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Irnpacts of Irnpoundments on Six Small Watersheds in Pennsylvanial

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Irnpacts of Irnpoundments on Six Small Watersheds in Pennsylvanial American Fisheries Societg Wamwater Streams Symposium, 198I, pp. 291-302 Irnpacts of Irnpoundments on Six Small Watersheds in Pennsylvanial Fnro J. BnruNrn Biology Department, Grove City College, Grove City, Pennsylvania 16127 Ansrnecr Six reservoirs on 3 watersheds in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, were studied from 1972 to 1979. No significant differences in water chemistry occurred above or below the impoundments between sampling intervals or watersheds. The biological oxygen demand of the bottom sedi- ments was significantly correlated with the volatile solids and phosphorus concentrations within the sediments, and was inversely correlated with the dissolved oxygen concentrations immedi- ately off the bottoms of the reservoirs. The reservoirs acted as lagoons, reducing coliform con- centrations significantly in the streams below. The reduction of coliforms was directly related to the turnover time of the reservoir. The diversity and biomass of invertebrates and fish pop- ulations were greater in streams below than above the structures. Recommendations are offered for the improvement of such areas as fish and wildlife habitat as well as overall stream ecology. IxrnopuctloN The irnpacts of 6 reservoirs in 3 watersheds Floodplains have traditionally been the first in Mercer County, Pennsylvania (Fig. 1) were topographic areas settled for a variety of rea- assessed frorn October 1972 through Septem- sons, not the least of which is that the rich ber 1979. Two reservoirs, Mathay Run and alluvial land has an abundant water supply, Saul Run in the Saul-Mathay watershed, were high fertility, and a level contour for ease of chosen for study because of the diversity of development. Approximately 7 percent of the land use and the flood protection they provid- total land area of the contiguous United ed for the communities of Greenville and States, with an estimated 22,0OO comrnunities Hempfield Township. Three reservoirs in the of 6.4 million single family dwellings (0.5% Little Shenango watershed, Morrison Run, of the population), is on flood prone land (Cos- Calvin Clark Run, and Pine Run, were in- ta 1978). cluded because of the land treatment mea- Flood protection had been provided by a sures in the watershed. Sulfur Run, in the variety of different rnethods including the Sandy Creek watershed, was included also construction of flood control reservoirs, Iev- because of the Iand treatment measures. ees, and channelization of streams. Attention and research on the impact of such projects Sruoy Anra on strearn ecology have largely focused on Mercer County is in northwestern Pennsyl- projects along major watercourses (Woodbury vania, approximately rnidway between Pitts- 1967, Frey 1967, Kochziek et al. 1971, Groen burgh and Erie. All watersheds are in the gla- irnd Schrnulbach 1978, Trotzky and Gregory ciated portion of the Appalachian Plateau 1974, Erman 1973, Etnier 1972, Sanford and Province. The topography ofthe area consists \\'ard 1979) with little attention to those on of moderate sloping and loamy soils devel- srnall watersheds designed for the protection oped frorn glacial drift and glacial outwash ,rf srnall communities and agricultural areas. materials that are generally poorly drained. The enactment of Public Law 566 by Con- Saul-Mathay watershed originates in rress in 1954 enabled the U.S. Soil Conser- Hernpfield Township in northwestern Mercer vtrtion Service to provide flood protectiot.r to County and consists of Saul Run and Mathay romrnunities along small watersheds. Run, 2 small strearns that join in the borough of Greenville. Agriculture is the principal in- dustry with cropland and woodland compris- ' Supported by the National Wildlife Federation. ing more than half of the land area (Table I). 29l. 292 Wen*vwereR STREAN{s Svuposruu, 1981 :l t TABLE 1.--t- 1 I I C<turrr. Pa\-(--q I I I t I SANDY I\ CREEK MORR;5iOIN. 36,160 oc Lan<l treai:: -:- pr.rci:-=- lBnlL..'>. \-.2--t. Ftrnn c \-t Corer cr ::-:{, SAUL RUN Contottr -=: r , )7O4 oc Hil) pld.:r: : 4 [tfi-l$$ Peisture i= : :rr errir r: :-: MATHAY\,. Dir RUN l,l9\oc. Cross rr :i::" / ! I Tile clr.il:,:. t -v Srtrface '-.--.-n -i---r-' (lt-rn "Pr NE RUw f ^ r,434 oc. Fitrttr 1tr,:: :- i\'i?,lr.[v"'t,+i? Forestrr rl::-:,:- o". Tree pl,1:,r-: r Hr rlrolr,::- -,t ( ircre. -i,= \\'oodl.ri i --.-=l (acre. -l-. - Wildlile i= --r ( acre --i:, Countv arrii ,-- { C<ltntr'. L.::- - := ir.rclu{ecl l, --:- = agerttelrt p:;-:r-! servtrtiot-t :-=:- r E ENVI LLE DrilirtilgE --:d lionr I.I trr I :'- tt r.t-t:txintul, :=:i {i<ltn trpprt ,r--.-/ . PITTSBURGH 33,304.5 nr -t streants. b.r.=i : llge illea lll :1.-r:1 that the ul.rr--1r 33.6 clavs. H i. .: rrctual flos' - 8.3 tin.res th.r: .:: FIc. L Locations of flood control reservoirs in Mercer County, Pennsylvania. turnover tin.i= : The Little Shenango watershed drains rnent occurred in that watershed because of C)bserr-ittir :,. 68,600 acres (27,762 ha) and consists of a nain its size and arnount of agriculture. Those n-rea- (Table 2) inr--: stream as well as nurnerous tributaries. The sures included the installation of conservation try, procluctir--:. Iargest, Crooked Creek, originates in Harts- practices on operating fanns as well as the im- belou, the str--: town Marsh of Crawford County and enters provement of wildlife habitat and irnproved icrrl oxy'gen -i=: the Little Shenango River northeast of Creen- forestry practices (Table I). bacteriirl popr:--: ville. Four flood control reservoirs have been Sandy Creek watershed has a total area of tior.rs o{'the 1'. : constructed within the watershed with another 42,OO0 acres (16,997 ha, 65.6 miles2, 170 krn'z) loctrtious u'it:.-: structure scheduled for 1980. More land treat- including I0,I00 acres (4,087 ha) in Crawford rnir-recl. ancl cl:.- Ilrpecrs or IrrpouxDMENTS or Wnrnnsnpos-Brenner 293 TeeI-r l.-Le\D TREAT\IENT \IEAsuREs ASSoCIATED s,rt-tt 6 RESERVoTRS tl 3 u,etunsgrus rx \ltncrn Cous'rv, PErNsylveNtA, Tocrtrr{ER wI'rH THE AltEAs AND DlsrANCEs INvoLvED I\t E.A.crI{ 'I'REA'I-\(ENT \\'rrtersherls Saul-\Inthrv Littlt.ShenLrngo Slndr Crt,t l Enelish \l(,trjc ti n glis h \letrir English \lt.trir Lancl treatment Fann practices (acres-ha) r,239 501.3 47,tO0 I9,O5SI.9 3,;r5 t,422.6 Cover cropping (acres-ha) 426 t72.4 300 t2t.4 Contour strip (acres-ha) 370 14.9.7 37,000 14,973.5 500 202,3 Htry plantin g (acres-ha) 700 2fJ3.3 ;00 202.3 Pirsture develop:nent (acres-ha) 449 IttI.7 9,400 3,804. r 2.215 896.4 Diversion (ft-m) 3I,000 !1,449.0 115,0m 35,0;2.0 40,(x)0 t2,r92.o Gross rvtrterrval,s (ltrn) 15,700 ,1,785.0 ,10,000 t2.t.L)2.o t3 ,1.0 Tilc clraintge (ft-nr) 75,000 22,860.0 480,000 r46,304.0 220,000 67,056.0 Surlirce clr:rinage ditches (fi-rn) 17,000 ;.r82.0 45,0(n 13,716.0 35,000 I0,667.0 Farrn ponds 4i 19.0 20 8.I Forestrv prtrctices (tcres-ha) 237 95 9 800 323.6 r.300 526.0 Tree planting (ncres-hri) i5 304 400 16r.9 400 161.9 Hydrologic irnprovements (acres-ha) 400 161.9 600 242.8 Woodlancl grazirg control (Licres-ba) 23 1 3 4.83 360 145.7 Wildlile lralritat clevelopntcnt (ircres-ha) 2,600 1,052.0 Courrty alrd 3I,900 acres (I2,910 hrr) in \,Iercer dioxicle concentratiorrs at the sru'flce an(l im- Countv. Lancl trerrhnent \\,ithilr tl-re r.vatershed nre(liatelv abovc the bottorn of thc reser'",oir included ltoth the irnplovcment of forest nrur- were Iecorde(I. rtgernent practices irnd thc installation of con- Concentratit)rs of dissolved oxyger, total servrltiou nrerlsul'es (Table 1). harclness, total clissolvecl solids, l'erric iror.r, Duintrge tu'ens o{ the 6 reservuirs rrurgecl silicir, tunrnonia, pH, alkrrlirrity, ancl colilbnn {r'olr I.1 to 4.38 rniles' (2.85-11.34 krnr) rvitlr lrrrcterirr u'cle rccorcled cluring Octol;er, April, rr milxinr-lln depth of 2.5 rn irnd stortrge arcirs and July errch yerrr'. Conceltrati<)ns of colili)n)r frorn zrpproxirnately 8 to 27 .rcres (9,868.0- bircteriu were cletenninecl rrccolcling to the 33,304.5 m'r) (Table 2). The btse florv of tl're rnultiple tube lL,nnenttrtion test trs outlinecl ir-r strearns, based on the lirrnmltr 0. 15 x (ch'ain- the Stturclalcl Methocls f<rr Exarnintrtion of trge area in rrtiles:) : florv rarte (cl.s), ilclicatecl Watel iu'rcl Wastervatcr (Ollarcl 1965). The that the rraxirnum turnover tirne 'uvtrs 11.5- BOD, volatile solicls, nutrient concentrations, 33.6 clays. Hos,ever, rvhen calcultrted liorr-r the and bncterinl popultrtions of l>ottorn sedirnents actual forv nt the riser, the llorv rate averagecl rvere detennir-recl irccorcling to the serial cli- 8.3 tirnes thnt of the base flor.v with the ilverage lution procecltrres as clescribed by the U.S. turnover tirne of 1.2 to 10.8 clays (Tal>le 3). Enviror.rnrenteLl Protection Agenc), (LL)74, 1979). Inclications of procluctivity werc (leter- \{nru<los niuecl bv chloroph-,-ll concentrttions, irlgal Observations on floo(l control rescrvoil's biorntrss, carl)on-14 uptirkc, ar-rcl plunktolr (Table 2) incluclecl arl:llysis tlf'wilter chernis- sttrlies. Chlor'ophvll was cletermined accord- try, productivity, and a(Iuatic life arbove ancl ing to proceclures clescribed by' Richarrls irncl below the stmctures. In zrcldition, the biolog- Thornpson (1952), Prrrsor.rs an(l Strickliurd ical <lxygen clenrirncl (BOD), vol:rtile solids, (1963), and Vollenrvc'icler (1960).
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