Sunnrn. -cNo \V. \{. V,,rs si/i,s). Prog. Fish-Cult 3l(l):62-63. H Tenzwrr,r,, C. M. 1959. Pollution effects of organ- U.S. EUnnoNMENTAL Pnorrcrrorv Acnxcy. I97I. ic insecticides. Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Conf. Effects of chemicals on arluatic life: water qual- 24:132-142. ity criteria data book. Water Pollut. Control 197I. l. Measurements of pollution effects Res. Series, Vol. 3, Environmental Protection on living organisms. Bioassays to determine al- Agency, Washington, D.C. lowable waste concentrations in the aquatic en- vironment. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. l77B:279- 28s. Ameri utn F i sherie s S o ciettl Warmwater Streams Symposiirn, 1981, pp 356-3ti3 Integration ofEr Production in Warrnwater Strearns the area under,E Fish cohort producti,r production RrcHano Nnvrs of a: J. by following tIe Sciences, Virginia Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife span or bv a-is'J Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 2406I mains fairh st': structing Aller, ABSTRACT within a particu} Methods for computing ffsh production and production data on warmwater streams are sum- age stmcture L-: significantly (28-a4Eo) to the annual elaboration of marized. Young-of-the-year fish contributed production of a I biomass by a species, and must be considered in the sampling n'rethods and computations for is equal to annr:o production estimates. Annual turnover ratios (P/B) of salmonids exhibit a relative constancy; that population (\\'a:< (0.3-5.03), incomplete relationship appears variable for warmwater species but reflects both the The instanb:,r population assessment and widely different environments of previous studies. Additional re- based on the rel; search on the productive capacity of warmwater stream fishes is imperative if those communities (P) are to be soundly managed. and rneirn b;, G method assur:, tality are e\p{-)r-( constant or var-. i val (Ricker l9-li INtnooucrlox production (Waters 1977, Chapmnn 1978), and The instanta.--e Research in strearn ecology has recently in- reflect rnanagernent and research priolities period is equal:r cluded the production of' biota in order to rvithin most resource agencies. Warmwater ratio offinal nre,: cluantify energy flow through lower trophic species are o{ten r-nanaged "laissez-faire," weight (W,). or levels and determine food availability to fish ptrrticularly in states with fisheries for both populations. Estin'rates of fish production, the coldwater and wanlwater species. In this pa- C: total of fish tissue elaborated in n pop- per, (J.) san-rpling proce- arnount I review comlnon For tirne inten ulation during a given period including thnt dures firr determining fish production, (2) - terly), close ap:: lost to natural rnortality, provide a useful mea- sumrnarize the current data base on fish pro- (B) can be obta::: population's response to the envi- in strear-ns, and (3) exam- sure of a duction wannwater arithmetic or sel ronment, and the expected yield (surplus pro- ine the importance of age 0 fishes in the total timates at the brr The production a species. duction) of a species to fishern-ren. by each quarter: potential yield to a fishery is best calculated {iorn a knowledge of totnl fish production and PnooucrroN MBrrrops B:Br-l population size needed to ensure ade- Production rely on tlethods for the estimates If production e.: quate recruitment. Unfortunately, there are computing fish population size at the begin- (e.g., I vear) ar-i quantitative that relate yield fiom a zr tirr-ie intervtrl, and the few data ning and end o{ then the follos'ir.: population to total production or to the changes ir biomass during that periocl. Such fish be rnore appropr-r e{I'ect of size selective nortality (fishing) on lnethods trpply various mathematical tech- subsequent annual production in strearn ffsh- niques to chtrnges in population abundance B : s.5- es. Although annual production is only one ar.rd individual weights over several tit.r-re pe- ,C component of a species'population dynamics, riods. Of the various procedures reviewed Lry Vost cohorts apc it incorporntes populntion size, growth rate, Chtrprnan (1978), the methods most conlrton- decay model for: natality, and l-rortality into tr single value that ly used are the AIIen curve (Allen 1951) and or von BertalanE can be used to cornpare population outputs. instantaneous growth (Ricker 1946). 1978); difference In the United States, the production of The Allen curve requires no assulred lunc- by the Allen cun warmwater fishes in streams has received tions for growth or rnortality. It is basically a fore small. If cr,- considerably less atteltion than production of growth-survivorship cttrwe for an age group, ponential, the C r salmonids. The recreational and econornic in which point estimates o{'population size alternate fornrul irnportance of coldwater fisheries and the (ordinate) and mean individual weight of co- growth and mort small size of most salmonid streams have at- hort members (abscissa) are plotted over tinte. detailed descript: tracted considerable research interest by fish- Declines in population size through mortality and G rnethods ery biologists. Data on salmon and trout pro- and increases in mean weight through growth (1967) and Wnter: duction dorninate review papers on fish result in a production function for the cohort. 356 Frsrr PnonucrroN IN STREAMS-Neoes ,t) I Integration of the function or rneasurernent of Estirnirtes o1' fish procluction are only as the area under the curve by planirneter equals good as sarnple data, nncl any systernirtic bias cohort production for that time interval. Total in computing population pnrarreters should production of an age group can be cornputecl be avoiclecl. The rnajor sorlrces of errol are in- by following the cohort through its entire lil'e aclequate sanrpling and bias ir-r population es- spnn or by assuming that age structure re- tirnates. Point estimates of population size mains fairly stable ir-r a populntion nnd con- usually have lalge standard errors, ancl Allen structing Allen cr-rrves for each age group cur-ves plotted from such estimates are, there- u,ithin a particular year. Assurning tr constant fore, subject to considerable variation. To cor- age structure fror-r-r year to yetrr, curnulative rect for that probablc en'or, resulttrtt curwes production of a year class throughor-rt its li{e usually irre srnoothed to approach the cltrssic is equal to annual procluction of the n.rultiagecl legative exponential {iurctior-r, S : e'z'. The populntion (Waters 1977). Iongitudinal succession or zonation of fishes The instantaneous growth (G) method is along the wtltercourse rnust also be consid- based on the relationship between productior.r ered in calcul:rting production; srrrr.rpling ir.r (P) and mean biornass (B); i.e.. P : CB. the optin-ral versus rnarginrrl habitat procluces G rnethod assurnes that both growth and mor- rnarked clifferences in estirnates of populntion tality are exponential functions and renain s1ze. constirnt or vary sirnilarly within tr time inter- Errors irssocitrtecl with the conrputirtion of val (Ricker 1946). n'rean irrclividull rveight (W) or grorvth rate (G) The irrstantaneous growth rate (G) for eacl'r usualll, zrre inconsetluential il' sampling is period is eclual to the natural logarithm of t}.re done at intervnls cluring the yearr. Grorvth rate intio o{'final rnean weight (Wr) to initinl rneur.r can be cletelminecl fiom pelioclic strr-npling of rveight (W,), or a cohort, recapture of rnu'ked incliviclunls, or' from scale lnerlsurements ir-r a populrrtior.r srrrn- G: h'r W" ll W,. - ple (see Ricker 1969). Bias due to size selec- For tirle intervals durir-rg the year (e.g., qurrr- tive mortality (predation, fishing) or size re- terly), close approxirnatiols of ntean biomass latecl rnigrrrtion coulcl also irl-fect growth rirte (B) can be obtainecl by computing either the cornputrrtions. Fortunately, the horne ralge of' arithrnetic or geornetric rnean of ltiontass es- rrost wtlrml-ater streiun fishes is lirirlv le- tirnates at the beginning (B,) at.rd end (Br) o1' strictecl (Ftrnk 1970), ancl except tor sorne each quarter: spawning rnovement, immigration or ernigrrr- tion is lot rt serious prol>lern. To minimize the B : B, + B2l2 or [(B,)(Br)1,,,. ellect of' sanrpling err<)r and year clrrss fluc- If production estirnates span krnger periocls tuations, one should nake discrete corrtputa- (".g., I year) ancl mortalitv (Z) is not linear, tions for eacl-r cohort. ther.r the follou,irrg exponential lbrrnula rvould be more trpproprirrte: PnoDucrroN ()F G()NADAL TrssuE B - n,Si'-.,1'G-7. (Rickt,r 1975). Reproduction accounts lirr a significrrnt por- tiou of'assinrilated energv in rnost adtrlt fishes. Vost cohorts apperrr to lbllow trn cxponentiirl 'fhe lelerrse o{ ovtr br.' l'crnale fishes can rep- clecly nrodel for morttrlity ancl ar-r exponeutiirl resent 8-I7 percent of the gross bocly rvcright, or von Beftaltrn{I-v growth rr-roclel (Chaprnan iurcl that l-righ criloric loss constitutes rnuch ol 1978); differences betrveen vrrlues obtained the annutrl production in olcler fishes (\Iottlev b1, the Allen curve and G rnethocls are there- 1938, LeCrerr 1951, \Iurn 1965, Toetz 1967). fore srnall. I{' growth or mortality is not ex- The conrplete cost of reprocluction is consid- porentitrl, the G rnethod can still be usecl r.vith erably grenter than the loss of sex proclucts alterntrte forrlrulae lbr various moclels o1' trlone; energl, Icrr rnigratiot't, spawning behnv- growth trnd rrrorttrlilv (Allen l97l). A nrore ior, nest builcling, ancl othel associrrtecl trctiv- cletailecl clescription of both the Aller curve ities represent sor.r.rutic tissue expenclitures anrl G methocls rvirs proviclecl by Chaprnrrn through respiltrtion. Tl-re conrplete cost of re- (1967) and Waters (1977), prochrction fil'rntrle iur has not been assessed and needs further sponse to electrofishing, or their ltehavior is T..rela l.-\It .. . study. irltere(l as n result o{' lteing san'rplecl. Fielcl The overprocluction of gonadrrl tissue to en- tests of the clepletion nrethod s,ith electro- Fre sure success o{ progeny appears as tissue l Taer-r l.-MrAl BIo\{ASS, rRoDUCTIoN, AND TUnNovER RATros oF FTsHES rN wARMwATER sTREAMS BP Fish species d*' gt n'zlyr P/B Refe rence Galaxias diaergens Hinau Stream, ),1.2. t.8l 4.28 2.36 Hopkins I971 Philgpnodon breaiceps Hinau Strearn, \.2. 4.62 5.70 r,23 Hopkins l97l Philgpnodon breaiceps Hinaki Stream, N.Z. 4.08 5.63 1.38 Hopkins 1971 Alburnus albuntus River Tharnes, Eng. 46.70 46.70 1.00 Vathews l97I Rutilus rutilus River Tharnes, Eng. 25.13 17.80 0.7r Mathews 1971 Leuciscus leuciscus River Thames, Eng. 3.26 2.60 0.80 Mathews I97l Cobio gobio River Thames, Eng. 14.90 t r.70 0.79 \4athews 1971 Micropterus dolomieui Red Cedar River, Mich. 1.49 r.36 0.9I Vannote and Ball 1972 S emotilus atromaculatus Clernons Fork, Ky. 6.34 6.34 r.00 Lotrich 1973 Campostoma anomalum Clernor.rs Fork, Ky. 1.94 2.52 I.30 Lotrich 1973 Etheostoma nigrum Clernons Fork, Ky. 0.55 0.22 0.40 Lotrich I973 Etheostoma sagitta Clernons Fork, Ky. O.74 o.52 0.70 Lotrich 1973 Etheostoma cueruleum Clernons Fork, Ky. 0.28 0. 14 0.50 Lotrich I973 Etheostoma flabellare Clenrons Fork, Ky. 0.26 0.r3 0.50 Lotrich 1973 N otroTtis chrg s ocephalus Clemons Fork, Ky. 1.30 0.39 0.30 Lotrich 1973 Ericgmba buccata Clemons Fork, Ky. 0.98 0.39 0.40 Lotrich 1973 Etheostoma spectabile Steeles Run, Ky. 2.30 2.65 I.I5 Small 1975 Etheostoma fiabellare Steeles Run, Ky. 0.60 r.65 2.75 Small 1975 Cottus carolinae Steeles Run, Ky. I.20 4.25 3.54 Srntrll 1975 C ttprinodon nea adensis Tecopa Bore, Cal. 30.90 r55.40 5.03 Naiman 1976 S e mot ilus atromaculatus Speed River, Ont. 0.49 0.81 r.6; Mahon et al. 1979 Notropis cornutus Speed River, Ont. 0.11 0.30 2.73 Mahon et nl. 1979 Rhinichthgs atratulus Speed River, Ont. 0.I4 0.36 2.i7 \'Iahon et al. 1979 Pintephules notatus Speed River, Ont. 0.10 0.37 3.70 \4nhon et al. 1979 Etheostoma flabellare Speed River, Ont. 0.18 0.38 2. r l Mtrhon et al. 1979 Catostomus commersoni Speed River, Ont. 0.05 0. 14 2.80 \Iahon et al. 1979 H y pentelium nigrican,s Speed River, Ont. O.44 0.64 r.45 Mahon et al. 1979 1I ic ropt erus dolomieui Speed River, Ont. 0.0I 0.05 5.00 \Inhon et al. 1979 Antbloplit e s rupe stri,s Speed River, Ont. O.2l o.24 r.l4 ,\{:rhon et al. I979 nrnrized in Table I. For cornparative ptupos- when cornptrred with the trrr-rple pro(luction es, I calculnted r.nean biomtrss (B) and data in coklwarter strearns (Wtrters 1977, Chap- production/rnean biornass rtrtios (P/B) from mar 1978). data presentecl by several anthors. For cor-r-r- In nurnerous stuclies, biotic procluctivity parative purposes, dry weight data in Srnall htrs beer-r corl'eltte(l with wtrter cherlistry (1975) were converted to wet weight, assurr- properties inclicative of nutrient levels avail- ing dry weight equals 20 percer-rt of wet nble for prirnary production or related to the weight (Waters 1977). Data for Mahon et irl. rlegree of microbial activity {br tleconposition (1979) represent rnean values fbr collection or the uptake of clissolvecl organic nttltter' s ite s. (Rarvson 1960, Hall et al. 1971, Neel 1973, Ltrrge differences in standir-rg stock ar.rcl pro- Willoughby 1974). Inclease in total fish pro- duction vrrlues exist for the various species ductior-r with irrcrease in ger-reral aquatic pro- within and among strearns (Table l). The un- ductivity has been demonstrtrtecl in f'ertiliza- usually high procluction reported by Naimirn tior-r shrclies of wunnwtrter fairr.r ponds (Swingle (1976) occurred in a wannwater spring with and Srnith 1939, Mnciolek 1954, LeCren 1972, optimal year-round growth conditions. The Dobbins and Boyd 1976) ancl ilppenrs to be relatively low values ofLotrich (1973) did not true lilr most aquatic environments (Warren inclucle young-of-the-year fishes rrnd are et al. 1964, Chapman 1978). there{ore underestimates of both biornass ancl procluction in Clernor.rs F Age 0 ffshes usually are not fully vulnerable Teur 2,-THE cr to sampling rnethods for adult fishes until sorne minirnulr size is reached. Population estimates with those methods may therefore Specie. indicate an initial increase and then decrease Cottus gobio over time, cor-rfusing the computation of pro- Cottrts gobio duction during the first few months of life. To Cottus gobio circumvent that problem with empirical data, g Cottus carolirtut. 6 it is possible to use young-of-the-year stand- o Etheo,stoma fiabt! o Etheostoma produc- o sptctL ing stock as a lninilnum estimate of I Fundulus heteroc! tion, or to use fecundity, age of maturity, and o Funrlulus .! hctentc! sex ratio to estirntrte the initial population size o Leuciscus leuci>cu 0 fishes (Mathews 1971, Staples 1975, tr Leuciscus leuc'isttt of age .9 Mahon et al. 1979). These latter methods usu- Alburnu,s ulburnu sf -\lburnus alburnu ally are not satisfactory or feasible under most oCL Rutilus rutilus conditions and provide only approxirnations o- Rutilus rutilus of true population size. Cobio gobio When no population data are available for Cobio gobio early life stages, the proiection ofcatches after full vulnerability to sarnpling gear back to the tirne of emergence provides an estimate of rate irnd glos'th initial population size (N,,). This backcalcu- order. The trbor r lated survivorship curve assumes a constant Age in Months cohoft be incluc. nrortality rate (Z) {br rrge 0 fishes frorn hatch- Frc;. 1. Graphical estimate ol initial populution tirnates, if sultst. ing to date of effective sampling, although size of the nge 0 group (regression line fftted by producti TABLE 2.-THE CoNTRIBUTToN oF AGE 0 rrsues ro rorAl SPECIES pRoDUCTToN (wrr wrtcur, c/u'?/vn) Juvenile Age 0 Total ard adult production production Production 70 of total Rcference Cottus gobio 2.6 0.8 I.8 69 Crisp et al. 1974 Cottus gobio 5L6 8.2 43.4 84 Mann 1971 Cottus gobio 7.4 3.5 3.9 53 Crisp et al. 1975 Cotttts curolinae 3.39 2.44 0.95 28 Small 1972 Etheostonu flubellare 0.33 0. r9 0.14 42 Srnall 1972 Etheo st lakes and ponds. U.S. Fish Wildl. Sew. Spec. 1975. Computation and interpretation of Sci. Rept. I13. biological statistics of fish populations. Can. Manorrr, R., E. K. BALoN, AND D. L. G. Noexns. Dept. Environ., Fish. Mar. Serv. Bull. I91:I- 1979. Distribution, community structure and 382. production of ffshes in the upper Speed River, Spsrn, G. A. F., AND E. D. LeCnrN. 1967. Esti- Ontario: a preimpoundment study. Environ. mating population parameters from catches Biol. Fish. 4:219-244. large relative to the population. J. Anim. Ecol. MaNN, K. H. 1965. Energy transformations by a 36:63I-643. population of fish in the River Thames. J. Anim. Suer,r-, J. W., Jn. 1972. Bioenergetics of benthic Ecol. 34:253-275. fishes in a small Kentucky stream. Unpublished 1975. Patterns ofenergy flow. Pp. 248-263. doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky, In B. A. Whitton (Ed.). River ecology. Univ. Lexington, Ky. California Press. Berkeley, Cal. 1975. Energy dynamics ofbenthic fishes in MININ, R. H. K. 1971. The populations, growth and a small Kentucky stream. Ecology 56:827-840. production of fish in four small streams in Sreprrs, D. J. 1975. Production biology ofthe up- southern England. J. Anim. EcoI. 40:155-190. land bully Philgpnodon breoiceps Stokell in a Mernrws, C. P. 1970. Estimates of production small New Zealand lake. III. Production, food with reference to general surveys. Oikos consumption and e{Iiciency of food utilization. 2I: I29-i33. J. Fish Biol. 7:47-69. 197I. Contribution of young fish to total Sur-r-tvex, C. 1956. The importance of size group- production of fish in the River Thames near ing in population estimates employing electric Reading. J. Fish Biol.3:157-180. shockers. Prog. Fish-Cult. 18:188-190. Mrnrorru, W. H., auo V. A. Lornrcn. 1979. Pro- SwTNGLE, H. S,, euo E. V. Sru'rn. 1939. Fertilizers duction dynamics of a tidal creek population of for increasing the nahrral food for fish in ponds. Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus). Estuar. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 68(1938):126-135. Coastal Mar. Sci. 8:99-118. -foanz, D. W. 1967. The importance of gametic Morrr,ry, C. 1938. Loss of weight by rainbow losses in measurements of freshwater fish pro- trout at spawning time. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. duction. Ecology 48: 1017-1020. 67(\9s7):207-2r4. Ver-rer-e, I., J. E. WRrcHT, J. M. Trer-, AND S. B. Moyr-r, P. B., eNo H. W. Lr. 1979. Community Vor-ruevN. 1977. Growth, production and en- ecology and predator-prey relations in warm- erg'y transformations in the salt-marsh killiffsh water streams. Pp. 171-180. In R. H. Stroud F undulus heteroclitus. Mar. Biol. 40:135-L44, and H. Clepper (Eds.). Predator-prey systems VaNNorr, R. L., AND R. C. Bell. 1972. Commu- in ffsheries management. Sport Fishing Inst! nity productivity and energy flow in an en- tute, Washington, D.C. riched warm-water stream. Mich. State Univ. NAIMAN, R. J. 1976. Productivity of a herbivorous Instit. Water Res. Tech. Rept. 27:1-156. pupfish population (Cgprinodon neoadensis) in VTNCENT, R. 1971. River electroffshing and fish a warm desert stream. J. Fish Biol. 9:I25-I37. population estimates. Prog. Fish-Cult. 33:163- Nnrr-, J. K. 1973. Biotic character related to stueam 169. mineral content. Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. Wennrx, C. E., I. H. Wer-rs, G. E. Dens, ervo P, 92:4O5415. Douoonorr. 1964. Troutproduction in an ex- NrlT s, R. J. 1979. Secondary production of epi- perimental stream enriched with sucrose. J. lithic fauna in a woodland stream. Amer. Midl. Wildl. Manage. 28:617-660. Nat. I02:209-224. WATERS. T. F. 1969. The turnover ratio in produc- Onrn, D. I. 1979. Computer simulation n-rodel of tion ecology of freshwater invertebrates, Amer. the population dynamics of largemouth bass in Nat. I03:173-185. Lake Carl, Blackwell, Oklahoma. Trans. Amer. 1977. Secondary production in inland Fish. Soc. IO8(3) :229-240. waters. Adv. Ecol. Res. 10:91-164. RawsoN, D. S. 1960. A limnological comparison of WrLLoucHBy, L. C. 1974. Decomposition of litter twelve large lakes in northern Saskatchewan. in fresh water. Pp. 659-68I. In, C. H. Dickinson Limnol. Oceanogr. 5: 195-21I. and G. J. F. Pugh (Eds.). Biology of plant litter Rrcxrn, W. E. 1946. Production and utilization of decomposition Yol. 2. Academic Press, New ffsh populations. Ecol. Monogr. 16:373-391. York, N.Y. 1969. Effect of size-selective mortality and ZrpprN, C. 1958. The removal method of popula- sampling bias on estimates of growth, mortality, tion estimation. J. Wildl. Manage. 22:82-9O. production, and yield. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 26:479-541. Americtn Fisheries Society Wannwater Streams S1-nrposirrrr, 198I, pp. 36,1-369 Operational Improvements for Sampling Large Strearns with Rotenone Russsu D. Oann Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Albany, Georgia 31708 ABSTRAcT Operational improvements on procedures and equipment described by Johnson and Pasch (1975) for sampling large streams have reduced the time required to set up and dismantle equip- ment by approximately one-third. In addition to time saved, the changes have improved the quality of the data and reduced the danger of working with a block net. Those improvements include a new method of setting subsample bags; use of quick release snap hooks on ropes, adjustable poles, and to hang the block net; use of an adjustable length rope between the lead line on the block net and the upper support cable; substitution ofball valves lbr gate valves; a new method for supporting the hoses that deliver the rotenone and permanganate; and a new system of safety lights for the cables. Ixrnooucrror treme pressure exerted on the net, ropes, and A rnethodology for sampling large strearns cables fron.r fish and leaf litter that collected with rotenone was described by Johnson and in the net; and the placernent of subsample Pasch (1975). Their methods have enabled bags on the bowed block net dicl not give Georgia's Fisheries Management Section to quantitative results because the cross section collect quantitative ffsh population data frorn of the strean.r sampled could not be calculated a variety of streams previously considered too properly. (1) The pla, I Floor tihe B H.r c"ut. G Plosri. Flootr D tloots N.or Ringr Rcmovrd I S Oe-.. st€.1 Ringr I Universol Morin. Snop G to"a tin" ll choke. nopc I AdiusroblB Pol. I t Zl-.- Adiusroblc Supporr Rope I zSc-. Bor Mc.h Blo 1C Ftc. L Setup of block net for sampling large streams with rotenone. 364 Sertpr,rNc Lancs Srnnaus wrrn RoreNoNB-Ober 365 I Adiurrobl. Pol. tl I 9s-mm Support cobh C Adiusiobl. Support Rop. 0 cs--- Nor Cobh I Elock N.r I I 9-cm Pip. G subsonplc Eog ll sos-.. si..l Rins I 2.5+-., sn6p Hool J I 27-.m coupling l( t.zz-.. Block Pit;e I w.ta' ll Sureicol Hosc Covcr J{ 9.5-md Nur 0 z Sl-.- Pip. Nippl. Frc. 2. Placement of block net and subsample bags with details of adjustable pole. Block Net sure; they serve no useful purpose and often (1) The plastic floats near the 5.08-crn steel get in the way. rings (Fig. lE) were removed frorn the foat (2) Subsarnple bags (Fig. 2G) are no longer Iine (Fig. lD) to facilitate fastening the rings attached directly to the block net (Fig. 2E) as to the supporting cable (Fig. tB) and to the the bow of the net in the current causes the adjustable poles (Fig. lC) for holding the net subsample bags to be held at various angles on the bottom. In future purchases of uets, the in relation to the cross section of the river. floats may be ornitted as a cost saving mea- Instead, we drove sets of 2 l.9O-crn pipes, I 9.5--- Support Coble 8 tOle-.. Swivcl Eyc Boqt Snop C 2.54-cm Clovir D [o.king Anchor Ropc Arsembly f l.2z-.. Broided Polypropyleno Ropc [ 2.s4-.. Snop Hook Frc. 3. Adjustable support rope used between the upper support cable and the lead line of the block net. 366 WenvwareR STREAMS Syuposruu, fg8l :rI I Troor I Not Plocemcnl Boot B 3.81-cm Pcrforotrd Firo Hosc I l2t-r- Adiurroble Support Ropcs c 1.27-cm Support Ropo l{ Adiustoblc Polcs 0 I 27- I t t, ---:' --t I 5 i i t/ : Fra i Stream tlor \ Frc. 4. Setup lor sampling the rnainstem of a large stream transportation of ::t g of the bolts to co=< itr (5) Use of sur=.:z- I (Fig. 2M) of the a,ftsi holes 0.25-m intervals (Fig. ple rr-rust with drilled at bags be clipped directly to the net ening and loosenr:r; cl 2F), into the strearn bottom directly behind the as described by Johnson and Pasch (1975). (6) To facilitate e<- pipes parallel give net. Those were set to the net That will a representative sample of what and adjustrnent oi *E r (Fig. 3M) approxir-nately 1 rn between passed through the net data with but the cannot be rings on the lead 1::* r quantified. each pipe. The 6.35-mm delta rnesh subsam- cable, we rnade ple (3) ---rz bags were hung on I-m! frames. At the In fastening the net to the cable, a uni- now use I.27-cnr L,--:ri (Fig. corners of the frarnes are snall, fixed position versal marine hook IF) will elirninate rather than 6.3.1:::-= yl rings fbr attachment of double ended sr-rap the use of clevises ar.rd speed up hanging and tached to the rine -,: i connectors. The other end of the snap is at- rernoving the net. crn snap hook (Fie -).F- (4) tached to a 5.08-crn steel ring (Fig. 2H). The The next tirne we sarnple, snap hooks the end of the rop, :- rings are slipped the 2 pipes the set (Fig. be the adjustable over in 2I) will welded to lowed us to attach r poles (Fig. -ri and are held in the proper position by wiring 2A.) used for holding the lead line net easily without ;.=r the rings to holes in the pipe. on of stream. hooks the the bottorn the Those snap rope. At the end atrir The subsarnple bags are distributed ran- will replace clevises currently used on the ble (Fig. 3A), s'e r:.o-r strearn bottorn of the pole the sliding handle domly across the width of the and ver- and on a cast alurninunr arr3:r put tically within the water colurnn (Coorner and section. It will make it r.nuch easier to the release mechanisrrr Fr! quantita- poles place Holder 1980). With that rnethod, a in and to remove thern. The re- sen.rbly, in turn. is g= passed poles tive estirnate of the small fish that moval of the at the end of the sarnpling a swivel eye boat s:-4 through the block net may be calculated. A has been difficult at times because of pres- the (Fig. 3C). The sna: :.. problern arises when the stream substrate is sures on the net and the awkwardness of re- rnoved from the cat,ie -.z composed of rocks and not suitable for sup- moving and replacing the bolts in the clevis- pulley allows easl' porting =]-= the pipes. In such cases, the subsam- es. AIso, vibration encountered during the rope stretched behsra Seuplnrc Lencn Srnnans wrrH RorrNoNB-Obur 367 A loronono Eorrcls I tc.os--m Boll Volver C colibroled R.servoir D tgOs-.. Rolonon. su(lion Ho3. E g gt-.- Suclion Hos. I s 8t-.- Prmp G s.gt-.- Boll Volvcs ll s gt-.- Rotcnon. o.livery Pipc I S gt-.- Perlorotcd Fire Hos. I I Zl-r^ Supporl Rop€s l, l.Zt-.^ Moin Supporr Rop. I I z s+-.- snop Hook .il Frc. 5. Delivery boat for rotenone and its hose support system. transportation of the poles has caused many cable. That rnakes it easier to position the lead of the bolts to come loose and be lost. Iine properly when setting the net and, also, (5) Use of surgical tubing on the handles to control the release of tension on the lead (Fig.2M) of the adjustable poles makes tight- line when trying to bag the net after sampling ening and loosening considerably easier. is completed, The release of that pressure (6) To facilitate easier and faster placen-rent rnakes rernoval of the net nuch safer and and adjustment of the ropes leading from the quicker. rings on the lead line to the upstream support An identicirl rope with an anchor pulley is cable, we made several changes. First, we used to position the boat (Fig. aI) from which now use 1.27-cm braided polypropylene rope workers set and bag the net and leaves the rather than 6,35-mrr rope. Next, the end at- men in the boat free to work with the net. tached to the ring on the lead line has a 2.54- Formerly, at least I person had to hold onto cm snap hook (Fig. 3F), fastened by braiding the net cable to keep the boat positioned the end of the rope back into itself. That al- properly. That was particularly difffcult in lowed us to attach and unhook the rope to the strong current. net easily without tying knots or cutting the Aytplication of Rotenone rope. At the end attached to the upstream ca- ble (Fig. 3A), we threaded the rope through (I) We replaced the gate valves on the a cast alurninum anchor pulley with a locking purlrps and rotenone barrels with ball valves release mechanism (Fig. 3D). The pulley as- (Fig. 58) becanse they are easier to use, can sembly, in turn, is permanently connected to be adjusted faster, and allow rnore precise and a swivel eye boat snap (Fig. 38) with a clevis even calibration of rotenone entering the (Fig. 3C). The snap is connected to and re- pumping systern. The gate valve formerly moved from the cable easily while the anchor used on the rotenone suction hose (Fig. 5D) pulley allows easy adjushnent of the length of did not have tight tolerances, and the rate that rope stretched between the lead line and the rotenone entered the system was too variable. 368 WARvwergn Srnneus Syuposrulr, I98l the pressure =---:2 debris in the :_;--_ -i (1) When t1E .J across the strr=:- :l We USe a SeEr- :f 68) attacheC l-. .t automobile st rr.E= strearn bank. I:-* r oPerate and ::-.--an trttaching inC:r-.il batteries.-{1.,-ir and take dor.':. r The use ol =-.sc erating proce A Suprort C.bl. i::e helpecl in nrr,: r! B and equipnre:,: i c lnsulat!d Wir. Pasch (1975 --:-7u t llYoll l.tt.r, each da1.-) iit --+ ia - Frc. 6. Setup for safety lights for support cable. equiprnent. c ----i the gear. Ou: -:rqr better plannin: :r I The 19.05-rnm ball valve used now is tight sarnpling, had to be cut to rernove thern. A drrcecl field t:=r t fitting and delivers the rotenone at an even similar short rope from the rotenone botrt to each clar'. \\ ir- :G rate. Also, the 3.8l-crn ball valve on the intake the nrain support rope will hold the boat in people, this r=1-.-{ hose (Fig. 5E) 44n be closed zrnd reopened place should the anchor pull free. It is irnpor- r-ttan-days pe: --4{ quickly to start the suction ofrotenone and to tant to hook all short ropes onto the rnain sup- natecl the s':,.:= :dl dislodge any debris that may clog the suction port rope prior to starting to connect therl was tied ontc, :; 1 line. around the polyvinylchloride hose; the pres- had to be cut i zl (2) The support system for the rotenone sure of the current against the hose will distribution hoses also has been irnproved. stletch the urain support rope and make it im- The hoses (Fig. 5I) are supported by stretch- possible to snap a hook through it. ing a L.27-cm braided polypropylene rope (Fig. 5K) across the strearn in front of the ro- tenone boat. Next, 2-rn-long sections of 1.27- Detoxification of Rotenone cm braided polypropylene rope (Fig. 5J) with (1) Here, again, we replaced gate valves 2.54-cm snap hooks (Fig. 5L) braided onto with ball valves to make adjustments faster both ends, are placed along the main rope at and easier. 3-6-m intervals, depending on the strength of (2) The rnost significant change in this part the current. The short ropes are attached by of the procedure is the use of a main hooking the snap hook through the center of hose support rope (Fig. 4D) with the short the braided rope. That procedure keeps the support ropes (Fig. 4C) identical to those used ropes from sliding along the main rope. The on the rotenone hose. The use ofthe separate other end is then looped around the 3.8l-crn support rope has allowed the placement of the polyvinylchloride hose (Fig. 5I) with the snap detoxification rig farther downstream, allow- hooked back through the center of the short ing more roorn to place the subsarnple bags section ofbraided rope. This procedure keeps properly (Fig. 4M) and lessening the chance the support ropes from constricting the flow of the potassium pen.nanganate getting on the of rotenone and allows the reuse of the ropes. net. It also rernoves additional weight frorn Formerly, ropes were tied in place and, after the net cable (Fig. 4H), that can break under Seupr,rNc Lencn SrnBaus wrrg RoreNoNn-Ober 369 the pressure exertecl by the current against The change iu placement of the subsample debris in the net. bags has allowed us to estimate the sizes of fishes ir-r the sample better while still using Sampling the large-rnesh block net that is essential (1) When the cables (Fig. 64.) are strung r.vhen rvorking with large strerrrn flows. For- across the stream on the day prior to sampling rnerly, we could only speculate about the pop- we use a series of l2-volt safety lights (Fig. ulation of fishes less than 12.7 art in length. 68) attached by wire (Fig. 6C) to a standard Possibly, the rnost valuable improvernent automobile storage battery (Fig. 6D) on the has l>een in the level of safety while working stream bank. This system is rnuch cheaper to with the net. We are fortunate that no one has operate and n-raintain than the old systern of been seriously injured while working with attaching individual 6-volt lights and lantern this equipment, especially while trying to batteries. Also, the system is lirster to put up purse the net after the san-rple was collected. nnd take down. With our adjustable ropes connecting the lead line with the upper cable and also holding the Dtscussrox work boats in position, pressure on the net, The use of these irnprovernents in the op- ropes, poles, ancl cable can now be released erating procedures and equipment have slowly. helped in rnany rvays. Utilizing the n'rethods Further improvernents to this type of sam- and equipment described by Johnson and plir.rg are anticiptrtecl; however, the rnodifi- Pnsch (1975) required 2 days (10-12 hours cations rnentioned here h:rve already rnade e:rch day) at the sarnpling site to set up the large strearn sampling rnore efficient and safl equiprnent, collect the sarr.rple, and dismantle the gear. Our ir.nprovernents coupled with RnpennNcns better planning of the work schedule hirve re- duced field time by approximately 4 hours CooMER, C., Jn., ,A.-\o D. Hor,orn. 1980. A ffsh- each day. With the nonrtrl work crew of 16 eries survey oI the Ocmulgee River. Ga. Dept. Nat. Res., Gan're Fish Div., Final Rept. Fed. people, this represents a tirne savings of 16 Aid Proj. F-29. man-days per sarnple, In nddition, we elirni- JoHNSoN, T. L., eNo R. W. PASCH. 1975. Improved nated the waste of much rope that formerly rotenone sampling equipment for streams. was tied onto the net, cables, and hoses, and Proc. Annu. ConI. Southeast. Ass. Game Fish had to be cut off at the encl of the sampling. Comm.29:46-56. Anr tr i cr n F' i s ltt ri c s S rtc ie t u \Yirrnrwrter Strerns 51 tttpttsiurn, I9l3I, pp. :370-37{ -\E--\2r Tesln l.-D.rrEa 1-\$ I Abundance and Distribution of Larval Fishes in the Fren Rrvrn, \c,=-= Er Cape Fear River Above Buckhorn Dam, RANGES INABL\'Dt.\= :I North Carolina Devru R. Secrn Clupeidae Shearor.r Harris Energy and Environtnentirl Laboratory, Route I, Box 327, Gizzardshad D,-.rq Nerv Hill, North C:rrolina27562 Cyprinidae Carp (Cyprinrr -'r-{ ABSTRACT Golden shincr \:ar{ Nofropis spp. 0.5-m and Larval fishes rvere collected at 5 sites in the study area using a bongo net. Day Un i clentifiecl ::. ::-:r:rr night sarnples were collected weekly lrom December 1976 to 1977. Habitats ranged from June Catostornidae lotic, where the Deep ancl Haw rivers join to fonn the Cape Fear River, to lentic nbove Buckhorn Morostotttu l Dam. ::= Ltrrval fishes were first collectecl on 21 N{zrrch 1977, but were not common in collections until Ictaluridae after 19 April. The most abundant larval fish was the gizzard shad, followed by cyprinids, cen- Chtuurel cat6.i- l--zrl trarchids, cntostornids, ancl percids. Strrlrples from tributaries to the river revealed that they serve Unidentified !3={6 as nursery areas. Sttrtisticirl analyses on the rrurnber o1'organisms per cubic meter and the number Centrarchidae of taxa per sample collectcd on I0 May 1977 revealed a significantly greater abundance ancl Lepontis spp. cliversity of larval fishes in the lentic habitat. Also, significantly rnore taxa were collected at night Black crappie i rrnd in shoreline tows. Pomoris spp Unidentified sur-s:es Perciclae Yellow perch P.-.'z Isrnopucrror Uniclentifiecl o=:-ei Tl.re Cape Fear River is fornred by the con- fluence of the Haw ancl Deep rivers (Fig. t) nerlr \{olclrre, North Carolina, with n drain- and habitat preii= age rrre.r of 4,775.5 krn' of the populated iu.rcl -: fishes have ofte:- ir-rdustrialized piecLnont area. The Cape Fear water systetns T River' florvs approxirnirtely 9.7 km before However, sor.tte : prohibits retrcl.ring Buckhonr Dam thirt er.rtry to verify such ac-:,et of rnost migratory fishes of the lorver Cape nonrtrrl statistic-J Ferrr River. Availirl>le habitats in thrrt irrea of' fi shes. Statistir-,- range frorn lotic in the upper reaches to lentic fbr this studv or- :,r netrr the dttrl. larvtrl fishes but ptrrt irn- '--; This stucly was unclertaken as of an of the trrea. Such .nli pact study of the Cape Fear Steum Electric there is a chrrnse =- i=l Pltu.rt by Cirrolinn Power & Light Company that is not reflecirl rl frorn Decernber 1976 to Jur.re 1977. The plant dance. is just below the confluence of Deep and the The study, s'l. ,rtl (Fig. -. Haw rivers I). the kinds and r.l-:.r hirve on the Several stuclies been conducted fishes in the stuCr .otr adult fish comrnunit-v of the aretr by the North area irrrd./or habitat '. x' Carolina Wildlife Resources Cornrnission fishes, trnd (3) .rri: (Carnes 1963), ]tr et al. 1964, Louder' Carolina abundance and nu=r56 Power Light Cornpany (1977, 1978), and & if larval fishes s'er. ;l Arluirtic Control, Inc., for the power company (Acluatic Cor.rtrol, Inc. 1973, 1975, 1976). No FIc. 1. The study area on the Cape Fear River, \tErl previous work has been conducted on the lar- North Carolina, showing the locations of 5 sampling Two 0.5-r.r.r planl-i-r. r virl ffshes of the arerr. sites (A-E) steam electric plant and its dis- and the set into a bridled b-,=s ve r.r.r igratior.r (phototropisrn) charge canal. The daily rtical Oceanics (Model !t-tY.t' 370 AnulroaNcE AND DrsrnrnuuoN oF Lanver, FrsHes-Sager 37t TeeLT I.-DATES AND AREAS FROM WHICH LARVAL FISHES WERE FIRST COLLECTED FROM TTTE CEPT FEAR RIVER, Nonrg Cenor,rrva, 1977, er-oNc WITH THE NU\{BERS oF TrMES EACH wAs TAKEN, THE RANGES IN ABUNoercn (rvo./100 u3), aNo enrAs FRoM wHICH THEv wERE TAKEN THRoucHour rHE sruDY No. Date and area hmes Abundance frrst taken taken (no./]ffi m3) Areas taken Clupeidae Cizzard shad ( Dorosom a cep e dianum) 19 April (E) 215 34,212 A, B, C, D, E Cyprinidae Carp (Cgprinus carpio) 26 April (D) 19 3-23 A, B, C, D, E Golden shiner (Notemigonus crgsoleucas) 26 April (A, C, D, E) r4 3_1I A, B, C, D, E Nofropis spp. 4 May (C) 8 3-6 B, C, D, E Unidentified minnows 26 April (D) .J,t 3_17 A, B, C, D, E Catostomidae Moxostoma spp. 19 April (B) 42 3_26 A, B, C, D, E Ictaluridae Channel catfi,sh (lctalurus punctatus) 2 June (B) 3 3-9 B Unidentified catfishes 2 June (A) I 3A Centrarchidae Lepomis spp. 4 May (E) 23 3_56 B, C, D, E Black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) 2I March (E) 23 3_9 A, B, C, D, E Pomoris spp. 2 June (C, D) 2 34 C,D Unidentified sunfishes 4 Vay (E) 23 3_56 B, C, D, E Percidae Yellow perch (Perca flaaescens) 26 April (D, E) 8 3-4 A,B,C,D,E Unidentified percids 6 April (D) 4 3-5 D.E and habitat preferences exhibited by Iarval each net. The bongo frame usually was towed fishes have often been documented in fresh- for 5 rnin along the southem shore and in urid- water systerns (Taber 1969, Houde 1969). channel at each of the 5 sites (Fig. 1) on a However, some researchers have been unable weekly schedule. Day and night tou,s were to verify such actions of the larval ffshes with taken withir.r a 24-hour period for each weekly rlonnal statistical analyses of the abundance collection. That schedule resulted in 84 sar.n- of fishes. Statistical analyses wele undertaken ples collected for towir- r station (168 for each lor this study on not only the abundance of site). Each sarnple was irreserved in bu{Iered larval fishes but also the variation in the taxa formalin and rehrmecl to the' laboratory fbr of the area. Such analyses should indicate if analysis. there is a change in the larval fish composition Each sample was sorted for larval fishes that that is not reflected with the analysis of abun- were placed in vials of 5 percent buffered {br- dance. malin and Iabeled accordirlg to tirne, date, and The study was conducted to (l) detenline location of the sar.nple. Fishes were identified the kinds and relative abundance of larwal to the Iowest taxn possible, and nurnbers and fishes in the study area, (2) deterrnine if any lengths of individuals were recorded {br ench area and/or habitat was preferred by the larval sarnple. In sarnples with a large nunber of fishes, and (3) analyze the data on relative individuals in a taxon, 100 randornly chosen abundance and numbers of taxa to detennine individuals were rneasured as a subsarnple. if larval ffshes were phototropic. Flowrlreter counts for each satnple were converted into cubic meters of water filtered MsrHoos by the nets according to a computer fonnulat- Two 0.5-m plankton nets (571 p rnesh) were ed table that had been established fron-r a cal- set into a bridled bongo frame with a General ibration curve generated for each flowmeter' Oceanics (Model 2030) flowmeter mounted in A statistical analysis was undertaken to il- 372 Wa.nulv,q.rrn Srnra.l,rs Synrposruu, 198 I -1 - --\A T,rnr,r 2.-Nurrssns (rorer- xo./100 rr") or r-eRveL FTSHES coLLEcrED rN T()ws AT EAcH oF o sA\IpLrNc T.csr-r 3.-S rlTl::r:r.l srrEs AND 2 rrusurrurss ro rHE Ca,pn Fren Rrvrn, \on'rn C,tnolINe, 1977 DO\IIZED BLOCI :ESE PER s.\\tzE i:i- C Brrsh Crr Lick Crl Gizzard shtrd 9,867 12,029 t),,279 I3,59I 29,r92 4r1 4,535 Ctrrp 75 13 21 46 4 Nofropls spp. t2 I 3 J Golden shiner 3 t7 t7 I4 o Unidentified rninnows 15 33 39 53 2T Total nunrber::,' Morosfonra spp. 34 232 44 50 25 Channel catfish 15 Unidentifiecl catfishes Lepomis s1'tp. ,) 24 6 253 50 Black crappie .).) t2 I9 30 89 26 Prrrnoris spp. 4 .) 52 Unidentiffed sunfishes 29 tI Yellow perch II 4 Unidentiffed percicls 6 8 l1 289 'Bush Creck und Lick Creek sere orrlr strnrpled orct drrrirrg the studv Taxa./sarnple lustrate tury rnajor cliffercnces betu,een ctrtch spawning levels earlier. Gizzirrd shtrd first ap- rates o[ sites, tows, arcl ertch net in the bongo peirred on 19 April at the clownstrearn area (E) I Values are simri:a r fi'arne on the 10 \{av 1977 cltrtir. Thc analvsis and spread upstrealn lioln there until on 4 ! Values are simri.:a r used was a5 x 2 x 2 {hctoriirl arrangenent of \{ay the1. were liruncl trt every site (T.rble l), treirtrnents in u rnndornizecl block design Leponis spp. first rrpperrred rrt E on 4 May (Snedecor and Cochrtrn 1967). The lhctols trncl movecl rrpstreanl fion-r there but reurailecl auralyzed were 5 sites, 2 to$,s per site, ancl 2 scrrrce in the other pafts of the aretr. .\4o.r-o.slo- rrre nlore irburri-= nets, with the blocks consisting ol' da1, trncl Ilrd spp. rrppeared upriver first (B) eulcl therl tion of the stuir rright sampling periods. The nnalysis was con- spreird throughout the area, probably because ciurt differenc-ei rr clucted or-r both total nurnber of organisns per ol'the upstrean-r spawning runs of redhorses. tween nets. but i cubic rneter and the number- of tirxa in etrch Thc dorrrinarice oI' gizzltrd shad in the early (P < 0.01) clifTe:r siunple. Thus, cliffelences in species diversity sanrples lecl to special sampling to detenline tows ancl signiE.u'--r as well as the total nunrerictrl cliff'ercnces be- if reproduction by other species wirs takirlg tweel sites arri i:r tween the firctors could be trr-ralyzecl. placc elsewhere. On 4 \Iav, extra tows rvere (Table 3). Thi: :: taken in Bush Cleek and Lick Creek to assess r-right, the nrore - Rrsur-rs AND DISCUSSIoN the strrtus of' larva] fish in snrnll tril)utaries. islns near the .j-, Fron'r 6 Decernber 1976 to 2 Junc 1977,856 Both tributtrries containecl rnore fishes than channel, ancl thr = sarnples vielded representatives of 9 genera the river' (Table 2) rvith centrarchids ilnd per- clownstrertrn sit.. of larval fishes lef'erable to 6 firrnilies (Table cicls prcsent rrlong rvith gizzl;.cl shrrcl. During Cizz.;ucl shaC i l). All together, L72,70O larval fishes rvere subscquent trips, the streerrtts were too sharl- (phototropisnr, ::-- identified to ftrrnill, (170,904 clupeids, 40I lorv to sample. Tl-urs, tribr-rtaries appear to be Thereby, the rel ,=r cyprinids, 385 cat<>stornids, 18 ictalulicls, 651 important nurser-v rlrcas fol the fish cornmLr- er species collectr: centrarchids, arnd 341 percids), but trs is conr- uitv. The tributaries ofler cluiet waters and znrd shad hincle:=l I rrton in r-nost larval fish studies, rnarny ltrrval protcction lirr tl-re lar-val lbnns until they are ences betrveen :Efi ffshes could not be idcntifiecl firrther (Table lirrge er-rough to lcrrve or the wtrter levels low- annlvses g11 illls1lry 2). \{ost lalval fisl-res rvere distributecl u'idely er, lbrcing the fishes irrto the river. sis of the ttr-ra pr<-{ over the study urea, but catfishes were re- Sttrtisticzrl anarlvses (Table 3) indicated no sults of a signifii-={ stricted to the upper rlreil while all others sigr.riffcant cli{lerence lbr nrttlbers of organ- due to vertical nri=Er wcre rnore abunclant dorvnstretur-t. The clorvn- isms per cubic meter fbr replicates (day or tions, where ther :., strean-r area appeared to I)e the first nrrrior night), tou,s, or nets; but they dicl give a highly virourtent. This :^-={ spawning area, perhaps bectruse of the lcntic significant (P < 0.01) difl'erence between ttsing tnore thirn ,rr i habitat and the thennal clischargc of the clcc- sites irnd zr significant dif{'erence (P < 0.05) in undergo verticirl :--r:F tric plant that ctrused tenrperertures to retrcl-r the site x to\'\, interaction. Thus. larval fishes tion. It is especiall_. t AnuNnaxcE AND DrsrmsurroN or. L,q.nvar- Frsrrrs-Sager 373 TeeLE3.-STATTSTTCALRESULTSoFA5x2x2TecTonTALARRANGEMENToFTREATMENTSINARAN- DO\IIZED BLOCK DESIGN FOR TOTAL NUNIBER OF ORGANISMS PER CUBIC N{ETER AND NUMBER OF TAXA PER SAMPLE. SITTS, ToIvs, AND NETS WERE CoNSIDERED FIXED EFFECTS IN THESE ANALYSES df F values Replicates (dav or night) I 75.04 2,35 Treatments 19 68.74 2.t5 A (sites) 4 155.29 4.862 B (tows) I t05,44 3.30 T C (nets) I 20.r2 0.63 Total number/ma AB 4 r07.51 3.361 BC I 7.94 0.25 AC 4 L9.22 0.60 ABC 4 9.55 0.30 Error I9 31.96 Replicates (day or night) I 2t.025 53,4752 Treatments 19 0.888 2.259 A (sites) 4 I. I88 3.0201 B (tows) I 4.225 ro.746' C (nets) I 0.025 0.064 Taxa./sample AB 4 1.163 2.957' BC 1 o.o25 0.064 AC 4 0.213 0.540 ABC 4 0.588 t.494 Error 19 0.393 I Values are significant at the 0 05 levcl. '?Values are signiffcant at the 0 01 level are rrore abundant in the lower (lentic) por- species is so abundant that it overshadows the tion of the study area. There were no signifi- movements of the other fishes. cant differences in the number of taxa be- Acxxorvr-BoG\,{ENTS tween nets, but there were highly significant (P < 0.01) clifferences between replicates turd Carolintr Power & Light Company support- tows and significant (P < 0.05) differences be- ecl this study. I am grateful {br the extensive tween sites and for the site X tow interactior-r fielcl help of Messrs. Willard E. Partin and (Table 3). This shows the increase in taxa irt Clarence R. Cofield. I thnnk Mr. E. Gerald night, the rnore diverse assemblage of orgtrn- VcGowan for iclentifying rnany of the larval isns nezrr the shoreline as opposed to rnid- fishes. chanrel, and the greater number of taxa ir-r the downstream sites. RBprnnucrs Cizzard shacl htrve little diumal vertical Aquerrc CoNrnor-, Isc. 1973. Baseline biota sur- (phototropisrn) rr-rigrntion (Netsch et nl. 1971). vey of the Shearor-r Harris Study Area, North the relatively srnttll nrunbers of oth- Carolina. Aquatic Control, Inc., Seymour, Ind. Thereby, 1975. Btrseline biota of the Shearon Harris er species collected in cotnparison to the giz- Study Area, North Carolina, 1973-1974. Arluat- zard shad hindered fincling sarnpling differ- ic Control, Inc., Seyrnour, Ind. ences between periods alld tows tlsing the 1976. Baseline biota of the Shearon Harris annlyses on abundarce. However, the analy- Study Area, North Cnrolina, 1974-1975. Aquat- ic Control, Inc., Seyrnour, Ind. sis of the taxa present gave the expected re- CAR-\ES, W. C., J. R. DAus, AND B. TATUM. 1964. sults of a significantly higher catch at night Survey and classiffcation of the Deep-Haw due to vertic:rl n-rigration trnd at neirrshore stal- rivers and tributaries, North Carolina. North tions, where thele is it rtore cliversifiecl elr- Carolina Wildl. Resour. Comm., Raleigh, N.C. This illustrates the uecessity of Cenor-rNe PorvrR & LIGHT Co. 1977. Cape Fear vironment. Stearn Electric Generating Plant: 3I6(b) Dem- using more th:rn one analysis if lalval fishes onstration. Carolina Porver & Light Cornpany, undergo vertical rnigration or htrbitat selec- Raleigh, N.C. tion. It is especially true in areils where one 1978. Annual report: Shearon Harris Nu- 374 Wen-vwarBR STREAMS Sylrposrutr, I98I Americ an Fisheriel -Ar{ Wamwater Stream. iqr clear Power Plant baseline monitoring pro- gizzard and threadffn shad in Beaver Reservoir. gram, Aquatic Biology Unit, 1976 and 1977. Pp. 95-105. In G. E. Hall (Ed.). Reservoir ffsh- Carolina Power & Light Co., Raleigh, N.C. eries and limnology. Spec. Publ. No. 8. Amer. Houor, E. D. 1969. Distribution of lawal wall- Fish. Soc., Washington, D.C. l eyes and yellow perch in a bay ofOneida Lake Sxsorcon, G. W., eNo W. G. CocsneN. 1967. Sta- and its relation to water currents and zooplank- tistical methods. The Iowa State Univ. Press, ton. N.Y. Fish Game J. f6(2):184-205. Ames, Iowa. Louorn, D. E. 1963. Survey and classiffcation of Tasen, C. A. 1969. The distribution and identiff- the Cape Fear River and tributaries, North Car- cation of larval fishes in the Buncombe Creek t.t olina. North Carolina Wildl. Resour. Comm., Arm of Lake Texoma with observations on Raleigh, N.C. spawning habits and relative abundance. Un- I NsrscH, N. F., G. M. KERSH, Jn., A. Housrn, eno published doctoral dissertation, University of I R. V. Krr-eunt. 1971. Distribution young Oklahoma, Norman, Okla. of I Fufure agricultural water pollutir. areas. In To relieve tlr* the Upper F environmentel. managemeot ts of system A compre management is French Broad Carolina. Even French Broad unique, the ise for applic streams nationrriL- Historicallr-- has not been ning for land use- development. of water and otLa French Broad industry, recreatir, phasized the in planning. A strong preservation of recreation, human needs. Thit mary stimuli to the resource ma Another factor agement process ir Tennessee Valler- ners that smaller. make a substan"^l ol quality of life ofbei Ante ri ctn F i sherie s S oci et11 Wnmrwater Streams Syntposiunr, I981, p1t. 375-3ttl The Upper French Broad River: A Regional Strategy for Resource Management Ielras L. Sroxos AND PATRTcTA L. WrLS()N Land-otSky Regional Council, Asheville, North Carolina 28802 AND Rrcrrano S. Ausrm Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tennessee 37828 AssrRAcr Future demands for natural resources utilization, econornic and industrial development, and agricultural production will result in increased degradation of environrnental values through water pollution, restrictions to recreationtrl use, ancl destmction of sensitive habitats and scenic areas. In addition, Iand- and water-use planning historically have not been closely coordinated. To relieve that situation, a comprehensive resource management strategy is being developed for the Upper French Broad River in North Carolintr. The managernent scheme encompasses the environmental, social, econornic, and political aspects ofthe river resollrce. Furthermore, river management is approached on a regional (basin) basis in trn attempt to ernphasize the importance of system resource management rather than segments based primarily on political boundaries. INTRODUCTION river brrsin developrnent usually has been ac- A comprehensive approach to resource con.rplishecl through the mtrnagernent of large management is being developed in the rivers and usutrlly through the cretrtion of res- French Broad River basin in western North ervoirs. Free-flowing strear-r-rs have speciitl Carolina. Even though some nspects of the aesthetic and psychologictrl appeal, and the French Broad River system itself may be increasing popularitv of white wirter sports unique, the rnanager-nent process holds plorn- iurcl stlearn fishing make the unregulated ise for application to other liee-flowing strearl a valuable recreational resource. streams nationwide. A thircl factor that htrs influenced the new Historically, wnter resource rnanagernent rntrnagelnent process is the historical lack of has not been closely coordinated with plirn- n syster-r-ratic, basinrvicle rntlnagernent ap- ning for lancl use, recrezrtion, ancl econolric protrch to slrrrller strearns. C)ptirnal manuge- development. Increasing cornpetition lirr use rnent southem Transylvania Coulty and florvs ville, used by wood ducks for roosting and -41 northeasterly large in a sernicircle through feeding, is one o{'a nurnber of rvetland areas The objecr'. :a Asl-reville, = then northwesterly through Hot uncommon to the western North Carolina planning cor.n:..,:cd Springs to the Tenrressee state line, having rnounttrins in the river basin (Cottrell 1979). a rnethodolo=. i:r i traversed 188 river km. The Tennessee por- Recreationally, the river systern is used for nrental, social. -ri a tion of the river flows westerly ptrst Newport, fishing, hur-rtir.rg, canoeing, kayaking, rafting, pects of the :=:.rr{ Tennessee, to Douglas Lake, and on to the picnicking, and camping. The influx of tour- btrsin as a svi::- r confluence of the Holston River to forrn the ists to the region in the surnmer and fall caus- odology to ti,r :r{ Tenuessee River trt Knoxville. The rnzrnage- es substantial recreational trafHc, especially in ment policl' lnent trren "--.: ;a cliscussed herein cornprises only solr-re tributary corridors close to the Blue carry out tho: :r:,-i-i portion the North Carolina of the river, usu- Ridge Parkw:ry. Council 1979 all1, known as the Upper French Broad River', Water rlualitv in most of the river is classi- Three cor,t.-_. I and further discussion rvill be limited to that fied as Class "C" by the state of North Caro- guicle the ba-:- *.1 I88-krn segrnent. Iina (best use for fishing, secondary recrea- The first is the - -.i Topography of the river valley ranges frorn tion, ar.rd agriculturtrl uses). Certain segments a lllanagenten: -.:d a relirtively brorrd floodplain surroundecl by upstrerrm from Asheville presently are being river and eaci. ..' I mountains in the south to a rugged, lttoul-t- studied as tr potentitrl drinking water s Planning activitv within the cor-riclor o{'the river proper. The objective of the initial phirse of the Such centers are chtrracterizecl by a high cle- planning colnponent is twofold: (I)to develop gree ol'econolric aud other hunrrur activity, a meth After the segments were ul:rlyzed with re- T.ABLE I spect to those 12 rnajor criteritr, each segrnent -'- -\ Crite boundary wirs reevaluated ar.rd adjusted n. where appropriate. Tnble I shorvs the analysis Water rlualitl of 2 of the 19 stream segrnents. Each of the t7 Stream rnorphol .-- a rernaining strear.r-r segments was analyzed ac- cordingly. Fig. shows the strearn \ gUNCOMBE I segrnents as defined in this plocess. French Eroad Arver s.smen' &%\rl'-1 Each identiffecl segrnent wits then evtrluat- Fl strettr-t-t, sttrtus of ripirrian lirn dotvnelship, or hi gh-clen s itv resiclen titrl clevc I Tenr-s l.-ANALysrs oF 2 oF 19 STREAM SEGMENTs, Uppsn FRErvcn Bnoao fuvER BASrN Segment I Segment 3 Water quality Class C, cold water Class C Stream morphology l0-15-m channel, 0.57-{.95 rn/ 45-I20-m channel width, few km gradient, wide meanders, meanders, 0.75 m/km gradient, sand and gravel substrate, shoals and rock ledges, narrow wide foodplain floodplain Flooding characteristics Frequent floods of short Less frequent floods, little effect duration, crop damage and on corridor uses soil erosion problems, residential damage in one river economic center Erosion problems Severe bank erosion due to Minor agricultural activities (overclearing banks, plus livestock access to banks) Fish and wildlife habitat Trout water Some good wood duck habitat Sensitive nafural areas Few Few Access to corridor and Limited: secondary road Limited: some major and channel crossings, private land, 32 secondary road crossings km between developed access sites Boating difficulty Classes I & II Classes I & II Land use Agriculhrre (pasture, hay, some Mixed: limited agriculture, corn) residential, commercial, some industrial (developing area adjacent to Asheville) Key facilities Major highways, secondary Airport, freeway, major and roads, railroads, water secondary roads, sewer lines, treatment and wastewater railroad treatment plants River economic centers Two: I town (Rosman) and I None small city (Brevard) Urban decay None None certain amount of overuse, and promot- omits many activities that have been recom- ing measures to reverse the process of mended and that illustrate the comprehensive urban decay through a "riverfront revi- nature of this work. A few of the other man- talization" process, thereby providing an agement activities that have been developed economic stimulus for the riverfront and include industrial park development, feasi- returning it to multiple use for recre- bility studies for restoring hydroelectric ca- ational and economic development. pacity to abandoned dams, improvement of Table 2 shows the management policy de- wastewater treatment facilities, point and termined for each of the 2 segments identiffed nonpoint source pollution control, protection in Table 1. In addition, the reason for assign- of natural areas, utilization of plant materials ment and the management activities most crit- with wildlife food value for streamside buffer ical to achieving the policies are also indicat- strips, a water resources oriented environ- ed in Table 2. mental education/recreational information It should be noted that Table 2 focuses only complex, bicycle trail development along an on those management activities associated abandoned section of railroad right of way in with the outstanding or distinguishing char- the river corridor, and designation ofa scenic acteristics of each segment. The table thus highway along I segment of the river. 380 WeRywerrn Srnoelas Syuposruu, 1g8I SrF-'- - - : Tesr-a 2.-\IaNAGE\IENT PoLICy ASSrG\IN{ENT AND RECoMNIENDED NIANAGENIENT ACTI\ITrns ron 2 or process into l, .- rn 19 srns.lrr SEG\{ENTS TDENTIFIED -- rN THE Upprn FRgxcH BROAD RIVER BASIN agencies, ani --= i plann::,: :rr< Segn rrn t \Ianageruent polic-r anrl reasons [br ilssignDlent \1an:r ge men t activi ties ditional project costs pr 1-r]. t (tlout Restrictecl LIse habitirt, Restrict hurnan recreationtrl use of banks Exarlples ,r: sensitivitv of strearnbanks to to a few developed -:=-rra access areas; -=-:.,rd erosion) improve trout habitat and stability of Upper Frencl- banks b1, reestablishing vegetation.l streanbank :t=: --i buIler strips along banks. onstrations. a:-: r-rJ Multiple Use (needecl to serve Lrprove public access via developecl as wood ducr -:* recreational needs olthe regional access sites; prornote river recreation Those proje(:: --: I populati<>n center; aestheticrrlly through recreational clepnrtment tions of resoi:-: 'nr{ pleasing; close to city of Asheville; prograrns and other public education relativelv insensitive ln erlirr. wherever pr':: r I environnr cutrrllv) search ol;jec-r - { erosioncontr ---ril While the -:. , : I demonstrati,,:--. r:E "long-term" Organizational F rume u;ork Orre option fbr a organizational elements. :u-:- -- lr:rmework is to utilize { The orgnnizatior-ra] {rnn'rework within rvhich the appropriate func- rnent, will be- -- d tions of the rnany existing the rrew resource tnanagentent systeur is resoLrrce rranage- or "pennane.-;' -:.1@l ment agencies and local governnents who beirrg cleveloped can be charncterized by 2 al- Example: j :,-:rlri retrdy have a stake in aud authority over phases. The inititrl phase o{'orgauization is a a printed rir.: ;-r,>l various irspects of river systet'r'r mantrgen-rent. partncrship approach betr.,",een the locnl gov- nual Upper F:= '-e .l That option denls with tr system - ernnents, public interests, rurd the Tcnnessee of agencies The "lone-r=:-: a and organizations Vrrlley Authority. The objective of this initial whose legal, finar-rcitrl, or- ganizartional, orgiurizntion is to provicle a h'anework in trnd functional cornponeuts are alretrdy place. rvhich strittegy developrnent turd inititrl im- in For that organizational frzrrnework to become plernentatiol cnn be ctrrlied out under local tr reality, the following elernents should be considered control, with lunding and technical support in order to fol- Iow through frorn Tennessee Valley Authority. Planning with long-tenn rllrlnagerrent of the basin: for the rnanagernent process is done through the regior-ral plannir-rg organization (Land-of- (I) Establishrnent of a French Broad River Sky Regional Council), as is the implernen- Coodinating Committee composecl of rep- ttrtion o{ initial den'ronstration plojects, public resentrttives fiom resource nanagernent echrcirtion, etc. Corrtinued public input is ob- ancl other trgencies frorn all levels of gov- taiuecl trt the regiontrl level, ns is coordination emment involvecl in the French Broacl with state and other {bderal programs, such as River basin, and the genertrl public. the clesignatiol of portions of the river as state (2) Development of agreernents arnong the recreational trials and coordination with the represented agencies to perfon'r-r the tasks "208" prograrn. involved in specific planning for ir.nple- l The regior.ral nature o{' this orgtrnizational mentatiotr of rnanagernent trctivities ac- approach to the rntrnagelnent process {br the cording to their preseut firr-rctional respon- Upper Frer.rch Broad River ltasir.r grew out of sibilities. the rnore general regional planning e{fort which begnn in Region "B" in 1972 with the Implementatiott forr.nation of the Land-of-Sky Regional Coun- The in'rplementation cornponent can be ex- cil. It is {brturrate that the con-rbinecl ztre:r of arninecl in tenns of initi:rl and long-terrn phas- the 4 counties cornprising Region B ahrost es. Initial irnplernentation in the forrn of dem- exactly coincicles with the clrairage basir of onstration projects, public education, and the the French Broird River. Thus the regioral beginning of certain long-temr rnanagement irpprotrch transcends political cli scontinuities activities serves to develop and maintain pro- and provides a hydrologically reasonable or- grarr mornenturn ancl public sr-rpport. Projects ganizartional stmcture within which to coor- that involve capital irnprover.nents or other clinate rnanagernent of the svstenr. work "on the ground" brilg the managernent Srnerrcv or Stnneu Rrsouncp MeN,tcuvrrNr-Stokoe et al. 381 process into focus for planners, management throughout the basin. The approach is thus to agencies, and the public. Problems and ad- maximize use while minimizing degradation ditional planning needs surface quickly, and of the resource. A comprehensive manage- project costs provide useful management data. ment strategy for such a complex resource re- Examples of demonstration projects in the quires interjurisdictional cooperation on the Upper French Broad River system include local level, a matching of hydrologic and plan- streambank stabilization, agricultural dem- ning boundaries where possible, and full uti- onstrations, and wildlife demonstrations such lization of the resources of agencies at all as wood duck artiffcial nest box projects. levels of government. Those projects are designed as demonsEa- The planning methodology of the process tions of resource management methods, and is highly qualitative and subjective at this wherever possible are combined with re- point. An effort must be made to quantify the search objectives (such as developing new criteria by which the resource is analyzed in erosion control methods). order to arrive at better estimates of both pro- While the above are relatively short-term jected needs and carrying capacity. However, demonstrations, other initial irnplementation the process is viewed by the authors as a good elements, such as river access site develop- ffrst step toward the wise use of a valuable ment, will become the beginning of long-term resource. The rnanagement process is and or "permanent" management activities. should be an evolutionary one in which peer Examples of public education projects are review, such as that afforded at this sympo- a printed river guide, slide shows, and an an- siurn, is a critical step. nual Upper French Broad River Week. The "long-term" implementation aspect of RrrrnnNcrs the management process will be developed as AnrrnrceN WHTTEwATER AFFTLIATToN. 1977. a function of the permanent organizational Amer. Whitewater Affiliation, Concord, N.H. framework and will involve the accomplish- Corrnrr,r., S. D. 1979. Waterfowl-wetlands re- sources of the Upper French Broad River, ment of the recommended management activ- North Carolina. Tennessee Valley Authority, ities for the various river segments, Norris, Tenn. HenNro, W. D. 1979. A qualitative survey of ffsh Suvruenv and macroinvertebrates of the French Broad The process described above recognizes River and selected tributaries, June-August 1977. Tennessee Valley Authority, Technical the need to manage in an integrated way all Note B-35, Norris, Tenn. aspects of the stream resource. Rather than LaNp-or-Sxv REGIoNAL Courscrr,. 1978a. Region approaching the resource from the limited B regional land use plan. Asheville, N.C. quality viewpoint of any one discipline or human use, f978b. 208 areawide water man- agement plan. Asheville, N.C. the process identiffes a broad range ofhurnan 1979. French Broad River management needs related to the resource, and attempts to shategy. Asheville, N.C. match them with appropriate stream segments A rneric un F i s lrcrie s S o ciet r,t Warnr*,ater Streurrs S-v. rrtposiurn, I98l, pp 1382-1387 Sr:. Managernent of Warrnwater Stream Systerns in the Holly Springs National Forest, Mississippi D.c.N,vv J. Eorm' U.S. Forest Service, Jackson, Nlississippi 39205 AND LurnrR A. KrlcHr, Jn. University ol \{ississippi, Universitl,, Mississippi 38677 AssrRA.cr A program of rnaintcnance and inrproverrent of fish lr:rbitrrt u,as irnplemented in wannrvater streams and flood rettrrding lakes in the Holly Springs National Forest in June 1978 bv the U.S. Forest Service. Thity-eight streirn'rs ancl 19 lakes were evtrluated to ascertain if habitat nodifi- cations were needed. A rnajority of the strearns trre of the first or second order with relatively shallow flood retarding lakes that range frorn 4 to I00 ha. A rnajority of the sampled lakes and streams supportecl btrlaucecl fish populatious, but htrbitats in channelized areas and flood retarding lnkes lnrger than 24 ha needecl ir.nprovement. Inade- quate forage fishes and insufficient cover apparently have linrited populations of certtrin game species. Brushtop shelters, tire pyralnids, artiffcial weecl beds, and slat structures were irrstalled in 5 of the lakcs and bank stzrbilization, installation ol strearr cleflectors, irlcl strategic placeruent oftree trunks and tops in stream channels were completed in 1979. INrn \ ( A SHLA ND f ,tN I A I HICKORY Frc. I. Drainage map for the Holly Springs National Forest, Mississippi, showing flood retarding lakes and streams evaluated for fish habitat improvement. tivity (18 to 30 ptmhos/cm). The streams of the Mnruops entire study area usually are acid with pH be- Beginning in 1978, a number of small tween 6.5 and 7.0, and only occasionally is the streams and irnpoundrnents in the Holly pH about 7.0. Springs National Forest was shrdied to ascer- SrREA\IS Svntposrutr, 198i 384 WenrrvernR SrRE,.^' :- -" Teslr I.-DATA FoR FlsH popuLATIoNS oF 4 FLooD RET.aRDATIo\ LAKES IN THE Hor-r,y SpHrxcs Nerto,rer- Fonsst, \{ISSISSIPPI. A, : prn- CENI'AGE HARVESTAI]LE FISH I\'I'HE PoPULATIO\, NOR\{AL SA\{PLE VALUES R,\NCE BETWENT 60 ESII 85; F/C : HATIO OF FoRAGE FISH To CAR\IVORoUS FISH, BALANCE VALUES RA)IGE FRo\I 3 TO 6; Y/C : RATIO oF YOUNC FO}IAGE SPECIES To C,{R\IVO- ROUS SPECIES, BALANCE \/ALUES RANGE FRo\I 1 -j To3 C Lrrti s Pusktrs Chcu,alla (lrcck Cox Flc. 2. Log drrrn structure used in strear.r.rs in the A, (60-85%) 73.70 58.30 ri9.90 3.90 Holly Springs National Forest, Mississsippi. The F/C (3-6) 2.82 3.rj6 s.92 288.84 dam poiuts Lrpstream, thus creating il. pool area Y/C (r-3) 0.95 1.74 0.67 215.48 downstrerrm. tain the present sttrte of fish populations and The inrpofttrnce of fish stmctures in fisher- to provide infon.nation needed for hrrbitat irn- ies r.r-rtrr-ragernent is not nerv. Hubbs (1930) rec- FrC. 4. Tire :::--:.rr provenrelrt. Various t1,pes of structures rvere ognized tlre potential of structures irs concen- rrreas (8-12 ft. : ;-- ' pltrcecl in selectecl streirnrs and flood retarda- trrrtors ol fishes. llore recently, Petit (1972), Holly Sprine' \':, rr rvere tiecl toceti,=- : tion lakes to enhrurce fish hal>itrrts. Brotrha (I974), Broul.ra and Prilrce (1974), Fishes rvere collected lty electrofishing, Princc (1976), Prince et al. (1977) ancl Wilbur seining, nettirg, tud toxicrrnts, either 3 per- (1978) have trclvocarted use of artificial leel.s trs cent ernulsifiable or 5 percent powdered ro- freshwirter fisl-rely rntrnagernent technir1ue. tr (Hubbs and E--:, tenone, frorn 38 strearrs ruxl 19 flood retar- Ltrgler' (1952) pointecl out thtrt shelter other Bror-rhtr 1975 .- - dation ltrkes clurir.rg a l6-rnontl-r period. plar-rts is too in - thtrn rrrlutrtic seldorn nbunclrrnt firllv concentr,:-- Representative specilnens were presewed in natural wilters. The rtrtionale lbr usir-rg strtrc- et al. (1tl78t -l-. -:-! I0 percent fornrtrlin ancl pltrcecl with the fresh- tures is well cletailecl by White and Brynilcl- cause of itlcre----- wuter fishes collcction of the Departrnent of son (1967) rrncl Prince et al. (1977). enhancecl thc :,-: Biology, Universilv ol' \Iississippi. Herring (pers. conrnr.) usecl grrrvel sptrrvt-t- lbuncl fcs'er 1,,: Water qualit-v wrrs nrerrsrlred at all collecting ing beds rurd l)rushtop shelters in a nunrber poorer concli:: locations prior to sarnpling frrr fish rrncl be{bre o1'snrall inrpounchrents as a means of inrprov- strear-ts s'herr .- habitat irnprovernent activitie.s were begun. ing the hrrrvest of lzrrgemouth bass. He fbund - Rtu.rclolph I:-. Star-rdard proceclures (Rturcl et rrl. 1975) were that not only clicl the shelters provide cover es froln the T:::,- followed in rneasurir.rg the wirter rlualitv. Each for thc grrnrc species but bait and fbrage ffshes incluclir-rg 3 -, I-rrrbitat was exanlinecl to cletennine need fbr wcrc rrttracted to brush tops, A nulnbel of re- 1::. Etlrcol;tontu ' irnprovenrent (Seel.urrn 1970) and where ap- sctrrchers hirve recornrnended rrse of rirtificiirl 'i''. lus, and Notu-- propriate, log danrs, bank flow cleflectors, reefs and other rrttractors to improve fisheries ancl Seehorrt l;mshtop shelters, wooclen sltrt structures, tire - -- pyramids, and gravel sptrwnir-rg beds were southetrstern fror.t-t constrrrcted (Fig. 2-7; Seehrlm pers. cornrn., 'uvatels \ --. Plince et al. 1977). Holly Sprint. trncl Tiu,lor i;- Rssurrs AND Drscussr()N species. Alth,,'-:: larger strerrnr> -:, As demar.rd {br fishing waters increases, =€ of 58 species :t--- -' rnore lrlarginally productive rvrttcrs will have of previous itrr ..--.9d to be improved and cleveloped. Small, shal- unreporte(l clirr:= : -n"il! Iow strearrrs, particulerrly those that have been lected bv Rrrnd -:,: I clredged or channeled, Iack suitable cover lbr our collectiolt: li::- I rlany celtrarchid species. Nevertheless, if tribr.rtiu'ies of tL= .,{ natural cover can be reestablished or artificial Frc. 3. Strearn deflector used in one irrea ol Pus- tion were speL --r.'1-'* cover provided, many p(x)r' strerlr-ns may be kus Creek in the Little Tallahatchie River drainage, and Fundrrlr 1 5 r-..-.. rra cleveloped into procluctive fishir.rg waters. Holly Springs National Forest, \{ississippi. apparentlt' intr, 'i - --- d Srnrarrs rx Hor-ly Spruxc;s Nerroxel F Frc:. 4. Tire pvrarrrirl stmctures plirce (IIrrbbs ancl Eschrncl,cr' 1938. Princc turcl Blouhir 1975) and srrch plojects hztvc success- lullv concentratccl fisl'r (Brouhn 1974). Plirce ct rl. (l97iJ) shorvccl thtrt irrtificial rccls, be- cerusc of incleirscrl pr(xluction ol lreriplrvton, cnlrrrncecl the lrirlritiit. Alnel et al. (1975) lirturd fes'er firrirge species turcl girnrc fislres il poolel' conclition in chtrunelizecl arcirs o1' stlenrns u,here co\ er' rvrrs lnckiug. lltu'rclolph (1969) repoftecl 64 species of ftsh- es fi'onr thc' 'Iippuh Rivel rrncl its trilrutu'ics, irclucling jl ]>r-c'viorrslv unreporte'cl spccies, F) tl t a o,s t o trt tt \ i nt ( ) t c nt nt, Notrtrpi,r u nr nt o ltlt i- /rrs, anrl Yofrrrrr,s stigrrro,sos. Douglrrs (1975) F-Ir;. 5. Artificial s'eerl betls 1>lat erl in several lrtkcs arrcl Seehoru (1975) in sun,e)'s ol fish lirtrnir of' in I{ollv Springs \ationtrl Forest, \lississippi, kr sotrthetrstenr nationrrl lblests listecl 7I spccies l*t, ur 386 WeRuwerpn SrRnelrs Syuposrurr. 1981 STRI ,- Springs \ati, :,- -' rvere pltrcecl i--, . Stretrrn inr: : bilization b.- tion lakes. .,r. : -:-. to cretrte ri:::- -- - stallation ot' :.--- - tion of clarte:- -- -l rilfles. Botlr .-, -' l tulutu:; irncl l-.-:. - clarnt in potrl =::- cltrms as th, , - : pool on Pu..- -- --. brrss ar-rcl :p ::-- a{ter instrrll.,:- I r-' tl We s'otrl,.l -,. - able assi.t..: . Flol,cl :r1d 1,,' ---' Frc. 7. Woorlen slat stmctures placc in severtrl tioral Folc'.: - .r l:rkes in Hollv Springs \trtionul Forest, \lississippi. chenrical ri-.- -: : Stirkes were harchvoocl, 0.5 x 2 x 60 inches (1.2 x stletrtttitu1..r : -r! 5 cru x I.5 nr), trttache Springs National Forest where fish structures provement of lakes for fishing: a rnethod of fish were placed have improved sport fishing. management. Bull. Inst. Fish. Res. 2:63-86. LAGLER, K. F. 1952. Freshwater ffshery biology. Strearn improvernent consisted of bank sta- W. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. bilization below outlets of the flood retarda- MATHIS, W. P. 1964. An attempt to improve stream tion lakes, and streanr deflectors were placed ffshing by manipulating the lakes in the stream to create riffle and pool areas. After the in- basin. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Ass. Came Fish stallation of deflectors, there was trn immigra- Comm. I8:34I-357. Mrmsnell, G. W. 1978. Autotrophy in stream sys- tior.r of darters and rnrrdtorns into the pools and tems. Bioscien ce 28:7 67 -77 l. rilfles. Both spotted l>ass Micropterus punc- Pnrrr, G. D. 1972. Stake beds as crappie concerl- tulatus and largen'routh bass were r-nore trbun- trators. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Ass. Game Fish Cornm. 26:401-406. dtrnt in pool areas created by the log ar.rcl rock Pnrxce, E. D. 1976. The biological effects of arti- dar.rts as shown by electrofishing. One such ficial reefs in Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia. pool on Puskus Creek yielded 26 larger.nouth Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia bass and spotted bass on 2 occasiorls I year Polytechnic Institute and State University, trfter installation. Blacksburg, Va. AND P. Bnoune. 1975. Progress of the Acro{owLspG\rE)irs Srnith Mountain Reservoir Artificial Project. Pp. 68-72. In L. Cloungs and R. B. Stone We would like to irckr.rowledge the invalu- (Eds.). Proc. Internat. Conf. on Artificial Reefs. able assistance of district rarger Clint O. TA\,IU-SG-74-I03. Floyd nnd his staff of the Holly Sprirgs Na- O. E. MAUGHAN, AND P. Bnoune. 1977. How to build a freshwater artificial reef. Va. tior.rul F qi
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